{"meta":{"built":"2026-11-14","n_analytes":3405,"n_records":3949,"n_papers":1836,"year_min":1953,"year_max":2026},"groups":["Cells","Microbes, spores and pollen","Viruses and phages","Vesicles and lipid particles","Synthetic and inorganic particles","Environmental and planetary particles","Industrial, food and drug particles","DNA","RNA","Nucleotides and nucleosides","Nucleic acid complexes and nanostructures","Proteins and protein complexes","Peptides and amino acids","Carbohydrates and glycans","Synthetic polymers","Small molecules","Ions and elements","Other"],"pcats":["Coulter aperture","Microfluidic channel","Track-etched pore","Glass nanopipette","Solid-state nanopore","2D-material nanopore","Tunable pore (TRPS)","Protein nanopore or channel","DNA nanopore","Carbon nanotube","Hybrid pore","Other"],"pores":[{"k":"alpha-hemolysin","n":"alpha-hemolysin","c":7,"geo":"Mushroom-shaped heptamer. A wide cap holds a vestibule on the cis side; the vestibule narrows to a constriction, and below it a 14-strand antiparallel beta barrel (two strands per protomer) forms the transmembrane stem. Song 1996: the solvent-filled channel runs along the sevenfold axis, 100 A long, and ranges from 14 A to 46 A in diameter; the beta strands are each 65 A long and the barrel exterior has a hydrophobic belt 28 A wide.","cd":"1.4 nm (Song 1996 crystal structure: channel narrows to 14 A; Wu 2014 review: narrowest diameter 1.4 nm). Kasianowicz 1996 described it as a 2.6 nm diameter channel, a value they cite as a personal communication made before the crystal structure.","od":"widest point (vestibule) 4.6 nm (Song 1996: up to 46 A; Wu 2014: 4.6 nm); transmembrane beta barrel 2.4 nm wide (Crnkovic 2021 review); Meller 2000 describes the transmembrane channel as ca 18 A in diameter (also called a 2 nm channel).","len":"about 10 nm for the whole channel (Song 1996: 100 A; Wu 2014: height 10 nm); transmembrane stem about 5 nm (Meller 2000: ca 50 A long; Crnkovic 2021: 5 nm long channel).","fab":"The water-soluble monomer self-assembles on membranes into the heptameric pore. For sensing, the heptamer inserts from the cis side into a solvent-free planar lipid bilayer (Kasianowicz 1996: diphytanoyl-PC bilayer across a ~0.1 mm orifice in a 25 um Teflon partition).","first":"1996, Kasianowicz JJ, Brandin E, Branton D, Deamer DW, PNAS 93:13770 (single-stranded RNA and DNA driven through the channel, blockade duration proportional to length). Earlier current-fluctuation work in the same channel: Bezrukov SM and Kasianowicz JJ, Phys Rev Lett 1993 (protonation kinetics from current noise).","refs":[["10.1126/science.274.5294.1859","Song L, Hobaugh MR, Shustak C, Cheley S, Bayley H, Gouaux JE 1996 Science, crystal structure of the heptameric pore at 1.9 A (PDB 7AHL)"],["10.1073/pnas.93.24.13770","Kasianowicz JJ et al. 1996 PNAS, first polynucleotide detection with the channel"],["10.1073/pnas.97.3.1079","Meller A et al. 2000 PNAS, rapid nanopore discrimination between polynucleotides (conditions and stem size)"],["10.1103/physrevlett.70.2352","Bezrukov SM, Kasianowicz JJ 1993 Phys Rev Lett, current noise in the open alpha-toxin channel"]]},{"k":"mspa","n":"MspA","c":7,"geo":"Goblet-shaped homo-octamer with a single central channel; two consecutive beta barrels form a funnel that is wide at the extracellular (cis) end and ends in one short, narrow constriction at the other end, after which the channel widens again (Faller 2004 abstract; Crnkovic 2021 review: channel ~10 nm long, funnel ~5 nm wide on its extracellular side).","cd":"about 1 nm wide and about 1 nm long (Butler 2008); about 1.2 nm wide and about 0.5 nm long (Derrington 2010); 0.6 nm x 1.2 nm reading site (Mayer 2022 review citing Laszlo 2013).","od":"funnel about 5 nm wide at the extracellular entrance (Crnkovic 2021 review).","len":"about 10 nm (Crnkovic 2021 review); constriction length about 0.5 to 1 nm (see constriction_diameter).","fab":"Wild-type and mutant MspA were expressed in the porin-deficient M. smegmatis strain ML16, extracted selectively and purified by anion exchange and gel filtration, then added (about 2.5 ng/mL) to the cis side of a diphytanoyl-PA/diphytanoyl-PC bilayer across a ~20 um Teflon aperture (Butler 2008). Mutants: M1 = D90N/D91N/D93N (neutral constriction); M2 = D90N/D91N/D93N/D118R/D134R/E139K (adds positive charge in the vestibule and entrance).","first":"2008, Butler TZ, Pavlenok M, Derrington IM, Niederweis M, Gundlach JH, PNAS 105:20647 (ssDNA detection with M1 and M2 MspA). Single-nucleotide sequencing with phi29 DNA polymerase control: Manrao EA et al. 2012 Nat Biotechnol.","refs":[["10.1126/science.1094114","Faller M, Niederweis M, Schulz GE 2004 Science, crystal structure of MspA (PDB 1UUN)"],["10.1073/pnas.0807514106","Butler TZ et al. 2008 PNAS, engineered MspA (M1, M2) for single-molecule DNA detection"],["10.1073/pnas.1001831107","Derrington IM et al. 2010 PNAS, nanopore DNA sequencing with MspA"],["10.1038/nbt.2171","Manrao EA et al. 2012 Nat Biotechnol, M2 MspA with phi29 DNA polymerase"]]},{"k":"aerolysin","n":"aerolysin","c":7,"geo":"Long, narrow, nearly cylindrical lumen with no wide vestibule at the entry (Stefureac 2006; Cao 2018). Iacovache 2016 cryo-EM: two concentric beta barrels, an inner 14-strand barrel (radius 13.7 A) and an outer 21-strand barrel (radius 23.1 A); the inner barrel is 87 A long and spans the whole protein. Cao 2018: two constriction points inside the barrel, at R220 and K238.","cd":"under 1 nm at its two constrictions (R220 and K238), and less than 0.9 nm at the arginine ring R220 (Cao 2018, PoreWalker analysis of the cryo-EM-based model); about 1 nm (Mayer 2022 review); 1 to 1.7 nm (Wu 2014 review).","od":"inner barrel radius 13.7 A and outer barrel radius 23.1 A measured to the barrel strands, not the open lumen (Iacovache 2016).","len":"inner beta barrel 87 A (Iacovache 2016); barrel nearly 10 nm long (Cao 2018; Mayer 2022 review: lumen about 10 nm).","fab":"Proaerolysin is incubated with trypsin to make active aerolysin, which forms heptamers that insert into a planar DPhPC bilayer (Cao 2018: bilayer across a 50 um orifice in a Delrin cup).","first":"2006, Stefureac R, Long YT, Kraatz HB, Howard P, Lee JS, Biochemistry (translocation of alpha-helical peptides through alpha-hemolysin and aerolysin pores).","refs":[["10.1038/367292a0","Parker MW et al. 1994 Nature, crystal structure of proaerolysin and early channel model"],["10.1038/nchembio.1312","Degiacomi MT et al. 2013 Nat Chem Biol, near-atomistic model of the aerolysin pore"],["10.1038/ncomms12062","Iacovache I et al. 2016 Nat Commun, cryo-EM structures of aerolysin variants and the pore"],["10.1038/s41467-018-05108-5","Cao C et al. 2018 Nat Commun, sensing spots R220 and K238"],["10.1021/bi0604835","Stefureac R et al. 2006 Biochemistry, first sensing use (peptides)"]]},{"k":"csgg","n":"CsgG","c":7,"geo":"Nonameric complex 120 A wide and 85 A tall. A 36-strand beta barrel (four strands per subunit) crosses the membrane; on the periplasmic side sits a cage-like vestibule (inner diameter 35 A, height 40 A) that opens through a 50 A mouth. The conserved C-loop forms a constriction in the middle of the channel, lined by three stacked nine-residue rings of Tyr66, Asn70 and Phe71 (Goyal 2014; Cao 2014).","cd":"9.0 A solvent-excluded diameter (Goyal 2014); about 12 A eyelet (Cao 2014; Zhang 2020 shortest atom-to-atom distance); described as about 1 nm wide (Van der Verren 2020).","od":"transmembrane beta barrel inner diameter 40 A (Goyal 2014; Van der Verren 2020: 4 nm wide channel); periplasmic vestibule 35 A inner diameter with a 50 A mouth (Goyal 2014).","len":"85 A total height (Goyal 2014). In the Goyal 2014 conductance model the three segments are 3.5, 4.0 and 2.0 nm long, with maximum and minimum diameters of 4.0 and 0.8 nm and 3.5 and 0.8 nm.","fab":"Recombinant E. coli CsgG, extracted from membranes in detergent and added to the cis side of DPhPC bilayers (Goyal 2014 used a 16-channel MECA microcavity chip). ONT inserts engineered CsgG into the polymer membranes of MinION flow cells (Van der Verren 2020).","first":"Goyal 2014 Nature recorded single CsgG channels and CsgE binding events. DNA sequencing use: Oxford Nanopore R9 nanopore (ONT news of May 26 2016 calls R9 the ONT name for the CsgG reader, licensed from the Remaut lab, VIB/Vrije Universiteit Brussel, and UCL). Mutant CsgG pores are covered by WO 2016/034591 (Remaut H, Jayasinghe L, Howorka S), as cited by Dorey and Howorka 2024.","refs":[["10.1038/nature13768","Goyal P et al. 2014 Nature 516:250, X-ray structure of CsgG (nonamer, 36-strand barrel, 9.0 A constriction)"],["10.1073/pnas.1411942111","Cao B et al. 2014 PNAS, crystal structure of nonameric CsgG (eyelet about 12 A)"],["10.1371/journal.pbio.3000748","Zhang M et al. 2020 PLoS Biol, cryo-EM of CsgG-CsgF (CsgG eyelet about 12 A)"]]},{"k":"csgg-csgf","n":"CsgG-CsgF","c":7,"geo":"CsgG channel with a second constriction. The N-terminal residues of CsgF line the extracellular-facing upper lumen of the CsgG barrel, kink inward at a conserved NPXFGG motif to form a funnel, and leave through a 38 A wide exit (Van der Verren 2020; Zhang 2020). The CsgF constriction (ring of nine Asn, N17 in the FCP numbering of Van der Verren, Asn36 in Zhang 2020) sits about 25 A from the CsgG constriction (centre to centre), 15 to 30 A above it.","cd":"two constrictions: CsgG constriction about 9 to 12 A (see CsgG entry) and CsgF constriction 15 A solvent-excluded (Van der Verren 2020) or about 14 to 14.8 A (Zhang 2020).","od":"exit of the CsgF funnel 38 A wide (Van der Verren 2020).","len":"constriction-to-constriction spacing about 25 A (Van der Verren 2020).","fab":"CsgG and CsgF (or the FCP peptide) are expressed in E. coli and assembled into complexes; Van der Verren 2020 diluted CsgG:FCP in MinION flow cell buffer with Brij58 and inserted single pores into empty MinION flow cells with the MinKNOW insertion script (-150 mV stepping to -450 mV).","first":"2020, Van der Verren SE, Van Gerven N, Jonckheere W, Hambley R, Singh P, Kilgour J, Jordan M, Wallace EJ, Jayasinghe L, Remaut H, Nat Biotechnol 38:1415 (prototype CsgG-CsgF sequencing pore; 25 to 70% better single-read homopolymer accuracy up to 9 nt).","refs":[["10.1038/s41587-020-0570-8","Van der Verren SE et al. 2020 Nat Biotechnol, cryo-EM of CsgG:CsgF at 3.4 A and dual-constriction sequencing pore (PDB 6SI7 per Dorey and Howorka 2024)"],["10.1371/journal.pbio.3000748","Zhang M et al. 2020 PLoS Biol, cryo-EM of nonameric CsgG-CsgF (2.9 to 3.6 A)"]]},{"k":"ont-flow-cell-pores","n":"Oxford Nanopore flow cell nanopores","c":7,"geo":"R9 (2016): CsgG, one reader head (constriction) about 1 nm wide in a 4 nm channel (Van der Verren 2020). R10 (early access March 2019): ONT describes it as a new design with a longer barrel and dual reader head. R10.4 (December 2021): ONT describes it as a newer design with a longer reader head, for homopolymer resolution. R10.4.1: current ONT flow cell (FLO-MIN114, FLO-PRO114M) used with Kit 14 chemistry.","cd":"R9 (CsgG): about 1 nm (9.0 A solvent-excluded per Goyal 2014). R10 series: not published by ONT; the related research pore CsgG-CsgF has a second constriction of 15 A (Van der Verren 2020).","od":"","len":"","fab":"Pores are inserted into polymer membranes across the wells of a sensor array chip in a disposable flow cell; Van der Verren 2020 describes inserting pores into empty MinION flow cells with the MinKNOW pore insertion script.","first":"R9 introduced in 2016 (ONT news, May 26 2016). R10 released to early access in March 2019 (ONT news, March 13 2019). R10.4 released with Kit 12 in December 2021 (ONT news, December 1 2021).","refs":[["10.1038/nature13768","Goyal P et al. 2014 Nature, CsgG structure (the protein ONT names as the R9 reader)"],["10.1038/s41587-020-0570-8","Van der Verren SE et al. 2020 Nat Biotechnol (with ONT authors), CsgG-CsgF dual-constriction prototype in MinION flow cells; says ONT moved from R7.4 to R9 in 2016 using CsgG"],["10.1038/s41557-023-01322-x","Dorey A, Howorka S 2024 Nat Chem review: little has been published by ONT on the R10 structure"]]},{"k":"clya","n":"ClyA","c":7,"geo":"Wide alpha-helical pore with a large cis vestibule that leads into a narrower transmembrane region. Soskine 2013 conductance model: cis vestibule 10.0 nm long, transmembrane region 3.0 nm long.","cd":"transmembrane opening 3.3 nm for the 12-mer, 3.7 nm for the 13-mer and 4.2 nm for the 14-mer (Soskine 2013); Mayer 2022 review gives 3.3 to 4.2 nm at the end of the pore.","od":"cis vestibule 5.5 nm (12-mer), 5.9 nm (13-mer), 6.5 nm (14-mer) (Soskine 2013); Crnkovic 2021 review gives 3 to 6 nm depending on the entrance.","len":"about 13 nm in the Soskine 2013 model (10.0 nm cis vestibule plus 3.0 nm transmembrane region).","fab":"Recombinant S. typhi ClyA monomers oligomerize with the detergent beta-dodecyl maltoside (0.2 to 0.5% DDM); oligomers are separated by blue native PAGE and added to the cis side of a planar lipid bilayer (Soskine 2012, 2013). ClyA-SS is the cysteine-free C87S/C285S variant. Directed evolution gave ClyA-CS (ClyA-SS plus S87C, L99Q, E103G, F166Y, K294R) and then ClyA-AS (C87A and I203V on that background), which expresses solubly and stays open to -150 mV.","first":"2012, Soskine M, Biesemans A, Moeyaert B, Cheley S, Bayley H, Maglia G, Nano Lett 12:4895 (folded human and bovine thrombin, lysozyme and a GFP-like protein trapped inside the pore).","refs":[["10.1038/nature08026","Mueller M, Grauschopf U, Maier T, Glockshuber R, Ban N 2009 Nature, 3.3 A crystal structure of the dodecameric ClyA pore (PDB 2WCD)"],["10.1371/journal.pone.0213423","Peng W et al. 2019 PLoS One, cryo-EM of ClyA 12-mer (2.8 A), 13-mer (3.2 A) and 14-mer (4.3 A)"],["10.1021/nl3024438","Soskine M et al. 2012 Nano Lett, first sensing use of ClyA (folded proteins)"],["10.1021/ja4053398","Soskine M et al. 2013 JACS, ClyA-AS by directed evolution, Type I to III pores and their sizes"]]},{"k":"frac","n":"FraC","c":7,"geo":"Funnel-shaped pore whose wall is made of both protein and lipid. A wide upper vestibule narrows to a constriction near the cytoplasmic side, set by a ring of D10 residues; lipids from the target membrane line part of the wall and the pore has lateral fenestrations. The particle has an outer diameter of 110 A and a height of 70 A, and the transmembrane alpha-helix spans more than 35 A (Tanaka 2015).","cd":"16 A at its narrowest constriction (Tanaka 2015 crystal structure); 1.6 nm (type I), 1.1 nm (type II) and 0.84 nm (type III), measured between opposite D10 side chains including van der Waals radii (Huang 2019). Wloka 2016 describes a 1.2 nm internal constriction.","od":"upper vestibule 60 A inner diameter (Tanaka 2015); Mayer 2022 review gives 1.6 nm for the octamer and 1.1 and 0.84 nm for the heptamer and hexamer.","len":"about 7 nm (particle height 70 A, Tanaka 2015).","fab":"Recombinant FraC monomers are oligomerized by incubation with sphingomyelin/DPhPC liposomes (10:1 liposome to protein by mass, 37 C for 30 min), then solubilized with 0.5% LDAO and inserted into planar DPhPC bilayers. Replacing the lipid-interface tryptophans W112 and W116 (or D109) with serine shifts the mix toward the smaller type II and type III pores (Huang 2019). FraC also inserts into sphingomyelin-free standard bilayers (Wloka 2016).","first":"2016, Wloka C, Mutter NL, Soskine M, Maglia G, Angew Chem Int Ed 55:12494 (FraC engineered for ssDNA and dsDNA analysis). Peptide mass readout with size-tuned pores: Huang G, Voet A, Maglia G 2019 Nat Commun.","refs":[["10.1038/ncomms7337","Tanaka K, Caaveiro JM, Morante K, Gonzalez-Manas JM, Tsumoto K 2015 Nat Commun, crystal structures of FraC at four stages including the 3.1 A transmembrane pore (PDB 4TSY)"],["10.1002/anie.201606742","Wloka C et al. 2016 Angew Chem, FraC engineered for nucleic acid analysis"],["10.1038/s41467-019-08761-6","Huang G, Voet A, Maglia G 2019 Nat Commun, FraC nanopores with adjustable diameter (1.6, 1.1 and 0.84 nm)"]]},{"k":"phi29-connector","n":"phi29 connector","c":7,"geo":"Truncated cone (propeller-like 12-mer) with a central channel that runs along the twelve-fold axis. Each monomer has a central mainly alpha-helical domain with a three-helix bundle, a distal alpha/beta domain and a proximal six-stranded SH3-like domain. The channel surface is mostly electronegative and carries two lysine rings 20 A apart; a hydrophobic belt runs around the outside (Guasch 2002).","cd":"3.6 nm at the narrow end of the channel (Wendell 2009); 3.6 nm (Mayer 2022 review citing Wang 2013); 3.6 nm wide channel (Crnkovic 2021 review).","od":"channel widens to 6.0 nm at the other end (Wendell 2009: a channel 3.6 to 6.0 nm wide); the Guasch 2002 crystal structure describes a 35 A wide central channel.","len":"","fab":"The connector protein is re-engineered to carry distinct hydrophilic regions plus a C-terminal His or Strep tag after a six-glycine linker, expressed and purified, then reconstituted into liposomes (sucrose-assisted, dehydration-rehydration giving giant liposomes up to 50 um). Insertion into a planar bilayer happens only when the proteoliposomes fuse with the bilayer; direct addition of connector does not form channels (Wendell 2009).","first":"2009, Wendell D, Jing P, Geng J, Subramaniam V, Lee TJ, Montemagno C, Guo P, Nat Nanotechnol 4:765 (translocation of double-stranded DNA through membrane-adapted phi29 connectors).","refs":[["10.1038/35047129","Simpson AA et al. 2000 Nature, 3.2 A crystal structure of the phi29 head-tail connector"],["10.1006/jmbi.2001.5278","Guasch A et al. 2002 J Mol Biol, 2.1 A structure of the connector particle (35 A central channel, PDB 1FOU per the Crnkovic 2021 review)"],["10.1038/nnano.2009.259","Wendell D et al. 2009 Nat Nanotechnol, membrane-adapted connector passes dsDNA; single-channel conductance 4.8 nS in 1 M KCl"]]},{"k":"lysenin","n":"lysenin","c":7,"geo":"Long beta-barrel channel that spans the whole length of the assembly, with a cap domain on top and no extra luminal compartment. Pore height about 11 nm, of which 10 nm is the beta barrel; widest part of the cap 12.3 nm; the membrane-spanning region measures about 35 A (Podobnik 2016; Bokori-Brown 2016).","cd":"inner diameter ranges from 1.6 to 2.5 nm along the barrel (Podobnik 2016).","od":"outer diameter about 12 nm (11.5 plus or minus 0.9 nm and 11.8 plus or minus 0.9 nm for the short and tall AFM forms); cap 12.3 nm wide (Podobnik 2016).","len":"about 10 nm of beta barrel within a pore about 11 nm tall (Podobnik 2016); the complex is 315 kDa (Bokori-Brown 2016).","fab":"Lysenin monomers bind sphingomyelin-containing membranes and assemble into nonameric pores. Aoki 2010 formed bilayers of DPhPC and sphingomyelin on the tip of a glass micropipette (tip-dip method) and inserted single lysenin channels; Fologea 2011 inserted lysenin into artificial planar bilayers.","first":"2010, Aoki T, Hirano M, Takeuchi Y, Kobayashi T, Yanagida T, Ide T, Proc Jpn Acad Ser B 86:920 (single lysenin channels blocked by poly(dA)100 and poly(L-lysine)). Multivalent ion sensing: Fologea D et al. 2011 Anal Bioanal Chem.","refs":[["10.1038/ncomms11598","Podobnik M et al. 2016 Nat Commun, 3.1 A crystal structure of the nonameric lysenin pore (10 nm long, 1.6 to 2.5 nm wide)"],["10.1038/ncomms11293","Bokori-Brown M et al. 2016 Nat Commun, 3.1 A cryo-EM structure of the lysenin pore"],["10.2183/pjab.86.920","Aoki T et al. 2010 Proc Jpn Acad Ser B, single-channel properties and biomolecule detection"],["10.1007/s00216-011-5277-8","Fologea D et al. 2011 Anal Bioanal Chem, lysenin channels for multivalent ion detection"]]},{"k":"ompg","n":"OmpG","c":7,"geo":"A 14-strand beta barrel with short periplasmic turns and seven extracellular loops, and no loops folded back into the lumen, so the central pore stays wide. Loop 6 folds across the channel at acidic pH and closes it (Yildiz 2006; Subbarao 2006).","cd":"narrowest region of the open crystal structure (PDB 2IWV) about 8.0 A; the closed structure (2IWW) narrows to about 1.4 A; after 10 ns of molecular dynamics the open wild type narrows to about 4.2 A and the closed one widens to about 6.0 A, while the stabilized S-S mutant stays above 8 A (Chen 2008). The open extracellular entrance is constricted by loops to an effective diameter of 8 A by 12 A (Yildiz 2006).","od":"at the middle of the membrane the pore measures 29 by 25 A between Calpha atoms of opposite strands, or 15 A by 12 A counting side chains; earlier swelling assays gave a limiting pore diameter of 2 nm (Yildiz 2006). Subbarao 2006 describes a large central pore of about 13 A, similar in size to alpha-hemolysin.","len":"not stated as a pore length; the hydrophobic band around OmpG is on average 26 A wide, matching an outer membrane only 26 A thick (Yildiz 2006).","fab":"OmpG is expressed in E. coli, forms inclusion bodies, is dissolved in 8 M urea and refolded by dilution into detergent (1% n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside at 3 M urea), without lipid (Yildiz 2006; yield 20 to 30 mg per litre). For sensing, refolded OmpG (1 to 5 uL of about 0.5 mg/mL) is added to the cis chamber and inserted into a planar bilayer by applying +150 mV (Chen 2008). The quiet pore qOmpG carries a disulfide between strands beta12 and beta13 (cysteines at G231 and D262) plus deletion of D215, which cuts gating by 95%.","first":"2008, Chen M, Khalid S, Sansom MS, Bayley H, PNAS 105:6272 (quiet OmpG with a cyclodextrin adapter detects ADP at the single-molecule level).","refs":[["10.1038/sj.emboj.7601237","Yildiz O, Vinothkumar KR, Goswami P, Kuhlbrandt W 2006 EMBO J, OmpG in open (2.3 A) and closed (2.7 A) conformations"],["10.1016/j.jmb.2006.05.045","Subbarao GV, van den Berg B 2006 J Mol Biol, 2.3 A crystal structure of monomeric OmpG"],["10.1073/pnas.0711561105","Chen M, Khalid S, Sansom MS, Bayley H 2008 PNAS, engineering the quiet pore qOmpG for biosensing"]]},{"k":"ompf","n":"OmpF","c":7,"geo":"Trimer of 16-strand antiparallel beta barrels. Loop L3 folds back inside each barrel and makes a constriction (the eyelet) about halfway down, where the charge distribution sets ion selectivity (Cowan 1992; Jeanteur 1994).","cd":"the constriction of wild-type OmpF measures 7 by 11 A (Jeanteur 1994, from the 3.0 A structure of the G119D mutant compared with wild type). Trinitrophenylation work gives the E. coli porin constrictions as 1.0 to 1.2 nm across (Hancock 1986).","od":"","len":"","fab":"Wild-type OmpF is isolated and purified from E. coli culture, then 0.1 to 0.3 uL of a 1 ug/mL stock is added to the aqueous phase so single trimers insert into a solvent-free DPhPC bilayer (Nestorovich 2002).","first":"2002, Nestorovich EM, Danelon C, Winterhalter M, Bezrukov SM, PNAS 99:9789 (single ampicillin molecules resolved moving through the OmpF constriction zone).","refs":[["10.1038/358727a0","Cowan SW et al. 1992 Nature, crystal structures of matrix porin (OmpF) and phosphoporin (PhoE)"],["10.1073/pnas.91.22.10675","Jeanteur D et al. 1994 PNAS, 3.0 A structure of the colicin-resistant G119D OmpF mutant; gives the wild-type constriction as 7 by 11 A"],["10.1073/pnas.152206799","Nestorovich EM et al. 2002 PNAS, single antibiotic molecules interacting with the OmpF channel"]]},{"k":"maltoporin","n":"maltoporin","c":7,"geo":"Trimer of 18-strand antiparallel beta barrels. Three inwardly folded loops make a constriction about halfway down each channel. Six contiguous aromatic residues line the channel as a greasy slide, a left-handed helical path running from the vestibule to the periplasmic outlet, and sugars bind along it; Tyr118 in loop 3 controls the central constriction (Schirmer 1995; Dutzler 1996).","cd":"not given as a number by the sources fetched here. Berkane 2005 states only that the maltoporin channel diameter is around a few Angstroem, and elsewhere calls it a 4 nm sized channel.","od":"","len":"","fab":"Purified maltoporin trimers are reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers across a hole in a thin PTFE film (less than 0.1 mm, or 800 um and larger in the design Berkane 2005 describes); protein and detergent concentrations are balanced so a single trimer inserts (Berkane 2005). Insertion from one side is oriented (Kullman 2002).","first":"2000, Bezrukov SM, Kullman L, Winterhalter M, FEBS Lett 476:224 (single maltohexaose molecules entering single maltoporin pores). Kullman L, Winterhalter M, Bezrukov SM 2002 Biophys J showed one sugar blocks one of the three pores completely; Berkane 2005 used the channel as a sensor for maltodextrin and lambda phage.","refs":[["10.1126/science.7824948","Schirmer T, Keller TA, Wang YF, Rosenbusch JP 1995 Science, 3.1 A crystal structure of maltoporin (PDB 1MAL)"],["10.1016/s0969-2126(96)00016-0","Dutzler R et al. 1996 Structure, maltooligosaccharides bound to maltoporin reveal the sugar translocation pathway"],["10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01753-1","Bezrukov SM, Kullman L, Winterhalter M 2000 FEBS Lett, sugar translocation at the single-channel level"],["10.1186/1477-3155-3-3","Berkane E et al. 2005 J Nanobiotechnol, maltoporin channel as a sensor for maltodextrin and lambda phage"]]},{"k":"chitoporin","n":"chitoporin","c":7,"geo":"Trimer of oval 16-strand beta barrels, like the general porins OmpF and OmpC. Loops L2 and L3 make the constriction, with Trp136 at its mouth and Trp331 stacking the last sugar unit on the extracellular side. In natively expressed ChiP the 19-residue N-terminus of each subunit plugs the pore of a neighbouring barrel, and substrate binding ejects the plug to open the channel (Aunkham 2018; Sanram 2023).","cd":"","od":"","len":"","fab":"VhChiP and its mutants are expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) Omp8 Rosetta (in vitro folded from inclusion bodies, with two extra N-terminal residues) or taken from the outer membrane of natively expressing cells, purified in LDAO detergent by ion exchange with a 0 to 1 M KCl gradient, then reconstituted into a solvent-free Montal-Mueller DPhPC planar bilayer for single-channel recording, or into soybean phosphatidylcholine proteoliposomes for sugar permeation assays (Aunkham 2018; Suginta 2013; Chumjan 2019).","first":"2013, Suginta W, Chumjan W, Mahendran KR, Schulte A, Winterhalter M, J Biol Chem 288:11038 (single chitosugar binding events resolved in single VhChiP channels; binding constant 5.0 x 10^6 per M for chitohexaose).","refs":[["10.1038/s41467-017-02523-y","Aunkham A et al. 2018 Nat Commun, X-ray structures of V. harveyi chitoporin with and without chito-oligosaccharides (about 2 to 2.5 A), N-terminal pore plug"],["10.1074/jbc.m113.454108","Suginta W et al. 2013 J Biol Chem, first single-channel sugar sensing with chitoporin"],["10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105000","Sanram S, Aunkham A, Robinson R, Suginta W 2023 J Biol Chem, structures of plug-free VhChiP and the structural displacement model"]]},{"k":"cyma","n":"CymA","c":7,"geo":"A monomeric 14-strand beta barrel with short extracellular loops and a large pore. The N-terminal 15 residues sit inside the barrel on the periplasmic side as a mobile plug, so substrate binding expels the gate. In the His-tagged structure without that N-terminus the channel is circular, water-filled and fairly uniform (van den Berg 2015).","cd":"the open channel (N-terminus absent) has a fairly uniform diameter of about 11 to 14 A; in the wild type the N-terminus restricts the diameter sharply, by an amount the paper does not quantify (van den Berg 2015).","od":"","len":"channel length about 45 A (van den Berg 2015).","fab":"CymA is expressed in E. coli (arabinose-induced pB22 construct with a His tag, or constitutively from pCYMA in the porin-deficient BL21 omp8 strain), extracted from membranes with detergents (Elugent, LDAO, sarkosyl, OPOE) and purified by nickel or ion-exchange and gel filtration, with no refolding step. Single channels are then reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers (van den Berg 2015; Orlik 2003).","first":"2003, Orlik F, Andersen C, Danelon C, Winterhalter M, Pajatsch M, Bock A, Benz R, Biophys J 85:876 (cyclodextrin binding blocks the reconstituted CymA channel; stability constants 32,000 per M for alpha-cyclodextrin, 1,970 for beta, 310 for gamma). Later single-molecule sensing of cyclic sugars and peptides: Vikraman D et al. 2020 ACS Nano, 2022 ACS Sens.","refs":[["10.1073/pnas.1424835112","van den Berg B et al. 2015 PNAS, X-ray structure of CymA (monomeric 14-strand barrel, lumen about 11 to 14 A, length about 45 A)"],["10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74527-5","Orlik F et al. 2003 Biophys J, CymA reconstituted in bilayers; cyclodextrin binding and open-channel noise"],["10.1021/acsnano.9b09408","Vikraman D et al. 2020 ACS Nano, translocation of cyclic oligosaccharides through CymA with its 15-residue N-terminal segment"]]},{"k":"alamethicin","n":"alamethicin","c":7,"geo":"Barrel-stave bundle: alpha-helical monomers stand side by side across the bilayer with their hydrophilic faces inward, so the lumen is a water column whose width grows as monomers join. Neutron in-plane scattering confirmed the barrel-stave model and showed water is part of the structure (He 1996). The channel opens and closes by adding or removing one helix at a time, which is why it steps between conductance levels.","cd":"water pore about 18 A across in DLPC bilayers (8 to 9 monomers) and about 26 A in diphytanoyl phosphatidylcholine (about 11 monomers) (He 1996). Access-resistance and polymer-exclusion measurements give open-channel radii of 6.3, 10.3 and 11.4 A for the first three conductance levels, that is diameters of about 12.6, 20.6 and 22.8 A (Bezrukov 1993).","od":"effective outside diameter of the channel about 40 A in DLPC and about 50 A in diphytanoyl phosphatidylcholine (He 1996). An EC-STM study of hexameric pores found a channel-to-channel spacing of 1.90 plus or minus 0.1 nm in 2D hexagonal clusters (Pieta 2012).","len":"spans the lipid bilayer, so the length is set by the membrane thickness; no separate pore length is given by the sources fetched here.","fab":"Alamethicin is added to the solution bathing a planar lipid bilayer, inserts spontaneously, and forms voltage-gated bundles; the conductance level distribution depends on lipid type, hydration and charge (Bezrukov 1993; He 1996; Bezrukov 2001).","first":"1993 to 1994, Bezrukov SM and Vodyanoy I, Biophys J 64:16 (probing alamethicin channels with water-soluble polymers), then Bezrukov SM, Vodyanoy I, Parsegian VA, Nature 370:279 (1994), which counted single polymer molecules moving through the channel and detected molecules with gyration radii as small as 5 to 15 A.","refs":[["10.1038/300325a0","Fox RO, Richards FM 1982 Nature 300:325, crystal structure of alamethicin at 1.5 A and a voltage-gated channel model (PDB 1AMT)"],["10.1016/s0006-3495(96)79835-1","He K, Ludtke SJ, Worcester DL, Huang HW 1996 Biophys J, neutron in-plane scattering gives the water pore and outer diameters"],["10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81336-5","Bezrukov SM, Vodyanoy I 1993 Biophys J, channel radii 6.3, 10.3 and 11.4 A from access resistance and polymer exclusion"],["10.1038/370279a0","Bezrukov SM, Vodyanoy I, Parsegian VA 1994 Nature, counting single polymers moving through the channel"],["10.1073/pnas.1201559110","Pieta P, Mirza J, Lipkowski J 2012 PNAS, EC-STM images of hexameric alamethicin pores"]]},{"k":"gramicidin-a","n":"gramicidin A","c":7,"geo":"Each monomer folds into a single-stranded, right-handed beta-6.3 helix with six to seven residues per turn; two monomers, one in each monolayer, meet head to head to make a continuous channel. The lumen is so narrow that ions and water move in single file, and the channel holds at most two ions (Ketchem 1993; Iwamoto 2014).","cd":"inner pore diameter 4 A (Iwamoto 2014, table comparing gramicidin A with polytheonamide B).","od":"","len":"helix length 26 A in the membrane (Iwamoto 2014).","fab":"Gramicidin is added to the solution on both sides of a planar lipid bilayer (or a tip-dip bilayer on a micropipette) and inserts as monomers into each leaflet; conducting channels appear when two monomers dimerize, so the channels open and close by dimer formation and dissociation (Iwamoto 2014; Hirano-Iwata 2004).","first":"2003, Hirano A, Wakabayashi M, Matsuno Y, Sugawara M, Biosens Bioelectron 18:973 built an ion-channel sensor in which analyte binding to a membrane-bound receptor (biotin-PE for avidin, dinitrophenyl-PE for anti-DNP) changes the gramicidin monomer-dimer kinetics and so the fraction of short channel openings. The channel itself was used for single-channel ion transport studies for decades before that.","refs":[["10.1126/science.7690158","Ketchem RR, Hu W, Cross TA 1993 Science 261:1457, high-resolution dimeric conformation of gramicidin A in a lipid bilayer by solid-state NMR (PDB 1MAG)"],["10.1038/srep03636","Iwamoto M, Matsunaga S, Oiki S 2014 Sci Rep, table of gramicidin A properties: 4 A inner pore, 26 A helix, head-to-head dimer, PDB 1TKQ, 56 pS at 300 mV in 2 M CsCl"],["10.1073/pnas.2635314100","Allen TW, Andersen OS, Roux B 2004 PNAS, free energy of K+ conduction through gramicidin A, single-file water"],["10.1016/s0956-5663(02)00219-1","Hirano A, Wakabayashi M, Matsuno Y, Sugawara M 2003 Biosens Bioelectron, single gramicidin channel sensor driven by molecular recognition"]]},{"k":"vdac","n":"VDAC","c":7,"geo":"A 19-strand beta barrel with an alpha-helix lying along one wall, roughly midway between the two ends; the helix reinforces the barrel and makes a constriction zone. The barrel is slightly oval. VDAC gates: above about 30 mV it steps stochastically from an anion-selective open state to several less selective, lower-conducting closed states (Bayrhuber 2008; Hoogerheide 2021).","cd":"about 1.4 nm at the narrowest part of the constriction zone (Hoogerheide 2021); the Bayrhuber 2008 structure gives the inner diameter of the pore as about 1.5 by 1 nm.","od":"pore 2.7 nm across (Hoogerheide 2021); the barrel outer dimensions are about 3.5 by 3.1 nm horizontally and about 4 nm vertically, and reconstituted hVDAC1 measured 3.7 nm diameter by 4.3 nm height (Bayrhuber 2008).","len":"about 4 nm tall (Bayrhuber 2008: about 4 nm in the vertical direction, 4.3 nm height when reconstituted).","fab":"VDAC is purified from mitochondrial outer membranes (or expressed recombinantly and refolded) and reconstituted into planar lipid membranes, which Hoogerheide 2021 calls the only available method for studying the channel's biophysical properties.","first":"The channel was biophysically characterized by Marco Colombini from 1976 on (cited in Hoogerheide 2021). As a single-molecule sensor it records partner proteins: dimeric tubulin and alpha-synuclein blockades (Rostovtseva and Bezrukov and colleagues; Hoogerheide DP, Rostovtseva TK, Bezrukov SM 2021 BBA Biomembranes used VDAC as a nanopore to read lipid-dependent conformations of membrane-bound alpha-synuclein).","refs":[["10.1073/pnas.0808115105","Bayrhuber M et al. 2008 PNAS, 3D structure of human VDAC1 by NMR plus X-ray: 19-strand barrel with a horizontal alpha-helix, pore about 1.5 by 1 nm"],["10.1126/science.1161302","Hiller S and colleagues 2008 Science, solution structure of human VDAC-1 in detergent micelles"],["10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183643","Hoogerheide DP, Rostovtseva TK, Bezrukov SM 2021 BBA Biomembr, VDAC nanopore reading alpha-synuclein; 2.7 nm pore, 1.4 nm constriction, 4 nS in 1 M KCl"]]},{"k":"anthrax-pa63","n":"PA63","c":7,"geo":"Funnel-shaped translocation channel in four parts by diameter: mouth, phi-clamp, throat and tube. Seven copies of the domain 2 beta hairpin build a membrane-spanning 14-strand beta barrel. The channel surface is negatively charged and mostly hydrophilic, with hydrophobic patches at the alpha-clamp of the mouth, near the phi-clamp and in the middle of the tube. The mouth and the tube are the only openings; the rest is water-tight (Jiang 2015).","cd":"6 A solvent-excluded inner diameter at the phi-clamp (the ring of Phe427 residues), the bottleneck of the whole channel, narrower than any protein secondary structure, so only fully unfolded polypeptide passes (Jiang 2015).","od":"mouth 30 A opening narrowing to 20 A; throat an enlarged bulb-shaped chamber about 18 A; tube (the 14-strand barrel) 12 to 18 A inner diameter, and 27 A Calpha to Calpha (Jiang 2015).","len":"the membrane-spanning 14-strand beta barrel is 105 A long, about twice the barrel length of the two comparison toxins (Jiang 2015).","fab":"PA83 is cleaved to PA63, which oligomerizes into prepores; acidifying the solution (endosomal pH) converts prepores into membrane-spanning channels. For sensing, PA63 channels are inserted into planar lipid bilayers and the current-voltage relation is recorded (Halverson 2005).","first":"2005, Halverson KM, Panchal RG, Nguyen TL, Gussio R, Little SF, Misakian M, Bavari S, Kasianowicz JJ, J Biol Chem 280:34056 (asymmetric blockade of the PA63 channel as an anthrax biosensor; detected the lethal toxin complex in plasma from infected animals).","refs":[["10.1038/385833a0","Petosa C and colleagues 1997 Nature 385:833, crystal structure of the anthrax toxin protective antigen"],["10.1038/nature14247","Jiang J, Pentelute BL, Collier RJ, Zhou ZH 2015 Nature, 2.9 A cryo-EM structure of the PA pore: phi-clamp 6 A, barrel 105 A long"],["10.1074/jbc.m507928200","Halverson KM et al. 2005 J Biol Chem, PA63 ion channel asymmetric blockade as an anthrax biosensor"],["10.1016/j.jmb.2017.02.005","Ghosal K, Colby JM, Das D, Joy ST, Arora PS, Krantz BA 2017 J Mol Biol, dynamic phi-clamp interactions in single-channel polypeptide translocation"]]},{"k":"plyab","n":"PlyAB","c":7,"geo":"Cylindrical pore with a large cap over the membrane-inserted barrel; nanopore work describes the engineered pore as a cylinder 7.2 by 10.5 nm. The barrel forms when the bent central beta-sheet of the MACPF domain opens by about 70 degrees and two alpha-helical regions refold into transmembrane beta hairpins (Lukoyanova 2015; Huang 2020).","cd":"5.5 nm inner constriction (Mayer 2022 review citing Huang 2020), one of the largest biological nanopore constrictions used for sensing.","od":"cryo-EM pore 80 A in diameter and 100 A in height (Lukoyanova 2015); engineered nanopore cylinder 7.2 by 10.5 nm (Huang 2020).","len":"100 A tall in the cryo-EM structure (Lukoyanova 2015).","fab":"PlyA binds the membrane and recruits PlyB, which then spans the bilayer; the two-component toxin was engineered by Maglia and colleagues into a low-noise cylindrical nanopore for lipid bilayers (Huang 2020). Capturing folded proteins needed engineering of the inner surface charge to set up electro-osmotic vortices.","first":"2020, Huang G, Willems K, Bartelds M, van Dorpe P, Soskine M, Maglia G, Nano Lett 20:3819 (electro-osmotic vortices let PlyAB capture folded human albumin and transferrin). Single amino acid differences in haemoglobin: Huang G and colleagues 2022 Angew Chem.","refs":[["10.1371/journal.pbio.1002049","Lukoyanova N et al. 2015 PLoS Biol, 11 A cryo-EM structure of pleurotolysin plus crystal structures of PlyA and PlyB: 13-fold pore 80 A wide and 100 A tall"],["10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00877","Huang G et al. 2020 Nano Lett, engineered PlyAB nanopore 7.2 by 10.5 nm; electro-osmotic capture of folded proteins"],["10.1002/anie.202206227","Huang G and colleagues 2022 Angew Chem, PlyAB nanopores tell adult, sickle and foetal haemoglobin apart"]]},{"k":"yaxab","n":"YaxAB","c":7,"geo":"Two concentric rings: YaxA forms the peripheral ring and YaxB the interior one, built from YaxA-YaxB heterodimer spokes. Each protomer has head, coiled-coil stalk and foot domains. The foot-domain helices of the YaxA and YaxB protomers together make a staggered 40-meric alpha-helical annulus that crosses the membrane, with the polar faces of the YaxB transmembrane helices turned toward the lumen. Only YaxA binds membranes by itself; YaxB is then recruited and presents its lytic helices, so the pore grows as more heterodimers join (Braeuning 2018).","cd":"31 A at the narrowest point of the transmembrane alpha-helical annulus (Braeuning 2018, from the 6.1 A cryo-EM map)","od":"the C10 complex spans 160 A perpendicular to the membrane plane (Braeuning 2018)","len":"200 A parallel to the membrane normal for the whole complex; the apolar transmembrane surface formed by the foot helices is about 28 A long, close to the expected thickness of the membrane interior (Braeuning 2018)","fab":"YaxA and YaxB are expressed and purified separately and then oligomerized into nanopores; van den Noort M, van der Heide NJ, Viel JH, Straathof S, Maglia G published a purification and oligomerization protocol in Methods Mol Biol (2026).","first":"2024, Ryu M, Oh S, Jeong K, Hwang S, Kim J, Chung M, Chi S, ACS Nano (label-free monitoring of molecular glue efficacies for protein-protein interactions with YaxAB nanopores); the same group reported fingerprinting of cancer-associated single-residue Bcl-xL variants in Small Methods 2026.","refs":[["10.1038/s41467-018-04139-2","Braeuning B et al. 2018 Nat Commun, crystal structures of YaxA and YaxB plus a cryo-EM map of the YaxAB complex (decamers of heterodimers)"],["10.1021/acsnano.4c11436","Ryu M, Oh S, Jeong K, Hwang S, Kim J, Chung M, Chi S 2024 ACS Nano, label-free monitoring of molecular glue efficacies with YaxAB nanopores"],["10.1007/978-1-0716-5527-6_1","van den Noort M, van der Heide NJ, Viel JH, Straathof S, Maglia G 2026 Methods Mol Biol, purification and oligomerization of YaxAB nanopores"]]},{"k":"cytk","n":"CytK","c":7,"geo":"Beta-barrel pore with a vestibule above the barrel. The engineered sensing pore 2E-4D-CytK (CytK-4D) has a vestibule about 2.6 nm wide flanked by a 1.1 nm cis entry and a beta barrel 1.2 nm wide (Sauciuc 2024 Nano Lett). Engineering put sets of charges about 1 nm apart along the lumen, which sets up an electro-osmotic flow strong enough to drag unfolded polypeptides against the electrophoretic force; molecular dynamics put that force at about 20 pN at -100 mV, close to the electric force on single-stranded DNA (Sauciuc 2024 Nat Biotechnol). Variants add an acidic-aromatic recognition site in the lumen to resolve peptides.","cd":"CytK-4D: about 1.1 nm at the cis entry and about 1.2 nm inside the beta barrel (Sauciuc 2024 Nano Lett)","od":"vestibule about 2.6 nm wide in CytK-4D (Sauciuc 2024 Nano Lett)","len":"","fab":"CytK nanopores are expressed and purified from E. coli and inserted into lipid bilayers; a step-by-step expression and purification protocol appeared in Methods Mol Biol in 2026 (10.1007/978-1-0716-5527-6_2). A redesigned CytK-4D barrel has been lengthened for insertion into 3.5 to 6.6 nm thick PBD-PEO block copolymer membranes (bioRxiv preprint 2026).","first":"2024, Sauciuc A, Morozzo Della Rocca B, Tadema MJ, Chinappi M, Maglia G, Nat Biotechnol (translocation of linearized full-length proteins through an engineered CytK nanopore against an opposing electrophoretic force).","refs":[["10.1038/s41587-023-01954-x","Sauciuc A, Morozzo Della Rocca B, Tadema MJ, Chinappi M, Maglia G 2024 Nat Biotechnol, engineered CytK nanopore translocates linearized full-length proteins"],["10.1007/978-1-0716-5527-6_2","2026 Methods Mol Biol, expression and purification of CytK nanopores"],["10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c04510","Sauciuc A, Maglia G 2024 Nano Lett, CytK-4D geometry (2.6 nm vestibule, 1.1 nm entry, 1.2 nm barrel) and controlled protein translocation"]]},{"k":"wza","n":"Wza","c":7,"geo":"Barrel-like octamer about 140 A along its long axis and 105 A across at its widest point, with a large central cavity 100 A long and 30 A wide (internal volume about 15,000 A3). Three ring-shaped periplasmic domains stack below an alpha-helical transmembrane barrel, a fold new at the time of the structure. The channel opens to the outside of the cell but is closed to the periplasm (Dong 2006). An earlier electron microscopy study of the octamer gave 90 A by 90 A by 100 A.","cd":"17 A at the open (extracellular) end of the alpha-helical barrel; ring 1 narrows the channel to 15 A (Dong 2006). Dong 2006 also notes that a different conformer could create a portal about 8 A across, wide enough for the carbohydrate.","od":"the helical barrel widens to about 30 A internal diameter where it meets the third ring; ring 2 has an inner diameter of about 25 A and ring 1 over 25 A past its constriction; the third ring has an external diameter of 105 A (Dong 2006).","len":"about 140 A along the long axis, with a central cavity 100 A long (Dong 2006).","fab":"Wild-type Wza and mutant open forms are recorded in planar lipid bilayers (Kong 2013). Later work combined chemical polyglycosylation with nanolitre detection to recapitulate bacterial sugar export through single pores (Kong 2016).","first":"2013, Kong L, Harrington L, Li Q, Cheley S, Davis BG, Bayley H, Nat Chem 5:651 (electrical recording of grommet-like glycomimetics blocking the Wza alpha-helix barrel; the cyclic octasaccharide am8-gamma-CD was the most effective blocker and stopped K30 polysaccharide transport in live E. coli).","refs":[["10.1038/nature05267","Dong C, Beis K, Nesper J, Brunkan-Lamontagne AL, Clarke BR, Whitfield C, Naismith JH 2006 Nature 444:226, 2.26 A structure of the 340 kDa Wza octamer with its alpha-helical transmembrane barrel"],["10.1038/nchem.1695","Kong L et al. 2013 Nat Chem, single-molecule interrogation of Wza and discovery of an extracellular inhibitor"],["10.1038/nchem.2487","Kong L and colleagues 2016 Nat Chem, single-molecule recapitulation of bacterial sugar export"]]},{"k":"fhua-truncated","n":"t-FhuA","c":7,"geo":"The engineered nanopore is made by deleting the N-terminal 160-residue cork domain and four long extracellular loops, which leaves an open, unusually stiff 22-strand barrel. Polymer exclusion shows a roughly conical interior, with the cis entrance smaller than the trans entrance, matching the asymmetry of the wild-type crystal structure (Niedzwiecki 2012).","cd":"cis entrance 0.85 to 1.1 nm by the best PEG fits (Niedzwiecki 2012). The Mayer 2022 review quotes a 1.2 nm constriction for FhuA delta-C/delta-4L, citing Niedzwiecki 2012.","od":"trans entrance 1.4 to 1.9 nm from the PEG series (1.6 nm used as the conical model input); average internal diameter 2.4 plus or minus 0.6 nm from dextran access-resistance analysis, which the authors note is larger than the PEG-based values (Niedzwiecki 2012). The Crnkovic 2021 review calls the wild-type barrel about 7 nm long.","len":"about 7 nm (Crnkovic 2021 review: 22 antiparallel beta-strands shaping a pore about 7 nm long).","fab":"Genetic engineering (deleting the cork domain and four loops) followed by rapid-dilution refolding: His-tag-purified denatured protein is diluted 50-fold into 1.5% n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltopyranoside and left overnight at 23 C. The pore then inserts into a DPhPC planar bilayer as a monomer in a single orientation when added to the cis side at about 0.02 ng/uL (Niedzwiecki 2012).","first":"Movileanu and colleagues engineered and characterized the t-FhuA nanopore; Niedzwiecki DJ, Mohammad MM, Movileanu L 2012 Biophys J 103:2115 inspected its interior with PEG and dextran polymers. Later sensing uses include detergent and protein detection (cited in the Wu 2014 review) and chiral separation of D-arginine from L-arginine through an engineered FhuA nanochannel (2019 Chem Commun, 10.1039/c9cc00154a).","refs":[["10.1016/j.bpj.2012.10.008","Niedzwiecki DJ, Mohammad MM, Movileanu L 2012 Biophys J, polymer exclusion sizing of the FhuA delta-C/delta-4L nanopore"],["10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00060","Sauer DF, Markel U, Schiffels J, Okuda J, Schwaneberg U 2023 Acc Chem Res review: FhuA from iron-transporting transmembrane protein to versatile scaffolds through protein engineering"]]},{"k":"dna-origami-nanopore","n":"DNA origami nanopore","c":8,"geo":"Shape modelled on alpha-hemolysin but made entirely of DNA: a barrel-shaped cap sticks to the cis face of the membrane through cholesterol, and a stem of six DNA double helices protrudes centrally and spans the bilayer as a hollow tube. The lumen runs through both stem and barrel. Because the DNA is charged, the lipid bilayer is thought to reorganize around the stem, with headgroups turned toward the DNA (Langecker 2012).","cd":"about 2 nm for the transmembrane tube (Langecker 2012). Mutants with a single-stranded heptanucleotide poking into the channel gate more strongly.","od":"","len":"about 42 nm for the channel through stem and barrel (Langecker 2012).","fab":"Molecular self-assembly: the scaffold and staples are annealed into the designed object, purified, and checked by transmission electron microscopy. Channels (about 200 pM) are added to the cis side and voltage pulses drive them into the membrane. A separate class of small DNA nanopores is built from a few duplexes with an outer belt of alkyl groups that masks the charged backbone and lets the pore insert on its own (Burns 2013).","first":"2012, Langecker M, Arnaut V, Martin TG, List J, Renner S, Mayer M, Dietz H, Simmel FC, Science 338:932 (synthetic DNA origami channels in lipid bilayers used to discriminate single DNA molecules). Small self-inserting DNA nanopores: Burns JR, Stulz E, Howorka S 2013 Nano Lett.","refs":[["10.1126/science.1225624","Langecker M et al. 2012 Science, first DNA origami membrane channel: 2 nm by 42 nm lumen, 0.87 nS in 1 M KCl, single-DNA discrimination"],["10.1021/nl304147f","Burns JR, Stulz E, Howorka S 2013 Nano Lett, self-assembled DNA nanopores with an outer hydrophobic alkyl belt that span lipid bilayers"],["10.1002/anie.201200688","Wei R, Martin TG, Rant U, Dietz H 2012 Angew Chem, DNA origami gatekeeper nanoplates on solid-state nanopores"]]},{"k":"hybrid-protein-in-solid-state","n":"hybrid nanopore","c":10,"geo":"Hall 2010 threads a double-stranded DNA tether attached to the alpha-HL pore through a small SiN nanopore by electrophoresis, pulling the mushroom-shaped protein stem into the solid-state pore while the cap stays on top and seals against the membrane. The result conducts through the protein's own 1.4 nm constriction, which is too narrow for dsDNA (2.2 nm) but passes ssDNA (about 1.2 nm). DNA origami gatekeeper plates instead sit over a larger solid-state pore and present a custom aperture that can be chemically addressed (Wei 2012).","cd":"set by the protein: 1.4 nm inner diameter for the alpha-HL constriction (Hall 2010, citing the Song 1996 structure).","od":"the host solid-state pore is deliberately made 2.4 to 3.6 nm wide, large enough for the guiding dsDNA and the alpha-HL stem but too small for the cap to pass (Hall 2010).","len":"the SiN membrane is 20 nm thick (Hall 2010).","fab":"A 20 nm free-standing silicon nitride membrane is made by standard microfabrication, then a single nanopore is drilled by locally ablating the membrane with a tightly focused transmission electron microscope beam (300 kV, 3.5 nm beam). An engineered alpha-HL carrying a cysteine is coupled through a disulfide to a thiolated 12-base oligomer, which hybridizes to a long dsDNA; applying voltage threads that DNA into the solid-state pore and seats the protein. Insertion succeeded in 30 to 40% of attempts (21 out of about 60 pores) (Hall 2010).","first":"2010, Hall AR, Scott A, Rotem D, Mehta KK, Bayley H, Dekker C, Nat Nanotechnol 5:874 (hybrid pore formation by directed insertion of alpha-haemolysin into solid-state nanopores; ssDNA translocation proved the hybrid works).","refs":[["10.1038/nnano.2010.237","Hall AR, Scott A, Rotem D, Mehta KK, Bayley H, Dekker C 2010 Nat Nanotechnol, directed insertion of alpha-haemolysin into a 2.4 to 3.6 nm SiN nanopore"],["10.1002/anie.201200688","Wei R, Martin TG, Rant U, Dietz H 2012 Angew Chem, DNA origami gatekeepers for solid-state nanopores"],["10.1007/s10544-011-9537-3","Venkatesan BM, Polans J, Comer J, Sridhar S, Wendell D, Aksimentiev A, Bashir R 2011 Biomed Microdevices, lipid bilayer coated Al2O3 nanopore sensors as a hybrid biological solid-state nanopore"],["10.1021/nn405045x","Plesa C, Ananth AN, Linko V, Gulcher C, Katan AJ, Dietz H, Dekker C 2014 ACS Nano, ionic permeability and mechanical properties of DNA origami nanoplates on solid-state nanopores"]]},{"k":"carbon-nanotube-porin","n":"carbon nanotube porin","c":9,"geo":"A hollow, straight, hydrophobic cylinder shorter than or comparable to the bilayer thickness, so it self-inserts and spans the membrane. The ends always carry carboxylate groups made during sonication-cutting (six per end in the simulated construct). High-speed AFM shows CNTPs as 2.9 plus or minus 0.4 nm high bumps on the bilayer that diffuse in the membrane plane like membrane proteins (Geng 2014; Sullivan 2020).","cd":"1.5 nm inner diameter for the standard CNTPs (Sullivan 2020, where the simulated tube is a (14,7) single-walled nanotube 1.5 nm across and 5.5 nm long); 0.8 nm for the narrow CNTPs that confine water to a single file (Tunuguntla 2017).","od":"","len":"about 5 to 10 nm, matched to the bilayer; the modelled CNTP is 5.5 nm long, and tube length varies within a preparation (Sullivan 2020).","fab":"Long carbon nanotubes are cut into short segments by sonication in the presence of lipid, which both shortens the tubes and caps their ends with carboxylates; the resulting CNTPs are incorporated into liposomes and then insert spontaneously into lipid bilayers and live cell membranes (Geng 2014; Sullivan 2020).","first":"2014, Geng J, Kim K, Zhang J, Escalada A, Tunuguntla R, Comolli LR, Allen FI, Shnyrova AV, Cho KR, Munoz D, Wang YM, Grigoropoulos CP, Ajo-Franklin CM, Frolov VA, Noy A, Nature 514:612 (CNT porins transport water, protons, small ions and DNA, switch between metastable conductance substates, and show macromolecule-induced ionic current blockades).","refs":[["10.1038/nature13817","Geng J et al. 2014 Nature 514:612, stochastic transport through carbon nanotubes in lipid bilayers and live cell membranes; 70 to 100 pS unitary conductance"],["10.1126/science.aan2438","Tunuguntla RH and colleagues 2017 Science, 0.8 nm CNTPs with single-file water, high water permeability and tunable ion selectivity"],["10.1038/s41598-020-68059-2","Sullivan K, Zhang Y, Lopez J, Lowe M, Noy A 2020 Sci Rep, CNTP diffusion in bilayers; 1.5 nm tubes, (14,7) 5.5 nm model, carboxylate ends from sonication-cutting"]]},{"k":"swcnt-channel","n":"single-walled carbon nanotube channel","c":9,"geo":"A long, straight, atomically smooth tube whose interior carries the whole ionic current. Lee 2010 reports electro-osmotic current oscillations through the tube interior at particular field strengths, the signature of coherence resonance, with stochastic pore blocking when single cations partition into the tube and obstruct an otherwise steady proton current.","cd":"","od":"","len":"","fab":"A single-walled carbon nanotube is grown (typically by chemical vapour deposition), then embedded so that only its hollow interior connects the two sides, which is far harder than making many-pore membranes. Hall 2011 instead used short SWNTs as the analyte, dispersing them with single-stranded DNA oligomers that also gave them a net charge so they could be driven through a solid-state nanopore, and read their diameter and length from the blockades.","first":"2010, Lee CY, Choi W, Han JH, Strano MS, Science 329:1320 (coherence resonance in a single-walled carbon nanotube ion channel, with stochastic blocking by single cations).","refs":[["10.1126/science.1193383","Lee CY, Choi W, Han JH, Strano MS 2010 Science, coherence resonance and stochastic pore blocking in a single-walled carbon nanotube ion channel"],["10.1002/adma.201500372","2015 Adv Mater review, nanofluidic transport through isolated carbon nanotube channels: advances, controversies and challenges"],["10.1021/nl200873w","Hall AR, Keegstra JM, Duch MC, Hersam MC, Dekker C 2011 Nano Lett, translocation of single-wall carbon nanotubes through solid-state nanopores (nanotubes as analyte)"]]},{"k":"sinx-nanopore","n":"SiNx nanopore","c":4,"geo":"Roughly circular or polygonal hole through a thin inorganic membrane; the sensing region is set by the pore diameter and the membrane thickness together. TEM-drilled pores are hourglass-like through the membrane thickness, while ion-beam sculpted and dielectric-breakdown pores vary in profile.","cd":"from about 1.3 nm up to tens of nm, depending on method. Chen and Liu 2019 review: FIB and FEB drilling reach below 5 nm, with 1.3 nm the smallest reported (helium ion microscope); controlled dielectric breakdown reaches about 2 nm, and multilevel pulse-voltage injection sub-1 to 3 nm. Hall 2010 made 2.4 to 3.6 nm pores for hybrid work.","od":"","len":"set by the membrane: 20 nm free-standing SiN is a common choice (Hall 2010); Kwok 2014 used 10 nm and 30 nm thick SiN. FIB and FEB drilling work on membranes under 100 nm thick (Chen and Liu 2019).","fab":"Several routes, all starting from a free-standing SiN membrane made by standard microfabrication. Ion-beam sculpting: low-energy ion beams in a feedback-controlled sputtering system close or open a hole while the transmitted ion count is monitored (Li 2001). TEM or focused electron beam drilling: a tightly focused beam (for instance 300 kV, 3.5 nm beam) locally ablates the membrane (Hall 2010; Storm 2003 for the e-beam shrink variant). Focused ion beam drilling: 30 keV Ga+ ions give pores under 5 nm, and a helium ion microscope reached 1.3 nm. Electron-beam lithography plus anisotropic etching opens a 20 nm pore in silicon, which thermal oxidation and then a high-energy electron beam shrink to single-nanometre size by fluidizing the oxide (Storm 2003). Controlled dielectric breakdown: a voltage across the membrane in solution creates a high field, charge traps accumulate and a pore forms, watched in real time through the leakage current, with no beam instruments at all (Kwok 2014). Laser-assisted breakdown: a visible-wavelength laser heats a spot on the membrane so traps gather there, giving pores from 5 to 50 nm (Chen and Liu 2019).","first":"2001, Li J, Stein D, McMullan C, Branton D, Aziz MJ, Golovchenko JA, Nature 412:166 (ion-beam sculpting produced a single nanopore in a Si3N4 membrane that registered single DNA molecules in aqueous solution).","refs":[["10.1038/35084037","Li J, Stein D, McMullan C, Branton D, Aziz MJ, Golovchenko JA 2001 Nature 412:166, ion-beam sculpting of a nanopore in a Si3N4 membrane that detects single DNA molecules"],["10.1038/nmat941","Storm AJ, Chen JH, Ling XS, Zandbergen HW, Dekker C 2003 Nat Mater, silicon oxide nanopores with single-nanometre precision by e-beam lithography, etching, oxidation and electron-beam shrinking"],["10.1371/journal.pone.0092880","Kwok H, Briggs K, Tabard-Cossa V 2014 PLoS One, nanopore fabrication by controlled dielectric breakdown down to 2 nm, directly in solution"],["10.3390/s19081886","Chen Q, Liu Z 2019 Sensors review of solid-state nanopore fabrication: FIB, FEB, breakdown, laser, ALD shrinking, and the smallest sizes reached"],["10.1016/j.cis.2025.103737","Cui X, Fang S, Xie W, Yin B, Ma W, Weng T, Tian R, Wang W, et al. 2026 Adv Colloid Interface Sci review of controlled dielectric breakdown"]]},{"k":"sio2-nanopore","n":"SiO2 nanopore","c":4,"geo":"Hole through an oxide membrane. Because hot SiO2 flows, the pore mouth rounds off and shrinks under an electron beam or direct heating, which changes the cross-sectional shape as it closes (Storm 2003; Asghar 2011 as cited by Chen and Liu 2019).","cd":"down to single-nanometre: Storm 2003 opened a 20 nm pore and shrank it to about 1 nm; pyramidal SiO2 membranes have been broken down at their tips to make pores (Chen and Liu 2019).","od":"","len":"set by the oxide thickness, which can be made very thin at the tip of a pyramidal membrane (Chen and Liu 2019).","fab":"Electron-beam lithography and anisotropic etching open a 20 nm pore in a silicon membrane; thermal oxidation then converts the surface to SiO2, and exposure to a high-energy electron beam fluidizes the oxide so surface tension shrinks the hole, which freezes in shape when the beam is switched off (Storm 2003). Direct heating above 1000 C softens SiO2 and shrinks pores as atoms diffuse to lower-energy regions, but slowly (about 4.6 nm per hour) and with a changing cross-section (Asghar 2011, cited by Chen and Liu 2019). Pyramidal SiO2 and HfO2 membranes are made by atomic layer deposition and thermal oxidation inside inverted-pyramidal silicon structures, then thinned from the back to expose the tips, where dielectric breakdown forms the pore.","first":"2003, Storm AJ, Chen JH, Ling XS, Zandbergen HW, Dekker C, Nat Mater 2:537 (silicon oxide nanopores with single-nanometre precision and direct visual feedback).","refs":[["10.1038/nmat941","Storm AJ et al. 2003 Nat Mater, SiO2 nanopores shrunk to single-nanometre size by electron-beam fluidization"],["10.3390/s19081886","Chen Q, Liu Z 2019 Sensors review, SiO2 pore shrinking by direct heating and pyramidal SiO2/HfO2 membranes"]]},{"k":"al2o3-hfo2-nanopore","n":"Al2O3 nanopore","c":4,"geo":"Single pores in an oxide membrane, or ordered arrays of parallel channels in anodized alumina. Atomic layer deposition adds conformal oxide layer by layer, so an existing pore shrinks a known amount per cycle, which also rounds its profile (Chen 2004 as cited by Chen and Liu 2019).","cd":"down to about 2 nm: coating a 7 nm SiN pore with 24 ALD layers of Al2O3 gave about 2 nm, and 70 layers took a 21.6 nm pore to about 4.8 nm. Focused electron beam drilling gave 2 nm pores directly in HfO2 films (Chen and Liu 2019).","od":"ordered anodic Al2O3 arrays can be made with hexagonal or square pore shapes by nanoimprinting over pre-patterned aluminium pillars (Chen and Liu 2019).","len":"set by the membrane or the anodized film thickness, which grows with anodization time (Chen and Liu 2019 reproduces a film-thickness versus time curve for anodization in 0.3 M oxalic acid at 1 C).","fab":"Three routes described in the Chen and Liu 2019 review: atomic layer deposition of Al2O3, HfO2 or TiO2 onto an existing pore to shrink it to any desired size (deposition temperatures as low as 150 C); focused electron beam drilling straight through an HfO2 film; and anodizing electropolished aluminium to grow ordered arrays of alumina channels, with nanoimprint pre-patterning to set the lattice and pore shape.","first":"Chen and colleagues 2004 (Nano Lett, cited in Chen and Liu 2019) shrank SiN nanopores with ALD Al2O3 and found the 1/f noise dropped by nearly four orders of magnitude compared with bare SiN. Lipid-coated Al2O3 nanopores were proposed as hybrid biological solid-state sensors in 2011 (Biomed Microdevices).","refs":[["10.3390/s19081886","Chen Q, Liu Z 2019 Sensors review: ALD shrinking with Al2O3 and HfO2, FEB-drilled 2 nm HfO2 pores, anodic Al2O3 arrays, and the 1/f noise reduction from Al2O3 coating"],["10.1007/s10544-011-9537-3","Venkatesan BM et al. 2011 Biomed Microdevices, lipid bilayer coated Al2O3 nanopore sensors"]]},{"k":"graphene-nanopore","n":"graphene nanopore","c":5,"geo":"A hole through an essentially two-dimensional sheet, so the pore has almost no length: the membrane's effective insulating thickness measured electrically is less than one nanometre, and a single graphene layer is 0.335 nm thick, close to the 0.34 nm rise per nucleotide in DNA (Garaj 2010; Chen and Liu 2019). Graphene also conducts in plane, so the membrane itself works as an electrode (a trans-electrode) rather than an insulator.","cd":"5 to 10 nm in the Merchant 2010 devices; about 3.5 nm by focused electron beam drilling in the earliest work, per the Chen and Liu 2019 review.","od":"","len":"about 0.335 nm per graphene layer; membranes of 1 to 5 nm total thickness were used by Merchant 2010, and Garaj 2010 measured an effective insulating thickness under 1 nm.","fab":"Graphene is grown or exfoliated and suspended over an aperture, then a pore is drilled with a focused electron beam in a TEM (electron-beam sculpting). Merchant 2010 reduced the high ionic current noise by depositing 5 nm of titanium dioxide over the device by atomic layer deposition.","first":"2010, two back-to-back reports: Garaj S, Hubbard W, Reina A, Kong J, Branton D, Golovchenko JA, Nature 467:190 (graphene as a subnanometre trans-electrode membrane) and Merchant CA, Healy K, Wanunu M, Ray V, Peterman N, Bartel J, Fischbein MD, Venta K, Luo Z, Johnson AT, Drndic M, Nano Lett 10:2915 (DNA translocation through graphene nanopores).","refs":[["10.1038/nature09379","Garaj S et al. 2010 Nature, graphene as a subnanometre trans-electrode membrane; effective insulating thickness under 1 nm"],["10.1021/nl101046t","Merchant CA et al. 2010 Nano Lett, DNA translocation through 5 to 10 nm pores in 1 to 5 nm graphene membranes; TiO2 coating cuts noise"],["10.3390/s19081886","Chen Q, Liu Z 2019 Sensors review, FEB drilling of graphene nanopores and the 0.335 nm layer thickness"]]},{"k":"mos2-nanopore","n":"MoS2 nanopore","c":5,"geo":"An orifice through an atomically thin semiconducting sheet, so the sensing region is nearly as short as the pore is wide. Unlike graphene, MoS2 needs no surface treatment to stop hydrophobic interaction with DNA (Liu 2014).","cd":"variable, sculpted by TEM; Feng 2015 identified single nucleotides in the narrow orifice of an atomically thin MoS2 pore.","od":"","len":"sub-nanometre for a monolayer; the supporting SiNx membrane is 20 nm thick (Liu 2014).","fab":"Exfoliated monolayer or few-layer MoS2 is transferred and suspended over a predesigned opening in a 20 nm SiNx membrane, then a transmission electron microscope drills pores of chosen size through the suspended part (Liu 2014).","first":"2014, Liu K, Feng J, Kis A, Radenovic A, ACS Nano 8:2504 (dsDNA of different lengths and conformations through MoS2 nanopores, signal-to-noise above 10). Single-nucleotide identification: Feng J, Liu K, Bulushev RD, Khlybov S, Dumcenco D, Kis A, Radenovic A 2015 Nat Nanotechnol.","refs":[["10.1021/nn406102h","Liu K, Feng J, Kis A, Radenovic A 2014 ACS Nano, TEM-drilled pores in suspended MoS2 on 20 nm SiNx; dsDNA translocation"],["10.1038/nnano.2015.219","Feng J et al. 2015 Nat Nanotechnol, identification of single nucleotides in MoS2 nanopores using an ionic-liquid viscosity gradient"]]},{"k":"hbn-ws2-nanopore","n":"hBN nanopore","c":5,"geo":"Same geometry class as graphene and MoS2: a hole through an atomically thin sheet suspended over a supporting membrane, so pore length is set by the number of layers. Heterostructure devices stack 2D layers vertically, for instance graphene on hexagonal boron nitride (2021 ACS Appl Bio Mater).","cd":"","od":"","len":"sub-nanometre to a few nanometres, set by the number of stacked layers.","fab":"Focused electron beam drilling in a TEM is the standard route; the Chen and Liu 2019 review says FEB drilling became the first choice for ultra-small pores in 2D membranes including graphene, boron nitride and MoS2. hBN has also been combined with silicon nitride into hybrid membranes carrying nanopore arrays (2021 Nano Lett).","first":"hBN nanopores followed graphene: the Chen and Liu 2019 review cites boron nitride and MoS2 as the materials studied after graphene. Recent uses include single-molecule protein fingerprinting with photonic hBN nanopores (Shin DH, Yang X, Caneva S 2023 Acc Mater Res) and osmotic power generation from single-layer hBN pores (2024 Small).","refs":[["10.3390/s19081886","Chen Q, Liu Z 2019 Sensors review, FEB drilling of pores in graphene, boron nitride and MoS2 membranes"],["10.1021/accountsmr.3c00016","Shin DH, Yang X, Caneva S 2023 Acc Mater Res, single-molecule protein fingerprinting with photonic hexagonal boron nitride nanopores"],["10.1021/acsabm.0c00929","Balasubramanian R et al. 2021 ACS Appl Bio Mater, DNA translocation through stacked graphene and hBN heterostructure nanopores"],["10.1002/smll.202306018","Liu T et al. 2024 Small, single-layer hexagonal boron nitride nanopores as ionic gradient power generators"]]},{"k":"glass-nanopipette","n":"glass nanopipette","c":3,"geo":"Conical. The useful shape is a truncated cone described by the tip diameter, the base diameter and the half-cone angle, with the resistance concentrated at the tip, so the sensing zone is short even though the capillary is long (Kuanaeva 2024). Nanocapillaries (glass capillaries pulled and then usually embedded in a chip or holder) have the same conical geometry.","cd":"the tip pore, set by pulling: sub-10 nm is the minimum reachable by laser pulling, though 30 nm and above is the usual result; borosilicate bottoms out near 6 nm, quartz goes smaller. Published sensing work uses tips from about 5 nm to 160 nm (Kuanaeva 2024 review tables: 5 and 48 nm borosilicate for lambda-DNA, 8 nm quartz for protein profiling, 12 nm for SARS-CoV-2 detection, 18.4 to 80 nm for enzymes and plasmids, about 160 nm quartz for DNA origami).","od":"base diameter of the truncated cone, which with the tip diameter and half-cone angle sets the resistance: d_base = d_tip + 2 L tan(alpha) (Kuanaeva 2024).","len":"the pore length is the short conical section near the tip; the capillary body is millimetres long but contributes little resistance.","fab":"A laser puller melts a short section at the centre of a glass capillary with a CO2 beam and pulls both ends apart, which stretches the melt and yields two matching conical nanopipettes. Laser power, heating area, delay between heating and pulling, and pulling force and speed set the tip diameter and shape. A second route fuses the tip and then etches it open in hydrofluoric acid. Borosilecate melts lower than quartz, so it pulls more controllably and gives more symmetric tips, but cannot go below about 6 nm; quartz is more durable, has lower electrical noise and does not fluoresce (Kuanaeva 2024). Focused ion beam milling has also been used to cut a pore in a sealed quartz nanopipette (2019 J Electroanal Chem).","first":"Glass nanopipettes entered resistive pulse sensing in the 2000s; the Kuanaeva 2024 review covers the last five years of bare and carrier-assisted nanopipette sensing, including lambda-DNA, supercoiled plasmids, DNA origami, proteins (cytochrome c, BSA, ferritin, haemoglobin and others), Cas9 complexes, miRNAs and virus proteins.","refs":[["10.3390/bios14120627","Kuanaeva RM, Vaneev AN, Gorelkin PV, Erofeev AS 2024 Biosensors review, nanopipette fabrication by laser pulling, cone geometry, achievable tip sizes and analyte tables"],["10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.11.052","2019 J Electroanal Chem, FIB-milled quartz nanopores in a sealed nanopipette"],["10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00553","2019 Anal Chem, resistive-pulse sensing and surface charge analysis of a single nanoparticle collision at a conical glass nanopore"]]},{"k":"double-barrel-nanopipette","n":"double-barrel nanopipette","c":3,"geo":"Two conical channels meeting at one tip, separated by a thin glass septum. One barrel can stay open as the nanopore while the other is filled with pyrolytic carbon to make an integrated nanoelectrode, or both can stay open so an analyte travels from one barrel to the other across the tip. That double-barrel path confines the analyte, slows it down and raises precision (Kuanaeva 2024).","cd":"25 nm in the dual-barrel work on dopamine, serotonin and potassium ions reported in the Kuanaeva 2024 review table.","od":"","len":"","fab":"A theta capillary is laser-pulled the same way as a single-barrel nanopipette, giving two barrels at one tip; one barrel can then be filled with pyrolytic carbon to form an electrode beside the pore (Kuanaeva 2024). Capacitance compensation electronics improve current detection in scanning ion conductance microscopy with these probes (2025 Ultramicroscopy).","first":"Double-barrel nanopipettes came from scanning ion conductance microscopy and were then used for sensing: the Kuanaeva 2024 review describes a dual-barrel quartz device detecting dopamine (12.5 nM), serotonin (100 pM) and potassium ions (900 nM) with functionalized gold nanoparticles, and a 2023 Angew Chem paper used a double-barrel nanopipette for electrochemical single-cell protein therapeutics.","refs":[["10.3390/bios14120627","Kuanaeva RM et al. 2024 Biosensors review, double-barrel quartz nanopipette with one bare barrel and one carbon-filled barrel; dual-barrel sensing data"],["10.1002/anie.202215801","2023 Angew Chem, electrochemical single-cell protein therapeutics using a double-barrel nanopipette"],["10.1016/j.ultramic.2025.114149","2025 Ultramicroscopy, capacitance compensation on a double-barrel nanopipette for scanning ion conductance microscopy"]]},{"k":"track-etched-pore","n":"track-etched pore","c":2,"geo":"Each pore follows the straight path of one heavy ion. The shape depends on the ratio of track etching rate to bulk etching rate (Vt/Vb): a high ratio gives cylindrical channels, a low ratio gives conical or biconical ones, and surfactants give other shapes such as cigar-shaped channels in PET. Mica channels come out cylindrical with a rhombohedral cross-section. Plasma etching can turn cylindrical pores into trumpet shapes (cylindrical through most of the thickness, flaring into a cone at one face) or nearly perfect cones (Li 2004; Toimil-Molares 2012).","cd":"the tip of a conical pore: Harrell 2006 used a 40 nm tip in polycarbonate; nanowire templates run from about 40 nm up. The apex angle of conical PI pores widens as the pH of the NaOCl etchant rises (Toimil-Molares 2012).","od":"base opening of a conical pore: 1.5 um in Harrell 2006. Pore density is set by the ion fluence, from a single track to over 10^12 ions per cm2 for overlapping tracks (Toimil-Molares 2012).","len":"the foil thickness, since each channel crosses the whole membrane.","fab":"Two steps. First, the foil is irradiated with swift heavy ions (up to uranium) from a linear accelerator or cyclotron, for instance the GSI UNILAC at up to 11.4 MeV per nucleon, which is about 15% of the speed of light; each ion leaves a latent damage track, and the fluence sets the pore density (GSI runs a single-ion facility for making single-nanopore membranes). Second, the latent tracks are dissolved selectively by a chemical etchant. PI etches well in sodium hypochlorite (typically pH 12.6, 13% active chlorine, with KI as a reducing agent for the hypochlorite), while PET and PC etch in sodium hydroxide. Symmetric etching, with etchant on both faces in a thermostated or pressure-sealed cell, gives cylindrical pores; asymmetric etching, with etchant on one side and water or an acidic stopping solution (typically KCl plus formic acid) on the other, gives conical pores that stop growing as soon as they break through. Methanol added to the NaOH tunes the bulk etch rate. Wharton 2007 added a reproducible two-step etch with a model that predicts the resulting pore from the etch parameters (Toimil-Molares 2012; Li 2004; Wharton 2007).","first":"Track-etched pores were the first synthetic resistive pulse sensors: Bezrukov 1994 notes that Nuclepore technology (etched particle tracks) pushed detection down to 60 nm particles using a 0.45 micron capillary. For molecules, Harrell CC, Choi Y, Horne LP, Baker LA, Siwy ZS, Martin CR 2006 Langmuir 22:10837 sensed single-stranded phage DNA (7250 bases) and plasmid DNA (6600 bp) through a conical polycarbonate pore with a 40 nm tip and 1.5 um base. Protein and antibody complexes followed in Sexton LT et al. 2007 JACS.","refs":[["10.3762/bjnano.3.97","Toimil-Molares ME 2012 Beilstein J Nanotechnol, review of etched ion-track membrane fabrication: swift heavy ion irradiation, etchants, Vt/Vb and pore shapes"],["10.1021/ac035402e","Li N, Yu S, Harrell CC, Martin CR 2004 Anal Chem, plasma-etch conversion of cylindrical track-etched pores into conical ones"],["10.1002/smll.200700106","Wharton JE et al. 2007 Small, reproducible two-step pore-etching procedure with a predictive model"],["10.1021/la061234k","Harrell CC et al. 2006 Langmuir, resistive-pulse DNA detection with a conical nanopore sensor (40 nm tip, 1.5 um base, polycarbonate)"],["10.1021/ja0739943","Sexton LT et al. 2007 JACS, resistive-pulse studies of BSA and BSA/Fab complexes in a conical nanotube sensor"],["10.1021/cr980099g","Bayley H, Martin CR 2000 Chem Rev, Resistive-Pulse Sensing: From Microbes to Molecules"]]},{"k":"gold-nanotube","n":"gold nanotube","c":2,"geo":"A gold tube lining each pore and spanning the membrane thickness. Started from a conical track-etched pore, the gold tube is conical too, with a small tip and a wide base; grown in cylindrical pores it is cylindrical. The inside diameter shrinks as deposition continues (Wirtz 2002; Sexton 2007).","cd":"controlled by the gold deposition time, down to effective inside diameters below 1 nm, which is molecular scale (Wirtz 2002).","od":"set by the template pore; conical sensors keep the wide base of the parent track-etched pore.","len":"the membrane thickness, since the tubes span the support.","fab":"A commercially available microporous polycarbonate filter with cylindrical (or conical) track-etched pores is the template. Gold is deposited onto the pore walls by electroless plating, so each pore becomes a gold tube; deposition time sets the inside diameter. The gold surface can then be modified with thiol self-assembled monolayers, which tunes selectivity and lets the same membrane work as an electrode (Wirtz 2002; Jirage and Martin work cited there).","first":"Martin and colleagues from 2002 onward: Wirtz M, Parker M, Kobayashi Y, Martin CR 2002 Chem Rec (molecular sieving and sensing with gold nanotube membranes). Single-molecule resistive pulse work with a conical gold nanotube sensor: Sexton LT, Horne LP, Sherrill SA, Bishop GW, Baker LA, Martin CR 2007 JACS (BSA and BSA/Fab complexes).","refs":[["10.1002/tcr.10027","Wirtz M, Parker M, Kobayashi Y, Martin CR 2002 Chem Rec, gold nanotube membranes by electroless deposition; inside diameters below 1 nm"],["10.1021/ja0739943","Sexton LT et al. 2007 JACS, resistive-pulse studies of proteins and protein/antibody complexes with a conical nanotube sensor"],["10.1039/b201939f","2002 Analyst, template synthesized gold nanotube membranes for chemical separations and sensing"],["10.1021/ac020711a","2003 Anal Chem, electrophoretic protein transport in gold nanotube membranes"]]},{"k":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","n":"tunable pore","c":6,"geo":"One conical pore in the middle of an elastomeric membrane, modelled as a truncated cone with a small opening radius a, a large opening radius b, and the constriction a distance c from the trans surface. Stretching the membrane widens the pore, so the same pore covers a size range (Willmott 2012). Scanning ion conductance microscopy shows the real openings are not circular and the edges are not sharp, so the truncated cone is an approximation (Gangotra 2017).","cd":"tunable. In Willmott 2012 the fitted constriction radius was 2.4 um (about 4.8 um across), with typical opening radii of 2.6 and 19.7 um at 45 mm arm extension. Pore area at 48 mm stretch measured by SEM: 13.5 plus or minus 2.5 um2 for an NP800 and 54.2 plus or minus 8 um2 for an NP2000 (Gangotra 2017).","od":"large opening radius 28.8 um fitted in Willmott 2012. Published target particle ranges per pore type: NP100 70 to 200 nm, NP150 85 to 300 nm, NP200 100 to 400 nm, NP300 150 to 600 nm, NP400 200 to 800 nm (Maas 2014). Izon states the complete analysis size range of the instrument as 40 nm to 11 um.","len":"membrane thickness about 200 um; a hyperelastic model of pore actuation fitted 159 um for the specimen in Willmott 2012. Gangotra 2017 gives the pore length (membrane thickness) as approximately 200 um.","fab":"A thin thermoplastic polyurethane membrane is punctured to form a single pore (Willmott 2012: tunable pores are fabricated by puncturing a thin elastomeric membrane; the paper does not name the puncturing tool). The membrane sits at the centre of a cruciform specimen whose arms are gripped by the instrument; winding the stretch mechanism moves the arms apart and widens the pore, with the stretch read out as the distance between opposing arms in mm.","first":"2007, Sowerby SJ, Broom MF, Petersen GB, Sens Actuators B 123:325 (dynamically resizable nanometre-scale apertures for molecular sensing), the method commercialized by Izon as the qNano. The technique was also published as scanning ion occlusion sensing (Yang L, Broom MF, Tucker IG 2012 Pharm Res; de Vrij J et al. 2013 Nanomedicine) before settling on the name tunable resistive pulse sensing.","refs":[["10.1016/j.snb.2006.08.031","Sowerby SJ, Broom MF, Petersen GB 2007 Sens Actuators B, dynamically resizable nanometre-scale apertures for molecular sensing"],["10.1063/1.3673596","Willmott GR, Platt M, Lee GU 2012 Biomicrofluidics, tunable pores from thermoplastic polyurethane (Elastollan 1160D) made by puncturing; truncated-cone fits and conditions"],["10.1063/1.4999488","Gangotra A, Willmott GR 2017 Biomicrofluidics, scanning ion conductance microscopy mapping of tunable nanopore membranes; 200 um pore length, NP800 and NP2000 areas"],["10.3791/51623","Maas SL, De Vrij J, Broekman ML 2014 J Vis Exp, TRPS protocol with target size ranges for NP100 to NP400 pores"],["10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05106","Willmott GR 2018 Anal Chem perspective, TRPS size and charge measurement for submicrometre colloids"]]},{"k":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","n":"microfluidic Coulter channel","c":1,"geo":"A straight channel of rectangular cross-section replaces the round aperture of a bench Coulter counter, with electrodes patterned on the substrate at either end. Cells or particles travel along the channel and each one blocks a share of the current proportional to its volume. Some designs add three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing with sheath flows so particles stay on the channel axis and give uniform pulses (Scott 2008).","cd":"set by the moulded channel cross-section, typically tens of micrometres: the node-pore example in Carey 2022 is 8 um high by 10 um wide.","od":"","len":"the sensing channel is typically hundreds of micrometres long, for instance 500 um in the node-pore example (Carey 2022).","fab":"Soft lithography. A master in SU-8 photoresist is spin-coated to the wanted thickness on a wafer, exposed through a mylar or quartz mask in a UV mask aligner, developed and hard baked; PDMS (about 10 parts base to 1 part crosslinker) is poured over the master, degassed under vacuum, baked (for instance 85 C for at least 4 hours), cut out and peeled off. The PDMS slab and a substrate carrying photolithographically patterned electrodes are both treated in an oxygen plasma cleaner and aligned face to face within about 5 minutes to bond. Multi-level masters are made by spin-coating and aligning two SU-8 layers, for instance 2 um then 20 um (Carey 2022). Other routes include micromachining a counter into silicon or glass and 3D printing the channel (2022 Analyst).","first":"Microfluidic Coulter counters appeared as chip versions of the Coulter principle. The sources fetched here cover three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing (Scott R, Sethu P, Harnett CK 2008 Rev Sci Instrum), a MOSFET-based device measuring the volume growth of single budding yeast (Sun J, Stowers CC, Boczko EM, Li D 2010 Lab Chip), a passive-pumping counter (2010 Microfluid Nanofluid), a micromachined counter for dynamic impedance of time-sensitive cells (Wu Y, Benson JD, Almasri M 2012 Biomed Microdevices) and a 3D-printed counter for blood cell analysis (Yan J, Wang C, Fu Y, Guo J, Guo J 2022 Analyst).","refs":[["10.1007/978-1-0716-1811-0_11","Carey T, Li B, Sohn LL 2022 Methods Mol Biol, node-pore sensing protocol with the full SU-8 and PDMS soft lithography recipe and channel dimensions"],["10.1063/1.2900010","Scott R, Sethu P, Harnett CK 2008 Rev Sci Instrum, three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing in a microfluidic Coulter counter"],["10.1039/c005029f","Sun J, Stowers CC, Boczko EM, Li D 2010 Lab Chip, MOSFET-based microfluidic Coulter counter measuring the volume growth rate of single budding yeast"],["10.1039/d2an00633b","Yan J, Wang C, Fu Y, Guo J, Guo J 2022 Analyst, 3D printed microfluidic Coulter counter for blood cell analysis"],["10.1007/s10544-012-9655-6","Wu Y, Benson JD, Almasri M 2012 Biomed Microdevices, micromachined Coulter counter for dynamic impedance study of time-sensitive cells"]]},{"k":"node-pore-sensor","n":"node-pore sensor","c":1,"geo":"One long channel (the pore) interrupted by nodes, which are short wider sections. A particle blocks a larger share of the current in a narrow segment than in a wide node, so its single pulse comes out modulated into sub-pulses that count the nodes and report their spacing. Nodes can be placed and spaced freely to encode spatial and temporal information. Inserting a contraction segment narrower than the cells forces each cell to squeeze through, which turns the device into a mechanical phenotyping tool (mechano-NPS) (Carey 2022).","cd":"the segment cross-section, for instance 8 um high by 10 um wide in the four-node example; the contraction segment of a mechano-NPS device is made narrower than the average cell diameter (Carey 2022).","od":"nodes are wider than the segments by design; the SU-8 master for the vesicle device is built in two levels, 2 um and 20 um thick (Carey 2022).","len":"500 um for the evenly spaced four-node device; NPS devices run hundreds of micrometres long and tens of micrometres across (Carey 2022).","fab":"Same soft lithography as other PDMS channels: a two-level SU-8 master (spin-coat 2 um SU-8 2002, expose through a quartz mask, develop and hard bake, then spin-coat 20 um SU-8 3010, align and expose through a mylar mask), PDMS cast at 10:1 base to crosslinker, degassed, baked at 85 C for at least 4 hours, peeled off, then oxygen-plasma bonded to a substrate carrying pre-fabricated electrodes made with Shipley S1813 photoresist (Carey 2022).","first":"Sohn and colleagues introduced node-pore sensing, used first as a Coulter counter that detects virus particles in human serum with no extra sample processing and resolves coincidence events in real time. Later forms: label-free surface-marker profiling of single cells (Balakrishnan KR et al. 2015 Anal Chem), mechano-NPS for cell mechanical phenotypes (Kim J et al. 2018 Microsyst Nanoeng), visco-NPS for viscoelastic properties (Kim J et al. 2019 iScience) and exo-NPS for tumour-derived extracellular vesicles.","refs":[["10.1007/978-1-0716-1811-0_11","Carey T, Li B, Sohn LL 2022 Methods Mol Biol, node-pore sensing protocol, geometry and sensitivity comparison with the Multisizer 4"],["10.1021/ac504613b","Balakrishnan KR et al. 2015 Anal Chem, node-pore sensing for label-free surface-marker profiling of single cells"],["10.1038/micronano.2017.91","Kim J, Han S, Lei A, Miyano M, Bloom J, Srivastava V, Stampfer MR, Gartner ZJ, et al. 2018 Microsyst Nanoeng, characterizing cellular mechanical phenotypes with mechano-node-pore sensing"],["10.1016/j.isci.2019.02.021","Kim J, Li B, Scheideler OJ, Kim Y, Sohn LL 2019 iScience, visco-node-pore sensing for viscoelastic properties of epithelial cells"],["10.3791/64665","2022 J Vis Exp, mechano-node-pore sensing protocol"]]},{"k":"coulter-aperture","n":"Coulter aperture","c":0,"geo":"A short round tunnel through a jewel disk set in the wall of a glass tube. The ruby disk constricts the fluid path and holds the current to a controlled value with little variation. Standard tubes have a length-to-diameter ratio of roughly 1:1 or 2:1; High Resolution Aperture Tubes use a longer tunnel, which can improve accuracy for samples with a narrow size distribution (Beckman Coulter Principle Short Course Chapter 2). Coulter's 1953 patent asks for a tube of circular bore and of a length several times its diameter, while also saying the conduit should be as short as possible.","cd":"standard aperture tubes run from 10 microns to 2,000 microns. High Resolution Aperture Tubes are made in 50, 70, 100, 140 and 200 micron sizes. Each aperture measures particles from 2% to 60% of its nominal diameter with guaranteed linear voltage response, and the Multisizer 4e extends that to 2% to 80% (10% to 80% for a 2,000 micron tube); below 2% the noise rises sharply. Coulter's 1953 patent gives the bore of the constriction as of the order of a thousandth of an inch or less, which is about 25 microns or less.","od":"","len":"set by the thickness of the bored jewel disk, so about one to two times the aperture diameter for standard tubes and longer for High Resolution tubes (Beckman).","fab":"A hole of the wanted size is bored in a jewel disk, and the disk is embedded in the wall of a glass tube; the tube is then submerged in the electrolyte so the aperture is the only path between the inside and outside, with an electrode on each side. A pump at the top of the tube draws the suspension through the aperture (Beckman; Wikipedia summary of the aperture format).","first":"Wallace H. Coulter discovered the principle in the late 1940s, filed on 27 August 1949 and was granted US Patent 2,656,508, Means for Counting Particles Suspended in a Fluid, on 20 October 1953. He described the instrument in Coulter WH, High speed automatic blood cell counter and cell size analyzer, Proceedings of the National Electronics Conference 1956, 12:1034-1044 (reprinted with commentary in Hematology, 2000). The Model A was the first commercial Coulter counter.","refs":[["10.1016/b978-012448510-5.50175-8","Commentary on and reprint of Coulter WH, High speed automatic blood cell counter and cell size analyzer, Proc National Electronics Conference 1956, 12:1034-1044, in Hematology (2000)"],["10.1088/0031-9155/20/5/310","Brotherton J 1975 Phys Med Biol, interconversion of settings between seven Coulter models (ZB Industrial, B Industrial, D, D Industrial, B Medical, F and A), relating the machine constant to aperture diameter"],["10.1016/s0006-3495(70)86286-5","Hurley J 1970 Biophys J, theory of the pulse amplitude for a particle of arbitrary shape in a Coulter counter: proportional to volume for a sphere, shape-dependent for a spheroid"]]},{"k":"hematology-analyzer-aperture","n":"hematology analyzer aperture","c":0,"geo":"Short round tunnel through a jewel disk in a glass tube, the same electric sensing zone as the laboratory Coulter counter, with the aperture size and current chosen for the cell class being counted.","cd":"","od":"","len":"","fab":"Jewel aperture embedded in a glass tube, as in the Coulter aperture entry, mounted in an automated fluidics system that dilutes, lyses and counts whole blood.","first":"Coulter's 1956 paper described the instrument as a high speed automatic blood cell counter. Clinical evaluation papers for the automated multichannel analyzer, the Coulter Counter Model S, appear from 1970 onward, for instance an assessment of the Coulter counter Model S in J Clin Pathol 1970 (10.1136/jcp.23.1.68) and evaluations in Rinsho Byori 1971 and 1973. Automatic platelet counting with a Coulter particle counter was reported in J Clin Pathol 1967 (10.1136/jcp.20.5.777).","refs":[["10.1136/jcp.23.1.68","1970 J Clin Pathol, an assessment of the Coulter counter model S"],["10.1136/jcp.20.5.777","1967 J Clin Pathol, automatic platelet counting with the Coulter particle counter"],["10.1016/b978-012448510-5.50175-8","Reprint and commentary of Coulter WH 1956, High speed automatic blood cell counter and cell size analyzer"]]}],"analytes":[{"id":"human-erythrocytes","n":"Human erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"erythrocyte","al":["human red blood corpuscles (diluted blood)","human blood cells (red cells)","human red blood cells","normal human erythrocytes","human erythrocytes in diluted whole blood","human blood (red cells, white cells) on the first automated hematology analyzer","human red blood cells, normal and eryptotic (with annexin-V microbeads)","fresh human red blood cells (10 healthy adults)","normal human erythrocytes tumbling in a long pore"],"ak":"rbc","pr":[["Size","volume about 97 um3 (MCV about 90 fL)","BioNumbers BNID 101711 (https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?id=101711), from Fung 1993 Biomechanics"],["Size","average electrical size (shape factor x volume) 102.7 um3","reported by Grover NB 1972"],["Size","cell volume 86 +/- 12 fL in physiological buffer","reported by Cheung AK 2015"],["Other","electrical shape consistent with oblate ellipsoid, diameter/thickness 4; volume CV about 19%","reported by Golibersuch DC 1973"],["Zeta potential","-14.5 mV (stored red cell units on day 1, diluted in AB serum, optical tweezers); about -10.1 mV from day 8 to day 22 of storage","Silva DC, Jovino CN, Silva CA, Fernandes HP, Filho MM, Lucena SC, Costa AM, Cesar CL, Barjas-Castro ML, Santos BS, Fontes A 2012, PLoS One 7:e31778, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031778"],["Zeta potential","-15.7 mV (mean, uninfected human red cells, electrophoretic mobility assay); -6.06 mV after neuraminidase removes sialic acid","Tokumasu F, Ostera GR, Amaratunga C, Fairhurst RM 2012, Exp Parasitol 131:245-251, doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2012.03.005"],["Zeta potential","-31.8 +/- 1.1 mV (pH 7.4, dynamic light scattering, healthy donors)","Bondar OV, Saifullina DV, Shakhmaeva II, Mavlyutova II, Abdullin TI 2012, Acta Naturae 4(1):78-81, doi:10.32607/20758251-2012-4-1-78-81, Table"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume about 97 um3 (MCV about 90 fL)","ch":"zeta -14.5 mV (stored red cell units on day 1, diluted in AB serum, optical tweezers); about -10.1 mV from day 8 to day 22 of storage"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":5.701e-06,"szs":"about 5.7 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},{"id":"human-leukocytes","n":"Human leukocytes","g":0,"sg":"leukocyte","al":["human white blood cells","human leukocytes in leukocyte-rich plasma"],"ak":"granulocyte","pr":[["Size","mean cell volume by Coulter counter: monocytes 421 +/- 24 fL, granulocytes 334 +/- 32 fL, lymphocytes 204 +/- 19 fL","Nibbering PH, Zomerdijk TP, Corsel-Van Tilburg AJ, Van Furth R 1990, J Immunol Methods 129:143-145, doi:10.1016/0022-1759(90)90432-u"],["Size","neutrophil diameter 8.4 um (range 7.3 to 9.7 um, Coulter counter); monocyte diameter 8.79 um (7.72 to 9.99 um); lymphocyte diameter 6.05 um (flow cytometry, axial light extinction)","Downey GP, Doherty DE, Schwab B, Elson EL, Henson PM, Worthen GS 1990, J Appl Physiol 69:1767-1778, doi:10.1152/jappl.1990.69.5.1767, Table 1, as entered in BioNumbers BNID 100510, 100508, 111438"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean cell volume by Coulter counter: monocytes 421 +/- 24 fL, granulocytes 334 +/- 32 fL, lymphocytes 204 +/- 19 fL"},"szm":9.99e-06,"szs":"9.99 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[12,13]},{"id":"escherichia-coli","n":"Escherichia coli","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative rod)","al":["Escherichia coli DH5alpha","Escherichia coli (wild type and fliC deletion mutant)","Escherichia coli B","Escherichia coli B 163 and B 525","Escherichia coli HCB 5 (non-flagellated)","Escherichia coli ATCC 25922"],"ak":"rod","ax":"gn","pr":[["Charge","zeta -37 mV","reported by Tsutsui M 2017"],["Size","rod 1.94 to 2.72 um long and 0.79 um in diameter (E. coli B, exponential growth on glycerol and glucose; electron microscopy, at least 150 cells per sample)","Grossman N, Ron EZ, Woldringh CL 1982, J Bacteriol 152:35-41, PMID 6749809 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","BioNumbers BNID 100001 (length) and 103714 (diameter)","Grossman N, Ron EZ, Woldringh CL 1982, J Bacteriol 152:35-41, PMID 6749809 (via BioNumbers)"],["Size","cell volume 0.1 to 3.5 um3 (TEM and densitometric image analysis, different growth stages, n = 678)","Loferer-Krossbacher M, Klima J, Psenner R 1998, Appl Environ Microbiol 64:688-694, doi:10.1128/aem.64.2.688-694.1998 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","BioNumbers BNID 100003","Loferer-Krossbacher M, Klima J, Psenner R 1998, Appl Environ Microbiol 64:688-694, doi:10.1128/aem.64.2.688-694.1998 (via BioNumbers)"]],"hs":{"sz":"rod 1.94 to 2.72 um long and 0.79 um in diameter (E. coli B, exponential growth on glycerol and glucose; electron microscopy, at least 150 cells per sample)","ch":"zeta -37 mV"},"ids":"taxon:562","szm":2.72e-06,"szs":"2.72 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]},{"id":"subsieve-industrial-particles-berg-1959-generic","n":"Subsieve industrial particles (Berg 1959, generic)","g":6,"sg":"industrial powder","al":["subsieve particles in conductive liquid (industrial size analysis)"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","method range below 0.6 um to over 200 um","ASTM abstract"]],"hs":{"sz":"method range below 0.6 um to over 200 um"},"szm":0.0002,"szs":"200 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[23]},{"id":"enterococcus-faecalis","n":"Enterococcus faecalis","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-positive coccus, chains)","al":["Streptococcus faecalis","Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212"],"ak":"strep","ax":"gp","pr":[["Zeta potential","about -26 to -38 mV (two subpopulations of strain OG1RF cultures, least and most negative)","Tariq M, Bruijs C, Kok J, Krom BP 2012, Appl Environ Microbiol 78:2282-2288, doi:10.1128/aem.07618-11"],["Isoelectric point","1.90 (strain 9790, listed as Streptococcus faecalis; 0.1 N acids needed below pH 2, ionic strength 0.1)","Harden VP, Harris JO 1953, J Bacteriol 65:198-202, PMID 13034716, Table 1, isoelectric points by cell electrophoresis in acetate-HCl buffer (via BioNumbers BNID 109120)"],["Size","650 to 800 nm in diameter and 1 to 1.5 um long (strain ATCC 29212)","Maw M, Pan X, Peng Z, Wang Y, Zhao L, Dai B, Wang J 2018, Micromachines 9:20, doi:10.3390/mi9010020 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"650 to 800 nm in diameter and 1 to 1.5 um long (strain ATCC 29212)","ch":"zeta about -26 to -38 mV (two subpopulations of strain OG1RF cultures, least and most negative)"},"ids":"taxon:1351","szm":1.5e-06,"szs":"1.5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[24,25]},{"id":"kaolinite-clay-particles","n":"Kaolinite clay particles","g":5,"sg":"clay mineral","al":["Kaolinite clay suspensions in filtered river water (1.0 to 12.0 um particles) offered to oysters","Kaolin clay particles (Kaolin ASP-400, about 70% between 2 and 10 um) in agitated suspension with cotton cloth"],"ak":"clay","pr":[["Size","about 70% of particles between 2 and 10 um mean diameter","reported by Tuzson J 1962"],["Size","1.0 to 12.0 um equivalent spherical diameter range studied","reported by Haven DS 1970"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 70% of particles between 2 and 10 um mean diameter"},"szm":1.2e-05,"szs":"12 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[26,27]},{"id":"serratia-marcescens","n":"Serratia marcescens","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative rod)","ak":"rod","ax":"gn","pr":[["Isoelectric point","2.17 (acetate-HCl buffer)","Harden VP, Harris JO 1953, J Bacteriol 65:198-202, PMID 13034716, Table 1, isoelectric points by cell electrophoresis in acetate-HCl buffer (via BioNumbers BNID 109120)"]],"hs":{"ch":"pI 2.17 (acetate-HCl buffer)"},"ids":"taxon:615","r":[28]},{"id":"staphylococcus-aureus","n":"Staphylococcus aureus","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-positive coccus)","al":["Staphylococcus aureus SM"],"ak":"staph","ax":"gp","pr":[["Size","coccus diameter 0.803 um","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Other","Gram-positive coccus","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Size","cell volume 0.33 um3 in exponential growth and 0.23 um3 in early and late stationary phase","Maass S et al. 2011, Anal Chem 83:2677-2684, supporting table S3, PMID 21395229 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","BioNumbers BNID 106388","Maass S et al. 2011, Anal Chem 83:2677-2684, supporting table S3, PMID 21395229 (via BioNumbers)"],["Zeta potential","-33.5 +/- 0.7 mV (ATCC 25923) and -36.4 +/- 0.8 mV (clinical isolate PS36); washed cells in 0.05X PBS pH 7.2, Anton Paar Litesizer 500","Peketi ASK, Svl SKK, P KK, Rangineni J, Veeraraghavan B, Bulagonda EP 2026, Sci Rep 16, doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38958-x"],["Zeta potential","-35.6 mV (average, untreated S. aureus MTCC 96 in 0.5 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.4, Zetasizer Nano ZS90)","Halder S, Yadav KK, Sarkar R, Mukherjee S, Saha P, Haldar S, Karmakar S, Sen T 2015, SpringerPlus 4, doi:10.1186/s40064-015-1476-7"],["Isoelectric point","3.4","Harden VP, Harris JO 1953, J Bacteriol 65:198-202, PMID 13034716, Table 2, values from earlier electrophoretic studies (Yamaha and Abe 1934) (via BioNumbers BNID 109121)"]],"hs":{"sz":"coccus diameter 0.803 um","ch":"zeta -33.5 +/- 0.7 mV (ATCC 25923) and -36.4 +/- 0.8 mV (clinical isolate PS36); washed cells in 0.05X PBS pH 7.2, Anton Paar Litesizer 500"},"ids":"taxon:1280","szm":8.03e-07,"szs":"803 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[29,30]},{"id":"insoluble-drug-powders-pharmaceutical-size-analysis","n":"Insoluble drug powders (pharmaceutical size analysis)","g":6,"sg":"drug powder","al":["insoluble drug powders"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[31]},{"id":"saccharomycodes-ludwigii","n":"Saccharomycodes ludwigii","g":1,"sg":"yeast","al":["Saccharomycodes ludwigii Hansen"],"ak":"yeast","ids":"taxon:36035","r":[32]},{"id":"textile-fibers-synthetic-tow-denier-distribution","n":"Textile fibers (synthetic tow, denier distribution)","g":6,"sg":"textile fiber","al":["textile fibers from tows of various sizes"],"ak":"fiber","r":[33]},{"id":"mitochondria-isolated-swelling-assay","n":"Mitochondria (isolated, swelling assay)","g":17,"sg":"organelle (mitochondrion)","al":["isolated mitochondria (swelling and disintegration)"],"ak":"mito","r":[34]},{"id":"chinese-hamster-ovary-cho-cells","n":"Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells","g":0,"sg":"cultured cell line","al":["Chinese hamster ovary cells"],"ak":"cell","pr":[["Size","diameter 14 to 17 um (Scepter 2.0 handheld counter, Scepter sensor technology)","EMD Millipore, Introducing Scepter 2.0 Cell Counter (product brochure), as entered in BioNumbers BNID 108915"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 14 to 17 um (Scepter 2.0 handheld counter, Scepter sensor technology)"},"ids":"taxon:10029","szm":1.7e-05,"szs":"17 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[35,36]},{"id":"mouse-erythrocytes","n":"Mouse erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"erythrocyte","al":["mouse erythrocytes (in mixtures with human erythrocytes)","mouse red blood cells"],"ak":"rbc","pr":[["Size","adult MCV 48.7 +/- 0.8 fL","Takahashi et al. 1987 Exp Anim 36:177 (PMID 3609153), Coulter Channelyzer C-256"],["Charge","relative: inbred mouse strains fall into two red cell electrophoretic mobility phenotypes (cytopherometer); the faster-moving cells are the more agglutinable, an autosomal codominant trait","Rubinstein P, Liu N, Streun EW, Decary F 1974, J Exp Med 139:313-322, doi:10.1084/jem.139.2.313"]],"hs":{"sz":"adult MCV 48.7 +/- 0.8 fL","ch":"relative: inbred mouse strains fall into two red cell electrophoretic mobility phenotypes (cytopherometer); the faster-moving cells are the more agglutinable, an autosomal codominant trait"},"ids":"taxon:10090","szm":1.152e-06,"szs":"about 1.15 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[37,38]},{"id":"mouse-lymphoma-cells","n":"Mouse lymphoma cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell","ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:10090","r":[39]},{"id":"proteus-vulgaris","n":"Proteus vulgaris","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative rod)","ak":"rod","ax":"gn","pr":[["Isoelectric point","2.67 (acetate-HCl buffer)","Harden VP, Harris JO 1953, J Bacteriol 65:198-202, PMID 13034716, Table 1, isoelectric points by cell electrophoresis in acetate-HCl buffer (via BioNumbers BNID 109120)"]],"hs":{"ch":"pI 2.67 (acetate-HCl buffer)"},"ids":"taxon:585","r":[40]},{"id":"saccharomyces-cerevisiae","n":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae","g":1,"sg":"yeast","al":["Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast)"],"ak":"yeast","pr":[["Size","cell diameter about 3 to 6 um (W303 cells of different sizes and growth phases)","Ahmad MR, Nakajima M, Kojima S, Homma M, Fukuda T 2008, IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 7:185-193, doi:10.1109/TNB.2008.2002281 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","BioNumbers BNID 100451","Ahmad MR, Nakajima M, Kojima S, Homma M, Fukuda T 2008, IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 7:185-193, doi:10.1109/TNB.2008.2002281 (via BioNumbers)"],["Size","cell volume 66 um3","Roskams J, Rodgers L, Lab Ref (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","BioNumbers BNID 100452","Roskams J, Rodgers L, Lab Ref (via BioNumbers)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell diameter about 3 to 6 um (W303 cells of different sizes and growth phases)"},"ids":"taxon:4932","szm":6e-06,"szs":"6 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[41,42,43]},{"id":"spinach-chloroplasts","n":"Spinach chloroplasts","g":0,"sg":"chloroplast (organelle)","ak":"chloro","pr":[["Size","chloroplast volume 31 um3 (3D reconstruction from TEM serial sections of spinach leaves)","Zellnig G, Zechmann B, Perktold A 2004, Protoplasma 223:221-227, as entered in BioNumbers BNID 104800"],["Charge","electrophoretic mobility -2.03 to -2.45 um cm/V s (intact mature chloroplasts in 1 mM CaCl2); surface charge density -7,400 esu/cm2 for EDTA-treated chloroplasts, about one electron charge per 645 square angstroms","Stocking CR, Franceschi VR 1982, Plant Physiol 70:1255-1259, doi:10.1104/pp.70.5.1255"],["Isoelectric point","4.5 (intact chloroplasts)","Stocking CR, Franceschi VR 1982, Plant Physiol 70:1255-1259, doi:10.1104/pp.70.5.1255"]],"hs":{"sz":"chloroplast volume 31 um3 (3D reconstruction from TEM serial sections of spinach leaves)","ch":"electrophoretic mobility -2.03 to -2.45 um cm/V s (intact mature chloroplasts in 1 mM CaCl2); surface charge density -7,400 esu/cm2 for EDTA-treated chloroplasts, about one electron charge per 645 square angstroms"},"ids":"taxon:3562","szm":3.898e-06,"szs":"about 3.9 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[44]},{"id":"bacteria-unspecified-species","n":"Bacteria (unspecified species)","g":1,"sg":"bacterium","al":["bacterial cells (species not named in abstract)"],"ak":"rod","pr":[["Size","volumes 0.25 to 20 um3 measurable","reported by Harvey RJ 1966"]],"hs":{"sz":"volumes 0.25 to 20 um3 measurable"},"szm":3.368e-06,"szs":"about 3.37 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[45]},{"id":"face-powder-particles-cosmetic","n":"Face powder particles (cosmetic)","g":6,"sg":"cosmetic powders","al":["Cosmetic face powder (medium-priced powder), repeated runs"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Size","cumulative weight above 25 um about 10%, above 15 um about 50%, above 5 um about 97 to 98%; range about 2 to 35 um","reported by Wood WM 1966"]],"hs":{"sz":"cumulative weight above 25 um about 10%, above 15 um about 50%, above 5 um about 97 to 98%; range about 2 to 35 um"},"szm":3.5e-05,"szs":"35 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[46]},{"id":"lactobacillus-leichmannii","n":"Lactobacillus leichmannii","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (lactic acid)","ak":"rod","ax":"gp","ids":"taxon:28039","r":[47]},{"id":"lipstick-pigment-particles","n":"Lipstick pigment particles","g":6,"sg":"cosmetic pigments","al":["Lipstick pigment dispersion particles"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[48]},{"id":"lung-dust-pneumoconiosis-tissue-residue","n":"Lung dust (pneumoconiosis tissue residue)","g":5,"sg":"inhaled mineral dust","al":["dust recovered from lung tissue"],"ak":"grain","r":[49]},{"id":"particulate-matter-in-perfumes-and-toilet-waters","n":"Particulate matter in perfumes and toilet waters","g":6,"sg":"cosmetic liquids","al":["Particles in toilet waters (eau de cologne, lavender water, perfume)"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Size","counts per 100 mL from 1 to 15 um; eau de cologne 60 million at 1 um; perfume 9 million at 2 um","reported by Wood WM 1966"]],"hs":{"sz":"counts per 100 mL from 1 to 15 um; eau de cologne 60 million at 1 um; perfume 9 million at 2 um"},"szm":1.5e-05,"szs":"15 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[50]},{"id":"precipitated-calcium-carbonate-particles","n":"Precipitated calcium carbonate particles","g":6,"sg":"fillers and pigments","al":["Precipitated calcium carbonate (Japanese Pharmacopoeia grade) suspension"],"ak":"crystal","r":[51]},{"id":"pseudomonas-geniculata","n":"Pseudomonas geniculata","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative rod)","ak":"rod","ax":"gn","r":[52]},{"id":"rhodotorula-glutinis","n":"Rhodotorula glutinis","g":1,"sg":"yeast (red)","al":["Rhodotorula glutenis"],"ak":"yeast","ids":"taxon:5535","r":[53]},{"id":"talc-particles","n":"Talc particles","g":6,"sg":"mineral powders","al":["Talc particles (as used for pleurodesis) counted by a Coulter hematology counter as leukocytes","Talcum powder grades A to E (including a baby powder)","talc particles in pleural fluid counted as leukocytes"],"ak":"clay","pr":[["Size","65 down to 1.5 um overall; mean sizes 30.0, 24.6, 15.8, 12.2 and 8.7 um; baby powder (D) 36 to 2 um, mean 12.2 um","reported by Wood WM 1966"]],"hs":{"sz":"65 down to 1.5 um overall; mean sizes 30.0, 24.6, 15.8, 12.2 and 8.7 um; baby powder (D) 36 to 2 um, mean 12.2 um"},"szm":3.6e-05,"szs":"36 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[54,55,56]},{"id":"toothpaste-abrasive-particles-calcium-carbonate","n":"Toothpaste abrasive particles (calcium carbonate)","g":6,"sg":"cosmetic and dental products","al":["Toothpaste abrasive particles (calcium carbonate) from a series of typical toothpastes"],"ak":"crystal","r":[57]},{"id":"macroaggregated-albumin-particles","n":"Macroaggregated albumin particles","g":6,"sg":"radiopharmaceutical particle","al":["albumin macroaggregates for regional blood flow measurement","radio-albumin macroaggregates in suspension"],"ak":"grain","r":[58,59]},{"id":"marine-suspended-particulate-matter-seawater","n":"Marine suspended particulate matter (seawater)","g":5,"sg":"marine seston","al":["Suspended particulate matter in seawater, including phytoplankton chains and detritus"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","size spectrum expressed as total particle volume versus log diameter, spanning the nanno- and microplankton size classes","reported by Sheldon RW 1967"]],"hs":{"sz":"size spectrum expressed as total particle volume versus log diameter, spanning the nanno- and microplankton size classes"},"r":[60]},{"id":"neurospora-sp","n":"Neurospora sp.","g":1,"sg":"fungus (ascospores)","al":["ascospores of Neurospora"],"ak":"spore","r":[61]},{"id":"particulate-contamination-in-parenteral-injections","n":"Particulate contamination in parenteral injections","g":6,"sg":"pharmaceutical contaminant particles","al":["particulate contamination in small volume injections","foreign particles in an injection solution"],"ak":"grain","r":[62,63]},{"id":"alumina-deoxidation-inclusions-extracted-from-iron-aluminium","n":"Alumina deoxidation inclusions extracted from iron (aluminium-killed melt)","g":6,"sg":"metallurgical inclusions","al":["Alumina (Al2O3) deoxidation inclusions in electrolytic iron deoxidized with 0.5% aluminium"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[64]},{"id":"human-adipocytes","n":"Human adipocytes","g":0,"sg":"adipocyte","al":["human adipose cells (osmium tetroxide-fixed suspensions)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","fat cell volume 891 +/- 39 pL (isolated abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes, 14 women with upper-body obesity, BMI 36.4); 655 +/- 45 pL after 8 to 12 weeks of weight reduction","Reynisdottir S, Langin D, Carlstrom K, Holm C, Rossner S, Arner P 1995, Clin Sci (Lond) 89:421-429, doi:10.1042/cs0890421"]],"hs":{"sz":"fat cell volume 891 +/- 39 pL (isolated abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes, 14 women with upper-body obesity, BMI 36.4); 655 +/- 45 pL after 8 to 12 weeks of weight reduction"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":4.207e-05,"szs":"about 42.1 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[65]},{"id":"microorganism-clay-mineral-aggregates","n":"Microorganism-clay mineral aggregates","g":5,"sg":"clay-microbe aggregate","al":["microorganisms sorbed to clay minerals"],"ak":"clay","r":[66]},{"id":"natural-graphite-powder-amorphous-type-mexican","n":"Natural graphite powder, amorphous type (Mexican)","g":6,"sg":"carbons","al":["Mexican natural graphite powder (amorphous type)"],"ak":"grain","ax":"dark","pr":[["Size","broader distribution, 50% of particles below 4.2 um","reported by Kemberling SM 1968"],["Other","ash 13.3%, mostly kaolinite finely dispersed in the carbon","reported by Kemberling SM 1968"]],"hs":{"sz":"broader distribution, 50% of particles below 4.2 um"},"szm":4.2e-06,"szs":"4.2 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[67]},{"id":"natural-graphite-powder-flake-type-madagascar","n":"Natural graphite powder, flake type (Madagascar)","g":6,"sg":"carbons","al":["Madagascar natural graphite powder (flake type)"],"ak":"grain","ax":"dark","pr":[["Size","50% of particles below 7.8 um","reported by Kemberling SM 1968"],["Other","ash 0.1%","reported by Kemberling SM 1968"]],"hs":{"sz":"50% of particles below 7.8 um"},"szm":7.8e-06,"szs":"7.8 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[68]},{"id":"natural-graphite-powder-vein-type-ceylon","n":"Natural graphite powder, vein type (Ceylon)","g":6,"sg":"carbons","al":["Ceylon natural graphite powder (vein type)"],"ak":"crystal","pr":[["Size","50% of particles below 10 um (Coulter number distribution)","reported by Kemberling SM 1968"],["Other","ash 1.8%, mostly quartz; highest crystallite alignment","reported by Kemberling SM 1968"]],"hs":{"sz":"50% of particles below 10 um (Coulter number distribution)"},"szm":1e-05,"szs":"10 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[69]},{"id":"pea-chloroplasts","n":"Pea chloroplasts","g":0,"sg":"chloroplast (organelle)","al":["pea chloroplasts isolated within 2 min of harvest"],"ak":"chloro","pr":[["Size","mean volume 39 um3 (dark-adapted plants), 31 um3 (illuminated plants)","reported by Nobel PS 1968"],["Charge","thylakoid membranes from pea chloroplasts carry a net negative surface charge above pH 4.3 and a net positive charge below it (particle microelectrophoresis)","Nakatani HY, Barber J 1980, Biochim Biophys Acta 591:82-91, doi:10.1016/0005-2728(80)90222-4"],["Isoelectric point","about 4.3 (pea thylakoid membranes, pH of zero electrophoretic mobility)","Nakatani HY, Barber J 1980, Biochim Biophys Acta 591:82-91, doi:10.1016/0005-2728(80)90222-4"],["Other","values are for the thylakoid membranes isolated from pea chloroplasts","Nakatani HY, Barber J 1980, Biochim Biophys Acta 591:82-91, doi:10.1016/0005-2728(80)90222-4"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean volume 39 um3 (dark-adapted plants), 31 um3 (illuminated plants)","ch":"thylakoid membranes from pea chloroplasts carry a net negative surface charge above pH 4.3 and a net positive charge below it (particle microelectrophoresis)"},"ids":"taxon:3888","szm":4.207e-06,"szs":"about 4.21 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[70]},{"id":"pharmaceutical-oil-in-water-emulsion-droplets","n":"Pharmaceutical oil-in-water emulsion droplets","g":6,"sg":"emulsion droplet","al":["pharmaceutical emulsion droplets"],"ak":"droplet","r":[71]},{"id":"pollen-ambrosia-ragweed","n":"Pollen, Ambrosia (ragweed)","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["ragweed pollen grains"],"ak":"pollen","r":[72]},{"id":"silica-deoxidation-inclusions-extracted-from-iron-silicon-ki","n":"Silica deoxidation inclusions extracted from iron (silicon-killed melt)","g":6,"sg":"metallurgical inclusions","al":["Silica (SiO2) deoxidation inclusions in electrolytic iron deoxidized with 0.5% silicon"],"ak":"bead","r":[73]},{"id":"bacillus-megaterium","n":"Bacillus megaterium","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-positive rod)","ak":"spore","pr":[["Size","large rods 1.2 to 1.5 um by 2.0 to 5.0 um, single, in pairs and in chains","Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, species description (Bacillus megaterium, file gbm00530), text as extracted in the bacteria-archaea-traits repository of Madin JS et al. 2020, Sci Data 7"],["Other","Gram-positive, motile; ellipsoidal spores","Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, species description (Bacillus megaterium, file gbm00530), text as extracted in the bacteria-archaea-traits repository of Madin JS et al. 2020, Sci Data 7"],["Isoelectric point","1.80 (strain 8245; 0.1 N acids needed below pH 2, ionic strength 0.1)","Harden VP, Harris JO 1953, J Bacteriol 65:198-202, PMID 13034716, Table 1, isoelectric points by cell electrophoresis in acetate-HCl buffer (via BioNumbers BNID 109120)"]],"hs":{"sz":"large rods 1.2 to 1.5 um by 2.0 to 5.0 um, single, in pairs and in chains","ch":"pI 1.80 (strain 8245; 0.1 N acids needed below pH 2, ionic strength 0.1)"},"szm":5e-06,"szs":"5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[74,75]},{"id":"bacillus-subtilis","n":"Bacillus subtilis","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-positive rod)","al":["Bacillus subtilis str. 168"],"ak":"rod","ax":"gp","pr":[["Charge","zeta -38 mV","reported by Tsutsui M 2017"],["Size","rod 0.7 to 0.8 um in diameter and 2 to 3 um long","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Other","Gram-positive rod","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Size","cell volume 1.41 um3 at the peak of the volume distribution (rapidly growing culture; Coulter transducer with 12 to 15 um apertures)","Kubitschek HE 1969, Biophys J 9:792-809, doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(69)86418-0 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","BioNumbers BNID 114921; this is the resistive pulse paper itself","Kubitschek HE 1969, Biophys J 9:792-809, doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(69)86418-0 (via BioNumbers)"]],"hs":{"sz":"rod 0.7 to 0.8 um in diameter and 2 to 3 um long","ch":"zeta -38 mV"},"ids":"taxon:1423","szm":1.5e-05,"szs":"15 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[76,77,78]},{"id":"bone-powder-dried-hard-tissue","n":"Bone powder (dried hard tissue)","g":17,"sg":"hard tissue powder","al":["Dried bone powders (hard tissue) for density-volume fractionation"],"ak":"grain","r":[79]},{"id":"bone-powder-dried-density-fractionated","n":"Bone powder (dried, density fractionated)","g":6,"sg":"hard tissue powder","al":["dried bone powders"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[80]},{"id":"milk-fat-globules-bovine","n":"Milk fat globules (bovine)","g":6,"sg":"food emulsion droplet","al":["Fat globules in cow's milk sampled serially during a single milking (8 cows)","milk fat globules from cows fed linoleic-rich supplement","fat globules in serial milk samples taken during milking"],"ak":"droplet","ax":"fat","pr":[["Size","average globule diameter, globule number and fat percentage all increased during milking","reported by Kernohan EA 1969"]],"hs":{"sz":"average globule diameter, globule number and fat percentage all increased during milking"},"ids":"taxon:9913","r":[81,82]},{"id":"nematodes-whole-worms-insect-pathology","n":"Nematodes (whole worms, insect pathology)","g":17,"sg":"nematode","al":["nematodes counted with a Coulter counter"],"ak":"critter","r":[83]},{"id":"oxide-inclusions-extracted-from-carbon-steel","n":"Oxide inclusions extracted from carbon steel","g":6,"sg":"metallurgical inclusion","al":["oxide inclusions extracted from plain carbon steels"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[84]},{"id":"salmonella-enterica","n":"Salmonella enterica","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative rod)","al":["Salmonella typhimurium","Salmonella typhimurium SJW1103 (flagellated)"],"ak":"rod","ax":"gn","pr":[["Size","cell diameter 0.75 um (SD 0.03 um; S. typhimurium strains HN202 and TA2168, electron microscopy)","Smit J, Kamio Y, Nikaido H 1975, J Bacteriol 124:942-958, PMID 1102538 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","serovar Typhimurium; BioNumbers BNID 103712","Smit J, Kamio Y, Nikaido H 1975, J Bacteriol 124:942-958, PMID 1102538 (via BioNumbers)"],["Isoelectric point","2.12 for Salmonella pullorum (acetate-HCl buffer)","Harden VP, Harris JO 1953, J Bacteriol 65:198-202, PMID 13034716, Table 1, isoelectric points by cell electrophoresis in acetate-HCl buffer (via BioNumbers BNID 109120)"],["Other","value for the pullorum serovar, as named in 1953","Harden VP, Harris JO 1953, J Bacteriol 65:198-202, PMID 13034716, Table 1, isoelectric points by cell electrophoresis in acetate-HCl buffer (via BioNumbers BNID 109120)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell diameter 0.75 um (SD 0.03 um; S. typhimurium strains HN202 and TA2168, electron microscopy)","ch":"pI 2.12 for Salmonella pullorum (acetate-HCl buffer)"},"ids":"taxon:28901","szm":7.5e-07,"szs":"750 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[85,86,87,88]},{"id":"alumina-particles","n":"Alumina particles","g":6,"sg":"mineral processing particles","al":["alumina particles in Bayer process production lines","small alumina particles dispersed with Carbowax"],"ak":"grain","r":[89,90]},{"id":"lunar-soil-apollo-11","n":"Lunar soil (Apollo 11)","g":5,"sg":"lunar regolith","al":["Apollo 11 lunar soil 10084 (subsample 10084,79), submillimeter fines"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Size","Mz 82.18 um, median 83.48 um (Cooper et al. 2012, Table 1, for the 1970 sieve + Coulter analysis); Graf 1993 tabulates weight fractions down to <10 um (median 4.02 phi, mean 3.55 phi)","Cooper BL, McKay DS, Fruland RL, Gonzalez CP 2012, 43rd LPSC abstract (NTRS 20120001960); Graf JC 1993 NASA RP-1265"]],"hs":{"sz":"Mz 82.18 um, median 83.48 um (Cooper et al. 2012, Table 1, for the 1970 sieve + Coulter analysis); Graf 1993 tabulates weight fractions down to <10 um (median 4.02 phi, mean 3.55 phi)"},"szm":8.348e-05,"szs":"83.5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[91]},{"id":"polystyrene-latex-spheres","n":"Polystyrene latex spheres","g":4,"sg":"polymer latex","al":["NBS Standard Reference Material 1690, aqueous suspension of monosized polystyrene spheres of nominal 1 um diameter","polystyrene latex spheres (about 90 nm diameter)","latex spheres (electrophoretic mobility measured from transit times)","charged polystyrene nanoparticles (80 and 160 nm radius)","nonfunctionalized polystyrene particles","polystyrene (polymer) spheres","latex nanoparticles (monodisperse) and their mixtures","polystyrene nanoparticles 22 nm and 58 nm","100 nm polystyrene particles"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","diameter about 90 nm (900 A); batches labeled 0.109 um and 0.121 um","reported by DeBlois RW 1970"],["Size","mean diameter 0.895 +/- 0.007 um (light scattering); standard deviation 0.0095 um; 1.5% agglomerated doublets","reported by Mulholland GW 1985"],["Size","diameter 22 nm and 58 nm","reported by Prabhu AS 2010"],["Other","polystyrene spheres","reported by DeBlois RW 1970"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter about 90 nm (900 A); batches labeled 0.109 um and 0.121 um"},"szm":8.95e-07,"szs":"895 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100]},{"id":"portland-cement-nbs-standard-samples","n":"Portland cement (NBS standard samples)","g":6,"sg":"construction powder","al":["portland cement, NBS samples 114-J and 114-K"],"ak":"bead","r":[101]},{"id":"portland-cement-powder","n":"Portland cement powder","g":6,"sg":"construction powders","ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[102]},{"id":"aphanomyces-euteiches","n":"Aphanomyces euteiches","g":1,"sg":"oomycete (zoospores)","al":["zoospores of Aphanomyces euteiches"],"ak":"spore","ids":"taxon:100861","r":[103]},{"id":"marine-suspended-particulate-matter-eastern-equatorial-pacif","n":"Marine suspended particulate matter (eastern equatorial Pacific)","g":5,"sg":"marine seston","al":["Suspended particles in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean"],"ak":"grain","r":[104]},{"id":"muscle-myofibrils","n":"Muscle myofibrils","g":0,"sg":"myofibril (cell part)","al":["myofibril suspensions (ATP, Ca2+ and EGTA conditions)"],"ak":"fiber","r":[105]},{"id":"mycobacterium-avium","n":"Mycobacterium avium","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (acid-fast)","ak":"rod","ax":"gp","ids":"taxon:1764","r":[106]},{"id":"non-metallic-macroinclusions-extracted-from-carbon-steel","n":"Non-metallic macroinclusions extracted from carbon steel","g":6,"sg":"metallurgical inclusion","al":["macroinclusions extracted from plain carbon steels"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[107]},{"id":"sea-urchin-eggs-and-embryos","n":"Sea urchin eggs and embryos","g":0,"sg":"egg/embryo","al":["fertilized eggs and embryos of the sea urchin Sphaerechinus granularis (to pluteus stage)"],"ak":"egg","ids":"taxon:7653","r":[108]},{"id":"sea-urchin-eggs-and-embryos-sphaerechinus-granularis","n":"Sea urchin eggs and embryos (Sphaerechinus granularis)","g":17,"sg":"embryo","al":["fertilised eggs and embryos of the sea urchin Sphaerechinus granularis"],"ak":"egg","r":[109]},{"id":"streptococcus-thermophilus","n":"Streptococcus thermophilus","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-positive coccus, chains)","ak":"strep","ax":"gp","pr":[["Size","coccus diameter 0.7 to 1 um","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Other","Gram-positive coccus (forms chains)","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"]],"hs":{"sz":"coccus diameter 0.7 to 1 um"},"ids":"taxon:1308","szm":1e-06,"szs":"1 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[110]},{"id":"tetrahymena-pyriformis","n":"Tetrahymena pyriformis","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (ciliate)","al":["Tetrahymena pyriformis W"],"ak":"ciliate","pr":[["Size","cell volume 17067 um3 (strain WH-14)","Taylor WD, Gates MA, Berger J 1976, Can J Zool 54:2011-2018, PMID 825212 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","BioNumbers BNID 114965, tabulated by Taylor and Shuter 1981 (Am Nat 118:160-172)","Taylor WD, Gates MA, Berger J 1976, Can J Zool 54:2011-2018, PMID 825212 (via BioNumbers)"],["Size","cell volume 15230 +/- 1890 um3 (strain GL, end of growth phase; ellipsoid from length and breadth)","Houba C, Remacle J, De Parmentier F 1981, Eur J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 11:179-182 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","BioNumbers BNID 114963","Houba C, Remacle J, De Parmentier F 1981, Eur J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 11:179-182 (via BioNumbers)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell volume 17067 um3 (strain WH-14)"},"ids":"taxon:5908","szm":3.194e-05,"szs":"about 31.9 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[111]},{"id":"chinese-hamster-v79-cells","n":"Chinese hamster V79 cells","g":0,"sg":"cultured cell line (hamster)","al":["Chinese hamster V79-S171 cells, partially synchronized"],"ak":"cell","pr":[["Size","whole cell volume 710 um3 (log phase); nuclear volume 190 um3 (EM)","reported by Ross DW 1972"]],"hs":{"sz":"whole cell volume 710 um3 (log phase); nuclear volume 190 um3 (EM)"},"ids":"taxon:10029","szm":1.107e-05,"szs":"about 11.1 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[112]},{"id":"marine-suspended-particulate-matter-open-ocean-atlantic-and","n":"Marine suspended particulate matter (open ocean, Atlantic and Pacific)","g":5,"sg":"marine seston","al":["Suspended particles (about 1 to 100 um) in surface and deep water of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","frequency distributions of particle size between about 1 and 100 um","Crossref abstract"]],"hs":{"sz":"frequency distributions of particle size between about 1 and 100 um"},"szm":0.0001,"szs":"100 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[113]},{"id":"mitochondria-rat-heart-isolated","n":"Mitochondria (rat heart, isolated)","g":17,"sg":"organelle (mitochondrion)","al":["rat heart mitochondria"],"ak":"mito","ids":"taxon:10116","r":[114]},{"id":"mitochondria-rat-kidney-cortex-isolated","n":"Mitochondria (rat kidney cortex, isolated)","g":17,"sg":"organelle (mitochondrion)","al":["rat kidney cortex mitochondria"],"ak":"mito","pr":[["Size","mean volume 0.23 um3","reported by Gear AR 1972"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean volume 0.23 um3"},"ids":"taxon:10116","szm":7.602e-07,"szs":"about 760 nm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[115]},{"id":"mitochondria-rat-liver-isolated","n":"Mitochondria (rat liver, isolated)","g":17,"sg":"organelle (mitochondrion)","al":["rat liver mitochondria"],"ak":"mito","pr":[["Size","mean volume 0.42 um3, diameter 0.93 um","reported by Gear AR 1972"],["Other","about 4.3 x 10^3 particles per mg mitochondrial protein; about 11 x 10^10 per g liver","reported by Gear AR 1972"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean volume 0.42 um3, diameter 0.93 um"},"ids":"taxon:10116","szm":9.3e-07,"szs":"930 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[116]},{"id":"treponema-pallidum","n":"Treponema pallidum","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (spirochete)","ak":"spiral","pr":[["Size","spiral cell 0.1 to 0.19 um in diameter and 6 to 18 um long","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Other","spirochete","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"]],"hs":{"sz":"spiral cell 0.1 to 0.19 um in diameter and 6 to 18 um long"},"ids":"taxon:160","szm":1.8e-05,"szs":"18 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[117]},{"id":"trypanosoma-brucei","n":"Trypanosoma brucei","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (trypanosomatid)","al":["Trypanosoma (T.) brucei brucei bloodstream and lymph forms","Trypanosoma rhodesiense"],"ak":"trypanosome","pr":[["Size","trypanosomes 14 to 33 um long (blood forms; stage not specified on the page)","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), African Trypanosomiasis page, last reviewed March 6, 2019"]],"hs":{"sz":"trypanosomes 14 to 33 um long (blood forms; stage not specified on the page)"},"ids":"taxon:5691","szm":3.3e-05,"szs":"33 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[118,119]},{"id":"air-microbubbles","n":"Air microbubbles","g":17,"sg":"gas bubbles","al":["Gas microbubbles (20 to 250 um) produced with fine hypodermic needles for experimental air embolism","microbubbles made with fine hypodermic needles"],"ak":"bubble","pr":[["Size","20 to 250 um; very narrow distributions (80% within +/- 2 um of the mean radius)","reported by Grulke DC 1973"]],"hs":{"sz":"20 to 250 um; very narrow distributions (80% within +/- 2 um of the mean radius)"},"szm":0.00025,"szs":"250 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[120,121]},{"id":"bovine-adipocytes","n":"Bovine adipocytes","g":0,"sg":"adipocyte","al":["bovine adipose cells (osmium-fixed), subcutaneous, perirenal and interfascicular depots"],"ak":"adipocyte","ids":"taxon:9913","r":[122]},{"id":"rat-thoracic-duct-lymphocytes","n":"Rat thoracic duct lymphocytes","g":0,"sg":"lymphocyte","al":["rat thoracic duct lymphocytes fractionated by zonal centrifugation"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:10116","r":[123]},{"id":"sand-fine-to-coarse-sedimentological-size-analysis","n":"Sand (fine to coarse, sedimentological size analysis)","g":5,"sg":"sand","al":["fine to coarse sand"],"ak":"grain","r":[124]},{"id":"sand-grains-fine-to-coarse-sand","n":"Sand grains (fine to coarse sand)","g":5,"sg":"sediment","al":["Fine to coarse sand grains"],"ak":"grain","r":[125]},{"id":"bovine-erythrocytes","n":"Bovine erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"erythrocyte","al":["bovine red blood cells","bovine erythrocytes aspirated into micropipettes"],"ak":"rbc","pr":[["Size","MCV 40 to 60 fL (reference range, cattle)","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"],["Other","RBC count 5.0 to 10.0 x 10^6/uL","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"]],"hs":{"sz":"MCV 40 to 60 fL (reference range, cattle)"},"ids":"taxon:9913","szm":4.857e-06,"szs":"about 4.86 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[126,127]},{"id":"colpidium-campylum","n":"Colpidium campylum","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (ciliate)","ak":"ciliate","r":[128]},{"id":"hortaea-werneckii","n":"Hortaea werneckii","g":1,"sg":"fungus (black yeast, dimorphic)","al":["Cladosporium werneckii yeast forms"],"ak":"yeast","ids":"taxon:91943","r":[129]},{"id":"river-suspended-sediment-low-concentration-streams","n":"River suspended sediment (low-concentration streams)","g":5,"sg":"fluvial sediment","al":["Very small stream deposits and suspended sediment at low concentrations in streams"],"ak":"grain","r":[130]},{"id":"saccharomyces-uvarum","n":"Saccharomyces uvarum","g":1,"sg":"yeast","ak":"yeast","ids":"taxon:230603","r":[131]},{"id":"stainless-steel-powder-aisi-304l-316l-410l-atomized","n":"Stainless steel powder (AISI 304L, 316L, 410L, atomized)","g":6,"sg":"metal powders","al":["Imported atomized stainless steel powders, AISI 304L, 316L and 410L"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Size","minus 100 mesh fractions; fine sizes of about 15 um (304L) and 8.2 um (316L) cited from Coulter counter analysis","reported by Kato T 1974"],["Other","round irregular shape","reported by Kato T 1974"]],"hs":{"sz":"minus 100 mesh fractions; fine sizes of about 15 um (304L) and 8.2 um (316L) cited from Coulter counter analysis"},"szm":1.5e-05,"szs":"15 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[132]},{"id":"stephanodiscus-astraea","n":"Stephanodiscus astraea","g":1,"sg":"diatom (freshwater)","al":["Stephanodiscus astraea (natural populations in seston)"],"ak":"diatom","ax":"centric","pr":[["Size","cell biovolume 9646 (log10 value 3.984) um3","Kremer CT, Thomas MK, Litchman E 2017, Limnol Oceanogr 62:1658-1670, doi:10.1002/lno.10523 (supporting information 3, isolate table, bv = log10 biovolume in um3)"],["Other","centric diatom","Kremer CT, Thomas MK, Litchman E 2017, Limnol Oceanogr 62:1658-1670, doi:10.1002/lno.10523 (supporting information 3, isolate table, bv = log10 biovolume in um3)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell biovolume 9646 (log10 value 3.984) um3"},"r":[133]},{"id":"stream-suspended-sediment-eastern-australia","n":"Stream suspended sediment (eastern Australia)","g":5,"sg":"fluvial sediment","al":["low-concentration suspended sediment in streams and small sedimentary deposits"],"ak":"grain","r":[134]},{"id":"bdellovibrio-sp","n":"Bdellovibrio sp.","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (predatory, Gram-negative)","al":["host-independent Bdellovibrio"],"ak":"vibrio","ax":"gn","pr":[["Size","cells about 0.25 um wide and 1 um long; progeny length 0.87 +/- 0.12 um inside the bdelloplast and 1.66 um before infection","Fenton AK, Kanna M, Woods RD, Aizawa SI, Sockett RE 2010, J Bacteriol 192:6329-6335, PMID 20935099 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","values for Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus; BioNumbers BNID 108186 and 108189","Fenton AK, Kanna M, Woods RD, Aizawa SI, Sockett RE 2010, J Bacteriol 192:6329-6335, PMID 20935099 (via BioNumbers)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cells about 0.25 um wide and 1 um long; progeny length 0.87 +/- 0.12 um inside the bdelloplast and 1.66 um before infection"},"szm":1.66e-06,"szs":"1.66 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[135]},{"id":"beryllium-oxide-beo-powder","n":"Beryllium oxide (BeO) powder","g":6,"sg":"ceramic powders","al":["Beryllium oxide (BeO) powder for nuclear components"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[136]},{"id":"bovine-spermatozoa","n":"Bovine spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon","al":["bull spermatozoa (cauda epididymis)"],"ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","head length 9.2 um; midpiece 14.8 um; principal piece 47.5 um; flagellum 62.3 um; total length 71.5 um","Patterson MC, Stover J, Westrom WK, Schaffer NS 1985, J Zoo Anim Med 16(4):144-146 (Bos taurus row), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"],["Other","linear dimensions only","Patterson MC, Stover J, Westrom WK, Schaffer NS 1985, J Zoo Anim Med 16(4):144-146 (Bos taurus row), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 9.2 um; midpiece 14.8 um; principal piece 47.5 um; flagellum 62.3 um; total length 71.5 um"},"ids":"taxon:9913","szm":7.15e-05,"szs":"71.5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[137]},{"id":"coal-mine-dust-respirable-coal-dust","n":"Coal mine dust (respirable coal dust)","g":6,"sg":"mine dust","al":["Coal-dust aerosol collected on filters through sampling inlets of different diameters"],"ak":"grain","ax":"dark","r":[138]},{"id":"dog-spermatozoa","n":"Dog spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon","al":["dog ejaculated spermatozoa"],"ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","head length 5.9 um; midpiece 10.6 um; principal piece 45.8 um; total length 62.7 um","Cummins JM, Woodall PF 1985, J Reprod Fertil 75:153-175, doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0750153 (Canis familiaris), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"],["Other","linear dimensions only","Cummins JM, Woodall PF 1985, J Reprod Fertil 75:153-175, doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0750153 (Canis familiaris), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 5.9 um; midpiece 10.6 um; principal piece 45.8 um; total length 62.7 um"},"ids":"taxon:9615","szm":6.27e-05,"szs":"62.7 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[139]},{"id":"fibers-in-particle-mixtures-airborne-fiber-monitoring","n":"Fibers in particle mixtures (airborne fiber monitoring)","g":6,"sg":"fiber","al":["fibers counted and sized in mixtures with other particle shapes"],"ak":"fiber","r":[140]},{"id":"guinea-pig-spermatozoa","n":"Guinea pig spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon","al":["guinea pig spermatozoa (cauda epididymis)"],"ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","head length 10.87 um; midpiece 11.1 um; principal piece 92.1 um; total length 114.07 um","Cummins JM, Woodall PF 1985, J Reprod Fertil 75:153-175, doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0750153 (Cavia porcellus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"],["Other","linear dimensions only","Cummins JM, Woodall PF 1985, J Reprod Fertil 75:153-175, doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0750153 (Cavia porcellus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 10.87 um; midpiece 11.1 um; principal piece 92.1 um; total length 114.07 um"},"ids":"taxon:10141","szm":0.0001141,"szs":"114 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[141]},{"id":"hamster-spermatozoa","n":"Hamster spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon","al":["hamster spermatozoa (cauda epididymis)"],"ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","head length 15.2 um; midpiece 50.5 um; principal piece 126.3 um; flagellum 176.8 um; total length 186.8 um","Cummins JM, Woodall PF 1985, J Reprod Fertil 75:153-175, doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0750153 (Mesocricetus auratus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"],["Other","golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus); the compilers note the measurements come from Retzius' monographs","Cummins JM, Woodall PF 1985, J Reprod Fertil 75:153-175, doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0750153 (Mesocricetus auratus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 15.2 um; midpiece 50.5 um; principal piece 126.3 um; flagellum 176.8 um; total length 186.8 um"},"szm":0.0001868,"szs":"187 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[142]},{"id":"human-buccal-epithelial-cells","n":"Human buccal epithelial cells","g":0,"sg":"epithelial cell","al":["buccal cells (model population)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[143]},{"id":"human-cervical-epithelial-cells","n":"Human cervical epithelial cells","g":0,"sg":"epithelial cell","al":["vaginal and cervical irrigation cells (epithelial and inflammatory cells)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[144]},{"id":"human-spermatozoa","n":"Human spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon","al":["human ejaculated spermatozoa","normal human spermatozoa","human spermatozoa swimming through a long-channel aperture"],"ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","mean volume 15 to 50 um3 (3 to 5 um equivalent spherical diameter) across the ten species after Zaponin","reported by Brotherton J 1975"],["Size","mean volume 17.4 +/- 1.46 um3, modal 15.2 +/- 1.27 um3 (25 specimens)","reported by Laufer N 1977"],["Other","electrical shape factor 1.28","reported by Laufer N 1977"],["Zeta potential","about -16 mV (fraction with more than 80% Y-bearing sperm) and about -20 mV (fraction with more than 95% X-bearing sperm), by electrophoretic light scattering and laser rotating prism","Ishijima SA, Okuno M, Mohri H 1991, Int J Androl 14:340-347, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1991.tb01102.x"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean volume 15 to 50 um3 (3 to 5 um equivalent spherical diameter) across the ten species after Zaponin","ch":"zeta about -16 mV (fraction with more than 80% Y-bearing sperm) and about -20 mV (fraction with more than 95% X-bearing sperm), by electrophoretic light scattering and laser rotating prism"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":5e-06,"szs":"5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[145,146,147]},{"id":"ice-core-dust-byrd-station-antarctica","n":"Ice core dust (Byrd Station, Antarctica)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Insoluble microparticles (mineral dust) in the Byrd Station deep ice core, West Antarctica"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","counted 0.518 to 13.1 um diameter in 15 channels; highest concentrations of 0.65 um particles in the coldest (glacial) ice","reported by Thompson LG 1975"]],"hs":{"sz":"counted 0.518 to 13.1 um diameter in 15 channels; highest concentrations of 0.65 um particles in the coldest (glacial) ice"},"szm":1.31e-05,"szs":"13.1 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[148]},{"id":"liposomes-vitamin-a-containing","n":"Liposomes, vitamin A-containing","g":3,"sg":"liposome","al":["vitamin A-containing liposomes"],"ak":"liposome","pr":[["Size","diameter range measured 1-6.35 um","reported by Alving CR 1975"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter range measured 1-6.35 um"},"szm":6.35e-06,"szs":"6.35 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[149]},{"id":"mouse-embryonic-primitive-nucleated-erythrocytes","n":"Mouse embryonic primitive (nucleated) erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"nucleated erythrocyte (embryonic)","al":["yolk sac-derived nucleated erythrocytes of mouse embryos","circulating blood cells of C3H/He fetal mice (day 12 to 20 of gestation) and young mice"],"ak":"rbc-nuc","pr":[["Size","MCV 534.9 +/- 30.1 fL on gestation day 12 (range 240-820 fL, mode 470 fL)","reported by Takahashi S 1987"],["Other","MCV falls to 117.5 fL by day 20; adult mouse MCV 48.7 fL","reported by Takahashi S 1987"]],"hs":{"sz":"MCV 534.9 +/- 30.1 fL on gestation day 12 (range 240-820 fL, mode 470 fL)"},"ids":"taxon:10090","szm":3.859e-06,"szs":"about 3.86 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[150,151]},{"id":"mouse-fetal-definitive-erythrocytes","n":"Mouse fetal definitive erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"erythrocyte (fetal)","al":["fetal liver-derived non-nucleated red blood cells (mouse)"],"ak":"rbc","pr":[["Size","smaller fetal blood cell population with a volume peak at 140 fL on gestation day 14; fetal blood MCV 188.2 +/- 19.3 fL (day 16), 135.1 +/- 7.3 fL (day 18), 117.5 +/- 7.2 fL (day 20) once these small cells dominate (Coulter Channelyzer, C3H/He mice)","Takahashi S, Asaho S, Matsuoka O 1987, Jikken Dobutsu 36:177-183, doi:10.1538/expanim1978.36.2_177 (Coulter-measured)"],["Other","the source describes a smaller blood cell population that becomes dominant by gestation day 16 as the large cells of days 12 to 14 disappear","Takahashi S, Asaho S, Matsuoka O 1987, Jikken Dobutsu 36:177-183, doi:10.1538/expanim1978.36.2_177 (Coulter-measured)"]],"hs":{"sz":"smaller fetal blood cell population with a volume peak at 140 fL on gestation day 14; fetal blood MCV 188.2 +/- 19.3 fL (day 16), 135.1 +/- 7.3 fL (day 18), 117.5 +/- 7.2 fL (day 20) once these small cells dominate (Coulter Channelyzer, C3H/He mice)"},"ids":"taxon:10090","szm":6.442e-06,"szs":"about 6.44 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[152]},{"id":"mouse-spermatozoa","n":"Mouse spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon","al":["mouse spermatozoa (cauda epididymis)"],"ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","head length 7.9 um; midpiece 18.4 um; principal piece 96.6 um; total length 122.9 um","Hirth HF 1960, J Morphol 106(1):77-83 (Mus musculus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"],["Other","linear dimensions only","Hirth HF 1960, J Morphol 106(1):77-83 (Mus musculus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 7.9 um; midpiece 18.4 um; principal piece 96.6 um; total length 122.9 um"},"ids":"taxon:10090","szm":0.0001229,"szs":"123 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[153]},{"id":"pig-sperm-cytoplasmic-droplets","n":"Pig sperm cytoplasmic droplets","g":0,"sg":"sperm cytoplasmic droplet (cell part)","al":["European wild boar sperm cytoplasmic droplets"],"ak":"sperm","ids":"taxon:9823","r":[154]},{"id":"pig-spermatozoa","n":"Pig spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon","al":["European wild boar ejaculated spermatozoa","boar spermatozoa (acrosome-reacted and intact)"],"ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","head length 8.1 um; midpiece 10.9 um; principal piece 28.8 um; flagellum 39.7 um; total length 47.3 um","Dott HM, Skinner JD 1989, S Afr J Zool 24(2):151-160 (Sus scrofa), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"],["Other","linear dimensions only","Dott HM, Skinner JD 1989, S Afr J Zool 24(2):151-160 (Sus scrofa), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"],["Size","equivalent diameter about 2.2 um (cited from an earlier study)","Kruit SA, de Bruijn DS, Broekhuijse MLWJ, Olthuis W, Segerink LI 2022, Biosensors 12:679, doi:10.3390/bios12090679 (Label-Free Microfluidic Impedance Cytometry for Acrosome Integrity Assessment of Boar Spermatozoa)"],["Other","the impedance cytometry paper cites this value from its reference 54","Kruit SA, de Bruijn DS, Broekhuijse MLWJ, Olthuis W, Segerink LI 2022, Biosensors 12:679, doi:10.3390/bios12090679 (Label-Free Microfluidic Impedance Cytometry for Acrosome Integrity Assessment of Boar Spermatozoa)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 8.1 um; midpiece 10.9 um; principal piece 28.8 um; flagellum 39.7 um; total length 47.3 um"},"ids":"taxon:9823","szm":4.73e-05,"szs":"47.3 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[155,156]},{"id":"rabbit-spermatozoa","n":"Rabbit spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon","al":["rabbit spermatozoa (cauda epididymis)"],"ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","head length 8.5 um; midpiece 8.81 um; principal piece 40.7 um; flagellum 49.51 um; total length 58.02 um","Cummins JM, Woodall PF 1985, J Reprod Fertil 75:153-175, doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0750153 (Oryctolagus cuniculus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"],["Other","linear dimensions only","Cummins JM, Woodall PF 1985, J Reprod Fertil 75:153-175, doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0750153 (Oryctolagus cuniculus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 8.5 um; midpiece 8.81 um; principal piece 40.7 um; flagellum 49.51 um; total length 58.02 um"},"ids":"taxon:9986","szm":5.802e-05,"szs":"58 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[157]},{"id":"rat-spermatozoa","n":"Rat spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon","al":["rat spermatozoa (cauda epididymis)"],"ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","head length 12.1 um; midpiece 67 um; principal piece 110 um; flagellum 177 um; total length 190.1 um","Friend GF 1936, Q J Microsc Sci (J Cell Sci) 78:419-443 (Rattus norvegicus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"],["Other","linear dimensions only","Friend GF 1936, Q J Microsc Sci (J Cell Sci) 78:419-443 (Rattus norvegicus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 12.1 um; midpiece 67 um; principal piece 110 um; flagellum 177 um; total length 190.1 um"},"ids":"taxon:10116","szm":0.0001901,"szs":"190 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[158]},{"id":"rhesus-monkey-spermatozoa","n":"Rhesus monkey spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon","al":["rhesus monkey ejaculated spermatozoa"],"ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","head length 5.31 um; midpiece 11.06 um; principal piece 57.73 um; flagellum 68.79 um; total length 73.83 um","Martin DE, Gould KG, Warner H 1975, J Hum Evol (Comparative morphology of primate spermatozoa using scanning electron microscopy I) (Macaca mulatta), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"],["Other","linear dimensions by scanning electron microscopy","Martin DE, Gould KG, Warner H 1975, J Hum Evol (Comparative morphology of primate spermatozoa using scanning electron microscopy I) (Macaca mulatta), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 5.31 um; midpiece 11.06 um; principal piece 57.73 um; flagellum 68.79 um; total length 73.83 um"},"ids":"taxon:9544","szm":7.383e-05,"szs":"73.8 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[159]},{"id":"bacillus-macroides","n":"Bacillus macroides","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-positive rod)","al":["Lineola longa (Bacillus macroides)"],"ak":"rod","ax":"gp","r":[160]},{"id":"beta-pinene-emulsion-droplets-in-citrus-juice","n":"Beta-Pinene emulsion droplets in citrus juice","g":6,"sg":"beverage emulsions","al":["beta-Pinene emulsion droplets in Satsuma mandarin juice"],"ak":"droplet","r":[161]},{"id":"citrus-peel-essential-oil-emulsion-droplets-satsuma-mandarin","n":"Citrus peel essential oil emulsion droplets (Satsuma mandarin juice)","g":6,"sg":"beverage emulsions","al":["Satsuma mandarin peel essential oil emulsion droplets in juice"],"ak":"droplet","r":[162]},{"id":"d-limonene-emulsion-droplets-in-citrus-juice","n":"D-Limonene emulsion droplets in citrus juice","g":6,"sg":"beverage emulsions","al":["d-Limonene emulsion droplets in Satsuma mandarin juice"],"ak":"droplet","r":[163]},{"id":"human-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-lymphoblasts","n":"Human acute lymphoblastic leukemia lymphoblasts","g":0,"sg":"leukemia cell","al":["leukemic blasts, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Charge","electrophoretic mobility 1.04, the same as newborn T lymphocytes and slower than adult normal T lymphocytes (1.13) (units not stated in the abstract)","Lebrun F, Sabolovic D, Lebovici S, Amiel C, Amiel JL 1976, Biomedicine 25:218-220 (Electrophoretic mobility of lymphocytes in new born)"],["Charge","mean electrophoretic mobility 1.04 um cm/V s (lymphoblasts migrate as a uniform population)","Sabolovic D, Pompidou A, Amiel JL 1975, Biomedicine 23:283-290 (Blood lymphocytes in acute lymphoid leukaemia in remission and in relapse)"]],"hs":{"ch":"electrophoretic mobility 1.04, the same as newborn T lymphocytes and slower than adult normal T lymphocytes (1.13) (units not stated in the abstract)"},"r":[164]},{"id":"human-acute-monoblastic-leukemia-cells","n":"Human acute monoblastic leukemia cells","g":0,"sg":"leukemia cell","al":["leukemic cells, acute monoblastic leukaemia"],"ak":"lymphocyte","r":[165]},{"id":"human-acute-myeloid-leukemia-blasts","n":"Human acute myeloid leukemia blasts","g":0,"sg":"leukemia cell","al":["leukemic blasts, acute myeloblastic leukaemia"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","mean diameter 9.8 +/- 1.5 um by Coulter Counter Multisizer 4 (10.0 +/- 1.7 um by acoustic flow cytometry, 2,390 cells)","Strohm EM, Gnyawali V, Sebastian JA, Ngunjiri R, Moore MJ, Tsai SSH, Kolios MC 2019, Sci Rep 9:4775, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40895-x, Table 1"],["Other","measured on an AML cell line, not on patient blasts; the cell line is not named in the text","Strohm EM, Gnyawali V, Sebastian JA, Ngunjiri R, Moore MJ, Tsai SSH, Kolios MC 2019, Sci Rep 9:4775, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40895-x, Table 1"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean diameter 9.8 +/- 1.5 um by Coulter Counter Multisizer 4 (10.0 +/- 1.7 um by acoustic flow cytometry, 2,390 cells)"},"szm":1e-05,"szs":"10 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[166]},{"id":"human-acute-myelomonocytic-leukemia-cells","n":"Human acute myelomonocytic leukemia cells","g":0,"sg":"leukemia cell","al":["leukemic cells, acute myelomonocytic leukaemia"],"ak":"lymphocyte","r":[167]},{"id":"human-erythrocyte-ghosts","n":"Human erythrocyte ghosts","g":0,"sg":"erythrocyte ghost","al":["human red blood cell ghosts prepared by electrical haemolysis (dielectric breakdown) and resealed","human red blood cell ghosts prepared by electrical haemolysis","haemoglobin-free human erythrocyte ghosts in isotonic solution","resealed human erythrocyte ghosts loaded with albumin"],"ak":"rbc-ghost","pr":[["Size","modal (= mean) volume about 115 um3; 94 to 135 um3 depending on phosphate concentration","reported by Zimmermann U 1976"],["Other","modal volume about 115 um3 (94 to 135 um3 with phosphate 5 to 15 mM)","reported by Zimmermann U 1976"],["Other","modal volume 110-120 um3 in phosphate buffered NaCl","reported by Schneeweiss F 1977"]],"hs":{"sz":"modal (= mean) volume about 115 um3; 94 to 135 um3 depending on phosphate concentration"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":6.033e-06,"szs":"about 6.03 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[168,169,170]},{"id":"human-monocytes","n":"Human monocytes","g":0,"sg":"monocyte","al":["human blood monocytes"],"ak":"monocyte","pr":[["Size","Coulter diameter 9.02 um","El-Awar et al. 1980 Tissue Antigens 15:346 (PMID 6451046), Coulter sizing"],["Charge","electrophoretic mobility about 1.52 x 10^-4 cm2/V s (normal monocytes were indistinguishable from hairy cells, 1.52 x 10^-4 cm2/V s, by electrophoretic light scattering)","Petty HR, Ware BR, Liebes LF, Pelle E, Silber R 1981, Blood 57:250-255, doi:10.1182/blood.v57.2.250.250"],["Charge","electrophoretic mobility 0.95 x 10^-4 cm2/V s after 24 h culture with BAY R 1005; untreated cultured monocytes rose to 1.1 x 10^-4 cm2/V s","Bauer J, Stunkel KG, Kachel V 1992, Immunol Invest 21:507-521, doi:10.3109/08820139209069387"]],"hs":{"sz":"Coulter diameter 9.02 um","ch":"electrophoretic mobility about 1.52 x 10^-4 cm2/V s (normal monocytes were indistinguishable from hairy cells, 1.52 x 10^-4 cm2/V s, by electrophoretic light scattering)"},"szm":9.02e-06,"szs":"9.02 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[171]},{"id":"human-platelets","n":"Human platelets","g":0,"sg":"platelet","al":["platelets from normal individuals (EDTA and citrate)"],"ak":"platelet","pr":[["Size","mean volume 9.0 um3 in EDTA (spherical), 7.3 um3 in citrate (discoid, uncorrected for shape)","reported by Mundschenk DD 1976"],["Other","thrombocrit 0.18 to 0.34%","reported by Mundschenk DD 1976"],["Zeta potential","-14.20 +/- 1.64 mV (healthy controls, n = 136, platelet-rich plasma, laser light scattering at 17.1 degrees)","Tatsumi N, Tsuda I, Masaoka M, Imai K 1992, Thromb Res 65:585-592, doi:10.1016/0049-3848(92)90208-r"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean volume 9.0 um3 in EDTA (spherical), 7.3 um3 in citrate (discoid, uncorrected for shape)","ch":"zeta -14.20 +/- 1.64 mV (healthy controls, n = 136, platelet-rich plasma, laser light scattering at 17.1 degrees)"},"szm":2.581e-06,"szs":"about 2.58 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[172]},{"id":"mouse-l5178y-lymphoma-cells","n":"Mouse L5178Y lymphoma cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (mouse)","al":["murine lymphoma L5178Y cells"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","cell volume 1290.6 +/- 15.6 um3 from Coulter counter size distribution (Model B); 1112.4 +/- 9.2 um3 by cytocrit after inulin-space correction","Jung C, Rothstein A 1967, J Gen Physiol 50:917-932 (Cation metabolism in relation to cell size in synchronously grown tissue culture cells), Table 1, as entered in BioNumbers BNID 106314"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell volume 1290.6 +/- 15.6 um3 from Coulter counter size distribution (Model B); 1112.4 +/- 9.2 um3 by cytocrit after inulin-space correction"},"ids":"taxon:10090","szm":3.1e-06,"szs":"about 3.1 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[173]},{"id":"rat-liver-nuclei","n":"Rat liver nuclei","g":0,"sg":"isolated nuclei","al":["isolated rat liver nuclei (germfree and SPF rats)"],"ak":"nucleus","pr":[["Size","hepatocyte nucleus diameter 8 um (electron microscopy)","Peters R 1984, EMBO J 3:1831-1836 (Nucleo-cytoplasmic flux and intracellular mobility in single hepatocytes measured by fluorescence microphotolysis), as entered in BioNumbers BNID 104261"]],"hs":{"sz":"hepatocyte nucleus diameter 8 um (electron microscopy)"},"ids":"taxon:10116","szm":8e-06,"szs":"8 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[174]},{"id":"rat-platelets","n":"Rat platelets","g":0,"sg":"platelet","al":["rat platelets (buoyant density fractions)"],"ak":"platelet","pr":[["Size","dense platelets less than 3 fL to more than 21 fL; light fractions none above 13 fL","reported by Penington DG 1976"]],"hs":{"sz":"dense platelets less than 3 fL to more than 21 fL; light fractions none above 13 fL"},"ids":"taxon:10116","szm":1.789e-06,"szs":"about 1.79 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[175]},{"id":"thick-film-conductor-ink-solids-metal-glass-and-flux-particl","n":"Thick film conductor ink solids (metal, glass and flux particles)","g":6,"sg":"electronic inks","al":["Inorganic solids of thick film conductor inks (metal, glass and flux particles; platinum-gold and palladium-silver inks)"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[176]},{"id":"bacteriophage-t2","n":"Bacteriophage T2","g":2,"sg":"bacteriophage (tailed, Myoviridae)","ak":"phage","pr":[["Other","particle volume (5.10 +/- 0.15) x 1e-16 cm3 (resistive pulse)","reported by DeBlois RW 1977"],["Size","prolate head 120 nm long and 86 nm wide (elongated icosahedron T=13 Q=21) on a contractile tail with 6 long fibers","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Tequatrovirus factsheet"],["Other","genus-level value: ViralZone Tequatrovirus (T4-like) factsheet, which lists Enterobacteria phage T2 proteins","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Tequatrovirus factsheet"],["Size","head 111 x 78 nm and tail 113 x 18 nm (T4-type phage dimensions, catalase-crystal calibrated electron microscopy)","Ackermann HW, Krisch HM 1997, Arch Virol 142:2329-2345, PMID 9672598 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","BioNumbers BNID 104846 lists the value for bacteriophages T2 and T4; primary source Luftig 1968","Ackermann HW, Krisch HM 1997, Arch Virol 142:2329-2345, PMID 9672598 (via BioNumbers)"]],"hs":{"sz":"prolate head 120 nm long and 86 nm wide (elongated icosahedron T=13 Q=21) on a contractile tail with 6 long fibers"},"szm":1.2e-07,"szs":"120 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[177]},{"id":"bovine-milk-somatic-cells","n":"Bovine milk somatic cells","g":0,"sg":"milk somatic cells","al":["somatic cells in cow milk (mastitic and healthy quarters, bulk milk)"],"ak":"cell","pr":[["Size","modal cell volume 102 um3 in mastitic quarter milk","reported by Sheldrake RF 1977"]],"hs":{"sz":"modal cell volume 102 um3 in mastitic quarter milk"},"ids":"taxon:9913","szm":5.797e-06,"szs":"about 5.8 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[178]},{"id":"bovine-platelets","n":"Bovine platelets","g":0,"sg":"platelet","ak":"platelet","pr":[["Size","MPV 3.5 to 6.5 fL (reference range, cattle)","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"],["Other","platelet count 100 to 800 x 10^3/uL","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"]],"hs":{"sz":"MPV 3.5 to 6.5 fL (reference range, cattle)"},"ids":"taxon:9913","szm":2.315e-06,"szs":"about 2.32 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[179]},{"id":"bovine-sperm-heads","n":"Bovine sperm heads","g":0,"sg":"sperm head (cell part)","al":["bull sperm heads (ultrasonic bath or pronase cleavage)"],"ak":"sperm-head","pr":[["Size","head length 9.2 um (whole sperm total length 71.5 um)","Patterson MC, Stover J, Westrom WK, Schaffer NS 1985, J Zoo Anim Med 16(4):144-146 (Bos taurus row), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 9.2 um (whole sperm total length 71.5 um)"},"ids":"taxon:9913","szm":7.15e-05,"szs":"71.5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[180]},{"id":"bovine-sperm-tails","n":"Bovine sperm tails","g":0,"sg":"sperm tail (cell part)","al":["bull sperm tails (ultrasonic bath cleavage)"],"ak":"sperm-tail","pr":[["Size","flagellum length 62.3 um (midpiece 14.8 um plus principal piece 47.5 um)","Patterson MC, Stover J, Westrom WK, Schaffer NS 1985, J Zoo Anim Med 16(4):144-146 (Bos taurus row), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"flagellum length 62.3 um (midpiece 14.8 um plus principal piece 47.5 um)"},"ids":"taxon:9913","szm":6.23e-05,"szs":"62.3 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[181]},{"id":"brush-border-membrane-vesicles-intestinal","n":"Brush-border membrane vesicles (intestinal)","g":3,"sg":"membrane vesicle","al":["intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[182]},{"id":"feline-leukemia-virus","n":"Feline leukemia virus","g":2,"sg":"retrovirus (type C oncornavirus)","ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","diameter 127.4 +/- 2 nm (resistive pulse)","reported by DeBlois RW 1977"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 127.4 +/- 2 nm (resistive pulse)"},"szm":1.274e-07,"szs":"127 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[183]},{"id":"human-cord-blood-fetal-erythrocytes","n":"Human cord blood (fetal) erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"erythrocyte (fetal/neonatal)","al":["cord blood red cells (400 samples)"],"ak":"rbc","pr":[["Size","MCV 105.1 +/- 5.3 fL (cord blood of full-term newborns with weight appropriate for gestational age)","Noguera NI, Detarsio G, Perez SM, Bragos IM, Lanza O, Rodriguez JH, et al. 1999, Medicina (B Aires) 59:446-448 (Hematologic study of newborn umbilical cord blood)"],["Other","MCV below 94.7 fL was taken as a marker of neonatal microcytosis in the same study","Noguera NI, Detarsio G, Perez SM, Bragos IM, Lanza O, Rodriguez JH, et al. 1999, Medicina (B Aires) 59:446-448 (Hematologic study of newborn umbilical cord blood)"],["Size","MCV 107.66 +/- 7.75 fL (cord blood, 4,042 Omani neonates with normal HPLC); 97.29 +/- 13.8 fL in neonates with alpha-thalassaemia","Alkindi S, Pathare A, Al-Madhani A, Al-Zadjali S, Al-Haddabi H, Al-Abri Q, et al. 2011, Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 11:462-469"]],"hs":{"sz":"MCV 105.1 +/- 5.3 fL (cord blood of full-term newborns with weight appropriate for gestational age)"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":2.163e-06,"szs":"about 2.16 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[184]},{"id":"human-sperm-heads","n":"Human sperm heads","g":0,"sg":"sperm head (cell part)","al":["stripped sperm heads after sonic-probe fragmentation (man and boar)"],"ak":"sperm-head","pr":[["Size","head length 4.5 um (whole sperm total length 56.9 um)","Anderson MJ, Nyholt J, Dixson AF 2005, J Zool 267(2):135-142 (Homo sapiens), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 4.5 um (whole sperm total length 56.9 um)"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":5.69e-05,"szs":"56.9 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[185]},{"id":"mason-pfizer-monkey-virus","n":"Mason-Pfizer monkey virus","g":2,"sg":"retrovirus","ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","diameter 140.0 +/- 2.5 nm (resistive pulse)","reported by DeBlois RW 1977"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 140.0 +/- 2.5 nm (resistive pulse)"},"szm":1.4e-07,"szs":"140 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[186]},{"id":"mitochondria-triticum-aestivum-isolated","n":"Mitochondria (Triticum aestivum, isolated)","g":17,"sg":"organelle (mitochondrion)","al":["mitochondria from winter wheat seedlings"],"ak":"mito","ids":"taxon:4565","r":[187]},{"id":"mold-contamination-in-carbonated-soft-drinks","n":"Mold contamination in carbonated soft drinks","g":1,"sg":"food spoilage fungi","al":["mold in carbonated soft drinks"],"ak":"hypha","r":[188]},{"id":"mouse-l1210-leukemia-cells","n":"Mouse L1210 leukemia cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (mouse)","al":["ascitic mouse leukemia L1210 cells"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:10090","r":[189]},{"id":"mouse-lymph-node-b-lymphocytes","n":"Mouse lymph node B lymphocytes","g":0,"sg":"lymphocyte","al":["mouse lymph node B cells (low electrophoretic mobility)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Charge","low electrophoretic mobility fraction (free-flow electrophoresis)","reported by Dumont F 1977"]],"hs":{"ch":"low electrophoretic mobility fraction (free-flow electrophoresis)"},"ids":"taxon:10090","r":[190]},{"id":"mouse-lymph-node-t-lymphocytes","n":"Mouse lymph node T lymphocytes","g":0,"sg":"lymphocyte","al":["mouse lymph node T cells (high electrophoretic mobility)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Charge","high electrophoretic mobility fraction (free-flow electrophoresis)","reported by Dumont F 1977"],["Size","mean cell volume 131.4 +/- 3.9 um3 (freshly isolated T cells from spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes, C57BL/6J, Coulter particle analyzer)","Rathmell JC, Farkash EA, Gao W, Thompson CB 2001, J Immunol 167:6869-6876 (IL-7 enhances the survival and maintains the size of naive T cells), as entered in BioNumbers BNID 100520"],["Other","value pools splenic and mesenteric node T cells","Rathmell JC, Farkash EA, Gao W, Thompson CB 2001, J Immunol 167:6869-6876 (IL-7 enhances the survival and maintains the size of naive T cells), as entered in BioNumbers BNID 100520"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean cell volume 131.4 +/- 3.9 um3 (freshly isolated T cells from spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes, C57BL/6J, Coulter particle analyzer)","ch":"high electrophoretic mobility fraction (free-flow electrophoresis)"},"ids":"taxon:10090","szm":1.953e-06,"szs":"about 1.95 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[191]},{"id":"mouse-testicular-sperm-heads","n":"Mouse testicular sperm heads","g":0,"sg":"sperm head (cell part)","al":["mouse testis sperm heads"],"ak":"sperm-head","pr":[["Size","mature mouse sperm head length 7.9 um","Hirth HF 1960, J Morphol 106(1):77-83 (Mus musculus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"],["Other","value is the head length of mouse spermatozoa from the compilation, not a measurement of testicular sperm heads","Hirth HF 1960, J Morphol 106(1):77-83 (Mus musculus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"mature mouse sperm head length 7.9 um"},"ids":"taxon:10090","szm":7.9e-06,"szs":"7.9 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[192]},{"id":"mycobacterium-smegmatis","n":"Mycobacterium smegmatis","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (acid-fast rod)","ak":"rod","ax":"gp","pr":[["Size","acid-fast rods 3 to 5 um long, occasionally curved, branched or Y-shaped","Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, species description (Mycobacterium smegmatis, file gbm00029), text as extracted in the bacteria-archaea-traits repository of Madin JS et al. 2020, Sci Data 7"],["Isoelectric point","2.5","Harden VP, Harris JO 1953, J Bacteriol 65:198-202, PMID 13034716, Table 2, values from earlier electrophoretic studies (Winslow and Upton 1926) (via BioNumbers BNID 109121)"]],"hs":{"sz":"acid-fast rods 3 to 5 um long, occasionally curved, branched or Y-shaped","ch":"pI 2.5"},"szm":5e-06,"szs":"5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[193]},{"id":"phenylbutazone-tablet-disintegration-particles","n":"Phenylbutazone tablet disintegration particles","g":6,"sg":"drug powder","al":["particles from six commercial brands of phenylbutazone 100 mg tablets"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[194]},{"id":"pig-adipocytes","n":"Pig adipocytes","g":0,"sg":"adipocyte","al":["porcine adipose cells (osmium-fixed), perirenal and extramuscular depots"],"ak":"adipocyte","pr":[["Size","subcutaneous adipocytes at 5 months: about 80% of tissue mass in cells 95 to 165 um in diameter (Meishan pigs) or mostly 75 to 145 um (Landrace); a second small-cell population 25 to 45 um in diameter at all ages","Nakajima I, Oe M, Ojima K, Muroya S, Shibata M, Chikuni K 2011, Anim Sci J 82:144-149, doi:10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00810.x"]],"hs":{"sz":"subcutaneous adipocytes at 5 months: about 80% of tissue mass in cells 95 to 165 um in diameter (Meishan pigs) or mostly 75 to 145 um (Landrace); a second small-cell population 25 to 45 um in diameter at all ages"},"ids":"taxon:9823","szm":0.000165,"szs":"165 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[195]},{"id":"rabbit-neutrophils","n":"Rabbit neutrophils","g":0,"sg":"neutrophil","al":["rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear neutrophils"],"ak":"granulocyte","ids":"taxon:9986","r":[196]},{"id":"rabbit-sperm-heads","n":"Rabbit sperm heads","g":0,"sg":"sperm head (cell part)","al":["rabbit sperm heads (ultrasonic bath cleavage)"],"ak":"sperm-head","pr":[["Size","head length 8.5 um (whole sperm total length 58.02 um)","Cummins JM, Woodall PF 1985, J Reprod Fertil 75:153-175, doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0750153 (Oryctolagus cuniculus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 8.5 um (whole sperm total length 58.02 um)"},"ids":"taxon:9986","szm":5.802e-05,"szs":"58 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[197]},{"id":"rabbit-sperm-tails","n":"Rabbit sperm tails","g":0,"sg":"sperm tail (cell part)","al":["rabbit sperm tails (ultrasonic bath cleavage)"],"ak":"sperm-tail","pr":[["Size","flagellum length 49.51 um (midpiece 8.81 um plus principal piece 40.7 um)","Cummins JM, Woodall PF 1985, J Reprod Fertil 75:153-175, doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0750153 (Oryctolagus cuniculus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"flagellum length 49.51 um (midpiece 8.81 um plus principal piece 40.7 um)"},"ids":"taxon:9986","szm":4.951e-05,"szs":"49.5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[198]},{"id":"rat-sperm-heads","n":"Rat sperm heads","g":0,"sg":"sperm head (cell part)","al":["rat sperm heads (mild trypsin cleavage)"],"ak":"sperm-head","pr":[["Size","head length 12.1 um (whole sperm total length 190.1 um)","Friend GF 1936, Q J Microsc Sci (J Cell Sci) 78:419-443 (Rattus norvegicus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 12.1 um (whole sperm total length 190.1 um)"},"ids":"taxon:10116","szm":0.0001901,"szs":"190 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[199]},{"id":"rat-sperm-tails","n":"Rat sperm tails","g":0,"sg":"sperm tail (cell part)","al":["rat sperm tails (mild trypsin cleavage)"],"ak":"sperm-tail","pr":[["Size","flagellum length 177 um (midpiece 67 um plus principal piece 110 um)","Friend GF 1936, Q J Microsc Sci (J Cell Sci) 78:419-443 (Rattus norvegicus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"flagellum length 177 um (midpiece 67 um plus principal piece 110 um)"},"ids":"taxon:10116","szm":0.000177,"szs":"177 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[200]},{"id":"rauscher-murine-leukemia-virus","n":"Rauscher murine leukemia virus","g":2,"sg":"retrovirus (type C oncornavirus)","ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","diameter 122.3 +/- 2 nm (resistive pulse)","reported by DeBlois RW 1977"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 122.3 +/- 2 nm (resistive pulse)"},"szm":1.223e-07,"szs":"122 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[201]},{"id":"rd-114-virus-feline-endogenous-retrovirus","n":"RD-114 virus (feline endogenous retrovirus)","g":2,"sg":"retrovirus (type C oncornavirus)","al":["RD-114 virus"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","diameter 115 +/- 5 nm (resistive pulse)","reported by DeBlois RW 1977"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 115 +/- 5 nm (resistive pulse)"},"szm":1.15e-07,"szs":"115 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[202]},{"id":"rubber-particles-of-high-impact-polystyrene-discrete-phase","n":"Rubber particles of high-impact polystyrene (discrete phase)","g":14,"sg":"rubber-modified polymer particles","al":["elastomeric discrete-phase particles isolated from high-impact polystyrene"],"ak":"bead","r":[203]},{"id":"simian-sarcoma-virus","n":"Simian sarcoma virus","g":2,"sg":"retrovirus (type C oncornavirus)","ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","diameter 109.7 +/- 3 nm (resistive pulse)","reported by DeBlois RW 1977"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 109.7 +/- 3 nm (resistive pulse)"},"szm":1.097e-07,"szs":"110 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[204]},{"id":"toad-gastric-smooth-muscle-cells","n":"Toad gastric smooth muscle cells","g":0,"sg":"smooth muscle cell","al":["isolated smooth muscle cells from toad stomach muscularis (Bufo marinus)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:8386","r":[205]},{"id":"wheat-mitochondria","n":"Wheat mitochondria","g":0,"sg":"mitochondrion (organelle)","al":["mitochondria from cold-hardened and non-hardened winter wheat seedlings"],"ak":"mito","ids":"taxon:4565","r":[206]},{"id":"zajdela-ascites-hepatoma-cells","n":"Zajdela ascites hepatoma cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell (rat)","al":["Zajdela ascites hepatoma cells (rat)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:10116","r":[207]},{"id":"calcium-oxalate-crystals","n":"Calcium oxalate crystals","g":4,"sg":"biomineral crystals","al":["Calcium oxalate crystals grown in vitro (crystal size measurement method), with a three-size latex mixture for validation"],"ak":"crystal","r":[208]},{"id":"calcium-oxalate-crystals-in-vitro-precipitated","n":"Calcium oxalate crystals (in vitro precipitated)","g":6,"sg":"urinary crystal","al":["calcium oxalate crystals","calcium oxalate seed crystals growing in metastable solution"],"ak":"crystal","r":[209,210]},{"id":"cholesterol-monohydrate-crystals","n":"Cholesterol monohydrate crystals","g":15,"sg":"organic crystal","al":["cholesterol monohydrate crystals growing in model bile","cholesterol monohydrate crystals in seeded model bile"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","386.7 g/mol","PubChem CID 5997"],["Formula","C27H46O","PubChem CID 5997"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5997, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.96 nm","ms":"386.7 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5997","szm":9.617e-10,"szs":"about 0.96 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[211,212]},{"id":"coal-particles-fine-ground-fuel-slurry","n":"Coal particles (fine-ground, fuel slurry)","g":6,"sg":"fuels","al":["Coal fine-ground in an attritor (Lower Freeport soft coal and Montana Rosebud hard coal) in fuel oil and water slurries"],"ak":"grain","ax":"dark","pr":[["Size","median sizes from about 1 to 10 um and larger depending on energy input","report abstract"]],"hs":{"sz":"median sizes from about 1 to 10 um and larger depending on energy input"},"szm":1e-05,"szs":"10 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[213]},{"id":"cottonseed-oil-emulsion-droplets","n":"Cottonseed oil emulsion droplets","g":6,"sg":"food emulsions","al":["Cottonseed oil droplets from a sucrose and polypeptone solubilizate diluted into an o/w emulsion"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Size","average oil droplet size about 5 um","reported by Ono F 1978"]],"hs":{"sz":"average oil droplet size about 5 um"},"szm":5e-06,"szs":"5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[214]},{"id":"dictyostelium-discoideum","n":"Dictyostelium discoideum","g":1,"sg":"protist (social amoeba)","al":["Dictyostelium discoideum v12/M2"],"ak":"amoeba","pr":[["Size","cell length (diameter) 12 um for wild-type cells (9 um for a mutant); photographs and Coulter Counter ZM size distributions","Rivero F et al. 1996, J Cell Sci 109:2679-2691, PMID 8937986 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","BioNumbers BNID 106826","Rivero F et al. 1996, J Cell Sci 109:2679-2691, PMID 8937986 (via BioNumbers)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell length (diameter) 12 um for wild-type cells (9 um for a mutant); photographs and Coulter Counter ZM size distributions"},"ids":"taxon:44689","szm":1.2e-05,"szs":"12 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[215]},{"id":"dunaliella-tertiolecta","n":"Dunaliella tertiolecta","g":1,"sg":"green alga (marine flagellate)","ak":"flagellate","pr":[["Size","cell volume 54 um3","Edwards KF, Klausmeier CA, Litchman E 2015, Ecology 96:2311, doi:10.1890/14-2252.1 (Ecological Archives E096-202, Table 1 cell volume; primary source: Caperon J, Meyer J 1972, Deep-Sea Res 19:619-632)"],["Size","cell volume 129 (strain CCMP 1320) um3","Edwards KF, Klausmeier CA, Litchman E 2015, Ecology 96:2311, doi:10.1890/14-2252.1 (Ecological Archives E096-202, Table 1 cell volume; primary source: Lomas MW, Glibert PM 2000, J Phycol 36:903-913)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell volume 54 um3"},"ids":"taxon:3047","szm":4.69e-06,"szs":"about 4.69 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[216]},{"id":"human-lymphocytes","n":"Human lymphocytes","g":0,"sg":"lymphocyte","al":["unstimulated and PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","Coulter diameter about 6.4 um (B cells) to 6.8 um (T cells)","El-Awar et al. 1980 Tissue Antigens 15:346 (PMID 6451046), Coulter sizing"],["Charge","mean electrophoretic mobility 1.00 +/- 0.05 um cm/V s (healthy donors, Parmoquant-2 cytopherometer)","Holowiecki J, Wiechnik E, Stanczuk M 1984, Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 32:161-165 (Electrophoretic mobility of leukocytes in leukemia patients)"],["Other","the mobility histogram is the sum of the B and T lymphocyte subpopulations","Holowiecki J, Wiechnik E, Stanczuk M 1984, Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 32:161-165 (Electrophoretic mobility of leukocytes in leukemia patients)"],["Zeta potential","-21.9 +/- 0.2 mV for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Ficoll-Paque layer, pH 7.4, dynamic light scattering)","Bondar OV, Saifullina DV, Shakhmaeva II, Mavlyutova II, Abdullin TI 2012, Acta Naturae 4(1):78-81, doi:10.32607/20758251-2012-4-1-78-81, Table"],["Other","measured on the peripheral blood mononuclear cell layer from Ficoll-Paque separation, not on purified lymphocytes","Bondar OV, Saifullina DV, Shakhmaeva II, Mavlyutova II, Abdullin TI 2012, Acta Naturae 4(1):78-81, doi:10.32607/20758251-2012-4-1-78-81, Table"]],"hs":{"sz":"Coulter diameter about 6.4 um (B cells) to 6.8 um (T cells)","ch":"mean electrophoretic mobility 1.00 +/- 0.05 um cm/V s (healthy donors, Parmoquant-2 cytopherometer)"},"szm":6.8e-06,"szs":"6.8 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[217]},{"id":"lymantria-dispar-nucleopolyhedrovirus-gypsy-moth-npv","n":"Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus (gypsy moth NPV)","g":2,"sg":"baculovirus (insect virus)","al":["gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus"],"ak":"virus-rod","pr":[["Size","rod-shaped nucleocapsid about 21 nm x 260 nm (enveloped; occluded and budded virion forms)","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Alphabaculovirus factsheet"],["Other","genus-level value: ViralZone Alphabaculovirus factsheet","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Alphabaculovirus factsheet"]],"hs":{"sz":"rod-shaped nucleocapsid about 21 nm x 260 nm (enveloped; occluded and budded virion forms)"},"szm":2.6e-07,"szs":"260 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[218]},{"id":"mayonnaise-oil-droplets","n":"Mayonnaise oil droplets","g":6,"sg":"food emulsions","al":["Mayonnaise oil droplets (vacuum mixer and colloid mill preparations, 65 to 90 V/V% oil)"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Size","mean oil droplet size 2 to 3 um for colloid-mill mayonnaise, larger for vacuum-mixer mayonnaise","reported by Oshida K 1978"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean oil droplet size 2 to 3 um for colloid-mill mayonnaise, larger for vacuum-mixer mayonnaise"},"szm":3e-06,"szs":"3 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[219]},{"id":"mouse-3t3-fibroblasts","n":"Mouse 3T3 fibroblasts","g":0,"sg":"cultured cell line (mouse)","al":["3T3 cells (suspended)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","cell volume 2.04 +/- 0.10 pL (NIH 3T3 fibroblasts without the ras oncogene, isotonic, Coulter counter); 2.70 pL for Ha-ras expressing cells","Lang F, Ritter M, Woll E, Weiss H, Haussinger D, Hoflacher J, Maly K, Grunicke H 1992, Pflugers Arch 420:424-427, doi:10.1007/bf00374615"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell volume 2.04 +/- 0.10 pL (NIH 3T3 fibroblasts without the ras oncogene, isotonic, Coulter counter); 2.70 pL for Ha-ras expressing cells"},"ids":"taxon:10090","szm":5.759e-06,"szs":"about 5.76 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[220]},{"id":"neodiprion-sertifer-nucleopolyhedrovirus-european-pine-sawfl","n":"Neodiprion sertifer nucleopolyhedrovirus (European pine sawfly NPV)","g":2,"sg":"baculovirus (insect virus)","al":["European pine sawfly nuclear polyhedrosis virus"],"ak":"virus-rod","pr":[["Size","rod-shaped nucleocapsid about 21 nm x 260 nm (enveloped; occluded and budded virion forms)","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Gammabaculovirus factsheet"],["Other","genus-level value: ViralZone Gammabaculovirus factsheet","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Gammabaculovirus factsheet"]],"hs":{"sz":"rod-shaped nucleocapsid about 21 nm x 260 nm (enveloped; occluded and budded virion forms)"},"szm":2.6e-07,"szs":"260 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[221]},{"id":"nhik-3025-cell-nuclei","n":"NHIK 3025 cell nuclei","g":0,"sg":"isolated nuclei","al":["nuclei of NHIK 3025 cells"],"ak":"nucleus","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[222]},{"id":"nhik-3025-cells","n":"NHIK 3025 cells","g":0,"sg":"cultured cell line (human)","al":["NHIK 3025 cells (human cervix carcinoma line), synchronized"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[223]},{"id":"qx-222-quaternary-lidocaine-derivative","n":"QX-222 (quaternary lidocaine derivative)","g":15,"sg":"local anaesthetic (open-channel blocker)","al":["lidocaine derivative QX-222 blocking open acetylcholine receptor channels"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","221.32 g/mol","PubChem CID 5014"],["Formula","C13H21N2O+","PubChem CID 5014"],["Formal charge","+1","PubChem CID 5014, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.8 nm","ms":"221.32 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5014","szm":7.984e-10,"szs":"about 0.8 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[224]},{"id":"qx-314-quaternary-lidocaine-derivative","n":"QX-314 (quaternary lidocaine derivative)","g":15,"sg":"local anaesthetic (open-channel blocker)","al":["lidocaine derivative QX-314"],"ak":"mol","r":[225]},{"id":"rat-adipocytes","n":"Rat adipocytes","g":0,"sg":"adipocyte","al":["isolated rat epididymal adipose cells"],"ak":"adipocyte","pr":[["Size","mean cell volume 154 +/- 20 pL (young rats under 150 g); old rats (over 450 g) gave two populations of 201 +/- 14 and 813 +/- 41 pL after nylon mesh separation","Flint DJ, Gardner MJ 1984, Mol Cell Endocrinol 36:229-236, doi:10.1016/0303-7207(84)90040-6"],["Size","mean diameters about 40 to 65 um (collagenase-isolated, unfixed adipocytes from rats of 100 to 360 g; electronic sizing agreed with optical sizing)","Maroni BJ, Haesemeyer R, Wilson LK, DiGirolamo M 1990, J Lipid Res 31:1703-1709, doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42354-5"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean cell volume 154 +/- 20 pL (young rats under 150 g); old rats (over 450 g) gave two populations of 201 +/- 14 and 813 +/- 41 pL after nylon mesh separation"},"ids":"taxon:10116","szm":6.5e-05,"szs":"65 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[226]},{"id":"sindbis-virus","n":"Sindbis virus","g":2,"sg":"alphavirus (enveloped, icosahedral)","ak":"virus-corona","pr":[["Size","virion diameter 65 to 70 nm (enveloped, spherical; T=4 capsid of 240 monomers, 80 E1/E2 trimer spikes)","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Alphavirus factsheet"],["Other","genus-level value: ViralZone Alphavirus factsheet","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Alphavirus factsheet"]],"hs":{"sz":"virion diameter 65 to 70 nm (enveloped, spherical; T=4 capsid of 240 monomers, 80 E1/E2 trimer spikes)"},"szm":7e-08,"szs":"70 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[227]},{"id":"sv40-transformed-3t3-cells","n":"SV40-transformed 3T3 cells","g":0,"sg":"cultured cell line (mouse)","al":["SV40-transformed 3T3 cells (suspended)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:10090","r":[228]},{"id":"tipula-iridescent-virus","n":"Tipula iridescent virus","g":2,"sg":"iridovirus (insect virus)","ak":"virus-ico","pr":[["Size","polyhedral virion 185 nm in diameter (icosahedral capsid T=147 with an internal lipid membrane)","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Iridovirus factsheet"],["Other","genus-level value: ViralZone Iridovirus factsheet","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Iridovirus factsheet"]],"hs":{"sz":"polyhedral virion 185 nm in diameter (icosahedral capsid T=147 with an internal lipid membrane)"},"szm":1.85e-07,"szs":"185 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[229]},{"id":"trichomonas-vaginalis","n":"Trichomonas vaginalis","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (flagellate parasite)","ak":"flagellate","pr":[["Size","trophozoites pyriform, 7 to 30 um long","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Trichomoniasis page, last reviewed June 7, 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"trophozoites pyriform, 7 to 30 um long"},"ids":"taxon:5722","szm":3e-05,"szs":"30 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[230]},{"id":"vesicular-stomatitis-virus","n":"Vesicular stomatitis virus","g":2,"sg":"rhabdovirus (enveloped, bullet-shaped)","ak":"virus-bullet","pr":[["Size","equivalent particle diameter mean 107.8 nm by TRPS (n = 1540), 111.8 nm by TEM; distribution 70 to 200 nm; particle 70 x 200 nm","reported by Akpinar F 2015"],["Other","bullet-shaped, negative-sense ssRNA genome","reported by Akpinar F 2015"]],"hs":{"sz":"equivalent particle diameter mean 107.8 nm by TRPS (n = 1540), 111.8 nm by TEM; distribution 70 to 200 nm; particle 70 x 200 nm"},"ids":"taxon:11277","szm":2e-07,"szs":"200 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[231,232]},{"id":"anabaena-sphaerica","n":"Anabaena sphaerica","g":1,"sg":"cyanobacterium (filamentous)","ak":"rod","ax":"cyano","ids":"taxon:212446","r":[233]},{"id":"chlamydomonas-reinhardtii","n":"Chlamydomonas reinhardtii","g":1,"sg":"green alga (flagellate)","al":["Chlamydomonas reinhardi gametes"],"ak":"flagellate","pr":[["Size","cell diameter about 10 um (varies through the cell cycle)","Harris EH 2001, Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 52:363-406, PMID 11337403 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","wall of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins; BioNumbers BNID 109758","Harris EH 2001, Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 52:363-406, PMID 11337403 (via BioNumbers)"],["Size","cell volume 271.6 um3 (soft X-ray tomography of a single cell)","Weiss D, Schneider G, Niemann B 2000, Ultramicroscopy 84:185-197, PMID 10945329 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","BioNumbers BNID 110530","Weiss D, Schneider G, Niemann B 2000, Ultramicroscopy 84:185-197, PMID 10945329 (via BioNumbers)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell diameter about 10 um (varies through the cell cycle)"},"ids":"taxon:3055","szm":1e-05,"szs":"10 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[234]},{"id":"chlorella-pyrenoidosa","n":"Chlorella pyrenoidosa","g":1,"sg":"green alga","ak":"alga","pr":[["Size","cell volume 37.6 um3","Edwards KF, Klausmeier CA, Litchman E 2015, Ecology 96:2311, doi:10.1890/14-2252.1 (Ecological Archives E096-202, Table 1 cell volume; primary source: Ketchum BH, Redfield AC 1949, J Cell Comp Physiol 33:281-299)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell volume 37.6 um3"},"szm":4.157e-06,"szs":"about 4.16 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[235]},{"id":"deep-sea-turbidite-silt-dsdp-sites-386-and-387","n":"Deep-sea turbidite silt (DSDP Sites 386 and 387)","g":5,"sg":"marine sediment","al":["Silt fraction (2 to 40 um) of Paleocene and Eocene siliceous turbidites and pelagic muds, DSDP Sites 386 and 387 (Bermuda Rise)"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","1.71 to 40.3 um in 41 classes at 1/9 phi spacing; upward fining of coarse modes within beds","reported by McCave IN 1979"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.71 to 40.3 um in 41 classes at 1/9 phi spacing; upward fining of coarse modes within beds"},"szm":4.03e-05,"szs":"40.3 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[236]},{"id":"hematite-alpha-fe2o3-powder","n":"Hematite (alpha-Fe2O3) powder","g":6,"sg":"pigments and oxides","al":["Hematite (alpha-Fe2O3) powders, eight commercial grades"],"ak":"aggregate","pr":[["Other","hard aggregates and soft agglomerates in different powders","reported by Nomura T 1979"]],"r":[237]},{"id":"human-corneocytes","n":"Human corneocytes","g":0,"sg":"epithelial cell (stratum corneum)","al":["horny cells (corneocytes) collected from the skin surface"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[238]},{"id":"human-lymphocyte-nuclei","n":"Human lymphocyte nuclei","g":0,"sg":"isolated nuclei","al":["nuclei of human blood lymphocytes and monocytes (Con A-stimulated cultures)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","nuclear volume 232 um3 (lymphocytes in exponential growth phase; diameter by phase-contrast microscopy, height by electron microscopy)","Maul GG, Deaven L 1977, J Cell Biol 73:748-760, Table 1, as entered in BioNumbers BNID 101404"]],"hs":{"sz":"nuclear volume 232 um3 (lymphocytes in exponential growth phase; diameter by phase-contrast microscopy, height by electron microscopy)"},"szm":7.624e-06,"szs":"about 7.62 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[239]},{"id":"mineral-oil-liquid-paraffin-emulsion-droplets","n":"Mineral oil (liquid paraffin) emulsion droplets","g":6,"sg":"model emulsions","al":["Mineral oil-in-water emulsion droplets (45% oil, Tween and Span emulsifiers)"],"ak":"droplet","r":[240]},{"id":"pig-aortic-smooth-muscle-cells","n":"Pig aortic smooth muscle cells","g":0,"sg":"smooth muscle cell","al":["cultured aortic smooth muscle cells of minipigs"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9823","r":[241]},{"id":"plasmodium-berghei","n":"Plasmodium berghei","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (apicomplexan sporozoites)","al":["Plasmodium berghei sporozoites"],"ak":"parasite","ids":"taxon:5821","r":[242]},{"id":"rat-aortic-smooth-muscle-cells","n":"Rat aortic smooth muscle cells","g":0,"sg":"smooth muscle cell","al":["cultured aortic smooth muscle cells of Wistar rats"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:10116","r":[243]},{"id":"rat-bone-marrow-cells","n":"Rat bone marrow cells","g":0,"sg":"bone marrow cell","al":["normal rat bone marrow cells (three volume populations)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:10116","r":[244]},{"id":"rat-cardiac-myocytes","n":"Rat cardiac myocytes","g":0,"sg":"cardiomyocyte","al":["isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes (rod-shaped viable and round damaged cells)"],"ak":"cell","pr":[["Size","cardiomyocyte volume 15.6 +/- 0.5 x 10^3 um3 (sham-operated male Sprague-Dawley rats, normalized for nuclear density)","Calvillo L, Latini R, Kajstura J, Leri A, Anversa P, Ghezzi P, Salio M, Cerami A, Brines M 2003, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:4802-4806, as entered in BioNumbers BNID 108243"]],"hs":{"sz":"cardiomyocyte volume 15.6 +/- 0.5 x 10^3 um3 (sham-operated male Sprague-Dawley rats, normalized for nuclear density)"},"ids":"taxon:10116","szm":1.789e-06,"szs":"about 1.79 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[245]},{"id":"aluminium-trihydroxide-particles-bayer-process","n":"Aluminium trihydroxide particles (Bayer process)","g":6,"sg":"mineral processing","al":["Alumina (aluminium hydroxide) particles in Bayer process slurry, measured online","Aluminium trihydroxide crystals precipitated from sodium aluminate solution (seeded crystallization)"],"ak":"grain","r":[246,247]},{"id":"cavitation-nuclei-in-water-coulter-counter-without-added-sal","n":"Cavitation nuclei in water (Coulter counter without added salt)","g":17,"sg":"cavitation nuclei","al":["cavitation nuclei in water measured without adding salt"],"ak":"nucleus","r":[248]},{"id":"chinese-hamster-v79-multicellular-spheroids","n":"Chinese hamster V79 multicellular spheroids","g":0,"sg":"multicellular spheroid","al":["Chinese hamster V79 (V279-17lb) multicellular spheroids"],"ak":"spheroid","ids":"taxon:10029","r":[249]},{"id":"chloroplasts-avena-sativa-developing","n":"Chloroplasts (Avena sativa, developing)","g":17,"sg":"organelle (plastid)","al":["etiochloroplasts and chloroplasts of Avena sativa"],"ak":"chloro","ids":"taxon:4498","r":[250]},{"id":"etioplasts-avena-sativa","n":"Etioplasts (Avena sativa)","g":17,"sg":"organelle (plastid)","al":["etioplasts of Avena sativa"],"ak":"chloro","ids":"taxon:4498","r":[251]},{"id":"faba-bean-guard-cell-protoplasts","n":"Faba bean guard cell protoplasts","g":0,"sg":"plant protoplast","al":["single guard cell protoplasts of Vicia faba"],"ak":"protoplast","ids":"taxon:3906","r":[252]},{"id":"fish-meat-powder-particles","n":"Fish meat powder particles","g":6,"sg":"protein powders","ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Other","small particles of low particle density","reported by Kudo T 1980"]],"r":[253]},{"id":"guinea-pig-epidermal-cells","n":"Guinea pig epidermal cells","g":0,"sg":"epithelial cell","al":["epidermal cell suspensions from guinea pig skin (basal and flat cells)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:10141","r":[254]},{"id":"human-amniotic-fluid-cells","n":"Human amniotic fluid cells","g":0,"sg":"amniotic fluid cell","al":["amniotic fluid cells (including rapidly adhering glial-like cells)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[255]},{"id":"human-b-lymphocytes","n":"Human B lymphocytes","g":0,"sg":"lymphocyte","ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","diameter 6.42 um","reported by El-Awar N 1980"],["Charge","electrophoretic mobility of resting B lymphocytes 0.85 to 0.99 x 10^-4 cm2/V s","Bauer J, Kachel V, Hannig K 1988, Cell Immunol 111:354-364, doi:10.1016/0008-8749(88)90099-8"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 6.42 um","ch":"electrophoretic mobility of resting B lymphocytes 0.85 to 0.99 x 10^-4 cm2/V s"},"szm":6.42e-06,"szs":"6.42 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[256]},{"id":"human-granulocytes","n":"Human granulocytes","g":0,"sg":"granulocyte","ak":"granulocyte","pr":[["Size","diameter 8.42 um","reported by El-Awar N 1980"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 8.42 um"},"szm":8.42e-06,"szs":"8.42 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[257]},{"id":"human-null-lymphocytes","n":"Human null lymphocytes","g":0,"sg":"lymphocyte","al":["human null lymphocytes (non-T, non-B)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","diameter 7.16 um","reported by El-Awar N 1980"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 7.16 um"},"szm":7.16e-06,"szs":"7.16 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[258]},{"id":"human-t-lymphocytes","n":"Human T lymphocytes","g":0,"sg":"lymphocyte","al":["human T lymphocytes (sheep red cell rosetting)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","diameter 6.76 um","reported by El-Awar N 1980"],["Charge","electrophoretic mobility 1.13 (adult normal T lymphocytes) versus 1.04 in newborns on day 4 (units not stated in the abstract)","Lebrun F, Sabolovic D, Lebovici S, Amiel C, Amiel JL 1976, Biomedicine 25:218-220 (Electrophoretic mobility of lymphocytes in new born)"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 6.76 um","ch":"electrophoretic mobility 1.13 (adult normal T lymphocytes) versus 1.04 in newborns on day 4 (units not stated in the abstract)"},"szm":6.76e-06,"szs":"6.76 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[259]},{"id":"instant-cocoa-powder-particles","n":"Instant cocoa powder particles","g":6,"sg":"beverage powders","ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Other","instantized (agglomerated) powder with a broad distribution shifted to large sizes","reported by Kudo T 1980"]],"r":[260]},{"id":"mouse-peritoneal-cells","n":"Mouse peritoneal cells","g":0,"sg":"peritoneal cell","al":["mouse peritoneal free cells (small lymphocytes, medium mononuclear cells, macrophages)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:10090","r":[261]},{"id":"mouse-splenocytes","n":"Mouse splenocytes","g":0,"sg":"lymphocyte","al":["freshly isolated mouse splenocytes","B and T lymphocytes from mouse splenocytes","murine splenic lymphocytes and concanavalin A blasts"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:10090","r":[262,263,264]},{"id":"nuclei-carcinogen-enlarged-stromalyzed-cells","n":"Nuclei (carcinogen-enlarged, stromalyzed cells)","g":17,"sg":"organelle (nucleus)","al":["cell nuclei in the nuclear enlargement assay"],"ak":"nucleus","r":[265]},{"id":"oat-plastids-etioplasts-and-chloroplasts","n":"Oat plastids (etioplasts and chloroplasts)","g":0,"sg":"plastid (organelle)","al":["oat etioplasts, etiochloroplasts and chloroplasts (Percoll-purified)"],"ak":"chloro","ids":"taxon:4498","r":[266]},{"id":"plutonium-dioxide-puo2-powder","n":"Plutonium dioxide (PuO2) powder","g":6,"sg":"nuclear materials","al":["Plutonium dioxide (PuO2) powder calcined from Pu(III) oxalate (feed for 238PuO2 heat-source pellets)","Plutonium dioxide powders from LASL (as-received, oxygen-exchanged and ball-milled)"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Size","bimodal mass distributions (individual laths and agglomerates of laths); population mode about 0.3 to 0.4 um estimated from the measurable part and SEM","report"],["Other","lath-shaped particles and loose-stacked agglomerates","report"]],"hs":{"sz":"bimodal mass distributions (individual laths and agglomerates of laths); population mode about 0.3 to 0.4 um estimated from the measurable part and SEM"},"szm":4e-07,"szs":"400 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[267,268]},{"id":"pollen-carya-illinoinensis-pecan","n":"Pollen, Carya illinoinensis (pecan)","g":1,"sg":"pollen (calibration standard)","al":["Pecan pollen (Carya, hickory) used as a size standard"],"ak":"pollen","pr":[["Other","pollen swells in saline; size in the NH4SCN/isopropanol electrolyte needed correction","reported by Kudo T 1980"]],"r":[269]},{"id":"pollen-zea-mays-corn","n":"Pollen, Zea mays (corn)","g":1,"sg":"pollen (calibration standard)","al":["Corn pollen used as a size standard"],"ak":"pollen","r":[270]},{"id":"skim-milk-powder-particles","n":"Skim milk powder particles","g":6,"sg":"dairy powders","al":["Skim milk powder particles (spray-dried, sieve-classified fractions; also instant agglomerated skim milk and cyclone-escaped fines)"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Other","spray-dried milk powder mostly single spherical particles; agglomerates above 100 um","reported by Kudo T 1980"]],"r":[271]},{"id":"walker-256-carcinosarcoma-cells","n":"Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell (rat)","ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:10116","r":[272]},{"id":"coconut-oil-emulsion-fat-globules-whey-protein-stabilized","n":"Coconut oil emulsion fat globules (whey-protein-stabilized)","g":6,"sg":"food emulsions","al":["Coconut oil emulsion fat globules stabilized by whey proteins (emulsified at pH 3 to 9)"],"ak":"droplet","ax":"fat","r":[273]},{"id":"cotton-dust-lint-microdust","n":"Cotton dust (lint microdust)","g":6,"sg":"textile dust","al":["Microdust in lint cotton, ultrasonically washed into methanol"],"ak":"fiber","r":[274]},{"id":"daphnia-magna-juveniles","n":"Daphnia magna (juveniles)","g":17,"sg":"crustacean zooplankton","al":["young Daphnia magna in reproduction tests"],"ak":"critter","ids":"taxon:35525","r":[275]},{"id":"horse-eosinophils","n":"Horse eosinophils","g":0,"sg":"eosinophil","al":["equine eosinophils (volume-classified)"],"ak":"granulocyte","ax":"eo","ids":"taxon:9796","r":[276]},{"id":"human-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cells","n":"Human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells","g":0,"sg":"leukemia cell","al":["chronic lymphocytic leukaemia lymphocytes"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","modal volume 166 +/- 19.3 fL (range 126 to 216 fL, 151 patients); calculated diameter 6.8 um (6.2 to 7.4 um); normal lymphocytes 206 fL in the same study (Coulter TF analyser)","Kuse R, Schuster S, Schubbe H, Dix S, Hausmann K 1985, Blut 50:243-248, doi:10.1007/bf00320301"],["Charge","electrophoretic mobility similar to that of normal B cells (electrophoretic light scattering)","Petty HR, Ware BR, Liebes LF, Pelle E, Silber R 1981, Blood 57:250-255, doi:10.1182/blood.v57.2.250.250"],["Size","modal volume 153.8 to 244.2 fL (mean 198.24 fL, 12 cases of B-CLL, Coulter ZBI with channelyser); hairy cell leukaemia 427.5 and 465.6 fL in the same study","Costello C, Wardle J, Catovsky D, Lewis SM 1980, Br J Haematol 45:209-214, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1980.tb07140.x"],["Size","modal lymphocyte volume 140 to 262 um3 (23 patients, Coulter ZBI with Channelyzer C1000); below 190 um3 mostly in early forms","Dighiero G, Lesty C, Couty MC, Binet JL 1980, Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 22:383-390"]],"hs":{"sz":"modal volume 166 +/- 19.3 fL (range 126 to 216 fL, 151 patients); calculated diameter 6.8 um (6.2 to 7.4 um); normal lymphocytes 206 fL in the same study (Coulter TF analyser)","ch":"electrophoretic mobility similar to that of normal B cells (electrophoretic light scattering)"},"szm":7.4e-06,"szs":"7.4 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[277]},{"id":"human-neutrophils","n":"Human neutrophils","g":0,"sg":"neutrophil","al":["human neutrophils (PMN)"],"ak":"granulocyte","pr":[["Size","volume 320 +/- 37 um3","BioNumbers BNID 108241 (https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?s=n&v=3&id=108241), Coulter counter and confocal data of Rosengren et al. 1994 Am J Physiol 267:C1623"],["Other","cellular viscosity 89.0 Pa.s (pore system)","reported by Frank RS 1990; size: BioNumbers BNID 108241 (https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?s=n&v=3&id=108241), Coulter counter and confocal data of Rosengren et al. 1994 Am J Physiol 267:C1623"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume 320 +/- 37 um3"},"szm":4.134e-06,"szs":"about 4.13 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[278,279,280]},{"id":"human-non-hodgkin-lymphoma-cells","n":"Human non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells","g":0,"sg":"lymphoma cell","al":["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells"],"ak":"lymphocyte","r":[281]},{"id":"ls-fibroblasts","n":"LS fibroblasts","g":0,"sg":"cultured fibroblast line","al":["LS fibroblasts grown in suspension (with sucrose)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","r":[282]},{"id":"mdck-cells","n":"MDCK cells","g":0,"sg":"cultured cell line (dog kidney)","al":["MDCK epithelial cells"],"ak":"cell","pr":[["Size","diameter 13 to 15 um (Scepter 2.0 handheld counter, Scepter sensor technology)","EMD Millipore, Introducing Scepter 2.0 Cell Counter (product brochure), as entered in BioNumbers BNID 108927"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 13 to 15 um (Scepter 2.0 handheld counter, Scepter sensor technology)"},"ids":"taxon:9615","szm":1.5e-05,"szs":"15 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[283]},{"id":"rat-hepatocytes","n":"Rat hepatocytes","g":0,"sg":"hepatocyte","al":["isolated rat hepatocytes fractionated by velocity sedimentation (1 day to 12 weeks of age)"],"ak":"cell","pr":[["Size","cell volume 6.2 pL (newly isolated rat hepatocytes)","Corasanti JG, Gleeson D, Boyer JL 1990, Am J Physiol 258:G290-G298, doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1990.258.2.G290, cited by Wagner BA, Venkataraman S, Buettner GR 2011, Free Radic Biol Med 51:700-712, as entered in BioNumbers BNID 115150"],["Charge","electrophoretic mobility -1.68 um cm/V s (isolated hepatocytes in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate); -2.26 after 10 microU insulin","Delpech CB, Perry MC, Plummer DT 1980, Experientia 36:1376-1378, doi:10.1007/bf01960106"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell volume 6.2 pL (newly isolated rat hepatocytes)","ch":"electrophoretic mobility -1.68 um cm/V s (isolated hepatocytes in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate); -2.26 after 10 microU insulin"},"ids":"taxon:10116","szm":2.279e-05,"szs":"about 22.8 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[284]},{"id":"soy-sauce-pasteurization-sediment-particles-hiire-ori","n":"Soy sauce pasteurization sediment particles (hiire-ori)","g":6,"sg":"food haze and sediments","al":["Shoyu (soy sauce) pasteurization sediment (hiire-ori) particles"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","measured from 0.79 to 12.6 um; fast-settling sediment had fewer 0.79 to 1.26 um particles and more 2.0 to 5.04 um particles","reported by Motai H 1981"],["Other","density peaks 1.26 g/cm3 (settled) and 1.245 and 1.19 g/cm3 (floating)","reported by Motai H 1981"]],"hs":{"sz":"measured from 0.79 to 12.6 um; fast-settling sediment had fewer 0.79 to 1.26 um particles and more 2.0 to 5.04 um particles"},"szm":1.26e-05,"szs":"12.6 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[285]},{"id":"barium-sulfate-contrast-meal-particles","n":"Barium sulfate contrast meal particles","g":6,"sg":"radiographic contrast agent","al":["barium sulfate meal particles for double-contrast radiography"],"ak":"bubble","r":[286]},{"id":"binapacryl-suspension-particles-agrochemical-suspension-conc","n":"Binapacryl suspension particles (agrochemical suspension concentrate)","g":6,"sg":"agrochemical crystals","al":["Binapacryl particles in aqueous suspension concentrate (pesticide)","Binapacryl particles in wet-milled aqueous suspension concentrates (pesticide)"],"ak":"crystal","pr":[["Size","1 to 8 um after wet sedimentation classification; weight-average size grew during storage at 45 to 60 C","reported by Fujimoto M 1983"]],"hs":{"sz":"1 to 8 um after wet sedimentation classification; weight-average size grew during storage at 45 to 60 C"},"szm":8e-06,"szs":"8 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[287,288]},{"id":"casein-precipitate-aggregates-ammonium-sulfate","n":"Casein precipitate aggregates (ammonium sulfate)","g":6,"sg":"food protein precipitates","al":["Casein precipitate aggregates formed with ammonium sulfate"],"ak":"crystal","pr":[["Other","density-size relation measured by comparing Coulter and centrifugal sedimentation distributions","reported by Bell DJ 1982"]],"r":[289]},{"id":"copper-sulfate-pentahydrate-crystals","n":"Copper sulfate pentahydrate crystals","g":6,"sg":"inorganic crystals","al":["Copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) secondary nuclei crystals"],"ak":"crystal","ax":"blue","pr":[["Other","CuSO4.5H2O","reported by 村田芳治 1982"]],"r":[290]},{"id":"euglena-gracilis","n":"Euglena gracilis","g":1,"sg":"protist (euglenid flagellate)","al":["Euglena gracilis Klebs (Z strain)"],"ak":"flagellate","ax":"euglena","pr":[["Size","cell volume 1580 um3","Fenchel T, Finlay BJ 1983, Microb Ecol 9:99-122, doi:10.1007/BF02015125, as tabulated by Fahimi P, Matta CF 2021, Phys Biol 18(4) (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","BioNumbers BNID 117326 (secondary compilation; primary source Fenchel and Finlay 1983)","Fenchel T, Finlay BJ 1983, Microb Ecol 9:99-122, doi:10.1007/BF02015125, as tabulated by Fahimi P, Matta CF 2021, Phys Biol 18(4) (via BioNumbers)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell volume 1580 um3"},"ids":"taxon:3039","szm":1.445e-05,"szs":"about 14.5 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[291]},{"id":"hela-cells","n":"HeLa cells","g":0,"sg":"cultured cell line (human)","al":["HeLa S3 cells in suspension culture","HeLa cancer cells (with glutamine treatment)"],"ak":"cell","pr":[["Size","volume about 2600 um3 (typical 3-day-old cell)","BioNumbers BNID 109386 (https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?id=109386), from Luciani et al. 2001 Eur J Cell Biol 80:187"],["Charge","zeta potential measured per cell from transit-time difference (values differ from fibroblasts and HUVECs)","reported by Ni L 2020; size: BioNumbers BNID 109386 (https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?id=109386), from Luciani et al. 2001 Eur J Cell Biol 80:187"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume about 2600 um3 (typical 3-day-old cell)","ch":"zeta potential measured per cell from transit-time difference (values differ from fibroblasts and HUVECs)"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":1.706e-05,"szs":"about 17.1 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[292,293]},{"id":"mouse-myeloma-cells","n":"Mouse myeloma cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (mouse)","al":["mouse myeloma cells (PBS-treated, live and dead)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:10090","r":[294]},{"id":"mouse-pleural-cells","n":"Mouse pleural cells","g":0,"sg":"pleural cell","al":["mouse pleural free cells (small cells and macrophages)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:10090","r":[295]},{"id":"non-cellular-particles-in-bulk-milk-formalin-preserved","n":"Non-cellular particles in bulk milk (formalin-preserved)","g":6,"sg":"dairy","al":["Non-cellular particles (NCP) in formalin-preserved bulk herd milk"],"ak":"grain","r":[296]},{"id":"potash-alum-crystals","n":"Potash alum crystals","g":6,"sg":"inorganic crystals","al":["Potash alum (KAl(SO4)2.12H2O) secondary nuclei crystals"],"ak":"crystal","pr":[["Other","KAl(SO4)2.12H2O","reported by 村田芳治 1982"]],"r":[297]},{"id":"soy-protein-isoelectric-precipitate-aggregates","n":"Soy protein isoelectric precipitate aggregates","g":6,"sg":"food protein precipitates","al":["Isoelectric soya protein precipitate aggregates (mean sizes 3.4 to 65 um)","Soybean protein aggregates from acid (isoelectric) precipitation in a continuous stirred reactor"],"ak":"aggregate","pr":[["Size","mean particle sizes 3.4 to 65 um","reported by Bell DJ 1982"],["Charge","zeta potential changes explain most effects of pH and ionic strength","reported by Petenate AM 1983"],["Other","aggregate density decreases as size increases","reported by Bell DJ 1982"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean particle sizes 3.4 to 65 um","ch":"zeta potential changes explain most effects of pH and ionic strength"},"szm":6.5e-05,"szs":"65 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[298,299]},{"id":"soybean-oil-emulsion-droplets-protein-surfactant-stabilized","n":"Soybean oil emulsion droplets (protein-surfactant-stabilized food emulsion)","g":6,"sg":"food emulsions","al":["Soybean oil emulsion droplets stabilized by enzymatically modified proteinaceous surfactants (gelatin and fish protein with leucine dodecyl ester)"],"ak":"droplet","r":[300]},{"id":"tetrahymena-elliotti","n":"Tetrahymena elliotti","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (ciliate)","ak":"ciliate","ids":"taxon:5897","r":[301]},{"id":"trypanosoma-cruzi","n":"Trypanosoma cruzi","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (trypanosomatid)","al":["Trypanosoma cruzi clones (epimastigotes in liquid medium)"],"ak":"trypanosome","pr":[["Size","trypanosomes 12 to 30 um long (blood trypomastigotes)","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), American Trypanosomiasis page, last reviewed June 16, 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"trypanosomes 12 to 30 um long (blood trypomastigotes)"},"ids":"taxon:5693","szm":3e-05,"szs":"30 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[302]},{"id":"akr-j-mouse-leukemia-cells","n":"AKR/J mouse leukemia cells","g":0,"sg":"leukemia cell (mouse)","al":["cells and nuclei from blood, spleen, bone marrow and thymus of leukemic AKR/J mice"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:10090","r":[303]},{"id":"coal-fly-ash","n":"Coal fly ash","g":5,"sg":"combustion particles","al":["Particles from the stack emission of a pulverized-coal-fired power plant (coal fly ash), sampled with a miniscale plume stack gas sampler","Six coal fly ashes from US power plant coals: Illinois #6, Kentucky #9 and Upper Freeport (bituminous), Beulah ND and San Miguel TX (lignites), Eagle Butte WY (sub-bituminous)"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Size","truncated log-normal fits; 30 um orifice data below 3.5 um and 100 um orifice data above 3.5 um combined","reported by Ghosal S 1991"],["Other","contained larger proportions of Al, Si, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Se, Rb, Y, Zr, Ba and Pb than oil particles","reported by Ahlberg M 1983"],["Other","particles predominantly spherical and glassy","reported by Ghosal S 1991"]],"hs":{"sz":"truncated log-normal fits; 30 um orifice data below 3.5 um and 100 um orifice data above 3.5 um combined"},"szm":0.0001,"szs":"100 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[304,305]},{"id":"goat-milk-somatic-cells","n":"Goat milk somatic cells","g":0,"sg":"milk somatic cells","al":["somatic cells in goat milk"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9925","r":[306]},{"id":"marine-suspended-particulate-matter-baltic-sea","n":"Marine suspended particulate matter (Baltic Sea)","g":5,"sg":"marine seston","al":["Suspended particles in the Baltic Sea"],"ak":"grain","r":[307]},{"id":"mitochondria-tetrahymena-pyriformis-isolated","n":"Mitochondria (Tetrahymena pyriformis, isolated)","g":17,"sg":"organelle (mitochondrion)","al":["isolated mitochondria of Tetrahymena pyriformis"],"ak":"mito","pr":[["Size","volume 0.93 +/- 0.13 um3 (19 preparations); 0.6 +/- 0.06 um3 after glutaraldehyde fixation","reported by Poole RK 1983"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume 0.93 +/- 0.13 um3 (19 preparations); 0.6 +/- 0.06 um3 after glutaraldehyde fixation"},"ids":"taxon:5908","szm":6.285e-07,"szs":"about 629 nm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[308]},{"id":"mouse-intestinal-epithelial-cells","n":"Mouse intestinal epithelial cells","g":0,"sg":"epithelial cell","al":["mouse intestinal epithelial cells (jejunum and colon)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:10090","r":[309]},{"id":"oil-combustion-particles-power-plant-stack-emission","n":"Oil combustion particles (power plant stack emission)","g":5,"sg":"combustion particles","al":["Particles from the stack emission of an oil-fired power plant boiler"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Other","more organic substances and more S, Ni and V than coal particles; considerably larger than coal-boiler particles","reported by Ahlberg M 1983"]],"r":[310]},{"id":"particulate-contamination-in-reconstituted-cephalosporin-inj","n":"Particulate contamination in reconstituted cephalosporin injections","g":6,"sg":"parenteral particulate matter","al":["Particles in reconstituted cephalosporin injections (cephalothin sodium, anophilized cephalothin, cephapirin sodium, cephradine)"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","counts in 10 to 24 um and >= 25 um ranges","reported by Kilarski DJ 1983"]],"hs":{"sz":"counts in 10 to 24 um and >= 25 um ranges"},"szm":2.5e-05,"szs":"25 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[311]},{"id":"particulate-contamination-in-small-volume-parenteral-injecti","n":"Particulate contamination in small volume parenteral injections","g":6,"sg":"parenteral particulate matter","al":["Particulate contamination in small volume injections"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","large differences from light blockage counts, especially below 5 um","reported by Taylor SA 1983"]],"hs":{"sz":"large differences from light blockage counts, especially below 5 um"},"szm":5e-06,"szs":"5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[312]},{"id":"phenolic-resin-powder-friction-material-binder","n":"Phenolic resin powder (friction material binder)","g":14,"sg":"polymer powders","al":["Powdered phenolic resin binder for brake and clutch friction materials"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[313]},{"id":"phlogopite-mica-powder","n":"Phlogopite mica powder","g":6,"sg":"platy minerals","al":["Phlogopite mica powder (ground refined Canadian phlogopite, with some synthetic mica), sieve fractions","Phlogopite mica powder (ground refined Canadian phlogopite), sieve-classified"],"ak":"clay","pr":[["Other","thin plate-like particles; thickness related to projected diameter by the monoparticulate film method","reported by Arakawa M 1985"]],"r":[314,315]},{"id":"secondary-droplets-in-cosmetic-oil-in-water-emulsions-liquid","n":"Secondary droplets in cosmetic oil-in-water emulsions (liquid-crystal-bound droplet aggregates)","g":6,"sg":"cosmetic emulsions","al":["Secondary droplets in cosmetic O/W emulsions (droplet aggregates enclosed by closed-lamella liquid crystal)"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Other","aggregates of emulsion droplets surrounded by lamellar liquid crystal of surfactant, fatty alcohol and water","reported by Suzuki T 1983"]],"r":[316]},{"id":"sheep-milk-somatic-cells","n":"Sheep milk somatic cells","g":0,"sg":"milk somatic cells","al":["somatic cells in sheep milk"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9940","r":[317]},{"id":"soy-protein-aggregates-isoelectric-precipitate","n":"Soy protein aggregates (isoelectric precipitate)","g":11,"sg":"protein aggregate","al":["isoelectric soy protein precipitate aggregates"],"ak":"aggregate","r":[318]},{"id":"soy-protein-isoelectric-precipitate-particles","n":"Soy protein isoelectric precipitate particles","g":6,"sg":"protein precipitate","al":["soybean protein aggregates from isoelectric precipitation"],"ak":"grain","r":[319]},{"id":"tetrahymena-mitochondria","n":"Tetrahymena mitochondria","g":0,"sg":"mitochondrion (organelle)","al":["mitochondria isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis"],"ak":"mito","pr":[["Size","volume 0.93 +/- 0.13 um3 (gradient-purified); 0.6 um3 after glutaraldehyde fixation","reported by Poole RK 1983"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume 0.93 +/- 0.13 um3 (gradient-purified); 0.6 um3 after glutaraldehyde fixation"},"ids":"taxon:5908","szm":6.285e-07,"szs":"about 629 nm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[320]},{"id":"uranyl-fluoride-uo2f2-particles-uf6-hydrolysis-product","n":"Uranyl fluoride (UO2F2) particles (UF6 hydrolysis product)","g":6,"sg":"nuclear materials","al":["Uranyl fluoride (UO2F2) particles, hydrolysis products of uranium hexafluoride"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Other","UO2F2, water soluble (needs a non-aqueous electrolyte)","report abstract"]],"r":[321]},{"id":"activated-carbon-particles","n":"Activated carbon particles","g":6,"sg":"carbons","ak":"grain","ax":"dark","pr":[["Other","porous carbon (Part II of the same series treats the influence of particle porosity on electrical sensing zone sizing)","reported by van der Plaats G 1984"]],"r":[322]},{"id":"beer-solids-haze-and-sediment-particles","n":"Beer solids (haze and sediment particles)","g":6,"sg":"beverage particles","al":["Beer solids (suspended particles in beer)","beer solids"],"ak":"grain","r":[323]},{"id":"cat-platelets","n":"Cat platelets","g":0,"sg":"platelet","al":["feline platelets in platelet-rich plasma"],"ak":"platelet","pr":[["Size","MPV 11.0 to 18.1 fL (25 healthy cats)","reported by Weiser MG 1984"],["Other","platelet count 296,000 to 850,000 per uL","reported by Weiser MG 1984"]],"hs":{"sz":"MPV 11.0 to 18.1 fL (25 healthy cats)"},"ids":"taxon:9685","szm":3.258e-06,"szs":"about 3.26 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[324]},{"id":"chick-neural-retina-nuclei","n":"Chick neural retina nuclei","g":0,"sg":"isolated nuclei","al":["single nuclei from dispersed embryonic chick neural retina"],"ak":"nucleus","ids":"taxon:9031","r":[325]},{"id":"chicken-erythrocytes","n":"Chicken erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"nucleated erythrocyte (bird)","ak":"rbc-nuc","pr":[["Size","cell volume 121.47 +/- 1.29 um3 (optical microscopy, n = 9)","Garcia-Perez AI, Lopez-Beltran EA, Kluner P, Luque J, Ballesteros P, Cerdan S 1999, Arch Biochem Biophys 362(2) (p. 333), as entered in BioNumbers BNID 104643"],["Other","nucleus about 10% of intracellular volume","Garcia-Perez AI, Lopez-Beltran EA, Kluner P, Luque J, Ballesteros P, Cerdan S 1999, Arch Biochem Biophys 362(2) (p. 333), as entered in BioNumbers BNID 104643"],["Size","red cell volume about 104 um3","Nguyen Phu D, Yamaguchi K, Scheid P, Piiper J 1986, J Exp Biol 125:15-27, doi:10.1242/jeb.125.1.15"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell volume 121.47 +/- 1.29 um3 (optical microscopy, n = 9)"},"ids":"taxon:9031","szm":1.351e-06,"szs":"about 1.35 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[326]},{"id":"chicken-leukocytes","n":"Chicken leukocytes","g":0,"sg":"leukocyte (bird)","al":["chicken white blood cells (chiefly peripheral blood lymphocytes)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:9031","r":[327]},{"id":"dental-gypsum-powders","n":"Dental gypsum powders","g":6,"sg":"dental material powder","al":["dental gypsum materials"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[328]},{"id":"ethylcellulose-microcapsules","n":"Ethylcellulose microcapsules","g":6,"sg":"microcapsule","al":["ethylcellulose-walled microcapsules"],"ak":"grain","r":[329]},{"id":"gelatin-acacia-coacervate-microcapsules","n":"Gelatin-acacia coacervate microcapsules","g":6,"sg":"microcapsule","al":["gelatin-acacia coacervate microcapsules (formalin-hardened)"],"ak":"grain","r":[330]},{"id":"human-bone-marrow-cells","n":"Human bone marrow cells","g":0,"sg":"bone marrow cell","al":["harvested human bone marrow cells"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[331]},{"id":"human-sickle-erythrocytes-hbss","n":"Human sickle erythrocytes (HbSS)","g":0,"sg":"erythrocyte (sickle cell disease)","al":["sickle cell erythrocytes (sickle cell disease samples)","sickle (SS) and sickle-trait (AS) red blood cells","sickle cells from three sickle cell patients and normal red cells, under normoxia and hypoxia"],"ak":"rbc-sickle","pr":[["Other","isotonic cytoplasmic resistivity 166.7 ohm-cm (SS), 148.7 (AS), 147.6 (AA); membrane breakdown near 1150 V/cm","reported by Richieri GV 1986"],["Size","MCV 81.52 +/- 7.89 fL (103 homozygous sickle cell patients in steady state) versus 86.90 +/- 4.69 fL in HbAA controls","Akinbami A, Dosunmu A, Adediran A, Oshinaike O, Adebola P, Arogundade O 2012, BMC Res Notes 5:396, doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-396"]],"hs":{"sz":"MCV 81.52 +/- 7.89 fL (103 homozygous sickle cell patients in steady state) versus 86.90 +/- 4.69 fL in HbAA controls"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":2.47e-06,"szs":"about 2.47 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[332,333,334]},{"id":"human-solid-tumor-cells-dissociated","n":"Human solid tumor cells (dissociated)","g":0,"sg":"primary tumor cell","al":["dissociated cells from 40 human solid tumors"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[335]},{"id":"lead-zirconate-titanate-based-piezoelectric-ceramic-powder-m","n":"Lead zirconate titanate-based piezoelectric ceramic powder (Mn-modified PSS-PT-PZ)","g":6,"sg":"ceramic powders","al":["Calcined Mn-modified Pb(Sn1/2Sb1/2)O3-PbTiO3-PbZrO3 piezoelectric ceramic powder"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[336]},{"id":"loess-soil-identification-by-coulter-size-distribution","n":"Loess (soil identification by Coulter size distribution)","g":5,"sg":"aeolian sediment","al":["loess identified by particle size distribution"],"ak":"droplet","r":[337]},{"id":"mcf-7-cell-nuclei","n":"MCF-7 cell nuclei","g":0,"sg":"isolated nuclei","al":["nuclei prepared from MCF-7 monolayer cells"],"ak":"nucleus","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[338]},{"id":"microcapsules-ethylcellulose-walled","n":"Microcapsules, ethylcellulose walled","g":6,"sg":"microcapsules","al":["Microcapsules with ethylcellulose walls"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Other","almost unaffected by water","reported by Ismail N 1984"]],"r":[339]},{"id":"microcapsules-gelatin-acacia-complex-coacervate-walled","n":"Microcapsules, gelatin-acacia complex coacervate walled","g":6,"sg":"microcapsules","al":["Microcapsules with gelatin-acacia complex coacervate (formalin-hardened) walls"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Other","hydrated and swelled in the electrolyte; bimodal distribution","reported by Ismail N 1984"]],"r":[340]},{"id":"parenteral-lipid-emulsion-droplets-intralipid","n":"Parenteral lipid emulsion droplets (Intralipid)","g":6,"sg":"lipid emulsion","al":["Intralipid fat emulsion and Intralipid-containing total parenteral nutrition mixtures in 3 L bags"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Charge","minimum zeta potential and stability at 3 x 10^-3 mol/dm3 CaCl2 and 2.5 x 10^-1 mol/dm3 NaCl","reported by Whateley TL 1984"]],"hs":{"ch":"minimum zeta potential and stability at 3 x 10^-3 mol/dm3 CaCl2 and 2.5 x 10^-1 mol/dm3 NaCl"},"r":[341]},{"id":"parenteral-nutrition-lipid-emulsion-globules","n":"Parenteral nutrition lipid emulsion globules","g":6,"sg":"emulsion droplet","al":["all-in-one total parenteral nutrition emulsion globules","fat globules of all-in-one total parenteral nutrition emulsion mixtures"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Size","globules 0.6-16 um measured","reported by Iliano L 1984"],["Size","diameter 0.6-16 um range measured","reported by Iliano L 1984"]],"hs":{"sz":"globules 0.6-16 um measured"},"szm":1.6e-05,"szs":"16 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[342]},{"id":"perfluorodecalin-emulsion-droplets","n":"Perfluorodecalin emulsion droplets","g":6,"sg":"fluorocarbon emulsions","al":["Perfluorodecalin (PFD) emulsion droplets"],"ak":"droplet","r":[343]},{"id":"perfluorotributylamine-emulsion-droplets","n":"Perfluorotributylamine emulsion droplets","g":6,"sg":"fluorocarbon emulsions","al":["Perfluorotributylamine (PFB) emulsion droplets"],"ak":"droplet","r":[344]},{"id":"plutonium-iii-oxalate-precipitate-crystals","n":"Plutonium(III) oxalate precipitate crystals","g":6,"sg":"nuclear materials","ak":"crystal","pr":[["Size","bimodal distributions (individual laths plus agglomerates); number density of precipitate crystals estimated at 1e6 to 1e8 per cc from Coulter data","report"],["Other","lath crystals","report"]],"hs":{"sz":"bimodal distributions (individual laths plus agglomerates); number density of precipitate crystals estimated at 1e6 to 1e8 per cc from Coulter data"},"r":[345]},{"id":"rat-pancreatic-zymogen-granules","n":"Rat pancreatic zymogen granules","g":0,"sg":"secretory granule (organelle)","al":["rat pancreatic zymogen granules (Percoll-isolated)"],"ak":"granules","pr":[["Size","diameter 1.0 +/- 0.2 um","reported by De Lisle RC 1984"],["Other","density 1.13 g/mL; 0.31 pg protein per granule","reported by De Lisle RC 1984"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 1.0 +/- 0.2 um"},"ids":"taxon:10116","szm":1e-06,"szs":"1 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[346]},{"id":"rd-rhabdomyosarcoma-cells","n":"RD rhabdomyosarcoma cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human)","al":["RD human rhabdomyosarcoma colonies in agarose"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[347]},{"id":"residual-oil-blobs-trapped-oil-ganglia-from-porous-rock","n":"Residual oil blobs (trapped oil ganglia from porous rock)","g":6,"sg":"petroleum","al":["Residual oil blobs (trapped oil ganglia) recovered from laboratory core floods"],"ak":"droplet","r":[348]},{"id":"saxitoxin-stx","n":"Saxitoxin (STX)","g":15,"sg":"guanidinium toxin","al":["saxitoxin blocking single rat brain sodium channels"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","299.29 g/mol","PubChem CID 56947150"],["Formula","C10H17N7O4","PubChem CID 56947150"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 56947150, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.88 nm","ms":"299.29 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:56947150","szm":8.83e-10,"szs":"about 0.88 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[349]},{"id":"total-parenteral-nutrition-all-in-one-admixture-lipid-globul","n":"Total parenteral nutrition all-in-one admixture lipid globules","g":6,"sg":"lipid emulsion","al":["Lipid globules in 'all-in-one' total parenteral nutrition emulsion mixtures with trace elements (Addamel), in EVA bags"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Size","globules 0.6 to 16 um measured; no significant change over storage","reported by Iliano L 1984"]],"hs":{"sz":"globules 0.6 to 16 um measured; no significant change over storage"},"szm":1.6e-05,"szs":"16 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[350]},{"id":"trichophyton-mentagrophytes","n":"Trichophyton mentagrophytes","g":1,"sg":"fungus (dermatophyte spores)","al":["Trichophyton mentagrophytes microconidia and arthrospores"],"ak":"spore","ids":"taxon:523103","r":[351]},{"id":"xylene-in-water-emulsion-droplets","n":"Xylene-in-water emulsion droplets","g":6,"sg":"model emulsions","al":["Xylene emulsion droplets (reference oil)"],"ak":"droplet","r":[352]},{"id":"zymogen-granules-rat-pancreas","n":"Zymogen granules (rat pancreas)","g":17,"sg":"organelle (secretory granule)","al":["rat pancreatic zymogen granules"],"ak":"granules","pr":[["Size","diameter 1.0 +/- 0.2 um","reported by De Lisle RC 1984"],["Other","density about 1.13 g/ml; 0.31 pg protein per granule","reported by De Lisle RC 1984"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 1.0 +/- 0.2 um"},"ids":"taxon:10116","szm":1e-06,"szs":"1 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[353]},{"id":"bovine-sperm-nuclei","n":"Bovine sperm nuclei","g":0,"sg":"sperm nucleus (cell part)","al":["bull sperm nuclei after SDS/NaOH treatment of semen in extenders"],"ak":"sperm-head","ids":"taxon:9913","r":[354]},{"id":"dog-erythrocytes","n":"Dog erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"erythrocyte","al":["canine erythrocytes","red blood cells of puppies and mature beagle dogs","dog red blood cells"],"ak":"rbc","pr":[["Size","MCV 66 to 77 fL (reference range)","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"],["Other","RBC count 4.95 to 7.87 x 10^6/uL","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"]],"hs":{"sz":"MCV 66 to 77 fL (reference range)"},"ids":"taxon:9615","szm":5.278e-06,"szs":"about 5.28 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[355,356,357]},{"id":"dog-platelets","n":"Dog platelets","g":0,"sg":"platelet","ak":"platelet","pr":[["Size","MPV 6.1 to 10.1 fL (reference range)","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"],["Other","platelet count 211 to 621 x 10^3/uL","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"]],"hs":{"sz":"MPV 6.1 to 10.1 fL (reference range)"},"ids":"taxon:9615","szm":2.682e-06,"szs":"about 2.68 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[358]},{"id":"goat-platelets","n":"Goat platelets","g":0,"sg":"platelet","ak":"platelet","ids":"taxon:9925","r":[359]},{"id":"griseofulvin-drug-particles","n":"Griseofulvin drug particles","g":6,"sg":"drug crystals","al":["Griseofulvin drug particles in suspension"],"ak":"crystal","r":[360]},{"id":"griseofulvin-particles","n":"Griseofulvin particles","g":6,"sg":"drug powder","al":["griseofulvin particles dissolving from suspension"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[361]},{"id":"guinea-pig-platelets","n":"Guinea pig platelets","g":0,"sg":"platelet","ak":"platelet","pr":[["Size","MPV reference interval 7.1 to 9.1 fL in males (mean 8.3, n = 93) and 7.7 to 9.3 fL in females (mean 8.8); juveniles 6.8 to 9.1 fL; Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs","Spittler AP, Afzali MF, Bork SB, Burton LH, Radakovich LB, Seebart CA, et al. 2021, PLoS One 16:e0253794, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253794"]],"hs":{"sz":"MPV reference interval 7.1 to 9.1 fL in males (mean 8.3, n = 93) and 7.7 to 9.3 fL in females (mean 8.8); juveniles 6.8 to 9.1 fL; Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs"},"ids":"taxon:10141","szm":2.59e-06,"szs":"about 2.59 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[362]},{"id":"horse-platelets","n":"Horse platelets","g":0,"sg":"platelet","ak":"platelet","pr":[["Size","MPV 4.0 to 6.0 fL (reference range)","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"],["Other","platelet count 117 to 256 x 10^3/uL","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"]],"hs":{"sz":"MPV 4.0 to 6.0 fL (reference range)"},"ids":"taxon:9796","szm":2.255e-06,"szs":"about 2.25 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[363]},{"id":"human-epidermal-keratinocytes","n":"Human epidermal keratinocytes","g":0,"sg":"epithelial cell","al":["cultured human epidermal cells"],"ak":"cell","pr":[["Size","diameter 12.5 um (neonatal epidermal keratinocytes, HEKn, Countess automated cell counter)","Invitrogen Countess automated cell counter specification sheet, as entered in BioNumbers BNID 108894"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 12.5 um (neonatal epidermal keratinocytes, HEKn, Countess automated cell counter)"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":1.25e-05,"szs":"12.5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[364]},{"id":"hydrocortisone-acetate-drug-particles","n":"Hydrocortisone acetate drug particles","g":6,"sg":"drug crystals","al":["Hydrocortisone acetate drug particles in suspension"],"ak":"crystal","r":[365]},{"id":"hydrocortisone-acetate-particles","n":"Hydrocortisone acetate particles","g":6,"sg":"drug powder","al":["hydrocortisone acetate particles dissolving from suspension"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[366]},{"id":"non-metallic-inclusions-in-molten-aluminium","n":"Non-metallic inclusions in molten aluminium","g":6,"sg":"metal inclusions","al":["Non-conductive particulates (non-metallic inclusions) in molten aluminium, also applicable to gallium, zinc and lead melts"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","particulates of about 15 um or larger detected","patent"]],"hs":{"sz":"particulates of about 15 um or larger detected"},"szm":1.5e-05,"szs":"15 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[367]},{"id":"pig-platelets","n":"Pig platelets","g":0,"sg":"platelet","ak":"platelet","pr":[["Size","MPV reference interval 6.9 to 16.7 fL (mean 10.3, n = 66; sexually mature companion pigs, mostly Vietnamese potbellied and American mini pigs, ADVIA 2120)","Schaefer DMW, Videla R, Smith JS, Mulon PY, Flatland B, Zhu X 2025, PeerJ 13:e18968, doi:10.7717/peerj.18968"]],"hs":{"sz":"MPV reference interval 6.9 to 16.7 fL (mean 10.3, n = 66; sexually mature companion pigs, mostly Vietnamese potbellied and American mini pigs, ADVIA 2120)"},"ids":"taxon:9823","szm":3.171e-06,"szs":"about 3.17 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[368]},{"id":"rabbit-platelets","n":"Rabbit platelets","g":0,"sg":"platelet","ak":"platelet","pr":[["Size","MPV 4.8 +/- 0.4 fL (control rabbits on normal diet, n = 5); 4.1 +/- 0.3 fL in cholesterol-fed rabbits","Martin JF, Slater DN, Kishk YT, Trowbridge EA 1985, Arteriosclerosis 5:604-612, doi:10.1161/01.atv.5.6.604"]],"hs":{"sz":"MPV 4.8 +/- 0.4 fL (control rabbits on normal diet, n = 5); 4.1 +/- 0.3 fL in cholesterol-fed rabbits"},"ids":"taxon:9986","szm":9.142e-07,"szs":"about 914 nm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[369]},{"id":"rabbit-sperm-nuclei","n":"Rabbit sperm nuclei","g":0,"sg":"sperm nucleus (cell part)","al":["rabbit sperm nuclei after SDS/NaOH dissolution of organelles and debris"],"ak":"sperm-head","ids":"taxon:9986","r":[370]},{"id":"rainbow-trout-erythrocytes","n":"Rainbow trout erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"nucleated erythrocyte (fish)","ak":"rbc-nuc","pr":[["Size","MCV 346 +/- 25 fL","reported by Haley PJ 1985"],["Other","count 1.5 x 10^6 cells/uL; volume CV 29%","reported by Haley PJ 1985"]],"hs":{"sz":"MCV 346 +/- 25 fL"},"ids":"taxon:8022","szm":3.628e-06,"szs":"about 3.63 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[371]},{"id":"sheep-platelets","n":"Sheep platelets","g":0,"sg":"platelet","ak":"platelet","ids":"taxon:9940","r":[372]},{"id":"titanium-diboride-tib2-particles-in-molten-aluminium","n":"Titanium diboride (TiB2) particles in molten aluminium","g":6,"sg":"metallurgical inclusion","al":["titanium diboride particles added to molten aluminium"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[373]},{"id":"titanium-vanadium-boride-ti-v-b-precipitates-in-molten-alumi","n":"Titanium-vanadium boride (Ti-V)B precipitates in molten aluminium","g":6,"sg":"metallurgical inclusion","al":["(Ti-V)B particles precipitated in molten aluminium by boron additions"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[374]},{"id":"bhk-21-cells","n":"BHK-21 cells","g":0,"sg":"cultured cell line (hamster)","al":["BHK and polyoma-transformed BHK cells"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:10036","r":[375]},{"id":"dental-casting-investment-powders","n":"Dental casting investment powders","g":6,"sg":"dental materials","al":["Dental casting investment powders (gypsum-, phosphate- and silicate-bonded)"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[376]},{"id":"gas-microbubbles-nitrogen-tham-reduced-co2-n2-bubbles","n":"Gas microbubbles (nitrogen, THAM-reduced CO2/N2 bubbles)","g":17,"sg":"microbubble","al":["N2/CO2 gas microbubbles made by gas injection and THAM differential absorption","calibrated nitrogen microbubbles for echo contrast"],"ak":"bubble","pr":[["Size","40-100 um before shrinkage","reported by Butler BD 1986"],["Size","40-100 um as produced, smaller after CO2 absorption","reported by Butler BD 1986"]],"hs":{"sz":"40-100 um before shrinkage"},"szm":0.0001,"szs":"100 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[377,378]},{"id":"grain-dust-corn","n":"Grain dust (corn)","g":6,"sg":"agricultural dust","al":["Grain dust from corn handling (dust collection systems of terminal grain elevators)"],"ak":"grain","ax":"dark","pr":[["Size","particle size distribution and surface area by Coulter Counter; fractions < 100 um of whole dust reported","reported by Parnell CB Jr 1986"],["Other","bulk density, particle density and ash content also reported","reported by Parnell CB Jr 1986"]],"hs":{"sz":"particle size distribution and surface area by Coulter Counter; fractions < 100 um of whole dust reported"},"szm":0.0001,"szs":"100 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[379]},{"id":"grain-dust-rice","n":"Grain dust (rice)","g":6,"sg":"agricultural dust","al":["Grain dust from rice handling (dust collection systems of terminal grain elevators)"],"ak":"grain","ax":"dark","pr":[["Size","particle size distribution and surface area by Coulter Counter; fractions < 100 um of whole dust reported","reported by Parnell CB Jr 1986"],["Other","bulk density, particle density and ash content also reported","reported by Parnell CB Jr 1986"]],"hs":{"sz":"particle size distribution and surface area by Coulter Counter; fractions < 100 um of whole dust reported"},"szm":0.0001,"szs":"100 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[380]},{"id":"grain-dust-sorghum","n":"Grain dust (sorghum)","g":6,"sg":"agricultural dust","al":["Grain dust from sorghum handling (dust collection systems of terminal grain elevators)"],"ak":"grain","ax":"dark","pr":[["Size","particle size distribution and surface area by Coulter Counter; fractions < 100 um of whole dust reported","reported by Parnell CB Jr 1986"],["Other","bulk density, particle density and ash content also reported","reported by Parnell CB Jr 1986"]],"hs":{"sz":"particle size distribution and surface area by Coulter Counter; fractions < 100 um of whole dust reported"},"szm":0.0001,"szs":"100 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[381]},{"id":"grain-dust-soybean","n":"Grain dust (soybean)","g":6,"sg":"agricultural dust","al":["Grain dust from soybean handling (dust collection systems of terminal grain elevators)"],"ak":"grain","ax":"dark","pr":[["Size","particle size distribution and surface area by Coulter Counter; fractions < 100 um of whole dust reported","reported by Parnell CB Jr 1986"],["Other","bulk density, particle density and ash content also reported","reported by Parnell CB Jr 1986"]],"hs":{"sz":"particle size distribution and surface area by Coulter Counter; fractions < 100 um of whole dust reported"},"szm":0.0001,"szs":"100 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[382]},{"id":"grain-dust-wheat","n":"Grain dust (wheat)","g":6,"sg":"agricultural dust","al":["Grain dust from wheat handling (dust collection systems of terminal grain elevators)"],"ak":"grain","ax":"dark","pr":[["Size","particle size distribution and surface area by Coulter Counter; fractions < 100 um of whole dust reported","reported by Parnell CB Jr 1986"],["Other","bulk density, particle density and ash content also reported","reported by Parnell CB Jr 1986"]],"hs":{"sz":"particle size distribution and surface area by Coulter Counter; fractions < 100 um of whole dust reported"},"szm":0.0001,"szs":"100 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[383]},{"id":"grass-carp-erythrocytes","n":"Grass carp erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"nucleated erythrocyte (fish)","al":["erythrocytes of diploid and triploid grass carp"],"ak":"rbc-nuc","ids":"taxon:7959","r":[384]},{"id":"human-microvascular-endothelial-cells","n":"Human microvascular endothelial cells","g":0,"sg":"endothelial cell","al":["human omental microvascular endothelial cells (adherent cells solubilized with Zap-Isoton)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[385]},{"id":"limestone-dust","n":"Limestone dust","g":6,"sg":"mineral dusts","al":["Limestone dust aerosol (laboratory-generated, filter-collected total dust)"],"ak":"grain","r":[386]},{"id":"mouse-bone-marrow-cells","n":"Mouse bone marrow cells","g":0,"sg":"bone marrow cell","al":["Balb/c mouse bone marrow cells"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:10090","r":[387]},{"id":"p388-murine-leukemia-cells","n":"P388 murine leukemia cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (mouse)","al":["P388 lymphoid cells"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Charge","electrophoretic mobility 1.07 x 10^-4 cm2/V s for doxorubicin-sensitive P388/S cells and 1.35 x 10^-4 cm2/V s for resistant P388/R cells (free-flow electrophoresis)","Nair S, Horton A, Leif RC, Krishan A 1988, Cytometry 9:232-237, doi:10.1002/cyto.990090308"],["Other","neuraminidase lowered the mobility of both lines by 15 to 20%","Nair S, Horton A, Leif RC, Krishan A 1988, Cytometry 9:232-237, doi:10.1002/cyto.990090308"]],"hs":{"ch":"electrophoretic mobility 1.07 x 10^-4 cm2/V s for doxorubicin-sensitive P388/S cells and 1.35 x 10^-4 cm2/V s for resistant P388/R cells (free-flow electrophoresis)"},"ids":"taxon:10090","r":[388]},{"id":"particulate-contamination-in-large-volume-parenteral-solutio","n":"Particulate contamination in large-volume parenteral solutions","g":6,"sg":"parenteral particulate matter","al":["Particulate contamination in 200 containers (40 batches) of nine types of large-volume parenteral solutions made in Italy"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","2 to 25 um; Coulter counts higher than HIAC counts for about half of the products","reported by Montanari L 1986"]],"hs":{"sz":"2 to 25 um; Coulter counts higher than HIAC counts for about half of the products"},"szm":2.5e-05,"szs":"25 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[389]},{"id":"proliposomes-amphotericin-b-hydrated","n":"Proliposomes (amphotericin B, hydrated)","g":3,"sg":"proliposome","al":["amphotericin B proliposomes after hydration"],"ak":"liposome","r":[390]},{"id":"rat-bronchoalveolar-lavage-cells","n":"Rat bronchoalveolar lavage cells","g":0,"sg":"lavage cells (mostly alveolar macrophages)","ak":"monocyte","pr":[["Size","alveolar macrophages from lavage: diameter 13.1 +/- 0.2 um, volume 1166 +/- 42 um3 (Coulter-type volume flow cytometry, CD rats)","Krombach F, Munzing S, Allmeling AM, Gerlach JT, Behr J, Dorger M 1997, Environ Health Perspect 105 Suppl 5:1261-1263, doi:10.1289/ehp.97105s51261"],["Other","value for the alveolar macrophages in the lavage, not for every lavage cell type","Krombach F, Munzing S, Allmeling AM, Gerlach JT, Behr J, Dorger M 1997, Environ Health Perspect 105 Suppl 5:1261-1263, doi:10.1289/ehp.97105s51261"]],"hs":{"sz":"alveolar macrophages from lavage: diameter 13.1 +/- 0.2 um, volume 1166 +/- 42 um3 (Coulter-type volume flow cytometry, CD rats)"},"ids":"taxon:10116","szm":1.31e-05,"szs":"13.1 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[391]},{"id":"rat-erythrocytes","n":"Rat erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"erythrocyte","al":["peripheral red blood cells of Sprague Dawley rats","rat red blood cells"],"ak":"rbc","pr":[["Size","MCV reference interval 58.01 to 67.00 fL in males (median 62.35) and 55.21 to 64.80 fL in females (median 59.65); 500 Sprague-Dawley rats, Sysmex XT-2100i","He Q, Su G, Liu K, Zhang F, Jiang Y, Gao J, Liu L, Jiang Z, Jin M, Xie H 2017, PLoS One 12:e0189837, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189837"],["Charge","relative: electrophoretic mobility in PBS similar to that of human and horse red cells (higher than guinea pig and rabbit red cells)","Baskurt OK, Bor-Kucukatay M, Yalcin O, Meiselman HJ 2000, Biorheology 37:417-428 (Aggregation behavior and electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells in various mammalian species)"]],"hs":{"sz":"MCV reference interval 58.01 to 67.00 fL in males (median 62.35) and 55.21 to 64.80 fL in females (median 59.65); 500 Sprague-Dawley rats, Sysmex XT-2100i","ch":"relative: electrophoretic mobility in PBS similar to that of human and horse red cells (higher than guinea pig and rabbit red cells)"},"ids":"taxon:10116","szm":5.039e-06,"szs":"about 5.04 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[392,393]},{"id":"rat-leukocytes","n":"Rat leukocytes","g":0,"sg":"leukocyte","al":["peripheral white blood cells of Sprague Dawley rats"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:10116","r":[394]},{"id":"rat-primary-spermatocytes","n":"Rat primary spermatocytes","g":0,"sg":"germ cell","al":["zygotene/early pachytene and midpachytene spermatocytes from rat testes"],"ak":"sperm","ids":"taxon:10116","r":[395]},{"id":"rat-sertoli-cells","n":"Rat Sertoli cells","g":0,"sg":"somatic testis cell","al":["Sertoli cells from immature rat testes"],"ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","cell volume 5,300 to 5,500 um3 at stages VI to VIII, rising to 7,700 to 8,000 um3 at stages XII to XIV of the spermatogenic cycle (light microscopic morphometry in situ)","Kerr JB 1988, Anat Embryol (Berl) 177:341-348, doi:10.1007/bf00315842"],["Size","cell volume 6,012 um3 (3D reconstruction of one stage V Sertoli cell in situ)","Wong V, Russell LD 1983, Am J Anat 167:143-161, doi:10.1002/aja.1001670202"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell volume 5,300 to 5,500 um3 at stages VI to VIII, rising to 7,700 to 8,000 um3 at stages XII to XIV of the spermatogenic cycle (light microscopic morphometry in situ)"},"ids":"taxon:10116","szm":9.847e-06,"szs":"about 9.85 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[396]},{"id":"rat-type-a-spermatogonia","n":"Rat type A spermatogonia","g":0,"sg":"germ cell","al":["type A spermatogonia from immature rat testes (elutriated, Percoll-purified)"],"ak":"sperm","ids":"taxon:10116","r":[397]},{"id":"rat-type-b-spermatogonia","n":"Rat type B spermatogonia","g":0,"sg":"germ cell","al":["type B spermatogonia from immature rat testes"],"ak":"sperm","ids":"taxon:10116","r":[398]},{"id":"urinary-crystals-human-crystalluria","n":"Urinary crystals (human crystalluria)","g":4,"sg":"biomineral crystals","al":["Urinary crystals (crystalluria) in urine of male marathon runners"],"ak":"crystal","pr":[["Size","bimodal volume-size distributions with peaks at 2 to 5 um and 15 to 32 um diameter","reported by Irving RA 1986"]],"hs":{"sz":"bimodal volume-size distributions with peaks at 2 to 5 um and 15 to 32 um diameter"},"szm":3.2e-05,"szs":"32 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[399]},{"id":"wheat-starch-granules","n":"Wheat starch granules","g":6,"sg":"starch granule","al":["wheat starch granule populations"],"ak":"starch","r":[400]},{"id":"bovine-leukocytes","n":"Bovine leukocytes","g":0,"sg":"leukocyte","al":["bovine leukocytes (lysed)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","mean lysed leukocyte volume 65.0 fL","reported by Weiser MG 1987"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean lysed leukocyte volume 65.0 fL"},"ids":"taxon:9913","szm":4.989e-06,"szs":"about 4.99 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[401]},{"id":"c6-glioma-cells","n":"C6 glioma cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (rat glial)","al":["C6 glioma cells (acid-loaded)"],"ak":"neuron","ids":"taxon:10116","r":[402]},{"id":"calcium-phosphate-crystals-urinary","n":"Calcium phosphate crystals (urinary)","g":6,"sg":"urinary crystal","al":["calcium phosphate crystals formed in urine on adding NaOH"],"ak":"crystal","pr":[["Size","counted in the 3.5-5 um size window","reported by Tiselius HG 1987"]],"hs":{"sz":"counted in the 3.5-5 um size window"},"szm":5e-06,"szs":"5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[403]},{"id":"cat-erythrocytes","n":"Cat erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"erythrocyte","al":["feline erythrocytes"],"ak":"rbc","pr":[["Size","MCV 39 to 55 fL (reference range)","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"],["Other","RBC count 5.0 to 10.0 x 10^6/uL","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"]],"hs":{"sz":"MCV 39 to 55 fL (reference range)"},"ids":"taxon:9685","szm":4.718e-06,"szs":"about 4.72 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[404]},{"id":"cat-leukocytes","n":"Cat leukocytes","g":0,"sg":"leukocyte","al":["feline leukocytes (lysed)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","mean lysed leukocyte volume 51.1 fL","reported by Weiser MG 1987"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean lysed leukocyte volume 51.1 fL"},"ids":"taxon:9685","szm":4.604e-06,"szs":"about 4.6 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[405]},{"id":"d-deuteron","n":"D+ (deuteron)","g":16,"sg":"deuteron (isotope of H+)","al":["D+ (deuteron, in D2O)","deuterium ion (D+)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"|+1","pr":[["Charge","+1","reported by Prod'hom B 1987"],["Mass","2.0141 g/mol","PubChem CID 5460634"],["Formula","H+","PubChem CID 5460634"]],"hs":{"ms":"2.0141 g/mol","ch":"+1"},"ids":"pubchem:5460634","r":[406,407]},{"id":"dog-leukocytes","n":"Dog leukocytes","g":0,"sg":"leukocyte","al":["canine leukocytes (lysed)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","mean lysed leukocyte volume 49.2 fL","reported by Weiser MG 1987"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean lysed leukocyte volume 49.2 fL"},"ids":"taxon:9615","szm":4.546e-06,"szs":"about 4.55 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[408]},{"id":"h","n":"H+","g":16,"sg":"proton","al":["H+ (proton)","proton (H+)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"H|+1","pr":[["Charge","+1","reported by Prod'hom B 1987"],["Mass","1.008 Da (hydrogen)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+1 e","from the ion's formula"],["Formula","H+","PubChem CID 5460653"]],"hs":{"ms":"1.008 Da (hydrogen)","ch":"+1"},"ids":"pubchem:5460653","r":[409,410,411]},{"id":"horse-erythrocytes","n":"Horse erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"erythrocyte","al":["equine erythrocytes"],"ak":"rbc","pr":[["Size","MCV 37 to 49 fL (reference range)","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"],["Other","RBC count 6.0 to 10.4 x 10^6/uL","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"],["Charge","relative: electrophoretic mobility in PBS similar to that of human and rat red cells (higher than guinea pig and rabbit red cells)","Baskurt OK, Bor-Kucukatay M, Yalcin O, Meiselman HJ 2000, Biorheology 37:417-428 (Aggregation behavior and electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells in various mammalian species)"]],"hs":{"sz":"MCV 37 to 49 fL (reference range)","ch":"relative: electrophoretic mobility in PBS similar to that of human and rat red cells (higher than guinea pig and rabbit red cells)"},"ids":"taxon:9796","szm":4.54e-06,"szs":"about 4.54 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[412]},{"id":"horse-leukocytes","n":"Horse leukocytes","g":0,"sg":"leukocyte","al":["equine leukocytes (lysed)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","mean lysed leukocyte volume 55.4 fL","reported by Weiser MG 1987"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean lysed leukocyte volume 55.4 fL"},"ids":"taxon:9796","szm":4.73e-06,"szs":"about 4.73 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[413]},{"id":"kluyveromyces-marxianus","n":"Kluyveromyces marxianus","g":1,"sg":"yeast","al":["Kluyveromyces fragilis"],"ak":"yeast","ids":"taxon:4911","r":[414]},{"id":"rat-peritoneal-macrophages","n":"Rat peritoneal macrophages","g":0,"sg":"macrophage","al":["elicited rat peritoneal macrophages"],"ak":"monocyte","ids":"taxon:10116","r":[415]},{"id":"tetrodotoxin-ttx","n":"Tetrodotoxin (TTX)","g":15,"sg":"guanidinium toxin","al":["tetrodotoxin-induced closures of single sodium channels"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Charge","+1","reported by Green WN 1987"],["Mass","319.27 g/mol","PubChem CID 11174599"],["Formula","C11H17N3O8","PubChem CID 11174599"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 11174599, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.9 nm","ms":"319.27 g/mol","ch":"+1"},"ids":"pubchem:11174599","szm":9.022e-10,"szs":"about 0.9 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[416]},{"id":"acrylate-resin-balloons-porous-hollow-cosmetic-extender-pigm","n":"Acrylate resin balloons, porous hollow (cosmetic extender pigment)","g":6,"sg":"cosmetic powders","al":["Porous hollow acrylate resin balloons (cosmetic extender pigment)"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Other","hollow porous spheres with low angle of fall and repose; oil absorption adjustable by surfactant amount","reported by Nagai M 1988"]],"r":[417]},{"id":"ba2","n":"Ba2+","g":16,"sg":"divalent metal ion","al":["single Ba2+ ions blocking a K+ channel"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Ba|+2","pr":[["Charge","+2","reported by Yang C 2013"],["Mass","137.33 Da (barium)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+2 e","from the ion's formula"],["Formula","Ba+2","PubChem CID 104810"]],"hs":{"ms":"137.33 Da (barium)","ch":"+2"},"ids":"pubchem:104810","r":[418,419]},{"id":"boron-powders","n":"Boron powders","g":6,"sg":"elemental powder","al":["fine boron powders"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Size","median diameter 10-30 um range studied","reported by Davies JA 1988; pubchem id from PubChem name lookup"],["Mass","10.81 g/mol","PubChem CID 5462311"],["Formula","B","PubChem CID 5462311"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5462311, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"median diameter 10-30 um range studied","ms":"10.81 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5462311","szm":3e-05,"szs":"30 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[420]},{"id":"calcium-silicate-spherical-particles-cosmetic-extender","n":"Calcium silicate spherical particles (cosmetic extender)","g":6,"sg":"cosmetic powders","al":["Spherical calcium silicate particles (synthesized cosmetic extender)"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Other","spherical","reported by Nagai M 1988"]],"r":[421]},{"id":"cavitation-nuclei-in-seawater-microbubbles-and-particles","n":"Cavitation nuclei in seawater (microbubbles and particles)","g":5,"sg":"cavitation nuclei","al":["cavitation nuclei (microbubbles and particles) in ocean water"],"ak":"bubble","r":[422]},{"id":"charybdotoxin-scorpion-venom","n":"Charybdotoxin (scorpion venom)","g":12,"sg":"peptide toxin","al":["charybdotoxin blocking single Ca2+-activated K+ channels"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","4,296 g/mol","PubChem CID 56842037"],["Formula","C176H277N57O55S7","PubChem CID 56842037"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 56842037, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"2.15 nm","ms":"4,296 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:56842037","szm":2.146e-09,"szs":"about 2.15 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[423]},{"id":"duck-erythrocytes","n":"Duck erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"nucleated erythrocyte (bird)","al":["white Pekin duck erythrocytes"],"ak":"rbc-nuc","pr":[["Size","two erythrocyte populations with mean corpuscular volumes of 128.37 fL and 308.50 fL (10 adult white Pekin ducks)","Hebert R, Nanney J, Spano JS, Pedersoli WM, Krista LM 1989, Am J Vet Res 50:958-960, doi:10.2460/ajvr.1989.50.06.958"],["Size","red cell volume about 155 um3 (muscovy duck); chicken 104 um3 in the same study","Nguyen Phu D, Yamaguchi K, Scheid P, Piiper J 1986, J Exp Biol 125:15-27, doi:10.1242/jeb.125.1.15"]],"hs":{"sz":"two erythrocyte populations with mean corpuscular volumes of 128.37 fL and 308.50 fL (10 adult white Pekin ducks)"},"ids":"taxon:8839","szm":6.259e-06,"szs":"about 6.26 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[424]},{"id":"herpetomonas-samuelpessoai","n":"Herpetomonas samuelpessoai","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (trypanosomatid)","ak":"trypanosome","ids":"taxon:5715","r":[425]},{"id":"ice-core-dust-mizuho-station-antarctica","n":"Ice core dust (Mizuho Station, Antarctica)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Insoluble microparticles in a 700 m ice core from Mizuho Station, East Antarctica"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","16 size ranges between 0.25 and 8.00 um; particles < 0.63 um excluded (noise); no particles > 10 um; concentration of particles > 0.63 um more than doubles at 240 to 440 m depth","reported by Fujii Y 1988"]],"hs":{"sz":"16 size ranges between 0.25 and 8.00 um; particles < 0.63 um excluded (noise); no particles > 10 um; concentration of particles > 0.63 um more than doubles at 240 to 440 m depth"},"szm":1e-05,"szs":"10 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[426]},{"id":"klebsiella-pneumoniae","n":"Klebsiella pneumoniae","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative rod)","ak":"rod","ax":"gn","pr":[["Zeta potential","-38.2 +/- 0.9 mV (ATCC 700603); clinical isolates -37.1 and -37.2 mV; colistin-resistant strains -12.8 mV (ATCC BAA-2784) and -13.3 mV (isolate S2); washed cells in 0.05X PBS pH 7.2, Anton Paar Litesizer 500","Peketi ASK, Svl SKK, P KK, Rangineni J, Veeraraghavan B, Bulagonda EP 2026, Sci Rep 16, doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38958-x"],["Isoelectric point","2.48 (acetate-HCl buffer)","Harden VP, Harris JO 1953, J Bacteriol 65:198-202, PMID 13034716, Table 1, isoelectric points by cell electrophoresis in acetate-HCl buffer (via BioNumbers BNID 109120)"]],"hs":{"ch":"zeta -38.2 +/- 0.9 mV (ATCC 700603); clinical isolates -37.1 and -37.2 mV; colistin-resistant strains -12.8 mV (ATCC BAA-2784) and -13.3 mV (isolate S2); washed cells in 0.05X PBS pH 7.2, Anton Paar Litesizer 500"},"ids":"taxon:573","r":[427]},{"id":"mycobacterium-bovis-bcg","n":"Mycobacterium bovis BCG","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (acid-fast, attenuated vaccine)","al":["Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine, Tice substrain"],"ak":"coccus","ax":"gp","pr":[["Size","equivalent spherical diameter about 1 um for the primary organism","reported by Zhang A 1988"],["Isoelectric point","4.4 (zero charge point from zeta potential over pH 1.5 to 11 at low electrolyte concentration; similar for viable and heat-killed vaccine cells)","Zhang A, Groves MJ, Klegerman ME 1988, Microbios, PMID 3292875"],["Other","Tice substrain; strongly positive at low pH; charge reversed to +60 mV by cetylpyridinium chloride","Zhang A, Groves MJ, Klegerman ME 1988, Microbios, PMID 3292875"]],"hs":{"sz":"equivalent spherical diameter about 1 um for the primary organism","ch":"pI 4.4 (zero charge point from zeta potential over pH 1.5 to 11 at low electrolyte concentration; similar for viable and heat-killed vaccine cells)"},"szm":1e-06,"szs":"1 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[428]},{"id":"vibrio-cholerae","n":"Vibrio cholerae","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative curved rod)","ak":"vibrio","ax":"gn","ids":"taxon:666","r":[429]},{"id":"candida-albicans","n":"Candida albicans","g":1,"sg":"yeast (pathogenic)","ak":"yeast","pr":[["Size","yeast bodies about 7 um in diameter","Mulero R, Lee DH, Kutzler MA, Jacobson JM, Kim MJ 2009, Sensors 9:1590-1598, doi:10.3390/s90301590 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"],["Zeta potential","-16 mV to -6 mV over a titration with a glycolipid biosurfactant (partial neutralization of the cell surface charge); clinical isolate CC from a tooth canal","Monteiro AS, Miranda TT, Lula I, Denadai AM, Sinisterra RD, Santoro MM, Santos VL 2011, Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 84:467-476, doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.02.001"]],"hs":{"sz":"yeast bodies about 7 um in diameter","ch":"zeta -16 mV to -6 mV over a titration with a glycolipid biosurfactant (partial neutralization of the cell surface charge); clinical isolate CC from a tooth canal"},"ids":"taxon:5476","szm":7e-06,"szs":"7 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[430,431]},{"id":"candida-glabrata","n":"Candida glabrata","g":1,"sg":"yeast (pathogenic)","al":["Torulopsis glabrata"],"ak":"yeast","r":[432]},{"id":"human-eosinophils","n":"Human eosinophils","g":0,"sg":"eosinophil","al":["eosinophils (with neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes) in routine blood samples"],"ak":"granulocyte","ax":"eo","pr":[["Size","cell volume 206 um3; nucleus volume 37 um3 (at 310 mosmol, TEM stereology)","Schmid-Schonbein GW, Shih YY, Chien S 1980, Blood 56:866-875, doi:10.1182/blood.v56.5.866.866, Table 1, as entered in BioNumbers BNID 115183"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell volume 206 um3; nucleus volume 37 um3 (at 310 mosmol, TEM stereology)"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":7.328e-06,"szs":"about 7.33 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[433]},{"id":"human-placental-fetal-cells","n":"Human placental fetal cells","g":0,"sg":"cultured primary cells","al":["cultured human fetal cells from placenta"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[434]},{"id":"hybridoma-cells","n":"Hybridoma cells","g":0,"sg":"cultured cell line (hybridoma)","al":["hybridoma cells (viable and non-viable)"],"ak":"cell","r":[435]},{"id":"protoplasts-kluyveromyces-bulgaricus","n":"Protoplasts (Kluyveromyces bulgaricus)","g":1,"sg":"yeast protoplast","al":["Kluyveromyces bulgaricus cells during enzymatic protoplast formation"],"ak":"yeast","r":[436]},{"id":"protoplasts-ulothrix-gigas","n":"Protoplasts (Ulothrix gigas)","g":1,"sg":"algal protoplast","al":["protoplasts of the green alga Ulothrix gigas"],"ak":"alga","r":[437]},{"id":"rat-gonocytes","n":"Rat gonocytes","g":0,"sg":"germ cell","al":["rat gonocytes (fetal testis, day 18 p.c.)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:10116","r":[438]},{"id":"rat-granulosa-cells","n":"Rat granulosa cells","g":0,"sg":"ovarian cell","al":["rat ovarian granulosa cells and their nuclei"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:10116","r":[439]},{"id":"rochelle-salt-crystals-potassium-sodium-tartrate","n":"Rochelle salt crystals (potassium sodium tartrate)","g":15,"sg":"inorganic-organic salt crystal","al":["Rochelle salt particles"],"ak":"mol","r":[440]},{"id":"tetrahymena-hegewischi","n":"Tetrahymena hegewischi","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (ciliate)","al":["Tetrahymena hegewishi"],"ak":"ciliate","pr":[["Size","cell volumes up to 17,000 um3 (concentrated media, low temperature), down to about 700 um3 when starving","reported by Hellung-Larsen P 1989"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell volumes up to 17,000 um3 (concentrated media, low temperature), down to about 700 um3 when starving"},"ids":"taxon:5923","r":[441]},{"id":"tetrahymena-malaccensis","n":"Tetrahymena malaccensis","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (ciliate)","ak":"ciliate","pr":[["Size","cell volumes up to 17,000 um3 (concentrated media, low temperature), down to about 700 um3 when starving","reported by Hellung-Larsen P 1989"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell volumes up to 17,000 um3 (concentrated media, low temperature), down to about 700 um3 when starving"},"ids":"taxon:5901","r":[442]},{"id":"azotobacter-vinelandii","n":"Azotobacter vinelandii","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (nitrogen-fixing)","ak":"rod","ax":"gn","pr":[["Size","mean cell volume 2.7 to 6.6 um3 (nitrogen-fixing) and 4.6 to 7.4 um3 (with NH4Cl), by Coulter counter","reported by Allman R 1990"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean cell volume 2.7 to 6.6 um3 (nitrogen-fixing) and 4.6 to 7.4 um3 (with NH4Cl), by Coulter counter"},"ids":"taxon:354","szm":2.327e-06,"szs":"about 2.33 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[443]},{"id":"chlorella-fusca","n":"Chlorella fusca","g":1,"sg":"green alga","ak":"alga","r":[444]},{"id":"ice-core-dust-caroline-marginal-core-terre-adelie-antarctica","n":"Ice core dust (Caroline marginal core, Terre Adelie, Antarctica)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Microparticles in the 82 m 'Caroline' marginal ice core near Dumont d'Urville, Terre Adelie, East Antarctica"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","microparticles > 0.4 um counted; volume distribution by Coulter counter; high concentrations in Last Glacial Maximum ice","reported by Yao TD 1990"]],"hs":{"sz":"microparticles > 0.4 um counted; volume distribution by Coulter counter; high concentrations in Last Glacial Maximum ice"},"szm":4e-07,"szs":"400 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[445]},{"id":"ice-core-dust-dunde-ice-cap-tibetan-plateau","n":"Ice core dust (Dunde ice cap, Tibetan Plateau)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Insoluble dust (microparticles >= 2 um) in ice cores to bedrock from the Dunde ice cap, north-central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","particles >= 2 um diameter per mL counted; Late Glacial Stage ice much dustier than Holocene","reported by Thompson LG 1990"]],"hs":{"sz":"particles >= 2 um diameter per mL counted; Late Glacial Stage ice much dustier than Holocene"},"szm":2e-06,"szs":"2 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[446]},{"id":"ice-core-dust-vostok-antarctica","n":"Ice core dust (Vostok, Antarctica)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Aeolian dust in the Vostok ice core (East Antarctica) down to 2202 m, covering a full glacial-interglacial cycle"],"ak":"grain","r":[447]},{"id":"lepidocrocite-gamma-feooh-particles","n":"Lepidocrocite (gamma-FeOOH) particles","g":6,"sg":"pigments and oxides","al":["Lepidocrocite (gamma-FeOOH) round particles made by catalytic oxidation of ferrous iron (proposed corrosion standard material)"],"ak":"crystal","pr":[["Size","round particles about 2 to 10 um (mean and standard deviation in the paper's Table 1)","reported by Kobayashi A 1990"],["Other","round particles built of plate-like single crystals joined spokewise; highly crystalline","reported by Kobayashi A 1990"]],"hs":{"sz":"round particles about 2 to 10 um (mean and standard deviation in the paper's Table 1)"},"szm":1e-05,"szs":"10 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[448]},{"id":"marine-submicrometre-particles-seawater","n":"Marine submicrometre particles (seawater)","g":5,"sg":"marine colloids","al":["Sub-micrometre particles (0.38 to 1 um) in the upper ocean, more than 95% non-living"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","0.38 to 1 um; order of 10 million per mL in the upper 50 m","reported by Koike I 1990"],["Other","mostly non-living, fragile and flexible, high water content, largely organic","reported by Koike I 1990"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.38 to 1 um; order of 10 million per mL in the upper 50 m"},"szm":1e-06,"szs":"1 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[449]},{"id":"n-decane-in-water-emulsion-droplets-phospholipid-stabilized","n":"N-Decane-in-water emulsion droplets (phospholipid-stabilized)","g":6,"sg":"model emulsions","al":["n-Decane-in-water emulsion droplets stabilized by phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine"],"ak":"droplet","r":[450]},{"id":"precipitated-amorphous-silica-paper-coating-pigment","n":"Precipitated amorphous silica (paper coating pigment)","g":6,"sg":"fillers and pigments","al":["Fine powdered precipitated silica Mizukasil P-527, P-832, P-603, P-527H (thermal recording paper pigment)"],"ak":"aggregate","pr":[["Size","secondary (aggregate) particles of a few um; wet-ground samples adjusted to mean size 3 um or less by Coulter counter","reported by Takahashi M 1990"]],"hs":{"sz":"secondary (aggregate) particles of a few um; wet-ground samples adjusted to mean size 3 um or less by Coulter counter"},"szm":3e-06,"szs":"3 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[451]},{"id":"scheffersomyces-stipitis","n":"Scheffersomyces stipitis","g":1,"sg":"yeast (xylose fermenting)","al":["Pichia stipitis"],"ak":"yeast","ids":"taxon:4924","r":[452]},{"id":"stainless-steel-powder-duplex-water-atomized","n":"Stainless steel powder (duplex, water-atomized)","g":6,"sg":"metal powders","al":["Duplex phase stainless steel fine powder (23% Cr-eq, 11% Ni-eq), water atomized"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Size","mean particle size 5 um (minus 25 um powder)","reported by Takeda T 1990"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean particle size 5 um (minus 25 um powder)"},"szm":2.5e-05,"szs":"25 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[453]},{"id":"zinc-powder-centrifugally-atomized","n":"Zinc powder (centrifugally atomized)","g":6,"sg":"metal powders","al":["Zinc powder produced by centrifugal (rotating disk) atomization"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Size","bimodal Coulter counter distribution with peaks near 80 um and 40 um for one run","reported by Halada K 1990"]],"hs":{"sz":"bimodal Coulter counter distribution with peaks near 80 um and 40 um for one run"},"szm":8e-05,"szs":"80 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[454]},{"id":"acanthamoeba-polyphaga","n":"Acanthamoeba polyphaga","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (amoeba)","al":["Acanthamoeba polyphaga trophozoites"],"ak":"spore","pr":[["Size","trophozoites pleomorphic, about 15 to 45 um; cysts typically 10 to 25 um in diameter","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Free-living Amebic Infections page, last reviewed June 5, 2024"],["Other","genus-level values for Acanthamoeba spp.","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Free-living Amebic Infections page, last reviewed June 5, 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"trophozoites pleomorphic, about 15 to 45 um; cysts typically 10 to 25 um in diameter"},"ids":"taxon:5757","szm":4.5e-05,"szs":"45 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[455]},{"id":"ammonium-sulfate-crystals","n":"Ammonium sulfate crystals","g":6,"sg":"inorganic crystals","al":["Ammonium sulfate secondary nuclei crystals grown from a seed crystal in a stirred-tank crystallizer"],"ak":"crystal","pr":[["Size","two growth groups: particles above 40 um grow fast; particles below 20 to 30 um grow 1 to 2 orders of magnitude slower","abstract"]],"hs":{"sz":"two growth groups: particles above 40 um grow fast; particles below 20 to 30 um grow 1 to 2 orders of magnitude slower"},"szm":4e-05,"szs":"40 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[456]},{"id":"gelatin-microspheres-drug-loaded","n":"Gelatin microspheres (drug-loaded)","g":14,"sg":"drug delivery microspheres","al":["Methotrexate-loaded gelatin microspheres made by emulsion-freezing, for hepatic arterial chemoembolization","Ligustrazine hydrochloride loaded gelatin microspheres (emulsion process) for lung targeting"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","mean diameter 12.65 um; 87.5% between 5 and 24.9 um","reported by Zeng FB 1996"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean diameter 12.65 um; 87.5% between 5 and 24.9 um"},"szm":2.49e-05,"szs":"24.9 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[457,458]},{"id":"goat-erythrocytes","n":"Goat erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"erythrocyte","al":["goat red blood cells"],"ak":"rbc","pr":[["Size","MCV 16 to 25 fL (reference range)","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"],["Other","RBC count 8 to 18 x 10^6/uL","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"]],"hs":{"sz":"MCV 16 to 25 fL (reference range)"},"ids":"taxon:9925","szm":3.628e-06,"szs":"about 3.63 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[459]},{"id":"goat-leukocytes","n":"Goat leukocytes","g":0,"sg":"leukocyte","al":["goat white blood cells"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:9925","r":[460]},{"id":"ice-core-dust-siple-station-antarctica","n":"Ice core dust (Siple Station, Antarctica)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Insoluble dust in shallow (20 m) firn and ice cores from Siple Station, West Antarctica"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","the concentrations of insoluble dust are the lowest measured in Antarctica","reported by Mosley-Thompson E 1991"]],"hs":{"sz":"the concentrations of insoluble dust are the lowest measured in Antarctica"},"r":[461]},{"id":"iron-powder-water-atomized-fines","n":"Iron powder (water-atomized fines)","g":6,"sg":"metal powders","al":["Spherical iron fines, high-pressure water atomized (minus 20 um fraction)"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Size","mean particle size 8 um by Coulter counter","reported by Takeda T 1991"],["Other","spherical with 0.5% C addition","reported by Takeda T 1991"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean particle size 8 um by Coulter counter"},"szm":8e-06,"szs":"8 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[462]},{"id":"methotrexate-gelatin-microspheres-chemoembolization","n":"Methotrexate gelatin microspheres (chemoembolization)","g":6,"sg":"drug microsphere","al":["methotrexate gelatin microspheres"],"ak":"bead","r":[463]},{"id":"rabbit-erythrocytes","n":"Rabbit erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"erythrocyte","al":["New Zealand white rabbit red blood cells","rabbit red blood cells"],"ak":"rbc","pr":[["Size","MCV 58 to 67 fL (reference range)","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"],["Other","RBC count 4 to 7 x 10^6/uL","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"],["Charge","relative: markedly reduced electrophoretic mobility in PBS compared with rat, human and horse red cells","Baskurt OK, Bor-Kucukatay M, Yalcin O, Meiselman HJ 2000, Biorheology 37:417-428 (Aggregation behavior and electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells in various mammalian species)"]],"hs":{"sz":"MCV 58 to 67 fL (reference range)","ch":"relative: markedly reduced electrophoretic mobility in PBS compared with rat, human and horse red cells"},"ids":"taxon:9986","szm":5.039e-06,"szs":"about 5.04 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[464,465]},{"id":"spherical-sol-gel-silica-powder-rubber-reinforcing-filler","n":"Spherical sol-gel silica powder (rubber reinforcing filler)","g":6,"sg":"fillers and pigments","al":["Spherical silica powders made by a sol-gel process (rubber reinforcing filler candidates)"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","4 to 30 um","reported by 野納敏展 1991"],["Other","spherical; specific surface area 1 to 700 m2/g","reported by 野納敏展 1991"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 to 30 um"},"szm":3e-05,"szs":"30 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[466]},{"id":"starch-granules-barley","n":"Starch granules (barley)","g":6,"sg":"starch granules","al":["Starch granules from developing barley grains of isogenic lines (Glacier normal and high-amylose, Oderbrucker normal and waxy)"],"ak":"starch","pr":[["Size","bimodal: large A-granules and small B-granules; numbers of A- and B-granules per endosperm calculated","reported by McDonald AML 1991"],["Other","amylose and phosphorus content of large granules rise together during development; no amylose detected in waxy B-granules","reported by McDonald AML 1991"]],"hs":{"sz":"bimodal: large A-granules and small B-granules; numbers of A- and B-granules per endosperm calculated"},"ids":"taxon:4513","r":[467]},{"id":"urease-induced-urinary-crystals-infection-stone-type","n":"Urease-induced urinary crystals (infection stone type)","g":6,"sg":"urinary crystal","al":["crystals formed in undiluted human urine after urease incubation"],"ak":"crystal","r":[468]},{"id":"llama-erythrocytes","n":"Llama erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"erythrocyte","ak":"rbc-oval","pr":[["Size","MCV 21 to 28 fL (reference range)","reported by Weiser MG 1992"],["Other","MCHC 43.2 to 46.6 g/dL; 11.3 to 17.5 x 10^6 cells/uL","reported by Weiser MG 1992"]],"hs":{"sz":"MCV 21 to 28 fL (reference range)"},"ids":"taxon:9844","szm":3.767e-06,"szs":"about 3.77 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[469]},{"id":"poly-ethylene-glycol-peg","n":"Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)","g":14,"sg":"neutral linear polymer","al":["neutral polyethylene glycol (PEG 200 and 600)","poly(ethylene glycol) 62 to 4000 Da (pore sizing)","poly(ethylene glycol), 8 to 200 kDa (mainly 35 kDa) in the semi-dilute regime"],"ak":"polymer","pr":[["Mass","200 and 600 g/mol","reported by Cabello-Aguilar S 2014"],["Mass","62 to 4000 Da","reported by Peng W 2023"],["Mass","8 to 200 kDa (35 kDa: about 795 units of 0.35 nm)","reported by Cai Y 2026"],["Other","HO(CH2CH2O)nH","reported by Krasilnikov OV 1992"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.11 nm","ms":"200 and 600 g/mol"},"szm":1.113e-09,"szs":"about 1.11 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483]},{"id":"pvc-tubing-spallation-particles-extracorporeal-circuit","n":"PVC tubing spallation particles (extracorporeal circuit)","g":6,"sg":"medical device wear particle","al":["PVC tubing spallation particles from roller pumps"],"ak":"grain","r":[484]},{"id":"rat-embryonic-yolk-sac-erythrocytes","n":"Rat embryonic yolk-sac erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"nucleated erythrocyte (embryonic)","al":["nucleated yolk-sac red blood cells of day 10.5 rat embryos"],"ak":"rbc-nuc","ids":"taxon:10116","r":[485]},{"id":"silicone-tubing-spallation-particles-extracorporeal-circuit","n":"Silicone tubing spallation particles (extracorporeal circuit)","g":6,"sg":"medical device wear particle","al":["silicone tubing spallation particles from roller pumps"],"ak":"grain","r":[486]},{"id":"agricultural-dust-formulations-pesticide-dusts-on-mineral-ca","n":"Agricultural dust formulations (pesticide dusts on mineral carriers)","g":6,"sg":"agrochemical powders","al":["Agricultural dust formulations on mineral carriers (four regular RD and nine less-drifting DL model dusts)"],"ak":"clay","r":[487]},{"id":"eastern-oyster-hemocytes","n":"Eastern oyster hemocytes","g":0,"sg":"invertebrate hemocyte","al":["circulating hemocytes of eastern oysters infected with Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX)"],"ak":"cell","pr":[["Size","median diameter 7 um (broad unimodal size distribution, flow cytometry of pericardial hemolymph, Crassostrea virginica)","Friedl FE, Alvarez MR, Johnson JS, Gratzner HG 1988, Tissue Cell 20:933-939, doi:10.1016/0040-8166(88)90034-1"]],"hs":{"sz":"median diameter 7 um (broad unimodal size distribution, flow cytometry of pericardial hemolymph, Crassostrea virginica)"},"ids":"taxon:6565","szm":7e-06,"szs":"7 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[488]},{"id":"metal-prosthesis-wear-particles-joint-replacement","n":"Metal prosthesis wear particles (joint replacement)","g":6,"sg":"orthopaedic wear debris","al":["Metal wear particles generated by abrasive shaking of joint replacement components, isolated at 0.5 to 3.0 um"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","0.5 to 3.0 um diameter fraction isolated by differential sedimentation","reported by Rogers SD 1993"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.5 to 3.0 um diameter fraction isolated by differential sedimentation"},"szm":3e-06,"szs":"3 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[489]},{"id":"mouse-l-cells","n":"Mouse L cells","g":0,"sg":"cultured cell line (mouse)","al":["L-cells undergoing thymidine-induced death (apoptotic stages)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:10090","r":[490]},{"id":"neuro-2a-cells","n":"Neuro-2a cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (mouse neuroblastoma)","al":["Neuro-2A neuroblastoma cells under lactic acidosis"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:10090","r":[491]},{"id":"rabbit-esophageal-epithelial-cells","n":"Rabbit esophageal epithelial cells","g":0,"sg":"epithelial cell","al":["isolated basal esophageal cells (rabbit)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9986","r":[492]},{"id":"air-filled-albumin-microbubbles","n":"Air-filled albumin microbubbles","g":17,"sg":"ultrasound contrast microbubble","al":["air-filled albumin microspheres (ultrasound contrast agent)"],"ak":"bubble","r":[493]},{"id":"air-filled-albumin-microspheres-albunex","n":"Air-filled albumin microspheres (Albunex)","g":6,"sg":"ultrasound contrast agent","al":["Air-filled albumin microspheres (Albunex ultrasound contrast agent)"],"ak":"bubble","r":[494]},{"id":"cox-c-melanoma-cells","n":"COX-c melanoma cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human melanoma)","al":["COX-c human melanoma cells"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[495]},{"id":"lipoproteins-chylomicron-size-d-1-006-g-ml","n":"Lipoproteins, chylomicron-size (d < 1.006 g/ml)","g":3,"sg":"lipoprotein","al":["lipoproteins of density below 1.006 g/ml secreted by CaCo-2 cells (compared with human plasma chylomicrons)"],"ak":"lipoprotein","r":[496]},{"id":"liposomes-polymer-coated-mucoadhesive","n":"Liposomes, polymer-coated (mucoadhesive)","g":3,"sg":"liposome","al":["polymer-coated (mucoadhesive) liposomes"],"ak":"liposome","r":[497]},{"id":"methanethiosulfonate-reagents-mts-er-charged","n":"Methanethiosulfonate reagents (MTS-ER, charged)","g":15,"sg":"thiol-reactive reagents","al":["methanethiosulfonate derivatives (MTS-ER), positively or negatively charged"],"ak":"mol","r":[498]},{"id":"wix-c-melanoma-cells","n":"WIX-c melanoma cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human melanoma)","al":["WIX-c human melanoma cells"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[499]},{"id":"barium-titanate-batio3-powder","n":"Barium titanate (BaTiO3) powder","g":6,"sg":"ceramic powders","al":["Barium titanate (BaTiO3) fine ceramics raw powder"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Other","micron-sized, near-spherical, well dispersed powder (the smallest of the samples)","reported by Hayakawa O 1995"]],"r":[500]},{"id":"boron-nitride-bn-powder","n":"Boron nitride (BN) powder","g":6,"sg":"ceramic powders","al":["Boron nitride (BN) fine ceramics raw powder"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[501]},{"id":"carbon-fibre-fragments-milled-carbon-fibre","n":"Carbon fibre fragments (milled carbon fibre)","g":6,"sg":"fibres","al":["Carbon fibre fragments (Kureha Chemical M-2007S)"],"ak":"fiber","pr":[["Other","rod-like fibre fragments","reported by Inaba K 1995"]],"r":[502]},{"id":"guinea-pig-erythrocytes","n":"Guinea pig erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"erythrocyte","al":["guinea pig red blood cells (cyclosporin A treated and control)"],"ak":"rbc","pr":[["Size","MCV reference interval 78 to 88 fL in males (mean 83, n = 93) and 79 to 95 fL in females (mean 86, n = 51); Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs","Spittler AP, Afzali MF, Bork SB, Burton LH, Radakovich LB, Seebart CA, et al. 2021, PLoS One 16:e0253794, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253794"],["Charge","relative: electrophoretic mobility in PBS lower than that of rat, human and horse red cells","Baskurt OK, Bor-Kucukatay M, Yalcin O, Meiselman HJ 2000, Biorheology 37:417-428 (Aggregation behavior and electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells in various mammalian species)"]],"hs":{"sz":"MCV reference interval 78 to 88 fL in males (mean 83, n = 93) and 79 to 95 fL in females (mean 86, n = 51); Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs","ch":"relative: electrophoretic mobility in PBS lower than that of rat, human and horse red cells"},"ids":"taxon:10141","szm":5.519e-06,"szs":"about 5.52 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[503]},{"id":"hamster-pancreatic-exocrine-cells","n":"Hamster pancreatic exocrine cells","g":0,"sg":"acinar cell","al":["isolated golden hamster pancreatic exocrine cells"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Other","Lp 3.73 um/min/atm at 22 C (about 10 times islet cells); osmotically inactive volume fraction 0.45","reported by Liu C 1995"]],"ids":"taxon:10036","r":[504]},{"id":"hamster-pancreatic-islet-cells","n":"Hamster pancreatic islet cells","g":0,"sg":"endocrine cell","al":["isolated golden hamster pancreatic islet cells"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:10036","r":[505]},{"id":"hl-60-cells","n":"HL-60 cells","g":0,"sg":"cultured cell line (human myeloid)","ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","diameter 12.4 +/- 1.2 um (microscopy)","Rosenbluth MJ, Lam WA, Fletcher DA 2006, Biophys J 90:2994-3003, doi:10.1529/biophysj.105.067496, Table 1, as entered in BioNumbers BNID 104670"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 12.4 +/- 1.2 um (microscopy)"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":1.24e-05,"szs":"12.4 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[506]},{"id":"human-reticulocytes","n":"Human reticulocytes","g":0,"sg":"reticulocyte","al":["reticulocytes (new methylene blue stained, haemoglobin cleared)"],"ak":"rbc","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[507]},{"id":"jurkat-cells","n":"Jurkat cells","g":0,"sg":"cultured cell line (human T)","al":["Jurkat lymphoma cells"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","diameter 11.5 +/- 1.5 um (microscopy)","Rosenbluth MJ, Lam WA, Fletcher DA 2006, Biophys J 90:2994-3003, doi:10.1529/biophysj.105.067496, Table 1, as entered in BioNumbers BNID 104668"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 11.5 +/- 1.5 um (microscopy)"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":1.15e-05,"szs":"11.5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[508]},{"id":"maltoheptaose","n":"Maltoheptaose","g":13,"sg":"malto-oligosaccharide (DP7)","ak":"sugar-chain","pr":[["Mass","1,153 g/mol","PubChem CID 169622"],["Formula","C42H72O36","PubChem CID 169622"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 169622, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.38 nm","ms":"1,153 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:169622","szm":1.384e-09,"szs":"about 1.38 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[509,510]},{"id":"maltotriose","n":"Maltotriose","g":13,"sg":"malto-oligosaccharide (DP3)","ak":"sugar-chain","pr":[["Mass","504.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 92146"],["Formula","C18H32O16","PubChem CID 92146"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 92146, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.05 nm","ms":"504.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:92146","szm":1.051e-09,"szs":"about 1.05 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[511,512]},{"id":"muscovite-mica-platelets","n":"Muscovite mica platelets","g":6,"sg":"platy minerals","al":["Muscovite mica platelets (classified by Cyclosizer, three grades)"],"ak":"clay","pr":[["Other","platy particles, thickness about 3 um","reported by Inaba K 1995"]],"r":[513]},{"id":"potassium-tetratungstate-k2w4o13-prismatic-crystals","n":"Potassium tetratungstate (K2W4O13) prismatic crystals","g":6,"sg":"inorganic crystals","al":["Potassium tungstate K2W4O13 prismatic crystals"],"ak":"crystal","pr":[["Other","prismatic (column-shaped) crystals","reported by Inaba K 1995"]],"r":[514]},{"id":"silicon-carbide-sic-powder","n":"Silicon carbide (SiC) powder","g":6,"sg":"ceramic powders","al":["Silicon carbide (SiC) fine ceramics raw powder"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[515]},{"id":"sodium-chloride-crystals-cubic","n":"Sodium chloride crystals (cubic)","g":6,"sg":"inorganic crystals","al":["Sodium chloride crystals (cubic, recrystallized; four size grades)"],"ak":"crystal","pr":[["Other","cubic crystals; NaCl","reported by Inaba K 1995"]],"r":[516]},{"id":"sucrose","n":"Sucrose","g":13,"sg":"disaccharide","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","342.3 g/mol","PubChem CID 5988"],["Formula","C12H22O11","PubChem CID 5988"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5988, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.92 nm","ms":"342.3 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5988","szm":9.234e-10,"szs":"about 0.92 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[517,518]},{"id":"xerographic-toner-particles","n":"Xerographic toner particles","g":6,"sg":"toner","al":["Electrophotographic toner particles (pulverized and classified, weight-average size by Coulter counter)"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","number- and volume-basis distributions measured from 2 to 40 um","patent"]],"hs":{"sz":"number- and volume-basis distributions measured from 2 to 40 um"},"szm":4e-05,"szs":"40 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[519]},{"id":"baboon-leukocytes","n":"Baboon leukocytes","g":0,"sg":"leukocyte","al":["baboon white blood cells (peripheral blood and peritoneal fluid)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","r":[520]},{"id":"betamethasone-acetate-suspension-particles-betamethasone-sod","n":"Betamethasone acetate suspension particles (betamethasone sodium phosphate/acetate injection)","g":6,"sg":"drug particles","al":["Betamethasone sodium phosphate and betamethasone acetate injectable suspension particles"],"ak":"grain","r":[521]},{"id":"bex-c-melanoma-cells","n":"BEX-c melanoma cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human melanoma)","al":["BEX-c diploid human melanoma cells (after hypoxia)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[522]},{"id":"blood-flow-tracer-microspheres-unlabeled-recovered-from-tiss","n":"Blood flow tracer microspheres (unlabeled, recovered from tissue)","g":4,"sg":"tracer microsphere","al":["unlabeled microspheres recovered from rat myocardium and blood"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","diameter over 9.4 um retained in myocardium; several sizes used","reported by Wang X 1996"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter over 9.4 um retained in myocardium; several sizes used"},"szm":9.4e-06,"szs":"9.4 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[523]},{"id":"cat-lymphocytes","n":"Cat lymphocytes","g":0,"sg":"lymphocyte","al":["small and large lymphocytes of cats (identified by sampling rate and pressure)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:9685","r":[524]},{"id":"cat-neutrophils","n":"Cat neutrophils","g":0,"sg":"neutrophil","al":["polymorphonuclear leukocytes of normal and diabetic cats"],"ak":"granulocyte","ids":"taxon:9685","r":[525]},{"id":"chp-100-cells","n":"CHP-100 cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human neural)","al":["CHP-100 human neuroblastoma cells"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[526]},{"id":"dexamethasone-sodium-phosphate-injection-particles","n":"Dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection particles","g":6,"sg":"drug particles","ak":"grain","r":[527]},{"id":"dsdna-100-bp-kasianowicz-1996-blunt-ended","n":"dsDNA 100 bp (Kasianowicz 1996, blunt-ended)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA oligonucleotide duplex","al":["100-bp double-stranded DNA (sense strand = 150-nt sequence lacking residues 49-98, annealed to antisense)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","100 bp","reported by Kasianowicz JJ 1996"],["Mass","about 65 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -200 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 bp","ms":"about 65 kDa","ch":"about -200 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTCACCTATCCTTCCACTCATTTTCCTTAACCATTTCATTCACCCATCTCACTATCATTATCTACATCCATTACATCACTACTCCTCACACTACCATACC (sense strand)","szm":3.4e-08,"szs":"34 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[528]},{"id":"dsdna-poly-dc-poly-dg-partially-paired-mixture","n":"dsDNA poly(dC)-poly(dG) (partially paired mixture)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA homopolymer duplex","al":["mixture of poly(dC) and poly(dG) of diverse lengths (partially base paired)"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[529]},{"id":"glass-beads-barium-titanate-glass-jis-z-8901-test-particles","n":"Glass beads, barium titanate glass (JIS Z 8901 test particles)","g":6,"sg":"calibration standard","al":["Barium titanate glass beads GBM (JIS Z 8901 test particles; grades GBM20, GBM30, GBM40)"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","grades with nominal median sizes about 20, 30 and 40 um","reported by Yamashita K 1996"],["Other","spherical, nearly perfect spheres; at most 1% irregular particles by number","reported by Yamashita K 1996"]],"hs":{"sz":"grades with nominal median sizes about 20, 30 and 40 um"},"szm":4e-05,"szs":"40 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[530]},{"id":"glass-beads-soda-lime-silicate-jis-z-8901-test-particles","n":"Glass beads, soda-lime-silicate (JIS Z 8901 test particles)","g":6,"sg":"calibration standard","al":["Soda-lime-silicate glass beads GBL (JIS Z 8901 test particles; grades GBL30, GBL40, GBL60, GBL100)"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","grades with nominal median sizes about 30, 40, 60 and 100 um (mass-based oversize 50% values)","reported by Yamashita K 1996"],["Other","spherical, colorless, transparent; at most 5% irregular particles by number","reported by Yamashita K 1996"]],"hs":{"sz":"grades with nominal median sizes about 30, 40, 60 and 100 um (mass-based oversize 50% values)"},"szm":0.0001,"szs":"100 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[531]},{"id":"liposomes-chitosan-coated","n":"Liposomes, chitosan-coated","g":3,"sg":"liposome","al":["insulin-loaded chitosan-coated liposomes"],"ak":"liposome","r":[532]},{"id":"methylprednisolone-acetate-suspension-particles","n":"Methylprednisolone acetate suspension particles","g":6,"sg":"drug particles","al":["Methylprednisolone acetate injectable suspension particles"],"ak":"grain","r":[533]},{"id":"mz-cha-1-cells","n":"Mz-ChA-1 cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human biliary)","al":["Mz-ChA-1 human cholangiocarcinoma cells"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[534]},{"id":"ng108-15-cells","n":"NG108-15 cells","g":0,"sg":"hybrid cell line (mouse neuroblastoma x rat glioma)","al":["neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells"],"ak":"lymphocyte","r":[535]},{"id":"rabbit-proximal-tubule-cells","n":"Rabbit proximal tubule cells","g":0,"sg":"kidney epithelial cell","al":["rabbit proximal tubule cells (suspensions from primary culture)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9986","r":[536]},{"id":"rat-neutrophils","n":"Rat neutrophils","g":0,"sg":"neutrophil","al":["rat neutrophils from arterial blood after hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion"],"ak":"granulocyte","ids":"taxon:10116","r":[537]},{"id":"rna-duplex-poly-a-poly-u-partially-paired-mixture","n":"RNA duplex poly(A)-poly(U) (partially paired mixture)","g":8,"sg":"dsRNA homopolymer duplex","al":["mixture of poly(A) and poly(U) of diverse lengths (partially base paired)"],"ak":"dsdna","ax":"rna","r":[538]},{"id":"rna-poly-a","n":"RNA poly(A)","g":8,"sg":"RNA homopolymer","al":["polyadenylic acid (poly(A))","polyadenylic acid (poly(A)) RNA inside the channel","poly(A) RNA homopolymer"],"ak":"ssrna","r":[539,540,541,542]},{"id":"rna-poly-c","n":"RNA poly(C)","g":8,"sg":"RNA homopolymer","al":["polycytidylic acid (poly(C))","poly(C) RNA homopolymer"],"ak":"ssrna","r":[543,544,545]},{"id":"rna-poly-u","n":"RNA poly(U)","g":8,"sg":"RNA homopolymer","al":["poly(U), size-selected fractions (mean length 210 nt and 12 other sizes)","polyuridylic acid (poly(U))","poly(U) RNA homopolymer"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","mean 210 nt (13 size-selected fractions)","reported by Kasianowicz JJ 1996"],["Mass","about 67.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -210 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean 210 nt (13 size-selected fractions)","ms":"about 67.2 kDa","ch":"about -210 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.26e-07,"szs":"about 126 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[546,547,548]},{"id":"sax-c-melanoma-cells","n":"SAX-c melanoma cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human melanoma)","al":["SAX-c hyperdiploid human melanoma cells"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[549]},{"id":"sheep-erythrocytes","n":"Sheep erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"erythrocyte","al":["sheep red blood cells"],"ak":"rbc","pr":[["Size","MCV 28 to 40 fL (reference range)","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"],["Other","RBC count 9 to 15 x 10^6/uL","Merck Veterinary Manual, table Hematology (Complete Blood Count) Reference Ranges, compiled from Latimer KS, Duncan and Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 5th ed. 2011, and Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 6th ed. 2010"]],"hs":{"sz":"MCV 28 to 40 fL (reference range)"},"ids":"taxon:9940","szm":4.243e-06,"szs":"about 4.24 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[550]},{"id":"ssdna-120-nt-5-ctcacctatc-ctaccatacc-3-kasianowicz-1996-150","n":"ssDNA 120-nt 5'-CTCACCTATC...CTACCATACC-3' (Kasianowicz 1996, 150-nt lacking 97-126)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["120-nt ssDNA (150-nt sequence lacking residues 97-126), competitive PCR standard"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","120 nt","reported by Kasianowicz JJ 1996"],["Mass","35.9 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -119 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"120 nt","ms":"35.9 kDa","ch":"about -119 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTCACCTATCCTTCCACTCATTTTCCTTAACCATTTCATTCACCCATCTCTTCACTCCATCTATCACCTCCATACATACCCTCCATATTACACTCCCACTACTCCTCACACTACCATACC","szm":7.2e-08,"szs":"about 72 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[551]},{"id":"ssdna-150-nt-5-ctcacctatc-ctaccatacc-3-kasianowicz-1996","n":"ssDNA 150-nt 5'-CTCACCTATC...CTACCATACC-3' (Kasianowicz 1996)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["150-nt single-stranded DNA of dA, dT, dC designed to minimize base pairing"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","150 nt","reported by Kasianowicz JJ 1996"],["Mass","45 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -149 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"150 nt","ms":"45 kDa","ch":"about -149 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTCACCTATCCTTCCACTCATTTTCCTTAACCATTTCATTCACCCATCTCTTCACTCCATCTATCACCTCCATACATACCCTCCATATTACACTCCCATCACTATCATTATCTACATCCATTACATCACTACTCCTCACACTACCATACC","szm":9e-08,"szs":"about 90 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[552]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","ak":"ssdna","r":[553]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dt","n":"ssDNA poly(dT)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","ak":"ssdna","r":[554]},{"id":"starch-granules-cassava","n":"Starch granules (cassava)","g":6,"sg":"starch granules","al":["Native cassava starches and flours of different cultivars and origins"],"ak":"starch","r":[555]},{"id":"starch-granules-oat","n":"Starch granules (oat)","g":6,"sg":"starch granules","al":["Native starch granules from five normal and one naked oat cultivar"],"ak":"starch","pr":[["Size","mean native granule diameter 4.96 to 5.63 um (naked oat starch at the low end)","reported by Tester RF 1996"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean native granule diameter 4.96 to 5.63 um (naked oat starch at the low end)"},"ids":"taxon:4498","szm":5.63e-06,"szs":"5.63 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[556]},{"id":"triamcinolone-acetonide-suspension-particles","n":"Triamcinolone acetonide suspension particles","g":6,"sg":"drug particles","al":["Triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension particles"],"ak":"grain","r":[557]},{"id":"white-fused-alumina-abrasive-grains-jis-z-8901-test-powder","n":"White fused alumina abrasive grains (JIS Z 8901 test powder)","g":6,"sg":"abrasive / test powder","al":["White fused alumina (JIS Z 8901 Test Powders 2, abrasive-grade fused corundum)"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Other","white, angular irregular particles, not hygroscopic","reported by Yamashita K 1996"]],"r":[558]},{"id":"yttrium-oxysulfide-europium-phosphor-y-eu-2o2s-powder","n":"Yttrium oxysulfide europium phosphor ((Y,Eu)2O2S) powder","g":6,"sg":"phosphors","al":["Red phosphor (Y,Eu,Ln)2O2S grown in Li2CO3+S flux with La, Nd, Gd, Yb or Lu additions"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[559]},{"id":"camphene-in-water-emulsion-droplets","n":"Camphene-in-water emulsion droplets","g":6,"sg":"oil-in-water emulsion","al":["camphene-water emulsion droplets"],"ak":"droplet","r":[560]},{"id":"cyclohexane-in-water-emulsion-droplets","n":"Cyclohexane-in-water emulsion droplets","g":6,"sg":"oil-in-water emulsion","al":["cyclohexane-water emulsion droplets"],"ak":"droplet","r":[561]},{"id":"dog-pancreatic-islet-cells","n":"Dog pancreatic islet cells","g":0,"sg":"endocrine cell","al":["canine pancreatic islet cells (dissociated)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:9615","r":[562]},{"id":"equiaxed-alpha-aluminium-grains-in-solidifying-aluminium-all","n":"Equiaxed alpha-aluminium grains in solidifying aluminium alloy melt","g":6,"sg":"metal solidification","al":["Equiaxed primary alpha-aluminium grains in the mushy zone of a solidifying aluminium alloy"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Other","alpha-Al grains are more conductive than the melt, so they give negative pulses","abstract of Pekguleryuz and Pedneau 1998"]],"r":[563]},{"id":"ibuprofen-drug-particles","n":"Ibuprofen drug particles","g":6,"sg":"drug crystals","al":["Ibuprofen powder, three size fractions"],"ak":"crystal","pr":[["Other","particle size distribution, specific surface area, density, solubility and diffusion coefficient characterized","reported by de Almeida LP 1997"]],"r":[564]},{"id":"ice-core-dust-grip-greenland","n":"Ice core dust (GRIP, Greenland)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Insoluble microparticles (dust) in more than 1400 samples from 32 climatic periods of the GRIP deep ice core, Summit, Greenland"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","0.4 to 6.0 um radius; volume distributions log-normal from 0.4 to 2.0 um radius with nearly identical shapes; 2.0 to 6.0 um fraction varies with climate","Crossref abstract"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.4 to 6.0 um radius; volume distributions log-normal from 0.4 to 2.0 um radius with nearly identical shapes; 2.0 to 6.0 um fraction varies with climate"},"szm":6e-06,"szs":"6 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[565]},{"id":"marine-suspended-particulate-matter-monterey-bay","n":"Marine suspended particulate matter (Monterey Bay)","g":5,"sg":"marine seston","al":["Suspended particles and aggregates at Monterey Bay (Coulter part of a 1 um to 1 cm size spectrum)"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","spectrum from 1 um to 1 cm assembled from several instruments","reported by Jackson GA 1997"]],"hs":{"sz":"spectrum from 1 um to 1 cm assembled from several instruments"},"szm":0.01,"szs":"10 mm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[566]},{"id":"zn2","n":"Zn2+","g":16,"sg":"divalent metal ion","al":["Zn(II)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Zn|+2","pr":[["Charge","+2","reported by Braha O 1997"],["Mass","65.38 Da (zinc)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+2 e","from the ion's formula"],["Formula","Zn+2","PubChem CID 32051"]],"hs":{"ms":"65.38 Da (zinc)","ch":"+2"},"ids":"pubchem:32051","r":[567,568]},{"id":"african-elephant-spermatozoa","n":"African elephant spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon","ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","head length 6.8 um; midpiece 9.7 um; principal piece 42.8 um; flagellum 52.5 um; total length 60.9 um","van der Horst G, Jacobs S, Van Aswegen G 1987, EM Soc S Afr Proc 17:79-80, and Dott HM, Skinner JD 1989, S Afr J Zool 24:151-160 (Loxodonta africana), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"],["Other","linear dimensions only","van der Horst G, Jacobs S, Van Aswegen G 1987, EM Soc S Afr Proc 17:79-80, and Dott HM, Skinner JD 1989, S Afr J Zool 24:151-160 (Loxodonta africana), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 6.8 um; midpiece 9.7 um; principal piece 42.8 um; flagellum 52.5 um; total length 60.9 um"},"ids":"taxon:9785","szm":6.09e-05,"szs":"60.9 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[569]},{"id":"atp-adenosine-5-triphosphate","n":"ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate)","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleotide","al":["ATP","adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), via ATP-binding aptamer","ATP binding a split aptamer on a molecule-responsive DNA nanopore","ATP binding an aptamer on a DNA origami nanoplate trapped on a nanopipette"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","507.18 g/mol","PubChem CID 5957"],["Formula","C10H16N5O13P3","PubChem CID 5957"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5957, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.05 nm","ms":"507.18 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5957","szm":1.053e-09,"szs":"about 1.05 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[570,571,572,573,574]},{"id":"cycloclasticus-oligotrophus","n":"Cycloclasticus oligotrophus","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (small marine)","ak":"rod","pr":[["Mass","dry mass 0.027 +/- 0.008 pg per cell (single-chromosome subpopulation, flow cytometry)","reported by Robertson BR 1998"],["Other","dry weight 14 to 18% of wet weight (from Coulter volume and buoyant density)","reported by Robertson BR 1998"]],"hs":{"ms":"dry mass 0.027 +/- 0.008 pg per cell (single-chromosome subpopulation, flow cytometry)"},"ids":"taxon:46457","r":[575]},{"id":"firn-core-dust-hercules-neve-victoria-land-antarctica","n":"Firn core dust (Hercules Neve, Victoria Land, Antarctica)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Atmospheric dust in the Hercules Neve firn core, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","16 classes from 0.3 to 12 um radius (first channel rejected for noise); background about 6.5 x 10^3 particles per gram of water","reported by Maggi V 1998"]],"hs":{"sz":"16 classes from 0.3 to 12 um radius (first channel rejected for noise); background about 6.5 x 10^3 particles per gram of water"},"szm":1.2e-05,"szs":"12 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[576]},{"id":"human-cd34-hematopoietic-progenitor-cells","n":"Human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells","g":0,"sg":"stem cell","al":["CD34+CD33- hematopoietic progenitor cells from human bone marrow"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[577]},{"id":"impala-spermatozoa","n":"Impala spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon","ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","head length 6.52 um; midpiece 7.63 um; principal piece 32 um; flagellum 39.63 um; total length 46.15 um","Morgenthal JC 1967, J S Afr Vet Assoc 38(3):271-273 (Aepyceros melampus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"],["Other","linear dimensions only","Morgenthal JC 1967, J S Afr Vet Assoc 38(3):271-273 (Aepyceros melampus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 6.52 um; midpiece 7.63 um; principal piece 32 um; flagellum 39.63 um; total length 46.15 um"},"ids":"taxon:9897","szm":4.615e-05,"szs":"46.1 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[578]},{"id":"lion-spermatozoa","n":"Lion spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon","ak":"sperm","ids":"taxon:9689","r":[579]},{"id":"milk-fat-globules-homogenized-uht-milk","n":"Milk fat globules, homogenized (UHT milk)","g":6,"sg":"milk fat globules","al":["Large fat globules in poorly homogenised UHT-processed milk"],"ak":"droplet","ax":"fat","r":[580]},{"id":"mudpuppy-erythrocytes","n":"Mudpuppy erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"nucleated erythrocyte (amphibian)","al":["mudpuppy red blood cells"],"ak":"rbc-nuc","ids":"taxon:8295","r":[581]},{"id":"primary-silicon-crystals-in-solidifying-hypereutectic-al-si","n":"Primary silicon crystals in solidifying hypereutectic Al-Si melt","g":6,"sg":"metal solidification","al":["Primary silicon crystals in the mushy zone of a hypereutectic Al-Si alloy"],"ak":"crystal","pr":[["Other","primary Si has much higher resistivity than liquid aluminium, so it gives positive pulses","abstract"]],"r":[582]},{"id":"warthog-spermatozoa","n":"Warthog spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon","ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","head length 8.9 um","Dott HM, Skinner JD 1989, S Afr J Zool 24(2):151-160 (Phacochoerus aethiopicus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"],["Other","only head length is given for this species","Dott HM, Skinner JD 1989, S Afr J Zool 24(2):151-160 (Phacochoerus aethiopicus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 8.9 um"},"ids":"taxon:85517","szm":8.9e-06,"szs":"8.9 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[583]},{"id":"1-adamantanecarboxylic-acid","n":"1-adamantanecarboxylic acid","g":15,"sg":"adamantane derivative","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","180.24 g/mol","PubChem CID 13235"],["Formula","C11H16O2","PubChem CID 13235"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 13235, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"180.24 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:13235","szm":7.456e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[584]},{"id":"2-adamantanamine","n":"2-adamantanamine","g":15,"sg":"adamantane derivative","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","151.25 g/mol","PubChem CID 25332"],["Formula","C10H17N","PubChem CID 25332"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 25332, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.7 nm","ms":"151.25 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:25332","szm":7.033e-10,"szs":"about 0.7 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[585]},{"id":"atlantic-cod-spermatozoa","n":"Atlantic cod spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon (fish)","ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","head length 3.1 um (range 2.6 to 3.6 um); total length 79.1 um","Tuset VM, Trippel EA, De Monserrat J 2008, J Appl Ichthyol 24(4):398-405 (Gadus morhua), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"],["Other","head length is the middle of the reported range; linear dimensions only","Tuset VM, Trippel EA, De Monserrat J 2008, J Appl Ichthyol 24(4):398-405 (Gadus morhua), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 3.1 um (range 2.6 to 3.6 um); total length 79.1 um"},"ids":"taxon:8049","szm":7.91e-05,"szs":"79.1 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[586]},{"id":"beta-cyclodextrin","n":"Beta-cyclodextrin","g":13,"sg":"cyclic oligosaccharide","al":["beta-cyclodextrin (adapter)","beta-cyclodextrin (translocation and single-molecule trapping)"],"ak":"mol","ax":"ring","pr":[["Size","ring about 1.5 nm","reported by Gao C 2009"],["Mass","1,135 g/mol","PubChem CID 444041"],["Formula","C42H70O35","PubChem CID 444041"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 444041, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"ring about 1.5 nm","ms":"1,135 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:444041","szm":1.5e-09,"szs":"1.5 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[587,588]},{"id":"cryptosporidium-parvum","n":"Cryptosporidium parvum","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (apicomplexan oocysts)","al":["Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts"],"ak":"oocyst","pr":[["Size","oocysts rounded, 4.2 to 5.4 um in diameter","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Cryptosporidiosis page, last reviewed June 3, 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"oocysts rounded, 4.2 to 5.4 um in diameter"},"ids":"taxon:5807","szm":5.4e-06,"szs":"5.4 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[589]},{"id":"estuarine-suspended-sediment-jiaojiang-turbidity-maximum-chi","n":"Estuarine suspended sediment (Jiaojiang turbidity maximum, China)","g":5,"sg":"estuarine sediment","al":["Suspended sediment in the turbidity maximum of the Jiaojiang river estuary, Zhejiang, China"],"ak":"grain","r":[590]},{"id":"gamma-cyclodextrin","n":"Gamma-cyclodextrin","g":13,"sg":"cyclic oligosaccharide","al":["gamma-cyclodextrin (adapter)"],"ak":"mol","ax":"ring","pr":[["Mass","1,297.1 g/mol","PubChem CID 5287407"],["Formula","C48H80O40","PubChem CID 5287407"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5287407, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.44 nm","ms":"1,297.1 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5287407","szm":1.44e-09,"szs":"about 1.44 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[591]},{"id":"imipramine","n":"Imipramine","g":15,"sg":"drug (tricyclic antidepressant)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","280.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 3696"],["Formula","C19H24N2","PubChem CID 3696"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 3696, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.86 nm","ms":"280.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:3696","szm":8.64e-10,"szs":"about 0.86 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[592]},{"id":"promethazine","n":"Promethazine","g":15,"sg":"drug (antihistamine)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","284.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 4927"],["Formula","C17H20N2S","PubChem CID 4927"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 4927, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.87 nm","ms":"284.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:4927","szm":8.681e-10,"szs":"about 0.87 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[593]},{"id":"rainbow-trout-spermatozoa","n":"Rainbow trout spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon (fish)","ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","head length 2.93 um; flagellum 34.16 um; total length 37.09 um","Tuset VM, Dietrich GJ, Wojtczak M, Slowinska M, De Monserrat J, Ciereszko A 2008 (Relationships between morphology, motility and fertilization capacity in rainbow trout spermatozoa) (Oncorhynchus mykiss), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"],["Other","linear dimensions only","Tuset VM, Dietrich GJ, Wojtczak M, Slowinska M, De Monserrat J, Ciereszko A 2008 (Relationships between morphology, motility and fertilization capacity in rainbow trout spermatozoa) (Oncorhynchus mykiss), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 2.93 um; flagellum 34.16 um; total length 37.09 um"},"ids":"taxon:8022","szm":3.709e-05,"szs":"37.1 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[594]},{"id":"rna-a30c70gp-diblock","n":"RNA A30C70Gp diblock","g":8,"sg":"RNA block copolymer","al":["A30C70Gp RNA diblock (poly(A) segment + poly(C) segment)"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","~101 nt (A30 + C70 + 3'-Gp)","Butler et al. 2006 Biophys J (PMC1367018)"],["Length","101 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","31.5 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -100 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"~101 nt (A30 + C70 + 3'-Gp)","ms":"31.5 kDa","ch":"about -100 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCG","szm":6.06e-08,"szs":"about 60.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[595]},{"id":"albumin-shelled-perfluoropropane-microbubbles","n":"Albumin-shelled perfluoropropane microbubbles","g":17,"sg":"microbubble (ultrasound contrast agent)","al":["perfluoropropane-filled albumin microbubbles (Optison, PESDA, PESFA)"],"ak":"bubble","pr":[["Size","lyophilized PESFA: 99.9% < 10 um, 88.5% < 4 um","reported by Chen S 2000"],["Size","lyophilized PESFA: 99.9% under 10 um, 88.5% under 4 um","reported by Chen S 2000"]],"hs":{"sz":"lyophilized PESFA: 99.9% < 10 um, 88.5% < 4 um"},"szm":1e-05,"szs":"10 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[596]},{"id":"co2","n":"Co2+","g":16,"sg":"divalent metal ion","al":["Co(II)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Co|+2","pr":[["Charge","+2","reported by Braha O 2000"],["Mass","58.933 Da (cobalt)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+2 e","from the ion's formula"],["Formula","Co+2","PubChem CID 104729"]],"hs":{"ms":"58.933 Da (cobalt)","ch":"+2"},"ids":"pubchem:104729","r":[597,598]},{"id":"heptakis-6-o-sulfo-beta-cyclodextrin","n":"Heptakis(6-O-sulfo)-beta-cyclodextrin","g":13,"sg":"cyclic oligosaccharide (anionic)","al":["hepta-6-sulfato-beta-cyclodextrin (s7betaCD)"],"ak":"mol","ax":"ring","r":[599]},{"id":"human-hepatocytes","n":"Human hepatocytes","g":0,"sg":"hepatocyte","al":["human hepatocytes within 12 h of isolation"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[600]},{"id":"maltohexaose","n":"Maltohexaose","g":13,"sg":"malto-oligosaccharide (DP6)","ak":"sugar-chain","pr":[["Mass","990.9 g/mol","PubChem CID 161828"],["Formula","C36H62O31","PubChem CID 161828"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 161828, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.32 nm","ms":"990.9 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:161828","szm":1.316e-09,"szs":"about 1.32 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[601,602]},{"id":"perfluoropropane-filled-albumin-microbubbles-optison-pesda-p","n":"Perfluoropropane-filled albumin microbubbles (Optison, PESDA, PESFA)","g":6,"sg":"ultrasound contrast agent","al":["Perfluoropropane-filled albumin microbubbles: Optison (1% albumin), PESDA (albumin + 5% dextrose) and PESFA (albumin + 5% fructose), with and without lyophilization"],"ak":"bubble","r":[603]},{"id":"ssdna-da-50-dc-50-diblock","n":"ssDNA (dA)50(dC)50 diblock","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA block copolymer","al":["poly(dA50dC50) di-block"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","100 nt","reported by Meller A 2000"],["Mass","30.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -99 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 nt","ms":"30.1 kDa","ch":"about -99 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","szm":6e-08,"szs":"about 60 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[604]},{"id":"ssdna-dadc-50-alternating","n":"ssDNA (dAdC)50 alternating","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA alternating copolymer","al":["poly(dAdC)50 alternating"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","100 nt","reported by Meller A 2000"],["Mass","30.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -99 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 nt","ms":"30.1 kDa","ch":"about -99 e at pH 7"},"seq":"ACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACAC","szm":6e-08,"szs":"about 60 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[605]},{"id":"ssdna-dc-50-dt-50-diblock","n":"ssDNA (dC)50(dT)50 diblock","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA block copolymer","al":["poly(dC50dT50) di-block"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","100 nt","reported by Meller A 2000"],["Mass","29.6 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -99 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 nt","ms":"29.6 kDa","ch":"about -99 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT","szm":6e-08,"szs":"about 60 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[606]},{"id":"ssdna-dcdt-50-alternating","n":"ssDNA (dCdT)50 alternating","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA alternating copolymer","al":["poly(dCdT)50 alternating"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","100 nt","reported by Meller A 2000"],["Mass","29.6 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -99 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 nt","ms":"29.6 kDa","ch":"about -99 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCT","szm":6e-08,"szs":"about 60 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[607]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-100","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)100","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["poly(dA)100 single-stranded DNA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","100 nt","reported by Hall AR 2010"],["Mass","31.3 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -99 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 nt","ms":"31.3 kDa","ch":"about -99 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":6e-08,"szs":"about 60 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[608,609,610]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-100","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)100","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","100 nt","reported by Meller A 2000"],["Mass","28.9 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -99 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 nt","ms":"28.9 kDa","ch":"about -99 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","szm":6e-08,"szs":"about 60 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[611]},{"id":"ssdna-polynucleotide-henrickson-2000-type-not-named-in-abstr","n":"ssDNA polynucleotide (Henrickson 2000, type not named in abstract)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA polynucleotide","al":["single-stranded polynucleotides (type not named in abstract)"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[612]},{"id":"streptavidin-mutant","n":"Streptavidin (mutant)","g":11,"sg":"biotin-binding protein","al":["streptavidin (mutant), reversibly captured by the pore-tethered biotin"],"ak":"multimer","pr":[["Mass","16.5 kDa","computed from UniProt P22629, Streptavidin 25 to 183; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"],["Isoelectric point","6.5","computed from UniProt P22629, Streptavidin 25 to 183; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-0.5 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P22629, Streptavidin 25 to 183; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","159 amino acids","computed from UniProt P22629, Streptavidin 25 to 183; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.36 nm","ms":"16.5 kDa","ch":"-0.5 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P22629","szm":3.36e-09,"szs":"about 3.36 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[613]},{"id":"wheat-flour-particles","n":"Wheat flour particles","g":6,"sg":"cereal flours","al":["Wheat flour particles (commercial bread, Chinese noodle, Japanese noodle and cake flours; test-milled 60% flours)"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","hard wheat (1CW) flour peaked near 100 um, soft wheat (WW) near 25 um; bread flour coarsest and cake flour finest","reported by Imai T 2000"]],"hs":{"sz":"hard wheat (1CW) flour peaked near 100 um, soft wheat (WW) near 25 um; bread flour coarsest and cake flour finest"},"szm":0.0001,"szs":"100 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[614]},{"id":"colloidal-nanoparticles-composition-not-stated","n":"Colloidal nanoparticles (composition not stated)","g":4,"sg":"colloid","al":["nanoscale colloidal particles (smallest detected 87 nm diameter)"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","diameter 87 nm and larger","reported by Saleh OA 2001"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 87 nm and larger"},"szm":8.7e-08,"szs":"87 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[615]},{"id":"crystalline-silica-alpha-quartz-respirable-dust-standards","n":"Crystalline silica (alpha-quartz) respirable dust standards","g":6,"sg":"silica dust","al":["International respirable crystalline silica (alpha-quartz) calibration standards: NIST SRM 1878, Min-U-Sil 5, Ottawa Silica Sand, Sikron F-600, A9950 (AUST 1), DQ12-Robock, DQ12-Bergbau"],"ak":"crystal","pr":[["Size","equivalent spherical volume median diameter 1.2 to 3 um; size distributions broadly similar","reported by Verma DK 2001"],["Other","relative purity differed by as much as 30% (FT-IR vs NIST SRM 1878)","reported by Verma DK 2001"]],"hs":{"sz":"equivalent spherical volume median diameter 1.2 to 3 um; size distributions broadly similar"},"szm":3e-06,"szs":"3 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[616]},{"id":"dental-amalgam-powder-particles","n":"Dental amalgam powder particles","g":6,"sg":"dental materials","al":["Dental amalgam powders"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","r":[617]},{"id":"dental-waste-particles-enamel-dentin-condensed-amalgam","n":"Dental waste particles (enamel, dentin, condensed amalgam)","g":6,"sg":"dental waste","al":["Handpiece and diamond-bur generated particles of enamel, dentin, whole tooth and condensed amalgam (dental waste stream)"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","a large share of dental waste stream particles are below 20 um","reported by Drummond JL 2001"]],"hs":{"sz":"a large share of dental waste stream particles are below 20 um"},"szm":2e-05,"szs":"20 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[618]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-500-bp","n":"dsDNA fragment 500 bp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["double-stranded DNA, 500 base pairs"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","500 bp","reported by Li J 2001"],["Mass","about 325 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -1,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"500 bp","ms":"about 325 kDa","ch":"about -1,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.7e-07,"szs":"170 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[619]},{"id":"human-tumor-cell-nuclei","n":"Human tumor cell nuclei","g":0,"sg":"isolated nuclei","al":["nuclei from frozen human solid tumors (DAPI-stained)"],"ak":"nucleus","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[620]},{"id":"hydroxyapatite-particles-implant-debris-model","n":"Hydroxyapatite particles (implant debris model)","g":6,"sg":"implant wear particle","al":["synthetic hydroxyapatite particulate debris"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","mean under 10 um","reported by Ninomiya JT 2001"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean under 10 um"},"szm":1e-05,"szs":"10 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[621]},{"id":"hydroxyapatite-beta-tricalcium-phosphate-particles","n":"Hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate particles","g":6,"sg":"implant wear particle","al":["hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate particulate debris"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","mean under 10 um","reported by Ninomiya JT 2001"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean under 10 um"},"szm":1e-05,"szs":"10 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[622]},{"id":"pig-pancreatic-islet-cells","n":"Pig pancreatic islet cells","g":0,"sg":"endocrine cell","al":["islet cells from newborn pig pancreas"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:9823","r":[623]},{"id":"poly-l-lactide-plla-wear-debris-particles","n":"Poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) wear debris particles","g":14,"sg":"implant wear debris","al":["Poly(L-lactide) wear debris from a wear test, before and after gamma irradiation (10, 25, 50 kGy)"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","size distribution shifted to smaller diameters and mean diameter fell with increasing irradiation dose","reported by Isama K 2001"]],"hs":{"sz":"size distribution shifted to smaller diameters and mean diameter fell with increasing irradiation dose"},"r":[624]},{"id":"poly-l-lactide-wear-debris","n":"Poly(L-lactide) wear debris","g":6,"sg":"implant wear particle","al":["poly(L-lactide) wear debris from a wear test"],"ak":"grain","r":[625]},{"id":"spray-dried-inhalation-powder-particles-albumin-lactose-dppc","n":"Spray-dried inhalation powder particles (albumin, lactose, DPPC)","g":6,"sg":"inhalation powders","al":["Spray-dried inhalation dry powders of albumin, lactose (or mannitol) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Size","electrical zone sensing mass mode close to microscopy primary particle size for slightly to moderately aggregated powders","reported by Bosquillon C 2001"]],"hs":{"sz":"electrical zone sensing mass mode close to microscopy primary particle size for slightly to moderately aggregated powders"},"r":[626]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ggtgaat-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-GGTGAAT-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["oligo-E 7-mer (truncated oligo-B)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","7 nt","reported by Howorka S 2001"],["Mass","2,160 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -6 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"7 nt","ms":"2,160 Da","ch":"about -6 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGTGAAT","szm":4.2e-09,"szs":"about 4.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[627]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ggtgaatg-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-GGTGAATG-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["oligo-B 8-mer (complementary to tethered oligo-A 5'-CATTCACC-3')"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","8 nt","reported by Howorka S 2001"],["Mass","2,490 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -7 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"8 nt","ms":"2,490 Da","ch":"about -7 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGTGAATG","szm":4.8e-09,"szs":"about 4.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[628]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tacgtgga-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-TACGTGGA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["oligo-D 8-mer (complementary to tethered oligo-C 5'-TCCACGTA-3')"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","8 nt","reported by Howorka S 2001"],["Mass","2,450 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -7 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"8 nt","ms":"2,450 Da","ch":"about -7 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TACGTGGA","szm":4.8e-09,"szs":"about 4.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[629]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpin-3-bp-stem-vercoutere-2001-series","n":"ssDNA hairpin 3 bp stem (Vercoutere 2001 series)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["blunt-ended DNA hairpin, 3 bp stem"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","3 bp stem","reported by Vercoutere W 2001"]],"hs":{"sz":"3 bp stem"},"r":[630]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpin-4-bp-stem-vercoutere-2001-series","n":"ssDNA hairpin 4 bp stem (Vercoutere 2001 series)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["blunt-ended DNA hairpin, 4 bp stem"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","4 bp stem","reported by Vercoutere W 2001"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 bp stem"},"r":[631]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpin-5-bp-stem-vercoutere-2001-series","n":"ssDNA hairpin 5 bp stem (Vercoutere 2001 series)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["blunt-ended DNA hairpin, 5 bp stem"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","5 bp stem","reported by Vercoutere W 2001"]],"hs":{"sz":"5 bp stem"},"r":[632]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpin-6-bp-stem-vercoutere-2001-series","n":"ssDNA hairpin 6 bp stem (Vercoutere 2001 series)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["blunt-ended DNA hairpin, 6 bp stem"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","6 bp stem","reported by Vercoutere W 2001"]],"hs":{"sz":"6 bp stem"},"r":[633]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpin-7-bp-stem-vercoutere-2001-series","n":"ssDNA hairpin 7 bp stem (Vercoutere 2001 series)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["blunt-ended DNA hairpin, 7 bp stem"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","7 bp stem","reported by Vercoutere W 2001"]],"hs":{"sz":"7 bp stem"},"r":[634]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpin-8-bp-stem-vercoutere-2001-series","n":"ssDNA hairpin 8 bp stem (Vercoutere 2001 series)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["blunt-ended DNA hairpin, 8 bp stem"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","8 bp stem","reported by Vercoutere W 2001"]],"hs":{"sz":"8 bp stem"},"r":[635]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpin-9-bp-stem-vercoutere-2001-series","n":"ssDNA hairpin 9 bp stem (Vercoutere 2001 series)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["blunt-ended DNA hairpin, 9 bp stem"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","9 bp stem","reported by Vercoutere W 2001"]],"hs":{"sz":"9 bp stem"},"r":[636]},{"id":"ssdna-hiv-1-reverse-transcriptase-gene-fragment-with-drug-re","n":"ssDNA HIV-1 reverse transcriptase gene fragment with drug-resistance point mutation (Howorka 2001)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["ssDNA strands (up to 30 nt) with and without a single-base substitution, including an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase drug-resistance mutation"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","up to 30 nt","reported by Howorka S 2001"],["Mass","about 9,600 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -30 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"up to 30 nt","ms":"about 9,600 Da","ch":"about -30 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.8e-08,"szs":"about 18 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[637]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-length-series-meller-2001","n":"ssDNA poly(dA) length series (Meller 2001)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["single-stranded DNA polymers of different lengths (poly(dA) series)"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[638]},{"id":"ssdna-tethered-strand-for-codon-sequencing-howorka-2001","n":"ssDNA tethered strand for codon sequencing (Howorka 2001)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["individual DNA strand tethered to the nanopore whose codon was sequenced with probe oligonucleotides"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[639]},{"id":"ampicillin","n":"Ampicillin","g":15,"sg":"beta-lactam antibiotic (penicillin)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","349.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 6249"],["Formula","C16H19N3O4S","PubChem CID 6249"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6249, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.93 nm","ms":"349.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6249","szm":9.297e-10,"szs":"about 0.93 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[640,641]},{"id":"human-corneal-endothelial-cells","n":"Human corneal endothelial cells","g":0,"sg":"endothelial cell","al":["isolated human corneal endothelial cells (bioengineered corneal equivalent)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[642]},{"id":"human-corneal-epithelial-cells","n":"Human corneal epithelial cells","g":0,"sg":"epithelial cell","al":["isolated human corneal epithelial cells"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[643]},{"id":"human-corneal-stromal-cells","n":"Human corneal stromal cells","g":0,"sg":"fibroblast (keratocyte)","al":["isolated human corneal stroma cells"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[644]},{"id":"ice-core-dust-epica-dome-c-antarctica","n":"Ice core dust (EPICA Dome C, Antarctica)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Insoluble dust in the EPICA Dome C ice core (27,000-year record), East Antarctica"],"ak":"grain","r":[645]},{"id":"ice-core-dust-northgrip-greenland","n":"Ice core dust (NorthGRIP, Greenland)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Insoluble microparticles in the NorthGRIP ice core, Greenland, from different climatic periods (Coulter calibration of a laser sensor)"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","laser sensor detection limit about 0.8 um equivalent spherical diameter after calibration against Coulter spectra; 1.0 um used as lower limit; Ca2+/dust mass ratio 0.29 (Holocene) and 0.11 (LGM)","reported by Ruth U 2002"]],"hs":{"sz":"laser sensor detection limit about 0.8 um equivalent spherical diameter after calibration against Coulter spectra; 1.0 um used as lower limit; Ca2+/dust mass ratio 0.29 (Holocene) and 0.11 (LGM)"},"szm":1e-06,"szs":"1 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[646]},{"id":"inositol-1-4-5-trisphosphate-ip3","n":"Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)","g":15,"sg":"second messenger","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","420.1 g/mol","PubChem CID 439456"],["Formula","C6H15O15P3","PubChem CID 439456"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 439456, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.99 nm","ms":"420.1 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:439456","szm":9.886e-10,"szs":"about 0.99 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[647]},{"id":"isopropyl-myristate-emulsion-droplets","n":"Isopropyl myristate emulsion droplets","g":6,"sg":"emulsion droplet","al":["isopropyl myristate oil-in-water emulsion droplets"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Mass","270.5 g/mol","PubChem CID 8042"],["Formula","C17H34O2","PubChem CID 8042"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 8042, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"ms":"270.5 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:8042","r":[648]},{"id":"isopropyl-myristate-oil-in-water-emulsion-droplets","n":"Isopropyl myristate oil-in-water emulsion droplets","g":6,"sg":"cosmetic emulsion","al":["Isopropyl myristate oil-in-water emulsions with polysorbate 80 in water-glycerol mixtures (cosmetic emulsions)"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Size","average droplet size decreased with more glycerol and polysorbate 80 (24 h after preparation)","reported by Ayannides CA 2002"]],"hs":{"sz":"average droplet size decreased with more glycerol and polysorbate 80 (24 h after preparation)"},"r":[649]},{"id":"lipid-protein-sugar-particles-spray-dried-lpsp","n":"Lipid-protein-sugar particles (spray-dried, LPSP)","g":6,"sg":"drug delivery microparticles","al":["Spray-dried lipid-protein-sugar particles (LPSPs) with and without 2% muscimol"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","4 to 5 um diameter","reported by Kohane DS 2002"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 to 5 um diameter"},"szm":5e-06,"szs":"5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[650]},{"id":"maltopentaose","n":"Maltopentaose","g":13,"sg":"malto-oligosaccharide (DP5)","ak":"sugar-chain","pr":[["Mass","828.7 g/mol","PubChem CID 124005"],["Formula","C30H52O26","PubChem CID 124005"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 124005, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.24 nm","ms":"828.7 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:124005","szm":1.24e-09,"szs":"about 1.24 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[651,652]},{"id":"maltotetraose","n":"Maltotetraose","g":13,"sg":"malto-oligosaccharide (DP4)","ak":"sugar-chain","pr":[["Mass","666.6 g/mol","PubChem CID 123966"],["Formula","C24H42O21","PubChem CID 123966"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 123966, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.15 nm","ms":"666.6 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:123966","szm":1.153e-09,"szs":"about 1.15 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[653,654]},{"id":"phosphate","n":"Phosphate","g":16,"sg":"oxyanion","al":["phosphate anion"],"ak":"ion","ax":"|","pr":[["Mass","94.971 g/mol","PubChem CID 1061"],["Formula","O4P-3","PubChem CID 1061"],["Formal charge","-3","PubChem CID 1061, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"ms":"94.971 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:1061","r":[655]},{"id":"ssdna-probe-complementary-oligo-with-5-da-1-9-overhang-serie","n":"ssDNA probe-complementary oligo with 5' (dA)1-9 overhang series (Howorka 2002)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide with overhang","al":["complementary oligonucleotides with 5' (dA)n overhangs, n up to 9"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[656]},{"id":"ssdna-probe-complementary-oligo-with-5-dt-1-9-overhang-serie","n":"ssDNA probe-complementary oligo with 5' (dT)1-9 overhang series (Howorka 2002)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide with overhang","al":["complementary oligonucleotides with 5' (dT)n overhangs, n up to 9"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[657]},{"id":"sunshine-bass-erythrocytes","n":"Sunshine bass erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"nucleated erythrocyte (fish)","al":["blood cells of diploid and triploid sunshine bass"],"ak":"rbc-nuc","r":[658]},{"id":"artemisinin-drug-particles","n":"Artemisinin drug particles","g":6,"sg":"drug crystals","al":["Artemisinin particles processed by supercritical fluid technology and in solid dispersions"],"ak":"crystal","r":[659]},{"id":"atheroembolic-plaque-fragments-carotid-angioplasty-debris","n":"Atheroembolic plaque fragments (carotid angioplasty debris)","g":17,"sg":"embolic debris","al":["Atherosclerotic plaque fragments released by ex vivo carotid angioplasty of excised human plaques (calcified and fibrotic)"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","fragments < 100 um; fractions 60 to 100 um and 100 to 200 um injected","reported by Rapp JH 2003"]],"hs":{"sz":"fragments < 100 um; fractions 60 to 100 um and 100 to 200 um injected"},"szm":0.0002,"szs":"200 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[660]},{"id":"chloroquine","n":"Chloroquine","g":15,"sg":"4-aminoquinoline drug","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","319.9 g/mol","PubChem CID 2719"],["Formula","C18H26ClN3","PubChem CID 2719"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 2719, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.9 nm","ms":"319.9 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:2719","szm":9.028e-10,"szs":"about 0.9 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[661,662]},{"id":"chlorpromazine","n":"Chlorpromazine","g":15,"sg":"phenothiazine drug","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","318.9 g/mol","PubChem CID 2726"],["Formula","C17H19ClN2S","PubChem CID 2726"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 2726, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.9 nm","ms":"318.9 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:2726","szm":9.018e-10,"szs":"about 0.9 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[663]},{"id":"dsdna-length-not-stated","n":"dsDNA (length not stated)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA","al":["DNA (translocations through graphene pores)","DNA (translocations through ultrathin BN pores)","DNA (translocation through MXene nanopores)","individual double-stranded DNA molecules and their folding configurations"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[664,665,666,667]},{"id":"dsdna-with-ssdna-overhang-for-nanopore-unzipping-sauer-budge","n":"dsDNA with ssDNA overhang for nanopore unzipping (Sauer-Budge 2003)","g":7,"sg":"partial DNA duplex","al":["double-stranded DNA with single-stranded overhang, unzipped by pulling one strand through the pore"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[668]},{"id":"fluphenazine","n":"Fluphenazine","g":15,"sg":"phenothiazine drug","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","437.5 g/mol","PubChem CID 3372"],["Formula","C22H26F3N3OS","PubChem CID 3372"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 3372, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1 nm","ms":"437.5 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:3372","szm":1.002e-09,"szs":"about 1 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[669,670]},{"id":"immune-complex-anti-streptavidin-igg-on-streptavidin-beads","n":"Immune complex: anti-streptavidin IgG on streptavidin beads","g":4,"sg":"antibody-bead immune complex","al":["streptavidin latex colloids with bound monoclonal anti-streptavidin antibody"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","diameter increase up to +9 nm on specific binding (about +2.5 nm nonspecific)","reported by Saleh OA 2003"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter increase up to +9 nm on specific binding (about +2.5 nm nonspecific)"},"szm":9e-09,"szs":"9 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[671]},{"id":"immune-complex-streptococcus-group-a-antigen-sandwich-on-ant","n":"Immune complex: Streptococcus group A antigen sandwich on antibody-coated beads","g":4,"sg":"antibody-bead immune complex","al":["Streptococcus group A antigen sandwich on biotinylated antibody-coated colloids"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","510 nm bare, 514 nm with primary antibody, further +1.6 nm on sandwich","reported by Saleh OA 2003"]],"hs":{"sz":"510 nm bare, 514 nm with primary antibody, further +1.6 nm on sandwich"},"szm":5.14e-07,"szs":"514 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[672]},{"id":"polystyrene-latex-spheres-carboxylated","n":"Polystyrene latex spheres (carboxylated)","g":4,"sg":"polymer latex","al":["carboxy-terminated polystyrene nanoparticles","polymeric nanoparticles 28-90 nm (size and electrophoretic mobility)","monodisperse carboxylated polystyrene calibration particles","carboxylate-modified polystyrene microspheres (40, 70, 100 nm)","carboxylated 200 nm polystyrene nanoparticles with different surface charge densities"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","diameter 28-90 nm","reported by Ito T 2004"],["Size","200 nm","reported by Vogel R 2012"],["Size","diameter 40, 70 and 100 nm","reported by Cabello-Aguilar S 2014"],["Other","carboxylated polystyrene; several types of nearly equal size but different surface charge","reported by Ito T 2003"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 28-90 nm"},"szm":2e-07,"szs":"200 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[673,674,675,676,677,678]},{"id":"primaquine","n":"Primaquine","g":15,"sg":"8-aminoquinoline drug","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","259.35 g/mol","PubChem CID 4908"],["Formula","C15H21N3O","PubChem CID 4908"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 4908, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.84 nm","ms":"259.35 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:4908","szm":8.418e-10,"szs":"about 0.84 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[679]},{"id":"quinacrine","n":"Quinacrine","g":15,"sg":"acridine drug","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","400 g/mol","PubChem CID 237"],["Formula","C23H30ClN3O","PubChem CID 237"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 237, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.97 nm","ms":"400 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:237","szm":9.726e-10,"szs":"about 0.97 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[680,681]},{"id":"rat-cortical-astrocytes","n":"Rat cortical astrocytes","g":0,"sg":"glial cell","al":["cultured rat cortical astrocytes"],"ak":"neuron","ids":"taxon:10116","r":[682]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aatcgaacgttttcgttcgatt-3-hairpin-9bp-at-a-t-penultim","n":"ssDNA 5'-AATCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGATT-3' (hairpin 9bp(AT)A.T, penultimate pair flipped, 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["9 bp hairpin 9bp(AT)A.T (penultimate T.A pair flipped to A.T)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","reported by Vercoutere WA 2003"],["Length","22 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","6,715 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -21 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","ms":"6,715 Da","ch":"about -21 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AATCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGATT","szm":1.32e-08,"szs":"about 13.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[683]},{"id":"ssdna-5-attcgaacgttttcgttcgaat-3-hairpin-9bpa-t-5-a-t-3-term","n":"ssDNA 5'-ATTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAT-3' (hairpin 9bpA.T (5'-A.T-3' terminus), 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["9 bp DNA hairpin 9bpA.T (5'-A.T-3' terminus)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","reported by Vercoutere WA 2003"],["Length","22 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","6,715 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -21 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","ms":"6,715 Da","ch":"about -21 e at pH 7"},"seq":"ATTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAT","szm":1.32e-08,"szs":"about 13.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[684]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcgaacgttttcgttcgatg-3-hairpin-9bp-at-c-g-penultim","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGATG-3' (hairpin 9bp(AT)C.G, penultimate pair flipped, 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["9 bp hairpin 9bp(AT)C.G (penultimate T.A pair flipped to A.T)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","reported by Vercoutere WA 2003"],["Length","22 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","6,716 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -21 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","ms":"6,716 Da","ch":"about -21 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGATG","szm":1.32e-08,"szs":"about 13.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[685]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cttcgaacgttttcgttcgaa-3-hairpin-9bpc-8-bp-stem-with","n":"ssDNA 5'-CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAA-3' (hairpin 9bpC._, 8 bp stem with 5' dangling C, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["hairpin 9bpC._ (8 bp core with dangling 5' C)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","21 nt","reported by Vercoutere WA 2003"],["Mass","6,387 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -20 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"21 nt","ms":"6,387 Da","ch":"about -20 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAA","szm":1.26e-08,"szs":"about 12.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[686]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cttcgaacgttttcgttcgaag-3-hairpin-9bpc-g-5-c-g-3-term","n":"ssDNA 5'-CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG-3' (hairpin 9bpC.G (5'-C.G-3' terminus), 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["9 bp DNA hairpin 9bpC.G (5'-C.G-3' terminus)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","reported by Vercoutere WA 2003"],["Length","22 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","6,716 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -21 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","ms":"6,716 Da","ch":"about -21 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG","szm":1.32e-08,"szs":"about 13.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[687]},{"id":"ssdna-5-fttcgaacgttttcgttcgaaa-3-hairpin-9bpf-a-f-2-4-difluo","n":"ssDNA 5'-FTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAA-3' (hairpin 9bpF.A, F = 2,4-difluorotoluene nucleoside, 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["9 bp hairpin 9bpF.A (5' difluorotoluene replaces T)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","reported by Vercoutere WA 2003"]],"hs":{"sz":"22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop"},"seq":"FTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAA (F = difluorotoluene deoxynucleoside)","r":[688]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gatcgaacgttttcgttcgatc-3-hairpin-9bp-at-g-c-penultim","n":"ssDNA 5'-GATCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGATC-3' (hairpin 9bp(AT)G.C, penultimate pair flipped, 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["9 bp hairpin 9bp(AT)G.C (penultimate T.A pair flipped to A.T)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","reported by Vercoutere WA 2003"],["Length","22 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","6,716 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -21 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","ms":"6,716 Da","ch":"about -21 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GATCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGATC","szm":1.32e-08,"szs":"about 13.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[689]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gtcgaacgttttcgttcgac-3-hairpin-8gc-8-bp-stem-t4-loop","n":"ssDNA 5'-GTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAC-3' (hairpin 8GC, 8 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["8 bp DNA hairpin control 8GC"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","20 nt, 8 bp stem, T4 loop","reported by Winters-Hilt S 2003"],["Length","20 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","6,099 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -19 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"20 nt, 8 bp stem, T4 loop","ms":"6,099 Da","ch":"about -19 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAC","szm":1.2e-08,"szs":"about 12 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[690]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gttcgaacgttttcgttcgaac-3-hairpin-9bpg-c-5-g-c-3-term","n":"ssDNA 5'-GTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAC-3' (hairpin 9bpG.C (5'-G.C-3' terminus), 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["9 bp DNA hairpin 9bpG.C (5'-G.C-3' terminus)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","reported by Vercoutere WA 2003"],["Length","22 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","6,716 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -21 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","ms":"6,716 Da","ch":"about -21 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAC","szm":1.32e-08,"szs":"about 13.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[691]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tatcgaacgttttcgttcgata-3-hairpin-9bp-at-t-a-penultim","n":"ssDNA 5'-TATCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGATA-3' (hairpin 9bp(AT)T.A, penultimate pair flipped, 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["9 bp hairpin 9bp(AT)T.A (penultimate T.A pair flipped to A.T)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","reported by Vercoutere WA 2003"],["Length","22 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","6,715 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -21 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","ms":"6,715 Da","ch":"about -21 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TATCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGATA","szm":1.32e-08,"szs":"about 13.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[692]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ttcgaacgttttcgttcgaag-3-hairpin-9bp-g-8-bp-stem-with","n":"ssDNA 5'-TTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG-3' (hairpin 9bp_.G, 8 bp stem with 3' dangling G, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["hairpin 9bp_.G (8 bp core with dangling 3' G)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","21 nt","reported by Vercoutere WA 2003"],["Mass","6,427 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -20 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"21 nt","ms":"6,427 Da","ch":"about -20 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG","szm":1.26e-08,"szs":"about 12.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[693]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tttcgaacgttttcgttcgaaa-3-hairpin-9bpt-a-5-t-a-3-term","n":"ssDNA 5'-TTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAA-3' (hairpin 9bpT.A (5'-T.A-3' terminus), 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["9 bp DNA hairpin 9bpT.A (5'-T.A-3' terminus)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","reported by Vercoutere WA 2003"],["Length","22 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","6,715 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -21 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","ms":"6,715 Da","ch":"about -21 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAA","szm":1.32e-08,"szs":"about 13.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[694]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tttcgaacgttttcgttcgaag-3-hairpin-9bpt-g-terminal-t-g","n":"ssDNA 5'-TTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG-3' (hairpin 9bpT.G (terminal T.G wobble mismatch), 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["9 bp DNA hairpin 9bpT.G (terminal T.G wobble mismatch)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","reported by Vercoutere WA 2003"],["Length","22 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","6,731 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -21 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","ms":"6,731 Da","ch":"about -21 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG","szm":1.32e-08,"szs":"about 13.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[695]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tttcgaacgttttcgttcgaat-3-hairpin-9bpt-t-blunt-end-wi","n":"ssDNA 5'-TTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAT-3' (hairpin 9bpT.T (blunt end with weak T.T pair), 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["9 bp DNA hairpin 9bpT.T (blunt end with weak T.T pair)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","reported by Vercoutere WA 2003"],["Length","22 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","6,706 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -21 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"22 nt, 9 bp stem, T4 loop","ms":"6,706 Da","ch":"about -21 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAT","szm":1.32e-08,"szs":"about 13.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[696]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-60","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)60","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dA60"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","60 nt","reported by Bates M 2003"],["Mass","18.7 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -59 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"60 nt","ms":"18.7 kDa","ch":"about -59 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3.6e-08,"szs":"about 36 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[697,698,699]},{"id":"streptavidin-coated-polystyrene-beads","n":"Streptavidin-coated polystyrene beads","g":4,"sg":"protein-coated bead","al":["streptavidin-coated latex colloids (about 510 nm)"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","diameter about 510 nm","reported by Saleh OA 2003"],["Other","latex colloids with surface streptavidin","reported by Saleh OA 2003"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter about 510 nm"},"szm":5.1e-07,"szs":"510 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[700]},{"id":"ursodeoxycholic-acid-particles-ground","n":"Ursodeoxycholic acid particles (ground)","g":6,"sg":"drug crystals","al":["Ground ursodeoxycholic acid"],"ak":"crystal","r":[701]},{"id":"18-crown-6","n":"18-crown-6","g":15,"sg":"crown ether","al":["18-crown-6 (1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Size","1.15 nm x 0.51 nm","reported by Bezrukov SM 2004"],["Mass","264 g/mol","reported by Bezrukov SM 2004"],["Other","(C2H4O)6","reported by Bezrukov SM 2004"],["Mass","264.31 g/mol","PubChem CID 28557"],["Formula","C12H24O6","PubChem CID 28557"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 28557, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.15 nm x 0.51 nm","ms":"264 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:28557","szm":1.15e-09,"szs":"1.15 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[702]},{"id":"budesonide-inhalation-drug-particles","n":"Budesonide inhalation drug particles","g":6,"sg":"inhalation drug particles","al":["Budesonide powders, micronised and prepared by solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS)"],"ak":"grain","r":[703]},{"id":"dna-peg-hybrid-strands-threaded-as-alpha-hl-rotaxanes-sanche","n":"DNA-PEG hybrid strands threaded as alpha-HL rotaxanes (Sanchez-Quesada 2004)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-polymer rotaxane","al":["ssDNA-PEG hybrid threads forming alpha-HL rotaxanes"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[704]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-1-500-bp","n":"dsDNA fragment 1,500 bp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["1500 bp double-stranded DNA"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","1,500 bp","reported by Heng JB 2004"],["Mass","about 975 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -3,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"1,500 bp","ms":"about 975 kDa","ch":"about -3,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":5.1e-07,"szs":"510 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[705]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-10-kbp","n":"dsDNA fragment 10 kbp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["10 kbp double-stranded DNA","10 kbp restriction fragments of lambda dsDNA","10 kbp dsDNA"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","10 kbp","reported by Chen P 2004"],["Mass","about 6.5 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -20,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"10 kbp","ms":"about 6.5 MDa","ch":"about -20,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.4e-06,"szs":"3.4 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[706,707,708]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-100-bp","n":"dsDNA fragment 100 bp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["100 bp double-stranded DNA","100 bp dsDNA"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","100 bp","reported by Heng JB 2004"],["Mass","about 65 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -200 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 bp","ms":"about 65 kDa","ch":"about -200 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.4e-08,"szs":"34 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[709,710,711]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-200-bp-human-crisp3-gene-amplicon","n":"dsDNA fragment 200 bp (human CRISP3 gene amplicon)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA PCR amplicon","al":["200 bp dsDNA fragment of the human CRISP-3 gene (PCR product)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","200 bp","reported by Chang H 2004"],["Mass","about 130 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -400 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"200 bp","ms":"about 130 kDa","ch":"about -400 e at pH 7"},"szm":6.8e-08,"szs":"68 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[712]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-3-kbp","n":"dsDNA fragment 3 kbp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["3 kbp double-stranded DNA"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","3 kbp","reported by Chen P 2004"],["Mass","about 1.95 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -6,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"3 kbp","ms":"about 1.95 MDa","ch":"about -6,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.02e-06,"szs":"1.02 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[713]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-50-bp","n":"dsDNA fragment 50 bp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["50 bp double-stranded DNA","50 bp dsDNA"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","50 bp","reported by Heng JB 2004"],["Mass","about 32.5 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -100 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"50 bp","ms":"about 32.5 kDa","ch":"about -100 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.7e-08,"szs":"17 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[714,715]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-600-bp","n":"dsDNA fragment 600 bp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["600 bp double-stranded DNA"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","600 bp","reported by Heng JB 2004"],["Mass","about 390 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -1,200 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"600 bp","ms":"about 390 kDa","ch":"about -1,200 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.04e-07,"szs":"204 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[716]},{"id":"dsdna-guide-50-mer-with-10-mer-target-1-mismatch-sutherland","n":"dsDNA Guide 50-mer with 10-mer target, 1 mismatch (Sutherland 2004)","g":7,"sg":"partial duplex with mismatch","al":["Guide strand hybridized to 10-base target with one mismatch"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[717]},{"id":"dsdna-guide-50-mer-with-10-mer-target-2-mismatches-sutherlan","n":"dsDNA Guide 50-mer with 10-mer target, 2 mismatches (Sutherland 2004)","g":7,"sg":"partial duplex with mismatch","al":["Guide strand hybridized to 10-base target with two mismatches"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[718]},{"id":"dsdna-guide-50-mer-with-10-mer-target-3-mismatches-sutherlan","n":"dsDNA Guide 50-mer with 10-mer target, 3 mismatches (Sutherland 2004)","g":7,"sg":"partial duplex with mismatch","al":["Guide strand mixed with 10-base target with three mismatches"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[719]},{"id":"dsdna-guide-50-mer-with-complementary-10-mer-target-sutherla","n":"dsDNA Guide 50-mer with complementary 10-mer target (Sutherland 2004)","g":7,"sg":"partial duplex","al":["Guide strand hybridized to fully complementary 10-base target"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[720]},{"id":"dsdna-lambda-phage-genome-48-502-bp","n":"dsDNA lambda phage genome (48,502 bp)","g":7,"sg":"phage genome","al":["bacteriophage lambda genomic DNA (resequencing)","lambda DNA","lambda DNA through a DNA origami-solid-state hybrid pore","bacteriophage lambda DNA (48.5 kbp)","dsDNA 48,500 bp (lambda-length)","16.5-um-long dsDNA (lambda length)","48.5 kb lambda dsDNA","lambda DNA (New England Biolabs)","48.5 kbp lambda dsDNA","lambda DNA unzipped by local heating above 564 K","lambda DNA (New England BioLabs, 2 ng/ul)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","48,502 bp; contour 16.5 um; Rg about 734 nm","reported by Chen P 2004"],["Size","contour 16.5 um","reported by Smeets RM 2006"],["Size","48,502 bp","standard lambda genome length"],["Mass","about 31.5 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -97,004 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"48,502 bp; contour 16.5 um; Rg about 734 nm","ms":"about 31.5 MDa","ch":"about -97,004 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:10710","szm":1.65e-05,"szs":"16.5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735]},{"id":"dsdna-phix174-rfii-5-386-bp-nicked-circular","n":"dsDNA phiX174 RFII (5,386 bp, nicked circular)","g":7,"sg":"circular dsDNA","al":["phiX174 RFII circular double-stranded DNA"],"ak":"plasmid","pr":[["Size","5,386 bp","size from phiX174 genome length (NCBI NC_001422)"],["Mass","about 3.5 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -10,772 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"5,386 bp","ms":"about 3.5 MDa","ch":"about -10,772 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:10847","szm":1.831e-06,"szs":"1.83 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[736]},{"id":"flunisolide-inhalation-drug-particles","n":"Flunisolide inhalation drug particles","g":6,"sg":"inhalation drug particles","al":["Flunisolide powders, micronised and prepared by solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS)"],"ak":"grain","r":[737]},{"id":"mouse-tissue-nuclei","n":"Mouse tissue nuclei","g":0,"sg":"isolated nuclei","al":["nuclei isolated from normal mouse liver, thymus, small intestine and bone marrow"],"ak":"nucleus","ids":"taxon:10090","r":[738]},{"id":"oil-sediment-aggregates-sediment-and-clay-with-emulsified-cr","n":"Oil-sediment aggregates (sediment and clay with emulsified crude oil)","g":5,"sg":"oil-mineral aggregates","al":["Sediment-oil and clay-oil aggregates formed with emulsified crude oil in a 40 L mixing tank (salinity 15 and 30 per mil)"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Other","three-dimensional fractal dimension D3 about 2.94 for latex or emulsified oil systems; clay-oil aggregates had higher D3 than clay aggregates","reported by Sterling MC Jr 2004"]],"r":[739]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-a-51ccaaaccaaccacc-3-with-avidin-anchor","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(A)51CCAAACCAACCACC-3' with avidin anchor","g":10,"sg":"DNA-protein complex","al":["65-mer biotinylated probe 5'-(A51)CCAAACCAACCACC-3' bound to avidin"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","65 nt","reported by Nakane J 2004"]],"hs":{"sz":"65 nt"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACCAAACCAACCACC","r":[740]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ggtgcttggtttgg-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-GGTGCTTGGTTTGG-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["14-mer target with single mismatch near position 5"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Nakane J 2004"],["Mass","4,357 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -13 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"4,357 Da","ch":"about -13 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGTGCTTGGTTTGG","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[741]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ggtggttcgtttgg-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-GGTGGTTCGTTTGG-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["14-mer target with central single mismatch (7c)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Nakane J 2004"],["Mass","4,357 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -13 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"4,357 Da","ch":"about -13 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGTGGTTCGTTTGG","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[742]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ggtggttggtttga-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-GGTGGTTGGTTTGA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["14-mer target with terminal 3' mismatch"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Nakane J 2004"],["Mass","4,381 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -13 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"4,381 Da","ch":"about -13 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGTGGTTGGTTTGA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[743]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ggtggttggtttgg-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-GGTGGTTGGTTTGG-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["14-mer fully complementary target","target PC rev"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Nakane J 2004"],["Mass","4,397 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -13 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"4,397 Da","ch":"about -13 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGTGGTTGGTTTGG","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[744,745]},{"id":"ssdna-70-nt-5-ccacaaacaaacaaccacacaaac-cacacaaactcc-3-ds70","n":"ssDNA 70-nt 5'-CCACAAACAAACAACCACACAAAC...CACACAAACTCC-3' (dS70)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA PCR product","al":["dS70: 70-nt single strand made by PCR and restriction digest"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","70 nt","reported by Wang H 2004"],["Mass","21.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -69 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"70 nt","ms":"21.1 kDa","ch":"about -69 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCACAAACAAACAACCACACAAACACACAACCACAACACCAACACACAAACAAACCAACACACAAACTCC","szm":4.2e-08,"szs":"about 42 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[746]},{"id":"ssdna-diethylpyrocarbonate-modified-wang-2004","n":"ssDNA diethylpyrocarbonate-modified (Wang 2004)","g":7,"sg":"chemically modified ssDNA","al":["DEPC-treated (purine-modified) DNA"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[747]},{"id":"ssdna-disulfide-linked-48-mer-construct-wang-2004","n":"ssDNA disulfide-linked 48-mer construct (Wang 2004)","g":7,"sg":"chemically linked ssDNA","al":["disulfide-linked 48-mer construct (CAAACAAACCAACACACAAACTCC-S-S-CCTCAAACACACAACCAAACAAAC)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","48 nt","reported by Wang H 2004"],["Mass","about 15.4 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -48 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"48 nt","ms":"about 15.4 kDa","ch":"about -48 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CAAACAAACCAACACACAAACTCC-S-S-CCTCAAACACACAACCAAACAAAC (as printed, spaces removed)","szm":2.88e-08,"szs":"about 28.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[748]},{"id":"ssdna-guide-50-mer-da-20-probe10-da-20-sutherland-2004","n":"ssDNA Guide 50-mer (dA)20-probe10-(dA)20 (Sutherland 2004)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["50-base Guide strand (central 10-base probe flanked by two (dA)20 tracts)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","50 nt","reported by Sutherland TC 2004"],["Mass","about 16 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -50 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"50 nt","ms":"about 16 kDa","ch":"about -50 e at pH 7"},"szm":3e-08,"szs":"about 30 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[749]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpin-hp1-10-bp-stem-6-nt-loop-3-da-50-overhang-math","n":"ssDNA hairpin HP1 (10 bp stem, 6-nt loop, 3' (dA)50 overhang; Mathe 2004)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin with ssDNA overhang","al":["HP1: 10 bp hairpin, 6-nt loop, 3' (dA)50 overhang (perfect match)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","76 nt (10 bp stem, 6-nt loop, 50-nt tail)","reported by Mathe J 2004"],["Mass","about 6,500 Da","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -20 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"76 nt (10 bp stem, 6-nt loop, 50-nt tail)","ms":"about 6,500 Da","ch":"about -20 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.4e-09,"szs":"3.4 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[750]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpin-hp2-10-bp-stem-with-one-t-t-mismatch-3-da-50-o","n":"ssDNA hairpin HP2 (10 bp stem with one T-T mismatch, 3' (dA)50 overhang; Mathe 2004)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin with ssDNA overhang","al":["HP2: same hairpin with a single T-T mismatch at the fifth base from the 5' end"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","76 nt","reported by Mathe J 2004"],["Mass","about 6,500 Da","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -20 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"76 nt","ms":"about 6,500 Da","ch":"about -20 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.4e-09,"szs":"3.4 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[751]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpin-hp3-7-bp-stem-3-da-50-overhang-mathe-2004","n":"ssDNA hairpin HP3 (7 bp stem, 3' (dA)50 overhang; Mathe 2004)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin with ssDNA overhang","al":["HP3: 7 bp hairpin with 3' (dA)50 overhang"],"ak":"hairpin","r":[752]},{"id":"ssdna-oligonucleotide-58-nt","n":"ssDNA oligonucleotide 58 nt","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["58-mer single-stranded DNA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","58 nt","reported by Heng JB 2004"],["Mass","about 18.6 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -58 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"58 nt","ms":"about 18.6 kDa","ch":"about -58 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.48e-08,"szs":"about 34.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[753]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-1300","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)1300","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dA1300 homopolymer (Amersham)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","~1300 nt","reported by Wang H 2004"],["Length","1300 nt","from the name"],["Mass","407 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -1299 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"~1300 nt","ms":"407 kDa","ch":"about -1299 e at pH 7"},"szm":7.8e-07,"szs":"about 780 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[754]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-90","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)90","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","90 nt","reported by Mathe J 2004"],["Mass","28.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -89 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt","ms":"28.1 kDa","ch":"about -89 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[755]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-500","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)500","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dC500 homopolymer (Amersham)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","~500 nt","reported by Wang H 2004"],["Length","500 nt","from the name"],["Mass","145 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -499 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"~500 nt","ms":"145 kDa","ch":"about -499 e at pH 7"},"szm":3e-07,"szs":"about 300 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[756]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dt-50","n":"ssDNA poly(dT)50","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dT50","poly(dT) 50-mer","dT50 (poly(dT) 50-mer)","50-mer poly(dT) single-stranded DNA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","50 nt","reported by Heng JB 2004"],["Mass","15.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -49 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"50 nt","ms":"15.1 kDa","ch":"about -49 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT","szm":3e-08,"szs":"about 30 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[757,758,759,760,761]},{"id":"2-4-6-trinitrotoluene-tnt","n":"2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)","g":15,"sg":"nitroaromatic explosive","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","227.13 g/mol","PubChem CID 8376"],["Formula","C7H5N3O6","PubChem CID 8376"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 8376, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.81 nm","ms":"227.13 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:8376","szm":8.054e-10,"szs":"about 0.81 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[762]},{"id":"ac-aakaa-2y-nh2","n":"Ac-(AAKAA)2Y-NH2","g":12,"sg":"alanine-based alpha-helical peptide","al":["P2, Ac-(AAKAA)2Y-NH2"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"Ac-AAKAAAAKAAY-NH2","r":[763]},{"id":"ac-aakaa-3y-nh2","n":"Ac-(AAKAA)3Y-NH2","g":12,"sg":"alanine-based alpha-helical peptide","al":["P3, Ac-(AAKAA)3Y-NH2"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"Ac-AAKAAAAKAAAAKAAY-NH2","r":[764]},{"id":"ac-aakaa-4y-nh2","n":"Ac-(AAKAA)4Y-NH2","g":12,"sg":"alanine-based alpha-helical peptide","al":["P4, Ac-(AAKAA)4Y-NH2"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"Ac-AAKAAAAKAAAAKAAAAKAAY-NH2","r":[765]},{"id":"ac-aakaa-5y-nh2","n":"Ac-(AAKAA)5Y-NH2","g":12,"sg":"alanine-based alpha-helical peptide","al":["P5, Ac-(AAKAA)5Y-NH2","pAK5, alanine-based model peptide Ac-(AAKAA)5Y-NH2"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"Ac-AAKAAAAKAAAAKAAAAKAAAAKAAY-NH2","r":[766,767]},{"id":"ac-aakaa-6y-nh2","n":"Ac-(AAKAA)6Y-NH2","g":12,"sg":"alanine-based alpha-helical peptide","al":["P6, Ac-(AAKAA)6Y-NH2"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"Ac-AAKAAAAKAAAAKAAAAKAAAAKAAAAKAAY-NH2","r":[768]},{"id":"ac-aakaa-7y-nh2","n":"Ac-(AAKAA)7Y-NH2","g":12,"sg":"alanine-based alpha-helical peptide","al":["P7, Ac-(AAKAA)7Y-NH2"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"Ac-AAKAAAAKAAAAKAAAAKAAAAKAAAAKAAAAKAAY-NH2","r":[769]},{"id":"anthrax-edema-factor-ef","n":"Anthrax edema factor (EF)","g":11,"sg":"bacterial toxin","al":["anthrax edema factor (EF), full length"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","89 kDa","reported by Halverson KM 2005"],["Mass","88.8 kDa","computed from UniProt P40136, Calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase 34 to 800"],["Isoelectric point","6.9","computed from UniProt P40136, Calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase 34 to 800, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-0.8 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P40136, Calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase 34 to 800, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","767 amino acids","computed from UniProt P40136, Calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase 34 to 800"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.89 nm","ms":"89 kDa","ch":"-0.8 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P40136","szm":5.89e-09,"szs":"about 5.89 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[770]},{"id":"anthrax-lethal-factor-lf","n":"Anthrax lethal factor (LF)","g":11,"sg":"bacterial toxin","al":["anthrax lethal factor (LF), full length"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","90 kDa","reported by Halverson KM 2005"],["Mass","90.2 kDa","computed from UniProt P15917, Lethal factor 34 to 809; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homoheptamer"],["Isoelectric point","5.5","computed from UniProt P15917, Lethal factor 34 to 809; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homoheptamer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-17.9 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P15917, Lethal factor 34 to 809; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homoheptamer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","776 amino acids","computed from UniProt P15917, Lethal factor 34 to 809; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homoheptamer"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.92 nm","ms":"90 kDa","ch":"-17.9 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P15917","szm":5.92e-09,"szs":"about 5.92 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[771]},{"id":"camp-dependent-protein-kinase-catalytic-subunit-pka-c","n":"cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (PKA C)","g":11,"sg":"protein kinase","al":["catalytic (C) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)","catalytic subunit of protein kinase A"],"ak":"protein","r":[772,773]},{"id":"chimpanzee-spermatozoa","n":"Chimpanzee spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon","ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","isosmotic volume 27.7 um3","reported by Agca Y 2005"],["Other","osmotically inactive fraction 69%","reported by Agca Y 2005"],["Charge","relative negative surface charge on the sperm head by colloidal iron binding at pH 1.6 and SEM X-ray analysis: ejaculated sperm modes at 21, 31, 40 and 46%; caput epididymal sperm one mode at 20%","Gould KG, Young LG, Hinton BT 1984, Arch Androl 12 Suppl:9-17"],["Other","net negative charge rises during epididymal transit and after ejaculation","Gould KG, Young LG, Hinton BT 1984, Arch Androl 12 Suppl:9-17"]],"hs":{"sz":"isosmotic volume 27.7 um3","ch":"relative negative surface charge on the sperm head by colloidal iron binding at pH 1.6 and SEM X-ray analysis: ejaculated sperm modes at 21, 31, 40 and 46%; caput epididymal sperm one mode at 20%"},"ids":"taxon:9598","szm":3.754e-06,"szs":"about 3.75 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[774]},{"id":"dna-nanoparticle-conjugate-nanoparticle-labeled-dna","n":"DNA-nanoparticle conjugate (nanoparticle-labeled DNA)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-nanoparticle conjugate","al":["single DNA molecules labeled with nanoparticles"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[775]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-6-557-bp","n":"dsDNA fragment 6,557 bp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["dsDNA 6557 bp"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","6,557 bp","reported by Storm AJ 2005"],["Mass","about 4.26 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -13,114 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"6,557 bp","ms":"about 4.26 MDa","ch":"about -13,114 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.229e-06,"szs":"2.23 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[776]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-97-kbp","n":"dsDNA fragment 97 kbp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["dsDNA 97,000 bp"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Mass","about 63 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -194,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"33 µm","ms":"about 63 MDa","ch":"about -194,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.298e-05,"szs":"33 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[777]},{"id":"dsdna-plasmid-psp65-3-kbp-linearized","n":"dsDNA plasmid pSP65 (3 kbp, linearized)","g":7,"sg":"linearized plasmid","al":["linear 3 kbp plasmid pSP65"],"ak":"plasmid","pr":[["Size","3 kbp","reported by Fologea D 2005"],["Mass","about 1.95 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -6,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"3 kbp","ms":"about 1.95 MDa","ch":"about -6,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.02e-06,"szs":"1.02 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[778]},{"id":"enterobacter-sp","n":"Enterobacter sp.","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative rod)","ak":"rod","ax":"gn","r":[779]},{"id":"immunoglobulin-g-igg","n":"Immunoglobulin G (IgG)","g":11,"sg":"antibody","al":["immunoglobulin (IgG)","IgG","human immunoglobulin G (naturally glycated)","immunoglobulin G (binding dynamics)"],"ak":"antibody","pr":[["Mass","150.0 kDa","reported by Li Y 2026"],["Charge","pI about 7.3","reported by Li Y 2026"]],"hs":{"sz":"7.01 nm","ms":"150.0 kDa","ch":"pI about 7.3"},"szm":7.014e-09,"szs":"about 7.01 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[780,781,782,783,784,785,786]},{"id":"karenia-brevis","n":"Karenia brevis","g":1,"sg":"dinoflagellate (toxic)","ak":"dino","ids":"taxon:156230","r":[787,788]},{"id":"leptospira-sp","n":"Leptospira sp.","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (spirochete)","al":["leptospires"],"ak":"spiral","pr":[["Size","helical cells 100 to 180 nm in cross-section diameter and 6 to 20 um long","Beck M, Malmstrom JA, Lange V, Schmidt A, Deutsch EW, Aebersold R 2009, Nat Methods 6:817-823, PMID 19838170 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","values for Leptospira interrogans; BioNumbers BNID 108358 and 108359","Beck M, Malmstrom JA, Lange V, Schmidt A, Deutsch EW, Aebersold R 2009, Nat Methods 6:817-823, PMID 19838170 (via BioNumbers)"]],"hs":{"sz":"helical cells 100 to 180 nm in cross-section diameter and 6 to 20 um long"},"szm":2e-05,"szs":"20 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[789]},{"id":"organosilica-microspheres-thiol-functionalized-mptms","n":"Organosilica microspheres (thiol-functionalized, MPTMS)","g":4,"sg":"silica microspheres","al":["Thiol-functionalized organosilica microspheres made from 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane by an emulsion route"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","up to about 6 um average size","reported by Miller CR 2005"],["Charge","isoelectric point pH 4.4","reported by Miller CR 2005"],["Other","average degree of condensation r = 1.25 (lower cross-linking than Stober silica)","reported by Miller CR 2005"]],"hs":{"sz":"up to about 6 um average size","ch":"isoelectric point pH 4.4"},"szm":6e-06,"szs":"6 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[790]},{"id":"per-6-3-aminopropylthio-beta-cyclodextrin-amprbetacd","n":"Per-6-(3-aminopropylthio)-beta-cyclodextrin (AmPrbetaCD)","g":13,"sg":"cationic cyclodextrin derivative","al":["AmPrbetaCD"],"ak":"mol","ax":"ring","r":[791,792,793]},{"id":"porphyrin-unspecified","n":"Porphyrin (unspecified)","g":15,"sg":"porphyrin","al":["porphyrin"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Size","diameter about 2 nm","reported by Heins EA 2005"],["Mass","310.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 66868"],["Formula","C20H14N4","PubChem CID 66868"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 66868, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter about 2 nm","ms":"310.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:66868","szm":2e-09,"szs":"2 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[794]},{"id":"pseudomonas-putida","n":"Pseudomonas putida","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative rod)","ak":"rod","ax":"gn","ids":"taxon:303","r":[795]},{"id":"ricin","n":"Ricin","g":11,"sg":"plant toxin","ak":"protein","r":[796]},{"id":"ssdna-5-a-50cgagacaacgctctctcgttgtctcg-3-hairpin-hp5-10-bp-s","n":"ssDNA 5'-(A)50CGAGACAACGCTCTCTCGTTGTCTCG-3' (hairpin HP5', 10 bp stem)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin with ssDNA overhang","al":["HP5': mirror hairpin with 5' (dA)50 tail, threads 5' end first"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","76 nt","reported by Mathe J 2005"],["Mass","23.6 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -75 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"76 nt","ms":"23.6 kDa","ch":"about -75 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACGAGACAACGCTCTCTCGTTGTCTCG","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[797]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gctctgttgctctctcgcaacagagc-a-50-3-hairpin-hp3-10-bp","n":"ssDNA 5'-GCTCTGTTGCTCTCTCGCAACAGAGC(A)50-3' (hairpin HP3', 10 bp stem)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin with ssDNA overhang","al":["HP3': 10 bp hairpin with 6-nt loop and 3' (dA)50 tail, threads 3' end first"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","76 nt","reported by Mathe J 2005"],["Mass","23.6 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -75 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"76 nt","ms":"23.6 kDa","ch":"about -75 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GCTCTGTTGCTCTCTCGCAACAGAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[798]},{"id":"ssdna-da-dc-block-copolymer-threads-with-terminal-hairpin-se","n":"ssDNA dA/dC block copolymer threads with terminal hairpin, series 5-8 (Ashkenasy 2005)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA thread with terminal hairpin","al":["dA/dC block copolymer threads with terminal hairpin (sequences 5-8)"],"ak":"hairpin","r":[799]},{"id":"ssdna-denatured-plasmid-psp65-about-3-kb","n":"ssDNA denatured plasmid pSP65 (about 3 kb)","g":7,"sg":"denatured long ssDNA","al":["single-stranded DNA from alkali-denatured linearized pSP65 plasmid (about 3 kb)"],"ak":"plasmid","pr":[["Size","about 3 kb","reported by Fologea D 2005"],["Mass","about 960 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -3,000 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 3 kb","ms":"about 960 kDa","ch":"about -3,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.8e-06,"szs":"about 1.8 µm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[800]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-thread-with-terminal-hairpin-ashkenasy-2005","n":"ssDNA poly(dA) thread with terminal hairpin (Ashkenasy 2005)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA thread with terminal hairpin","al":["poly d(A) thread with terminal hairpin (sequences 1 and 3, two threading orientations)"],"ak":"hairpin","r":[801]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-thread-with-single-da-at-position-18-from-hair","n":"ssDNA poly(dC) thread with single dA at position 18 from hairpin (Ashkenasy 2005)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA thread with terminal hairpin","al":["poly d(C) thread with single dA at position 18 from the 5' stem-loop (sequence 9)"],"ak":"hairpin","r":[802]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-thread-with-single-da-at-position-19-from-hair","n":"ssDNA poly(dC) thread with single dA at position 19 from hairpin (Ashkenasy 2005)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA thread with terminal hairpin","al":["poly d(C) thread with single dA at position 19 (sequence 10)"],"ak":"hairpin","r":[803]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-thread-with-single-da-at-position-20-from-hair","n":"ssDNA poly(dC) thread with single dA at position 20 from hairpin (Ashkenasy 2005)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA thread with terminal hairpin","al":["poly d(C) thread with single dA at position 20 (sequence 11)"],"ak":"hairpin","r":[804]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-thread-with-single-da-at-position-21-from-hair","n":"ssDNA poly(dC) thread with single dA at position 21 from hairpin (Ashkenasy 2005)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA thread with terminal hairpin","al":["poly d(C) thread with single dA at position 21 (sequence 12)"],"ak":"hairpin","r":[805]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-thread-with-single-da-at-position-22-from-hair","n":"ssDNA poly(dC) thread with single dA at position 22 from hairpin (Ashkenasy 2005)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA thread with terminal hairpin","al":["poly d(C) thread with single dA at position 22 (sequence 13)"],"ak":"hairpin","r":[806]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-thread-with-terminal-hairpin-ashkenasy-2005","n":"ssDNA poly(dC) thread with terminal hairpin (Ashkenasy 2005)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA thread with terminal hairpin","al":["poly d(C) thread with terminal hairpin (sequences 2 and 4)"],"ak":"hairpin","r":[807]},{"id":"streptavidin","n":"Streptavidin","g":11,"sg":"biotin-binding protein","al":["streptavidin captured by Strep-tag II peptides on the gate","streptavidin (SA)","streptavidin (STR)"],"ak":"multimer","pr":[["Size","about 230 nm3 (7 x 6 x 6 nm)","reported by Nelson EM 2012"],["Mass","60 kDa","reported by Nelson EM 2012"],["Mass","53 kDa","reported by Straathof S 2025"],["Charge","net charge valence -1.9 +/- 0.4 at pH 7.4 (cited)","reported by Yusko EC 2011"],["Charge","pI 6.5","reported by Nelson EM 2012"],["Other","measured volume 94 +/- 18 nm3 (lit. 105 nm3)","reported by Yusko EC 2011"],["Mass","16.5 kDa","computed from UniProt P22629, Streptavidin 25 to 183; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"],["Isoelectric point","6.5","computed from UniProt P22629, Streptavidin 25 to 183; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-0.5 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P22629, Streptavidin 25 to 183; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","159 amino acids","computed from UniProt P22629, Streptavidin 25 to 183; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 230 nm3 (7 x 6 x 6 nm)","ms":"60 kDa","ch":"net charge valence -1.9 +/- 0.4 at pH 7.4 (cited)"},"ids":"uniprot:P22629","szm":6e-09,"szs":"6 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[808,809,810,811,812,813,814]},{"id":"turbot-erythrocytes","n":"Turbot erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"nucleated erythrocyte (fish)","al":["diploid and triploid turbot erythrocytes"],"ak":"rbc-nuc","ids":"taxon:52904","r":[815]},{"id":"r-ibuprofen","n":"(R)-ibuprofen","g":15,"sg":"drug enantiomer","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","205.27 g/mol","PubChem CID 6926382"],["Formula","C13H17O2-","PubChem CID 6926382"],["Formal charge","-1","PubChem CID 6926382, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.78 nm","ms":"205.27 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6926382","szm":7.787e-10,"szs":"about 0.78 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[816,817]},{"id":"r-thalidomide","n":"(R)-thalidomide","g":15,"sg":"drug enantiomer","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","258.23 g/mol","PubChem CID 75792"],["Formula","C13H10N2O4","PubChem CID 75792"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 75792, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.84 nm","ms":"258.23 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:75792","szm":8.406e-10,"szs":"about 0.84 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[818]},{"id":"s-ibuprofen","n":"(S)-ibuprofen","g":15,"sg":"drug enantiomer","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","205.27 g/mol","PubChem CID 6919043"],["Formula","C13H17O2-","PubChem CID 6919043"],["Formal charge","-1","PubChem CID 6919043, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.78 nm","ms":"205.27 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6919043; pubchem:39912","szm":7.787e-10,"szs":"about 0.78 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[819,820]},{"id":"s-thalidomide","n":"(S)-thalidomide","g":15,"sg":"drug enantiomer","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","258.23 g/mol","PubChem CID 92142"],["Formula","C13H10N2O4","PubChem CID 92142"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 92142, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.84 nm","ms":"258.23 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:92142","szm":8.406e-10,"szs":"about 0.84 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[821]},{"id":"amoxicillin","n":"Amoxicillin","g":15,"sg":"beta-lactam antibiotic (penicillin)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","365.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 33613"],["Formula","C16H19N3O5S","PubChem CID 33613"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 33613, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.94 nm","ms":"365.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:33613","szm":9.437e-10,"szs":"about 0.94 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[822,823]},{"id":"amp-adenosine-5-monophosphate","n":"AMP (adenosine 5'-monophosphate)","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleoside monophosphate","al":["AMP","adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)","rAMP (adenosine 5'-monophosphate)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","347.22 g/mol","PubChem CID 6083 (pug REST)"],["Other","C10H14N5O7P","PubChem CID 6083 (pug REST)"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6083, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.93 nm","ms":"347.22 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6083","szm":9.278e-10,"szs":"about 0.93 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[824,825,826]},{"id":"azobenzenesulfonate-tether-cis","n":"Azobenzenesulfonate tether (cis)","g":15,"sg":"photoswitch isomer","al":["cis-azobenzene tether (Z isomer)"],"ak":"mol","r":[827]},{"id":"azobenzenesulfonate-tether-trans","n":"Azobenzenesulfonate tether (trans)","g":15,"sg":"photoswitch isomer","al":["trans-azobenzene tether (E isomer)"],"ak":"mol","r":[828]},{"id":"bacteriophage-lambda","n":"Bacteriophage lambda","g":2,"sg":"bacteriophage (siphovirus, tailed)","al":["bacteriophage lambda (whole virion docking on maltoporin)"],"ak":"phage","ids":"taxon:10710","r":[829]},{"id":"bovine-serum-albumin-bsa","n":"Bovine serum albumin (BSA)","g":11,"sg":"serum albumin","al":["bovine serum albumin","bovine serum albumin (SDS-denatured)","native bovine serum albumin (BSA)","bovine serum albumin (BSA), voltage-unfolded"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","spike magnitudes matched particles 7-9 nm in diameter","reported by Han A 2006"],["Size","about 4 x 4 x 14 nm, excluded volume about 224 nm3 (cited)","reported by Niedzwiecki DJ 2010"],["Size","583 amino acids","reported by Soni N 2022"],["Mass","66,430 Da","reported by Fologea D 2007"],["Mass","66.4 kDa","reported by Niedzwiecki DJ 2010"],["Charge","pI 5.1-5.5; net charge -18 e at pH 7","reported by Fologea D 2007"],["Charge","effective charge about -12 e at pH 7.4 (cited)","reported by Niedzwiecki DJ 2010"],["Isoelectric point","5.7","computed from UniProt P02769, Albumin 25 to 607, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-13.9 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P02769, Albumin 25 to 607, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"]],"hs":{"sz":"spike magnitudes matched particles 7-9 nm in diameter","ms":"66,430 Da","ch":"pI 5.1-5.5; net charge -18 e at pH 7"},"ids":"uniprot:P02769","szm":1.4e-08,"szs":"14 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838]},{"id":"cmp-cytidine-5-monophosphate","n":"CMP (cytidine 5'-monophosphate)","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleoside monophosphate","al":["CMP","cytidine 5'-monophosphate (CMP)","rCMP (cytidine 5'-monophosphate)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","323.20 g/mol","PubChem CID 6131 (pug REST)"],["Other","C9H14N3O8P","PubChem CID 6131 (pug REST)"],["Mass","323.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 6131"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6131, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.91 nm","ms":"323.20 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6131","szm":9.059e-10,"szs":"about 0.91 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[839,840,841]},{"id":"damp-2-deoxyadenosine-5-monophosphate","n":"dAMP (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate)","g":9,"sg":"deoxynucleoside monophosphate","al":["dAMP"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","331.22 g/mol","PubChem CID 12599 (pug REST)"],["Other","C10H14N5O6P","PubChem CID 12599 (pug REST)"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 12599, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.91 nm","ms":"331.22 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:12599","szm":9.133e-10,"szs":"about 0.91 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[842,843,844,845]},{"id":"dcmp-2-deoxycytidine-5-monophosphate","n":"dCMP (2'-deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate)","g":9,"sg":"deoxynucleoside monophosphate","al":["dCMP"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","307.20 g/mol","PubChem CID 13945 (pug REST)"],["Other","C9H14N3O7P","PubChem CID 13945 (pug REST)"],["Mass","307.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 13945"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 13945, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.89 nm","ms":"307.20 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:13945","szm":8.907e-10,"szs":"about 0.89 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[846,847,848,849]},{"id":"dgmp-2-deoxyguanosine-5-monophosphate","n":"dGMP (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate)","g":9,"sg":"deoxynucleoside monophosphate","al":["dGMP"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","347.22 g/mol","PubChem CID 135398597 (pug REST)"],["Other","C10H14N5O7P","PubChem CID 135398597 (pug REST)"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 135398597, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.93 nm","ms":"347.22 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:135398597","szm":9.278e-10,"szs":"about 0.93 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[850,851,852,853]},{"id":"dsdna-plasmid-6-600-bp","n":"dsDNA plasmid 6,600 bp","g":7,"sg":"plasmid","al":["double-stranded plasmid DNA (6600 base pairs)"],"ak":"plasmid","pr":[["Size","6,600 bp","reported by Harrell CC 2006"],["Mass","about 4.29 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -13,200 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"6,600 bp","ms":"about 4.29 MDa","ch":"about -13,200 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.244e-06,"szs":"2.24 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[854]},{"id":"dtmp-thymidine-5-monophosphate","n":"dTMP (thymidine 5'-monophosphate)","g":9,"sg":"deoxynucleoside monophosphate","al":["dTMP"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","322.21 g/mol","PubChem CID 9700 (pug REST)"],["Other","C10H15N2O8P","PubChem CID 9700 (pug REST)"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 9700, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.9 nm","ms":"322.21 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:9700","szm":9.049e-10,"szs":"about 0.9 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[855,856,857,858]},{"id":"gas-nanobubbles-in-solid-state-nanopores","n":"Gas nanobubbles (in solid-state nanopores)","g":17,"sg":"gas bubble","al":["nanobubbles in solid-state nanopores"],"ak":"bubble","r":[859]},{"id":"gmp-guanosine-5-monophosphate","n":"GMP (guanosine 5'-monophosphate)","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleoside monophosphate","al":["GMP","guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP)","rGMP (guanosine 5'-monophosphate)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","363.22 g/mol","PubChem CID 135398631 (pug REST)"],["Other","C10H14N5O8P","PubChem CID 135398631 (pug REST)"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 135398631, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.94 nm","ms":"363.22 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:135398631","szm":9.418e-10,"szs":"about 0.94 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[860,861,862]},{"id":"ice-core-dust-huascaran-peru","n":"Ice core dust (Huascaran, Peru)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Dust in the 1993 Nevado Huascaran col ice core (6050 m), Cordillera Blanca, Peru, since the end of the last glacial stage"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","0.63 to 16 um (30 um tube, 14 size ranges) and 2.0 to 40 um (100 um tube, 14 size ranges), integrated; dust peak about 4500 years ago","reported by Davis ME 2006"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.63 to 16 um (30 um tube, 14 size ranges) and 2.0 to 40 um (100 um tube, 14 size ranges), integrated; dust peak about 4500 years ago"},"szm":0.0001,"szs":"100 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[863]},{"id":"nickel-hydroxy-carbonate-precipitate-fines","n":"Nickel hydroxy-carbonate precipitate fines","g":6,"sg":"inorganic precipitates","al":["Nickel hydroxy-carbonate precipitate fines from seeded precipitation in a fluidised bed reactor"],"ak":"crystal","pr":[["Size","measured from 0.4 to 12.0 um","reported by Lewis A 2006"]],"hs":{"sz":"measured from 0.4 to 12.0 um"},"szm":1.2e-05,"szs":"12 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[864]},{"id":"paramecium-bursaria-chlorella-virus-1-pbcv-1","n":"Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1)","g":2,"sg":"phycodnavirus (large icosahedral algal virus)","ak":"virus-ico","pr":[["Size","diameter about 175 to 190 nm","Yang and Yamamoto 2016 (PMC5031608); Yasuura et al. 2023 (PMC10422600)"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter about 175 to 190 nm"},"ids":"taxon:10506","szm":1.9e-07,"szs":"190 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[865,866]},{"id":"pbcv-1-antibody-complex","n":"PBCV-1 - antibody complex","g":2,"sg":"virus-antibody complex","al":["PBCV-1 bound to virus-specific antibody"],"ak":"virus-ico","ids":"taxon:10506","r":[867]},{"id":"pollen-juniperus-scopulorum","n":"Pollen, Juniperus scopulorum","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["Juniperus scopulorum (Rocky Mountain juniper) pollen"],"ak":"pollen","pr":[["Size","about 20 um diameter","abstract"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 20 um diameter"},"ids":"taxon:466205","szm":2e-05,"szs":"20 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[868]},{"id":"pollen-populus-cottonwood","n":"Pollen, Populus (cottonwood)","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["cottonwood pollen"],"ak":"pollen","pr":[["Size","about 20 um diameter","abstract"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 20 um diameter"},"szm":2e-05,"szs":"20 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[869]},{"id":"rna-a25c50-diblock","n":"RNA A25C50 diblock","g":8,"sg":"RNA block copolymer","al":["A25C50 RNA diblock"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","75 nt","reported by Butler TZ 2006"],["Mass","23.4 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -74 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"75 nt","ms":"23.4 kDa","ch":"about -74 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","szm":4.5e-08,"szs":"about 45 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[870]},{"id":"rna-c50a25-diblock","n":"RNA C50A25 diblock","g":8,"sg":"RNA block copolymer","al":["C50A25 RNA diblock"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","75 nt","reported by Butler TZ 2006"],["Mass","23.4 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -74 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"75 nt","ms":"23.4 kDa","ch":"about -74 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":4.5e-08,"szs":"about 45 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[871]},{"id":"rna-poly-a-50","n":"RNA poly(A)50","g":8,"sg":"RNA homopolymer","al":["A50 RNA","rA50"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","50 nt","reported by Butler TZ 2006"],["Mass","16.4 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -49 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"50 nt","ms":"16.4 kDa","ch":"about -49 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3e-08,"szs":"about 30 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[872,873]},{"id":"rna-poly-c-50","n":"RNA poly(C)50","g":8,"sg":"RNA homopolymer","al":["C50 RNA","rC50"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","50 nt","reported by Butler TZ 2006"],["Mass","15.2 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -49 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"50 nt","ms":"15.2 kDa","ch":"about -49 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","szm":3e-08,"szs":"about 30 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[874,875]},{"id":"series-fmoc-d-x-a-y-k-z-alpha-helical-peptides","n":"Series Fmoc-D(x)A(y)K(z) alpha-helical peptides","g":12,"sg":"alpha-helical peptide series","al":["negatively charged alpha-helical peptides Fmoc-D(x)A(y)K(z) (x and z = 1, 2 or 3; y = 10, 14, 18 or 22)"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"Fmoc-DxAyKz (x, z = 1-3; y = 10, 14, 18, 22)","r":[876,877]},{"id":"ssdna-5-abasic-cttcgaacgttttcgttcgaag-3-hairpin-9bpc-g-with","n":"ssDNA 5'-(abasic)CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG-3' (hairpin 9bpC.G with 5' abasic overhang, 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin 9bpC.G with 5' abasic overhang"],"ak":"hairpin","seq":"(abasic)CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG","r":[878]},{"id":"ssdna-5-5-phosphate-cttcgaacgttttcgttcgaag-3-hairpin-9bpc-g","n":"ssDNA 5'-5'-phosphate-CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG-3' (hairpin 9bpC.G with 5' phosphate, 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin 9bpC.G with 5' phosphate"],"ak":"hairpin","seq":"5'-phosphate-CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG","r":[879]},{"id":"ssdna-5-acttcgaacgttttcgttcgaag-3-hairpin-10bpa-5-a-overhang","n":"ssDNA 5'-ACTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG-3' (hairpin 10bpA.- (5' A overhang on 9bpC.G), 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin 10bpA.- (5' A overhang on 9bpC.G)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Length","23 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","7,030 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -22 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"13.8 nm","ms":"7,030 Da","ch":"about -22 e at pH 7"},"seq":"ACTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG","szm":1.38e-08,"szs":"about 13.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[880]},{"id":"ssdna-5-acttcgaacgttttcgttcgaagt-3-hairpin-10bpa-t-10-bp-ste","n":"ssDNA 5'-ACTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAGT-3' (hairpin 10bpA.T, 10 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["10 bp blunt-ended DNA hairpin 10bpA.T"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","24 nt, 10 bp stem","reported by DeGuzman VS 2006"],["Length","24 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","7,334 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -23 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"24 nt, 10 bp stem","ms":"7,334 Da","ch":"about -23 e at pH 7"},"seq":"ACTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAGT","szm":1.44e-08,"szs":"about 14.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[881]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccttcgaacgttttcgttcgaag-3-hairpin-10bpc-5-c-overhang","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG-3' (hairpin 10bpC.- (5' C overhang on 9bpC.G), 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin 10bpC.- (5' C overhang on 9bpC.G)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Length","23 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","7,006 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -22 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"13.8 nm","ms":"7,006 Da","ch":"about -22 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG","szm":1.38e-08,"szs":"about 13.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[882]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccttcgaacgttttcgttcgaagg-3-hairpin-10bpc-g-10-bp-ste","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAGG-3' (hairpin 10bpC.G, 10 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["10 bp blunt-ended DNA hairpin 10bpC.G"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","24 nt, 10 bp stem","reported by DeGuzman VS 2006"],["Length","24 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","7,335 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -23 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"24 nt, 10 bp stem","ms":"7,335 Da","ch":"about -23 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAGG","szm":1.44e-08,"szs":"about 14.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[883]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cttcgaacgttttcgttcgaag-abasic-3-hairpin-9bpc-g-with","n":"ssDNA 5'-CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG(abasic)-3' (hairpin 9bpC.G with 3' abasic overhang, 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin 9bpC.G with 3' abasic overhang"],"ak":"hairpin","seq":"CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG(abasic)","r":[884]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cttcgaacgttttcgttcgaag-3-phosphate-3-hairpin-9bpc-g","n":"ssDNA 5'-CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG-3'-phosphate-3' (hairpin 9bpC.G with 3' phosphate (9bpC.Gp), 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin 9bpC.G with 3' phosphate (9bpC.Gp)"],"ak":"hairpin","seq":"CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG-3'-phosphate","r":[885]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cttcgaacgttttcgttcgaaga-3-hairpin-10bp-a-3-a-overhan","n":"ssDNA 5'-CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAGA-3' (hairpin 10bp-.A (3' A overhang on 9bpC.G), 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin 10bp-.A (3' A overhang on 9bpC.G)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Length","23 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","7,030 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -22 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"13.8 nm","ms":"7,030 Da","ch":"about -22 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAGA","szm":1.38e-08,"szs":"about 13.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[886]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cttcgaacgttttcgttcgaagc-3-hairpin-10bp-c-3-c-overhan","n":"ssDNA 5'-CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAGC-3' (hairpin 10bp-.C (3' C overhang on 9bpC.G), 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin 10bp-.C (3' C overhang on 9bpC.G)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Length","23 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","7,006 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -22 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"13.8 nm","ms":"7,006 Da","ch":"about -22 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAGC","szm":1.38e-08,"szs":"about 13.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[887]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cttcgaacgttttcgttcgaagg-3-hairpin-10bp-g-3-g-overhan","n":"ssDNA 5'-CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAGG-3' (hairpin 10bp-.G (3' G overhang on 9bpC.G), 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin 10bp-.G (3' G overhang on 9bpC.G)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Length","23 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","7,046 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -22 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"13.8 nm","ms":"7,046 Da","ch":"about -22 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAGG","szm":1.38e-08,"szs":"about 13.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[888]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cttcgaacgttttcgttcgaagt-3-hairpin-10bp-t-3-t-overhan","n":"ssDNA 5'-CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAGT-3' (hairpin 10bp-.T (3' T overhang on 9bpC.G), 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin 10bp-.T (3' T overhang on 9bpC.G)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Length","23 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","7,021 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -22 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"13.8 nm","ms":"7,021 Da","ch":"about -22 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAGT","szm":1.38e-08,"szs":"about 13.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[889]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gcttcgaacgttttcgttcgaag-3-hairpin-10bpg-5-g-overhang","n":"ssDNA 5'-GCTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG-3' (hairpin 10bpG.- (5' G overhang on 9bpC.G), 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin 10bpG.- (5' G overhang on 9bpC.G)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Length","23 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","7,046 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -22 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"13.8 nm","ms":"7,046 Da","ch":"about -22 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GCTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG","szm":1.38e-08,"szs":"about 13.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[890]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gcttcgaacgttttcgttcgaagc-3-hairpin-10bpg-c-10-bp-ste","n":"ssDNA 5'-GCTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAGC-3' (hairpin 10bpG.C, 10 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["10 bp blunt-ended DNA hairpin 10bpG.C"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","24 nt, 10 bp stem","reported by DeGuzman VS 2006"],["Length","24 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","7,335 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -23 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"24 nt, 10 bp stem","ms":"7,335 Da","ch":"about -23 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GCTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAGC","szm":1.44e-08,"szs":"about 14.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[891]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tcttcgaacgttttcgttcgaag-3-hairpin-10bpt-5-t-overhang","n":"ssDNA 5'-TCTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG-3' (hairpin 10bpT.- (5' T overhang on 9bpC.G), 9 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin 10bpT.- (5' T overhang on 9bpC.G)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Length","23 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","7,021 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -22 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"13.8 nm","ms":"7,021 Da","ch":"about -22 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TCTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAG","szm":1.38e-08,"szs":"about 13.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[892]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tcttcgaacgttttcgttcgaaga-3-hairpin-10bpt-a-10-bp-ste","n":"ssDNA 5'-TCTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAGA-3' (hairpin 10bpT.A, 10 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["10 bp blunt-ended DNA hairpin 10bpT.A"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","24 nt, 10 bp stem","reported by DeGuzman VS 2006"],["Length","24 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","7,334 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -23 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"24 nt, 10 bp stem","ms":"7,334 Da","ch":"about -23 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TCTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAGA","szm":1.44e-08,"szs":"about 14.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[893]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tcttcgaacgttttcgttcgaagt-3-hairpin-10bpt-t-10-bp-ste","n":"ssDNA 5'-TCTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAGT-3' (hairpin 10bpT--T, 10 bp stem, T4 loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["10 bp blunt-ended DNA hairpin 10bpT--T"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","24 nt, 10 bp stem","reported by DeGuzman VS 2006"],["Length","24 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","7,325 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -23 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"24 nt, 10 bp stem","ms":"7,325 Da","ch":"about -23 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TCTTCGAACGTTTTCGTTCGAAGT","szm":1.44e-08,"szs":"about 14.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[894]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpin-10-bp-stem-deguzman-2006-stem-length-series","n":"ssDNA hairpin 10 bp stem (DeGuzman 2006 stem-length series)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin with 10 bp stem (stem-length series)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","10 bp stem","reported by DeGuzman VS 2006"],["Mass","about 6,500 Da","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -20 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"10 bp stem","ms":"about 6,500 Da","ch":"about -20 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.4e-09,"szs":"3.4 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[895]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpin-11-bp-stem-deguzman-2006-stem-length-series","n":"ssDNA hairpin 11 bp stem (DeGuzman 2006 stem-length series)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin with 11 bp stem (stem-length series)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","11 bp stem","reported by DeGuzman VS 2006"],["Mass","about 7,150 Da","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -22 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"11 bp stem","ms":"about 7,150 Da","ch":"about -22 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.74e-09,"szs":"3.74 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[896]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpin-12-bp-stem-deguzman-2006-stem-length-series","n":"ssDNA hairpin 12 bp stem (DeGuzman 2006 stem-length series)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin with 12 bp stem (stem-length series)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","12 bp stem","reported by DeGuzman VS 2006"],["Mass","about 7,800 Da","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -24 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"12 bp stem","ms":"about 7,800 Da","ch":"about -24 e at pH 7"},"szm":4.08e-09,"szs":"4.08 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[897]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpin-21-bp-stem-deguzman-2006","n":"ssDNA hairpin 21 bp stem (DeGuzman 2006)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin with 21 bp stem"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","21 bp stem","reported by DeGuzman VS 2006"],["Mass","about 13.7 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -42 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"21 bp stem","ms":"about 13.7 kDa","ch":"about -42 e at pH 7"},"szm":7.14e-09,"szs":"7.14 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[898]},{"id":"ssdna-phage-genome-7-250-nt","n":"ssDNA phage genome 7,250 nt","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA phage genome","al":["single-stranded phage DNA (7250 bases)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","7,250 nt","reported by Harrell CC 2006"],["Mass","about 2.32 MDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -7,250 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"7,250 nt","ms":"about 2.32 MDa","ch":"about -7,250 e at pH 7"},"szm":4.35e-06,"szs":"about 4.35 µm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[899]},{"id":"ump-uridine-5-monophosphate","n":"UMP (uridine 5'-monophosphate)","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleoside monophosphate","al":["UMP","uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP)","rUMP (uridine 5'-monophosphate)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","324.18 g/mol","PubChem CID 6030 (pug REST)"],["Other","C9H13N2O9P","PubChem CID 6030 (pug REST)"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6030, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.91 nm","ms":"324.18 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6030","szm":9.068e-10,"szs":"about 0.91 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[900,901,902]},{"id":"anti-bsa-fab-fragment-polyclonal","n":"Anti-BSA Fab fragment (polyclonal)","g":11,"sg":"antibody fragment","al":["Fab fragment from a BSA-binding polyclonal antibody"],"ak":"antibody","r":[903]},{"id":"beryllium-metal-powder","n":"Beryllium metal powder","g":6,"sg":"metal powders","al":["Beryllium metal powder (Brush Wellman type I-400), cyclone size fractions"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Size","liquid suspension counter geometric mean 1.5 um (GSD 1.8), 1.3 um (1.5) and 1.1 um (1.6) for cyclone stages with D50 2.5, 1.7 and 0.9 um","reported by Stefaniak AB 2007"]],"hs":{"sz":"liquid suspension counter geometric mean 1.5 um (GSD 1.8), 1.3 um (1.5) and 1.1 um (1.6) for cyclone stages with D50 2.5, 1.7 and 0.9 um"},"szm":1.5e-06,"szs":"1.5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[904]},{"id":"complex-bacteriophage-phi8-p4-atpase-with-rna-c25a25","n":"Complex bacteriophage phi8 P4 ATPase with RNA C25A25","g":10,"sg":"RNA-protein complex","al":["RNA complex with phi8 packaging ATPase P4"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[905]},{"id":"complex-bsa-anti-bsa-fab","n":"Complex BSA/anti-BSA Fab","g":11,"sg":"antigen-antibody complex","al":["BSA/Fab complex"],"ak":"antibody","r":[906]},{"id":"complex-e-coli-exonuclease-i-with-ssdna","n":"Complex E. coli exonuclease I with ssDNA","g":10,"sg":"DNA-enzyme complex","al":["ssDNA-exonuclease I complexes"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[907]},{"id":"complex-ecori-or-bamhi-with-dsdna-900-bp-ptwin1-amplicon","n":"Complex EcoRI or BamHI with dsDNA 900 bp (pTWIN1 amplicon)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-restriction enzyme complex","al":["900 bp dsDNA from pTWIN1 with EcoRI and BamHI sites, bound to EcoRI or BamHI"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","900 bp","reported by Zhao Q 2007"]],"hs":{"sz":"900 bp"},"szm":3.06e-07,"szs":"about 306 nm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[908]},{"id":"complex-ecori-dsdna-105-bp-cognate-gaattc","n":"Complex EcoRI-dsDNA (105 bp, cognate GAATTC)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-restriction enzyme complex","al":["EcoRI bound to 105 bp dsDNA at its cognate site (GAATTC)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","105 bp DNA","reported by Zhao Q 2007"]],"hs":{"sz":"105 bp DNA"},"szm":3.57e-08,"szs":"about 35.7 nm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[909]},{"id":"complex-ecori-dsdna-105-bp-cognate-site-g-to-t-snp","n":"Complex EcoRI-dsDNA (105 bp, cognate site G-to-T SNP)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-restriction enzyme complex","al":["EcoRI bound to 105 bp dsDNA with a single G-to-T mutation in the cognate site"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","105 bp DNA","reported by Zhao Q 2007"]],"hs":{"sz":"105 bp DNA"},"szm":3.57e-08,"szs":"about 35.7 nm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[910]},{"id":"complex-klenow-fragment-e-coli-dna-pol-i-with-14-bphp-dna-bi","n":"Complex Klenow fragment (E. coli DNA pol I) with 14-bphp DNA (binary)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-polymerase complex","al":["Klenow fragment bound to 14-bphp (binary complex)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[911]},{"id":"complex-klenow-fragment-with-14-bphp-dna-and-dgtp-ternary","n":"Complex Klenow fragment with 14-bphp DNA and dGTP (ternary)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-polymerase-dNTP complex","al":["Klenow fragment-14-bphp-dGTP ternary complex"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[912]},{"id":"complex-klenow-fragment-with-primer-template-and-complementa","n":"Complex Klenow fragment with primer/template and complementary dNTP (ternary, Benner 2007 series)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-polymerase-dNTP complex","al":["KF ternary complexes with primer/template and complementary dNTP (n0 G + dCTP, T + dATP, A + dTTP, C + dGTP)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[913]},{"id":"copper-beryllium-alloy-fume-particles-arc-furnace-aerosol","n":"Copper-beryllium alloy fume particles (arc furnace aerosol)","g":6,"sg":"metal fumes","al":["Copper-beryllium alloy arc furnace aerosol particles (process-sampled)"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","liquid suspension counter geometric mean 1.1 um (GSD 1.3), 1.0 um (1.3) and 0.9 um (1.3) for three cyclone fractions","reported by Stefaniak AB 2007"]],"hs":{"sz":"liquid suspension counter geometric mean 1.1 um (GSD 1.3), 1.0 um (1.3) and 0.9 um (1.3) for three cyclone fractions"},"szm":1.1e-06,"szs":"1.1 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[914]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-2-027-bp-lambda-hindiii","n":"dsDNA fragment 2,027 bp (lambda HindIII)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["lambda HindIII ladder fragment 2,027 bp"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","2,027 bp","reported by Fologea D 2007"],["Mass","about 1.32 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -4,054 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"2,027 bp","ms":"about 1.32 MDa","ch":"about -4,054 e at pH 7"},"szm":6.892e-07,"szs":"689 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[915]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-2-322-bp-lambda-hindiii","n":"dsDNA fragment 2,322 bp (lambda HindIII)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["lambda HindIII ladder fragment 2,322 bp"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","2,322 bp","reported by Fologea D 2007"],["Mass","about 1.51 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -4,644 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"2,322 bp","ms":"about 1.51 MDa","ch":"about -4,644 e at pH 7"},"szm":7.895e-07,"szs":"789 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[916]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-23-130-bp-lambda-hindiii","n":"dsDNA fragment 23,130 bp (lambda HindIII)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["lambda HindIII ladder fragment 23,130 bp"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","23,130 bp","reported by Fologea D 2007"],["Mass","about 15 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -46,260 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"23,130 bp","ms":"about 15 MDa","ch":"about -46,260 e at pH 7"},"szm":7.864e-06,"szs":"7.86 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[917]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-4-kbp","n":"dsDNA fragment 4 kbp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["4 kbp dsDNA fragment (equimolar mixture with 6 kbp)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","4 kbp","reported by Gershow M 2007"],["Mass","about 2.6 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -8,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 kbp","ms":"about 2.6 MDa","ch":"about -8,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.36e-06,"szs":"1.36 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[918]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-4-361-bp-lambda-hindiii","n":"dsDNA fragment 4,361 bp (lambda HindIII)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["lambda HindIII ladder fragment 4,361 bp"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","4,361 bp","reported by Fologea D 2007"],["Mass","about 2.83 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -8,722 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"4,361 bp","ms":"about 2.83 MDa","ch":"about -8,722 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.483e-06,"szs":"1.48 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[919]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-539-bp","n":"dsDNA fragment 539 bp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["539 bp double-stranded DNA"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","539 bp","reported by Kim YR 2007"],["Mass","about 350 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -1,078 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"539 bp","ms":"about 350 kDa","ch":"about -1,078 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.833e-07,"szs":"183 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[920]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-6-000-bp","n":"dsDNA fragment 6,000 bp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["6000 bp linear dsDNA (NoLimits)","6 kbp dsDNA fragment (equimolar mixture with 4 kbp)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","6 kbp","reported by Gershow M 2007"],["Size","6,000 bp","reported by Wanunu M 2008"],["Mass","about 3.9 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -12,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"6 kbp","ms":"about 3.9 MDa","ch":"about -12,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.04e-06,"szs":"2.04 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[921,922]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-9-416-bp-lambda-hindiii","n":"dsDNA fragment 9,416 bp (lambda HindIII)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["lambda HindIII ladder fragment 9,416 bp"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","9,416 bp","reported by Fologea D 2007"],["Mass","about 6.12 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -18,832 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"9,416 bp","ms":"about 6.12 MDa","ch":"about -18,832 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.201e-06,"szs":"3.2 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[923]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-910-bp","n":"dsDNA fragment 910 bp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["910 bp double-stranded DNA"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","910 bp","reported by Kim YR 2007"],["Mass","about 592 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -1,820 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"910 bp","ms":"about 592 kDa","ch":"about -1,820 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.094e-07,"szs":"309 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[924]},{"id":"dsdna-phix174-genome-5-386-bp-linear","n":"dsDNA phiX174 genome (5,386 bp, linear)","g":7,"sg":"phage genome","al":["linear phiX174 dsDNA (5.4 kbp)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","5.4 kbp","reported by Fologea D 2007"],["Mass","about 3.5 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -10,772 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.4 kbp","ms":"about 3.5 MDa","ch":"about -10,772 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:10847","szm":1.831e-06,"szs":"1.83 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[925]},{"id":"dsdna-phix174-rfi-5-386-bp-supercoiled","n":"dsDNA phiX174 RFI (5,386 bp, supercoiled)","g":7,"sg":"supercoiled circular dsDNA","al":["phiX174 RFI supercoiled dsDNA (5.4 kbp)"],"ak":"plasmid","pr":[["Size","5.4 kbp","reported by Fologea D 2007"],["Mass","about 3.5 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -10,772 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.4 kbp","ms":"about 3.5 MDa","ch":"about -10,772 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:10847","szm":1.831e-06,"szs":"1.83 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[926]},{"id":"dsdna-primer-template-21-nt-ddc-primer-on-100-nt-template-se","n":"dsDNA primer/template 21-nt ddC primer on 100-nt template, series n0 = G/T/A/C (Benner 2007)","g":7,"sg":"primer/template partial duplex","al":["primer/template duplexes: 100-nt template + 21-nt ddC primer, template base n=0 = G, T, A or C (four constructs)"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[927]},{"id":"fibrinogen","n":"Fibrinogen","g":11,"sg":"plasma glycoprotein","ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","elongated, about 47.5 nm long, three nodules","reported by Fologea D 2007"],["Mass","340,000 Da","reported by Fologea D 2007"],["Charge","charge -16 e (as stated)","reported by Fologea D 2007"]],"hs":{"sz":"elongated, about 47.5 nm long, three nodules","ms":"340,000 Da","ch":"charge -16 e (as stated)"},"szm":4.75e-08,"szs":"47.5 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[928]},{"id":"heterosigma-akashiwo","n":"Heterosigma akashiwo","g":1,"sg":"raphidophyte (harmful)","ak":"flagellate","pr":[["Size","cell diameter 15 to 25 um (sphere model, 20 um nominal)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","biovolume 4187 um3 per cell (HELCOM size class 1)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell diameter 15 to 25 um (sphere model, 20 um nominal)"},"ids":"taxon:2829","szm":2.5e-05,"szs":"25 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[929]},{"id":"ice-core-dust-dome-argus-antarctica","n":"Ice core dust (Dome Argus, Antarctica)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Insoluble dust in a firn core from Dome Argus (Dome A), central East Antarctica, mid-Holocene samples at 109.68 to 109.86 m"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","particles with diameter > 0.7 um measured","reported by Xu J 2007"]],"hs":{"sz":"particles with diameter > 0.7 um measured"},"szm":7e-07,"szs":"700 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[930]},{"id":"immune-complex-mouse-igg-with-goat-anti-mouse-igg-protein-ag","n":"Immune complex: mouse IgG with goat anti-mouse IgG (protein aggregates)","g":11,"sg":"antibody immune complex","al":["protein immune complexes of mouse monoclonal anti-baculovirus IgG with goat anti-mouse IgG"],"ak":"antibody","pr":[["Other","complex volumes 2.1e5 to 6.0e6 nm3 (about 610 to 17,300 IgG)","reported by Mayer M 2007"]],"r":[931]},{"id":"immune-complex-staphylococcal-enterotoxin-b-with-anti-seb-an","n":"Immune complex: staphylococcal enterotoxin B with anti-SEB antibodies","g":11,"sg":"antibody immune complex","al":["immune complexes of staphylococcal enterotoxin B with sheep anti-SEB serum antibodies"],"ak":"antibody","r":[932]},{"id":"mouse-monoclonal-anti-biotin-igg1","n":"Mouse monoclonal anti-biotin IgG1","g":11,"sg":"antibody","al":["mouse anti-biotin monoclonal IgG1 antibody (Stressgen)"],"ak":"antibody","r":[933]},{"id":"mouse-monoclonal-igg1-anti-y-e-a-k","n":"Mouse monoclonal IgG1 anti-(Y,E)-A--K","g":11,"sg":"antibody","al":["murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody against the synthetic polypeptide antigen (Y,E)-A--K"],"ak":"antibody","r":[934]},{"id":"nematode-eggs-anisakis-simplex","n":"Nematode eggs (Anisakis simplex)","g":17,"sg":"helminth eggs","al":["uterine eggs of Anisakis simplex"],"ak":"egg","ax":"helminth","r":[935]},{"id":"nematode-eggs-contracaecum-osculatum","n":"Nematode eggs (Contracaecum osculatum)","g":17,"sg":"helminth eggs","al":["uterine eggs of Contracaecum osculatum"],"ak":"egg","ax":"helminth","r":[936]},{"id":"nematode-eggs-pseudoterranova-decipiens","n":"Nematode eggs (Pseudoterranova decipiens)","g":17,"sg":"helminth eggs","al":["uterine eggs of Pseudoterranova decipiens"],"ak":"egg","ax":"helminth","r":[937]},{"id":"poly-epsilon-caprolactone-drug-loaded-microparticles-phenyto","n":"Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) drug-loaded microparticles (phenytoin)","g":14,"sg":"drug delivery microparticles","al":["Spray-dried phenytoin-loaded poly(epsilon-caprolactone) microcarriers for brain delivery"],"ak":"grain","r":[938]},{"id":"poly-ethylene-glycol-peg-n-29","n":"Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) n=29","g":14,"sg":"PEG oligomer","al":["monodisperse PEG, n = 29 (M = 1,294 g/mol)"],"ak":"polymer","pr":[["Mass","1,294 g/mol","reported by Robertson JW 2007"],["Other","HO(CH2CH2O)29H","reported by Robertson JW 2007"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.44 nm","ms":"1,294 g/mol"},"szm":1.438e-09,"szs":"about 1.44 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[939]},{"id":"poly-ethylene-glycol-peg-n-35","n":"Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) n=35","g":14,"sg":"PEG oligomer","al":["PEG oligomer of mass 1,558 g/mol in polydisperse PEG 1500"],"ak":"polymer","pr":[["Mass","1,558 g/mol","reported by Robertson JW 2007"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.53 nm","ms":"1,558 g/mol"},"szm":1.53e-09,"szs":"about 1.53 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[940]},{"id":"poly-ethylene-glycol-peg-n-46","n":"Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) n=46","g":14,"sg":"PEG oligomer","al":["PEG oligomer of mass 2,042 g/mol in polydisperse PEG 1500"],"ak":"polymer","pr":[["Mass","2,042 g/mol","reported by Robertson JW 2007"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.67 nm","ms":"2,042 g/mol"},"szm":1.675e-09,"szs":"about 1.67 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[941]},{"id":"protein-g-b1-domain-c-terminal-beta-hairpin-variants","n":"Protein G B1 domain C-terminal beta-hairpin variants","g":12,"sg":"beta-hairpin peptide","al":["beta-hairpin peptides corresponding to C-terminal residues of the B1 domain of protein G (variants with different folding stability)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[942]},{"id":"protein-dna-complex-streptavidin-with-biotinylated-dna","n":"Protein-DNA complex streptavidin with biotinylated DNA","g":11,"sg":"protein-ligand complex","al":["streptavidin bound to a biotinylated channel-captured DNA molecule"],"ak":"multimer","pr":[["Mass","16.5 kDa","computed from UniProt P22629, Streptavidin 25 to 183; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"],["Isoelectric point","6.5","computed from UniProt P22629, Streptavidin 25 to 183; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-0.5 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P22629, Streptavidin 25 to 183; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","159 amino acids","computed from UniProt P22629, Streptavidin 25 to 183; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.36 nm","ms":"16.5 kDa","ch":"-0.5 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P22629","szm":3.36e-09,"szs":"about 3.36 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[943]},{"id":"protein-dna-complex-tata-binding-protein-with-y-aptamer","n":"Protein-DNA complex TATA-binding protein with Y-aptamer","g":11,"sg":"protein-DNA complex","al":["TATA-binding protein (TBP) bound to a Y-shaped DNA aptamer carrying a TATA box"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[944]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-anti-biotin-igg1-linked-to-9-bp-dna-ha","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate anti-biotin IgG1 linked to 9 bp DNA hairpin","g":11,"sg":"antibody-DNA conjugate","al":["anti-biotin IgG1 antibody covalently linked (Fc C-terminus) to a 9 bp DNA hairpin"],"ak":"antibody","r":[945]},{"id":"rna-5-c25a25-3-diblock","n":"RNA 5'-C25A25-3' diblock","g":8,"sg":"RNA block copolymer","al":["oligoribonucleotide 5'-C25A25-3'"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Length","50 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","15.8 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -49 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nm","ms":"15.8 kDa","ch":"about -49 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3e-08,"szs":"about 30 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[946]},{"id":"rna-poly-u-50","n":"RNA poly(U)50","g":8,"sg":"RNA homopolymer","al":["rU50"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","50 nt","reported by Butler TZ 2007"],["Mass","15.2 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -49 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"50 nt","ms":"15.2 kDa","ch":"about -49 e at pH 7"},"seq":"UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU","szm":3e-08,"szs":"about 30 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[947]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gggttggttggggg-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-GGGTTGGTTGGGGG-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target oligonucleotide","al":["target 3G12G"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Tropini C 2007"],["Mass","4,447 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -13 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"4,447 Da","ch":"about -13 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGGTTGGTTGGGGG","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[948]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ggtttgcttggtgg-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-GGTTTGCTTGGTGG-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target oligonucleotide","al":["target 7C"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Tropini C 2007"],["Mass","4,357 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -13 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"4,357 Da","ch":"about -13 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGTTTGCTTGGTGG","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[949]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ggtttggttcgtgg-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-GGTTTGGTTCGTGG-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target oligonucleotide","al":["target 10C"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Tropini C 2007"],["Mass","4,357 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -13 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"4,357 Da","ch":"about -13 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGTTTGGTTCGTGG","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[950]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ggtttggttggtgg-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-GGTTTGGTTGGTGG-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target oligonucleotide","al":["target PC"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Tropini C 2007"],["Mass","4,397 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -13 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"4,397 Da","ch":"about -13 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGTTTGGTTGGTGG","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[951]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ggtttgtttggtgg-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-GGTTTGTTTGGTGG-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target oligonucleotide","al":["target 7T"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Tropini C 2007"],["Mass","4,372 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -13 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"4,372 Da","ch":"about -13 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGTTTGTTTGGTGG","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[952]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpin-14-bphp-14-bp-stem-36-nt-5-overhang-ddc-termin","n":"ssDNA hairpin 14-bphp (14 bp stem, 36-nt 5' overhang, ddC terminus; Akeson lab template)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin primer/template","al":["14 bp DNA hairpin with 36-nt 5' overhang and 2',3'-dideoxycytidine 3' terminus (14-bphp)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Mass","about 9,100 Da","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -28 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.76 nm","ms":"about 9,100 Da","ch":"about -28 e at pH 7"},"szm":4.76e-09,"szs":"4.76 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[953]},{"id":"ssdna-phix174-virion-genome-5-386-nt-linearized","n":"ssDNA phiX174 virion genome (5,386 nt, linearized)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA phage genome","al":["linearized phiX174 virion single-stranded DNA (5.4 kb)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","5.4 kb","reported by Fologea D 2007"],["Mass","about 1.72 MDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -5,386 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.4 kb","ms":"about 1.72 MDa","ch":"about -5,386 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:10847","szm":3.232e-06,"szs":"about 3.23 µm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[954]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-50","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)50","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dA50","poly(dA) 50-mer","dA50 homopolymer"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","50 nt","reported by Butler TZ 2007"],["Mass","15.6 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -49 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"50 nt","ms":"15.6 kDa","ch":"about -49 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3e-08,"szs":"about 30 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[955,956,957]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-50","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)50","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dC50","poly(dC) 50-mer","dC50 homopolymer"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","50 nt","reported by Butler TZ 2007"],["Mass","14.4 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -49 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"50 nt","ms":"14.4 kDa","ch":"about -49 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","szm":3e-08,"szs":"about 30 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[958,959,960]},{"id":"ssdna-probe-5-ccaccaaccaaacc-da-30-3-biotin-with-avidin-anch","n":"ssDNA probe 5'-CCACCAACCAAACC(dA)30-3'-biotin with avidin anchor (Tropini 2007)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-protein complex","al":["probe biotin-3'-(dA)30CCAAACCAACCACC-5' held by avidin"],"ak":"dna-protein","seq":"CCACCAACCAAACCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA-biotin (5' to 3')","r":[961]},{"id":"ssdna-target-complementary-to-immobilized-hairpin-probe-iqba","n":"ssDNA target complementary to immobilized hairpin probe (Iqbal 2007)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["short target ssDNA complementary to the hairpin probe"],"ak":"hairpin","r":[962]},{"id":"ssdna-target-with-single-mismatch-to-immobilized-hairpin-pro","n":"ssDNA target with single mismatch to immobilized hairpin probe (Iqbal 2007)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["short target ssDNA with a single base mismatch to the hairpin probe"],"ak":"hairpin","r":[963]},{"id":"2-hydroxyadamantan-2-yl-phosphonic-acid-diethyl-ester-hae","n":"(2-hydroxyadamantan-2-yl)phosphonic acid diethyl ester (HAE)","g":15,"sg":"organophosphate","ak":"mol","r":[964]},{"id":"1-adamantylphosphonic-acid-apa","n":"1-adamantylphosphonic acid (APA)","g":15,"sg":"organophosphonate","al":["adamantan-1-yl-phosphonic acid (APA)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","216.21 g/mol","PubChem CID 2305115"],["Formula","C10H17O3P","PubChem CID 2305115"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 2305115, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.79 nm","ms":"216.21 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:2305115","szm":7.923e-10,"szs":"about 0.79 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[965]},{"id":"bacillus-atrophaeus","n":"Bacillus atrophaeus","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (endospores)","al":["Bacillus atrophaeus spores"],"ak":"spore","pr":[["Size","volume 0.48 +/- 0.38 um3, volume-equivalent spherical diameter 0.97 +/- 0.07 um (Multisizer); 0.68 x 1.21 um by microscopy","reported by Buhr TL 2008"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume 0.48 +/- 0.38 um3, volume-equivalent spherical diameter 0.97 +/- 0.07 um (Multisizer); 0.68 x 1.21 um by microscopy"},"ids":"taxon:1452","szm":1.21e-06,"szs":"1.21 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[966]},{"id":"bacillus-cereus","n":"Bacillus cereus","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-positive rod)","al":["Bacillus cereus spores"],"ak":"strep","ax":"gp","pr":[["Size","rods 1.0 to 1.2 um by 3.0 to 5.0 um, single, in pairs and in long chains","Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, species description (Bacillus cereus, file gbm00530), text as extracted in the bacteria-archaea-traits repository of Madin JS et al. 2020, Sci Data 7"],["Other","Gram-positive, usually motile","Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, species description (Bacillus cereus, file gbm00530), text as extracted in the bacteria-archaea-traits repository of Madin JS et al. 2020, Sci Data 7"],["Isoelectric point","3.55 (acetate-HCl buffer)","Harden VP, Harris JO 1953, J Bacteriol 65:198-202, PMID 13034716, Table 1, isoelectric points by cell electrophoresis in acetate-HCl buffer (via BioNumbers BNID 109120)"],["Isoelectric point","3.0","Harden VP, Harris JO 1953, J Bacteriol 65:198-202, PMID 13034716, Table 2, values from earlier electrophoretic studies (Winslow, Falk and Caulfield 1923) (via BioNumbers BNID 109121)"]],"hs":{"sz":"rods 1.0 to 1.2 um by 3.0 to 5.0 um, single, in pairs and in long chains","ch":"pI 3.55 (acetate-HCl buffer)"},"ids":"taxon:1396","szm":5e-06,"szs":"5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[967,968]},{"id":"beta-human-chorionic-gonadotropin-beta-hcg","n":"Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG)","g":11,"sg":"glycoprotein hormone","ak":"protein","r":[969]},{"id":"complex-beta-hcg-anti-hcg-antibody","n":"Complex beta-hCG/anti-hCG antibody","g":11,"sg":"antigen-antibody complex","al":["beta-hCG/antibody complex"],"ak":"antibody","r":[970]},{"id":"dextran-sulfate","n":"Dextran sulfate","g":13,"sg":"anionic polysaccharide (polyelectrolyte)","al":["dextran sulfate 8 kDa and 500 kDa"],"ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","pr":[["Size","coil diameters 3.2 nm and 38 nm","reported by Cai Y 2026"],["Mass","8 kDa (20 monomers) and 500 kDa (1252 monomers)","reported by Cai Y 2026"]],"hs":{"sz":"coil diameters 3.2 nm and 38 nm","ms":"8 kDa (20 monomers) and 500 kDa (1252 monomers)"},"szm":3.8e-08,"szs":"38 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[971,972,973]},{"id":"dna-hairpin-hp10-10-bp-duplex-ssdna-overhang","n":"DNA hairpin HP10 (10 bp duplex, ssDNA overhang)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin HP10 (10 bp duplex with single-stranded overhang)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","10 bp duplex","reported by McNally B 2008"],["Mass","about 6,500 Da","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -20 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"10 bp duplex","ms":"about 6,500 Da","ch":"about -20 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.4e-09,"szs":"3.4 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[974]},{"id":"dna-hairpin-hp16-16-bp-duplex-ssdna-overhang","n":"DNA hairpin HP16 (16 bp duplex, ssDNA overhang)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin HP16 (16 bp duplex with single-stranded overhang)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","16 bp duplex","reported by McNally B 2008"],["Mass","about 10.4 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -32 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"16 bp duplex","ms":"about 10.4 kDa","ch":"about -32 e at pH 7"},"szm":5.44e-09,"szs":"5.44 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[975]},{"id":"dna-hairpin-hp24-24-bp-duplex-ssdna-overhang","n":"DNA hairpin HP24 (24 bp duplex, ssDNA overhang)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["DNA hairpin HP24 (24 bp duplex with single-stranded overhang)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","24 bp duplex","reported by McNally B 2008"],["Mass","about 15.6 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -48 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"24 bp duplex","ms":"about 15.6 kDa","ch":"about -48 e at pH 7"},"szm":8.16e-09,"szs":"8.16 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[976]},{"id":"dna-hybrid-hp50-50-bp-duplex-50-nt-overhang","n":"DNA hybrid HP50 (50 bp duplex, 50 nt overhang)","g":7,"sg":"partial duplex","al":["DNA hybrid HP50 (100-mer strand with 50 bp duplex and 50-mer single-stranded overhang)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","100 nt strand, 50 bp duplex","reported by McNally B 2008"],["Mass","about 32.5 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -100 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 nt strand, 50 bp duplex","ms":"about 32.5 kDa","ch":"about -100 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.7e-08,"szs":"17 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[977]},{"id":"dna-peg-copolymer-thread-31-nt-template-da11-heg-phosphate-8","n":"DNA-PEG copolymer thread (31-nt template, dA11, (HEG phosphate)8, biotin-streptavidin; Cockroft 2008)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-polymer conjugate pseudorotaxane","al":["DNA-PEG copolymer thread: 31-nt template segment + (dA)11 + 8 hexaethylene glycol phosphate units + terminal biotin, capped with streptavidin"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[978]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-1-200-bp","n":"dsDNA fragment 1,200 bp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["1200 bp linear dsDNA (NoLimits)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","1,200 bp","reported by Wanunu M 2008"],["Mass","about 780 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -2,400 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"1,200 bp","ms":"about 780 kDa","ch":"about -2,400 e at pH 7"},"szm":4.08e-07,"szs":"408 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[979]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-150-bp","n":"dsDNA fragment 150 bp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["150 bp linear dsDNA (NoLimits)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","150 bp","reported by Wanunu M 2008"],["Mass","about 97.5 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -300 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"150 bp","ms":"about 97.5 kDa","ch":"about -300 e at pH 7"},"szm":5.1e-08,"szs":"51 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[980]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-2-000-bp","n":"dsDNA fragment 2,000 bp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["2000 bp linear dsDNA (NoLimits)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","2,000 bp","reported by Wanunu M 2008"],["Mass","about 1.3 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -4,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"2,000 bp","ms":"about 1.3 MDa","ch":"about -4,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":6.8e-07,"szs":"680 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[981]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-20-kbp","n":"dsDNA fragment 20 kbp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["20,000 bp linear dsDNA (NoLimits)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","20,000 bp","reported by Wanunu M 2008"],["Mass","about 13 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -40,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"20,000 bp","ms":"about 13 MDa","ch":"about -40,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":6.8e-06,"szs":"6.8 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[982]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-3-500-bp","n":"dsDNA fragment 3,500 bp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["3500 bp linear dsDNA (NoLimits)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","3,500 bp","reported by Wanunu M 2008"],["Mass","about 2.27 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -7,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"3,500 bp","ms":"about 2.27 MDa","ch":"about -7,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.19e-06,"szs":"1.19 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[983]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-400-bp","n":"dsDNA fragment 400 bp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["400 bp linear dsDNA (NoLimits)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","400 bp","reported by Wanunu M 2008"],["Mass","about 260 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -800 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"400 bp","ms":"about 260 kDa","ch":"about -800 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.36e-07,"szs":"136 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[984]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-8-000-bp","n":"dsDNA fragment 8,000 bp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["8000 bp linear dsDNA (NoLimits)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","8,000 bp","reported by Wanunu M 2008"],["Mass","about 5.2 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -16,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"8,000 bp","ms":"about 5.2 MDa","ch":"about -16,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.72e-06,"szs":"2.72 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[985]},{"id":"dsdna-hairpin-24b-24-bp-blunt-stem-6-nt-loop","n":"dsDNA hairpin 24B (24 bp blunt stem, 6-nt loop)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["blunt-ended DNA hairpin 24B (24 bp stem, 6-base loop)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","24 bp stem","reported by McNally B 2008"],["Mass","about 15.6 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -48 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"24 bp stem","ms":"about 15.6 kDa","ch":"about -48 e at pH 7"},"szm":8.16e-09,"szs":"8.16 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[986]},{"id":"echogenic-liposomes-papaverine-loaded","n":"Echogenic liposomes (papaverine-loaded)","g":3,"sg":"liposome (ultrasound-responsive)","al":["papaverine-loaded echogenic liposomes"],"ak":"liposome","r":[987]},{"id":"human-cd4-t-lymphocytes","n":"Human CD4+ T lymphocytes","g":0,"sg":"lymphocyte","al":["CD4+ T lymphocytes"],"ak":"lymphocyte","r":[988]},{"id":"manila-clam-haemocytes","n":"Manila clam haemocytes","g":0,"sg":"invertebrate hemocyte","al":["circulating haemocytes of the Manila clam"],"ak":"cell","pr":[["Size","small cells 2-3 um (10-100 fL); large cells 6-10 um (150-400 fL)","reported by Matozzo V 2008"]],"hs":{"sz":"small cells 2-3 um (10-100 fL); large cells 6-10 um (150-400 fL)"},"ids":"taxon:129788","szm":1e-05,"szs":"10 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[989]},{"id":"moxifloxacin","n":"Moxifloxacin","g":15,"sg":"fluoroquinolone antibiotic","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","401.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 152946"],["Formula","C21H24FN3O4","PubChem CID 152946"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 152946, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.97 nm","ms":"401.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:152946","szm":9.737e-10,"szs":"about 0.97 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[990]},{"id":"mustards-nitrogen-and-sulfur-mustard-alkylating-agents","n":"Mustards (nitrogen and sulfur mustard alkylating agents)","g":15,"sg":"alkylating agent","al":["nitrogen and sulfur mustards (chemical warfare and chemotherapy agents)"],"ak":"mol","r":[991]},{"id":"pb2-barnase-fusions-cytochrome-b2-presequence-barnase","n":"Pb2-barnase fusions (cytochrome b2 presequence + barnase)","g":11,"sg":"presequence fusion protein","al":["pb2-Ba proteins: positively charged pre-cytochrome b2 presequences (pb2) of varying length fused to barnase"],"ak":"protein","r":[992]},{"id":"porous-silica-chromatographic-particles-hplc-packing","n":"Porous silica chromatographic particles (HPLC packing)","g":6,"sg":"chromatography media","al":["Porous silica and hybrid silica chromatographic support particles (about 1 to 15 um)","Fully porous 1.9 um Titan silica particles (raw silica before C18 derivatization)"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","about 1 to 15 um diameter","reported by Xu Y 2008"],["Size","mean Sauter diameter 2.04 um; narrow distribution (RSD 9.2%)","reported by Gritti F 2014"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 1 to 15 um diameter"},"szm":1.5e-05,"szs":"15 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[993,994]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccaaaccaaccacca-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCAAACCAACCACCA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["Ctrl-1 linear 15-mer"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","15 nt","reported by Shim JW 2008"],["Mass","4,444 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"15 nt","ms":"4,444 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCAAACCAACCACCA","szm":9e-09,"szs":"about 9 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[995]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gagataagaatagag-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-GAGATAAGAATAGAG-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["15-nt target 5'-GAGATAAGAATAGAG-3' hybridized to a NeutrAvidin-anchored trans-bilayer probe"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","15 nt","reported by Butler TZ 2008"],["Mass","4,698 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"15 nt","ms":"4,698 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GAGATAAGAATAGAG","szm":9e-09,"szs":"about 9 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[996]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gattagtgtgattag-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-GATTAGTGTGATTAG-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["Ctrl-2 linear 15-mer (TBA with G to A substitutions)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","15 nt","reported by Shim JW 2008"],["Mass","4,662 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"15 nt","ms":"4,662 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GATTAGTGTGATTAG","szm":9e-09,"szs":"about 9 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[997]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gctctgttgctctctcgcaacagagc-da-50-3-hairpin-hp10-10-b","n":"ssDNA 5'-GCTCTGTTGCTCTCTCGCAACAGAGC(dA)50-3' (hairpin hp10, 10 bp stem + (dA)50 tail)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["hp10 DNA hairpin (10 bp stem, 6 nt loop, A50 tail)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","76 nt; 10 bp stem, 6 nt loop, 50 nt 3' poly(dA) tail","reported by Butler TZ 2008"],["Length","76 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","23.6 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -75 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"76 nt; 10 bp stem, 6 nt loop, 50 nt 3' poly(dA) tail","ms":"23.6 kDa","ch":"about -75 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GCTCTGTTGCTCTCTCGCAACAGAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[998]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gctgtctgttgctctctcgcaacagacagc-da-50-3-hairpin-hp12","n":"ssDNA 5'-GCTGTCTGTTGCTCTCTCGCAACAGACAGC(dA)50-3' (hairpin hp12, 12 bp stem + (dA)50 tail)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["hp12 DNA hairpin (12 bp stem, 6 nt loop, A50 tail)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","80 nt; 12 bp stem, 6 nt loop, 50 nt 3' poly(dA) tail","reported by Butler TZ 2008"],["Length","80 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","24.8 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -79 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"80 nt; 12 bp stem, 6 nt loop, 50 nt 3' poly(dA) tail","ms":"24.8 kDa","ch":"about -79 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GCTGTCTGTTGCTCTCTCGCAACAGACAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":4.8e-08,"szs":"about 48 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[999]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gctgttgctctctcgcaacagc-da-50-3-hairpin-hp08-8-bp-ste","n":"ssDNA 5'-GCTGTTGCTCTCTCGCAACAGC(dA)50-3' (hairpin hp08, 8 bp stem + (dA)50 tail)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["hp08 DNA hairpin (8 bp stem, 6 nt loop, A50 tail)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","72 nt; 8 bp stem, 6 nt loop, 50 nt 3' poly(dA) tail","reported by Butler TZ 2008"],["Length","72 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","22.3 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -71 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"72 nt; 8 bp stem, 6 nt loop, 50 nt 3' poly(dA) tail","ms":"22.3 kDa","ch":"about -71 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GCTGTTGCTCTCTCGCAACAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":4.32e-08,"szs":"about 43.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1000]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ggttggtgtggttgg-3-thrombin-binding-aptamer-g-quadrup","n":"ssDNA 5'-GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG-3' (thrombin-binding aptamer, G-quadruplex)","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex aptamer","al":["thrombin-binding aptamer (TBA) G-quadruplex","TBA G-quadruplex folded with different cations (K+, NH4+, Ba2+, Cs+, Na+, Li+)"],"ak":"quad","pr":[["Size","15 nt","reported by Shim JW 2008"],["Mass","4,726 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"15 nt","ms":"4,726 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG","szm":9e-09,"szs":"about 9 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1001,1002]},{"id":"ssdna-92-nt-5-a21ttc21tta10ttc10tta10ttc10-3-bayley-lab-test","n":"ssDNA 92-nt 5'-A21TTC21TTA10TTC10TTA10TTC10-3' (Bayley lab test strand)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["92-nt ssDNA designed without secondary structure","92-mer ssDNA without secondary structure"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","92 nt","reported by Maglia G 2008"],["Mass","27.7 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -91 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"92 nt","ms":"27.7 kDa","ch":"about -91 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAATTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTTAAAAAAAAAATTCCCCCCCCCCTTAAAAAAAAAATTCCCCCCCCCC","szm":5.52e-08,"szs":"about 55.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1003,1004]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpin-110-mer-10-bp-stem-6-nt-loop-da-tail","n":"ssDNA hairpin 110-mer (10 bp stem, 6-nt loop, dA tail)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["110-mer DNA hairpin (10 bp stem, 6-base loop, poly(dA) overhang)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","110 nt","reported by Zhao Q 2008"],["Other","dG -11.6 kcal/mol (mfold)","reported by Zhao Q 2008"],["Mass","34.2 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -109 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"110 nt","ms":"34.2 kDa","ch":"about -109 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GCTCTGTTGCTCTCTCGCAACAGAGCATGAACGTGAAAAGGTCTACAGTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGAATCGCAGTG","szm":6.6e-08,"szs":"about 66 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1005]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpin-150-mer-12-bp-stem-76-nt-loop-da50-tail","n":"ssDNA hairpin 150-mer (12 bp stem, 76-nt loop, dA50 tail)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["150-mer DNA hairpin (12 bp stem, 76-base loop, 50-mer poly(dA) overhang)"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","150 nt","reported by Zhao Q 2008"],["Other","dG -19.3 kcal/mol (mfold)","reported by Zhao Q 2008"],["Mass","46.6 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -149 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"150 nt","ms":"46.6 kDa","ch":"about -149 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GCTCTGTTGCTTGGGCGCGTTATTTATCGGAGTTGCAGTTGCGCCCGCGAACGACATTTATAATGAACGTGAATTGCTCAACAGTATGAAGCAACAGAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":9e-08,"szs":"about 90 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1006]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-biotin-streptavidin-immobilized-3-and-5-orient","n":"ssDNA poly(dA) biotin-streptavidin immobilized, 3' and 5' orientations (Purnell 2008)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer immobilized","al":["polyadenine ssDNA immobilized (3' or 5' entry)"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[1007]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-120","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)120","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["poly(dA)120 single-stranded DNA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","120 nt","reported by McNally B 2008"],["Mass","37.5 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -119 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"120 nt","ms":"37.5 kDa","ch":"about -119 e at pH 7"},"seq":"A120","szm":7.2e-08,"szs":"about 72 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1008]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-biotin-streptavidin-immobilized-3-and-5-orient","n":"ssDNA poly(dC) biotin-streptavidin immobilized, 3' and 5' orientations (Purnell 2008)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer immobilized","al":["polycytosine ssDNA immobilized (3' or 5' entry)"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[1009]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dt-biotin-streptavidin-immobilized-3-and-5-orient","n":"ssDNA poly(dT) biotin-streptavidin immobilized, 3' and 5' orientations (Purnell 2008)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer immobilized","al":["polythymine ssDNA immobilized (3' or 5' entry)"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[1010]},{"id":"starch-granules-maize","n":"Starch granules (maize)","g":6,"sg":"starch granules","al":["Commercial waxy, normal and high-amylose (amylomaize) maize starches, untreated and protease-treated","protease-treated waxy, normal and amylomaize starch granules"],"ak":"starch","pr":[["Size","no obvious decrease in granule dimensions after protease treatment (Coulter Counter Multisizer)","reported by Tester RF 2008"],["Other","protease lowered starch protein by 41%, 21% and 37% (waxy, normal, amylomaize) and lipid by 42%, 40%, 45%","reported by Tester RF 2008"]],"hs":{"sz":"no obvious decrease in granule dimensions after protease treatment (Coulter Counter Multisizer)"},"ids":"taxon:4577","r":[1011]},{"id":"tubulin-leishmania-amazonensis","n":"Tubulin (Leishmania amazonensis)","g":11,"sg":"cytoskeletal protein","al":["tubulin from Leishmania amazonensis"],"ak":"protein","r":[1012]},{"id":"tubulin-leishmania-tarentolae","n":"Tubulin (Leishmania tarentolae)","g":11,"sg":"cytoskeletal protein","al":["tubulin from Leishmania tarentolae"],"ak":"protein","r":[1013]},{"id":"tubulin-alpha-beta-heterodimer-mammalian-brain","n":"Tubulin alpha/beta heterodimer (mammalian brain)","g":11,"sg":"cytoskeletal protein","al":["dimeric alpha/beta tubulin from bovine and rat brain"],"ak":"multimer","r":[1014]},{"id":"tubulin-s-c-terminal-tails-removed-by-subtilisin","n":"Tubulin-S (C-terminal tails removed by subtilisin)","g":11,"sg":"cytoskeletal protein","al":["tubulin-S (subtilisin-cleaved rat brain tubulin lacking C-terminal tails)"],"ak":"protein","r":[1015]},{"id":"zeolite-a-nist-rm-8851","n":"Zeolite A (NIST RM 8851)","g":6,"sg":"catalysts and zeolites","al":["Zeolite A, NIST Reference Material 8851"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Size","electric sensing zone cumulative volume diameters: d10 1.93 um, d50 2.81 um, d90 4.85 um, d95 7.45 um","NIST Report of Investigation RM 8851, Table 11"]],"hs":{"sz":"electric sensing zone cumulative volume diameters: d10 1.93 um, d50 2.81 um, d90 4.85 um, d95 7.45 um"},"szm":7.45e-06,"szs":"7.45 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1016]},{"id":"zeolite-y-nist-rm-8850","n":"Zeolite Y (NIST RM 8850)","g":6,"sg":"catalysts and zeolites","al":["Zeolite Y, NIST Reference Material 8850"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Size","electric sensing zone cumulative volume diameters: d10 1.12 um, d50 1.99 um, d90 5.43 um, d95 7.51 um","NIST Report of Investigation RM 8850 (original 2006, revised 2020), Table 12"],["Other","refractive index 1.442 to 1.444","NIST Report of Investigation RM 8850 (original 2006, revised 2020), Table 12"]],"hs":{"sz":"electric sensing zone cumulative volume diameters: d10 1.12 um, d50 1.99 um, d90 5.43 um, d95 7.51 um"},"szm":7.51e-06,"szs":"7.51 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1017]},{"id":"catechin-4c5bb","n":"(+)-catechin","g":15,"sg":"flavan-3-ol enantiomer","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","290.27 g/mol","PubChem CID 9064"],["Formula","C15H14O6","PubChem CID 9064"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 9064, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.87 nm","ms":"290.27 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:9064","szm":8.74e-10,"szs":"about 0.87 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1018]},{"id":"5-methyl-dcmp-5-methyl-2-deoxycytidine-5-monophosphate","n":"5-methyl-dCMP (5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate)","g":9,"sg":"modified deoxynucleoside 5'-monophosphate","al":["methylated cytosine nucleotide (5-methyl-dCMP)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","321.22 g/mol","PubChem CID 102276"],["Formula","C10H16N3O7P","PubChem CID 102276"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 102276, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.9 nm","ms":"321.22 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:102276","szm":9.04e-10,"szs":"about 0.9 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1019]},{"id":"absidia-glauca","n":"Absidia glauca","g":1,"sg":"fungus (zygomycete sporangiospores)","al":["Absidia glauca Hagem sporangiospores"],"ak":"spore","ids":"taxon:4829","r":[1020]},{"id":"alexandrium-minutum","n":"Alexandrium minutum","g":1,"sg":"dinoflagellate (toxic)","ak":"dino","pr":[["Size","cell 23 to 29 um long and 23 to 29 um wide (rotational ellipsoid, 2 size classes)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","biovolume 7235 to 11078 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell 23 to 29 um long and 23 to 29 um wide (rotational ellipsoid, 2 size classes)"},"ids":"taxon:39455","szm":2.9e-05,"szs":"29 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1021]},{"id":"beta-lactoglobulin-a-bovine","n":"Beta-lactoglobulin A (bovine)","g":11,"sg":"lipocalin (milk protein)","al":["bovine beta-lactoglobulin variant A (bLGa)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Charge","pI 4.8-5.5; charge about -8 e at pH 7","reported by Talaga DS 2009"],["Other","hydrodynamic volume 24.4, 51.0 and 165 nm3 at 0, 5 and 8 M urea (DLS, cited)","reported by Talaga DS 2009"],["Mass","18.3 kDa","computed from UniProt P02754, Beta-lactoglobulin 17 to 178"],["Isoelectric point","4.6","computed from UniProt P02754, Beta-lactoglobulin 17 to 178, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-7.7 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P02754, Beta-lactoglobulin 17 to 178, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","162 amino acids","computed from UniProt P02754, Beta-lactoglobulin 17 to 178"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.48 nm","ms":"18.3 kDa","ch":"pI 4.8-5.5; charge about -8 e at pH 7"},"ids":"uniprot:P02754","szm":3.477e-09,"szs":"about 3.48 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1022]},{"id":"catechin","n":"Catechin","g":15,"sg":"1,2-diphenol (flavan-3-ol)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","290.27 g/mol","PubChem CID 9064"],["Formula","C15H14O6","PubChem CID 9064"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 9064, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.87 nm","ms":"290.27 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:9064; pubchem:73160","szm":8.74e-10,"szs":"about 0.87 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1023,1024]},{"id":"complex-dsdna-400-bp-with-ethidium-intercalated","n":"Complex dsDNA 400 bp with ethidium (intercalated)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-small molecule complex","al":["400 bp dsDNA intercalated with ethidium bromide"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","400 bp","reported by Wanunu M 2009"]],"hs":{"sz":"400 bp"},"szm":1.36e-07,"szs":"about 136 nm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[1025]},{"id":"complex-dsdna-400-bp-with-ethidium-homodimer-bis-intercalate","n":"Complex dsDNA 400 bp with ethidium homodimer (bis-intercalated)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-small molecule complex","al":["400 bp dsDNA with bound ethidium homodimer"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","400 bp","reported by Wanunu M 2009"]],"hs":{"sz":"400 bp"},"szm":1.36e-07,"szs":"about 136 nm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[1026]},{"id":"complex-dsdna-400-bp-with-propidium-intercalated","n":"Complex dsDNA 400 bp with propidium (intercalated)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-small molecule complex","al":["400 bp dsDNA with bound propidium"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","400 bp","reported by Wanunu M 2009"]],"hs":{"sz":"400 bp"},"szm":1.36e-07,"szs":"about 136 nm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[1027]},{"id":"complex-klenow-fragment-with-23-bphp-dna-and-dgtp-ternary-wi","n":"Complex Klenow fragment with 23 bphp DNA and dGTP (ternary, Wilson 2009)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-polymerase-dNTP complex","al":["Klenow fragment-DNA-dGTP ternary complex on tethered 23 bphp"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1028]},{"id":"complex-klenow-fragment-with-dna-primer-template-and-dntp-bi","n":"Complex Klenow fragment with DNA primer/template and dNTP (binary/ternary kinetics, Hurt 2009)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-polymerase-dNTP complex","al":["DNA-Klenow fragment binary and DNA-KF-dNTP ternary complexes across dNTP concentrations"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1029]},{"id":"complex-neutravidin-biotin-ssdna-94-nt","n":"Complex neutravidin-biotin-ssDNA 94 nt","g":10,"sg":"DNA-protein complex","al":["neutravidin bound to a 5'-biotinylated 94-nt ssDNA"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","94 nt ssDNA plus neutravidin tetramer","reported by Tabard-Cossa V 2009"]],"hs":{"sz":"94 nt ssDNA plus neutravidin tetramer"},"seq":"biotin-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACCACCAACCAAACC","szm":5.64e-08,"szs":"about 56.4 nm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[1030]},{"id":"complex-reca-dsdna-nucleoprotein-filament","n":"Complex RecA-dsDNA nucleoprotein filament","g":10,"sg":"DNA-protein filament","al":["RecA-coated double-stranded DNA filaments","RecA-coated DNA complexes"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1031,1032]},{"id":"complex-ssdna-two-segment-construct-with-sybr-green-ii","n":"Complex ssDNA two-segment construct with SYBR Green II","g":10,"sg":"DNA-small molecule complex","al":["single-stranded DNA with SYBR Green II bound to one of two segments"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1033]},{"id":"complex-t7-dna-polymerase-with-abasic-insert-primer-template","n":"Complex T7 DNA polymerase with abasic-insert primer/template (Gyarfas 2009)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-polymerase complex","al":["bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase bound to abasic-insert templates"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1034]},{"id":"desmodesmus-quadricauda","n":"Desmodesmus quadricauda","g":1,"sg":"green alga (coenobial)","al":["Scenedesmus quadricauda"],"ak":"alga","pr":[["Size","cell volume 93 (listed as Scenedesmus quadricauda) um3","Edwards KF, Klausmeier CA, Litchman E 2015, Ecology 96:2311, doi:10.1890/14-2252.1 (Ecological Archives E096-202, Table 1 cell volume; primary source: Grover JP 1989, Limnol Oceanogr 34:341-348)"],["Size","cell volume 1125 (listed as Scenedesmus quadricauda, strain UTEX 76; colonial alga, unit not stated) um3","Edwards KF, Klausmeier CA, Litchman E 2015, Ecology 96:2311, doi:10.1890/14-2252.1 (Ecological Archives E096-202, Table 1 cell volume; primary source: Lang DS, Brown EJ 1981, Appl Environ Microbiol 42:1002-1009)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell volume 93 (listed as Scenedesmus quadricauda) um3"},"r":[1035,1036]},{"id":"dna-coated-microspheres","n":"DNA-coated microspheres","g":4,"sg":"DNA-coated bead","al":["DNA-coated colloids (1 and 2 um)"],"ak":"bead","ax":"dna","pr":[["Size","diameter 1 um and 2 um","reported by Steinbock LJ 2009"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 1 um and 2 um"},"szm":2e-06,"szs":"2 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1037]},{"id":"dsdna-35-bp-duplex-wendell-2009","n":"dsDNA 35 bp duplex (Wendell 2009)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["35-bp dsDNA"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","35 bp","reported by Wendell D 2009"],["Mass","about 22.8 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -70 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"35 bp","ms":"about 22.8 kDa","ch":"about -70 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.19e-08,"szs":"11.9 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[1038]},{"id":"dsdna-brca1-fragment-fully-cpg-methylated","n":"dsDNA BRCA1 fragment (fully CpG-methylated)","g":7,"sg":"methylated DNA","al":["BRCA1 DNA fragment, fully methylated"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[1039]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-5-kbp","n":"dsDNA fragment 5 kbp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["5 kbp linear dsDNA","5 kb dsDNA (NoLimits)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","5 kbp","reported by Venkatesan BM 2009"],["Mass","about 3.25 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -10,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"5 kbp","ms":"about 3.25 MDa","ch":"about -10,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.7e-06,"szs":"1.7 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[1040,1041,1042]},{"id":"dsdna-ms3-fragment-fully-cpg-methylated","n":"dsDNA MS3 fragment (fully CpG-methylated)","g":7,"sg":"methylated DNA","al":["MS3 DNA, fully methylated"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[1043]},{"id":"dsdna-ms3-fragment-hemimethylated-cpg","n":"dsDNA MS3 fragment (hemimethylated CpG)","g":7,"sg":"methylated DNA","al":["MS3 DNA, hemimethylated"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[1044]},{"id":"dsdna-ms3-fragment-unmethylated","n":"dsDNA MS3 fragment (unmethylated)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["MS3 DNA, unmethylated"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[1045]},{"id":"dsdna-plasmid-cx43-5-5-kb-linearized","n":"dsDNA plasmid Cx43 (5.5 kb, linearized)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["linear Cx43 plasmid DNA (5.5 kb)"],"ak":"plasmid","pr":[["Size","5.5 kb","reported by Wendell D 2009"],["Mass","about 3.58 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -11,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.5 kb","ms":"about 3.58 MDa","ch":"about -11,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.87e-06,"szs":"1.87 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[1046]},{"id":"dsdna-primer-template-23-mer-ddc-primer-on-79-mer-template-5","n":"dsDNA primer/template 23-mer ddC primer on 79-mer template 5'-CTCACCTATCC...GCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"primer/template partial duplex","al":["79-mer template annealed to 23-mer ddC primer (all-DNA control)"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"template CTCACCTATCCTTCCACTCATTCCAATTAATTACCATTCATTCAGATCTCACTATCGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC; primer GGCTACGACCTGCATGAGAATG[ddC]","r":[1047]},{"id":"dsdna-primer-template-79-mer-with-6-abasic-residues-wilson-2","n":"dsDNA primer/template 79-mer with 6 abasic residues (Wilson 2009)","g":7,"sg":"primer/template with abasic insert","al":["79-mer template with six abasic residues annealed to 23-mer ddC primer"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"template CTCACCTATCCTTCCACTCATTCCAATTAATTACCATTXXXXXXGATCTCACTATCGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC (X = abasic); primer GGCTACGACCTGCATGAGAATG[ddC]","r":[1048]},{"id":"dsdna-primer-template-series-with-3-abasic-insert-at-stepped","n":"dsDNA primer/template series with 3-abasic insert at stepped positions (Gyarfas 2009)","g":7,"sg":"primer/template with abasic insert","al":["primer/template series with blocks of three abasic residues at stepped distances from n=0"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[1049]},{"id":"dsrna-length-not-stated","n":"dsRNA (length not stated)","g":8,"sg":"dsRNA","al":["double-stranded RNA"],"ak":"dsdna","ax":"rna","r":[1050]},{"id":"histidine-containing-phosphocarrier-protein-hpr","n":"Histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein (HPr)","g":11,"sg":"phosphotransferase system protein","ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","85 amino acids","reported by Talaga DS 2009"],["Charge","-2 e at pH 7","reported by Talaga DS 2009"]],"hs":{"sz":"85 amino acids","ch":"-2 e at pH 7"},"r":[1051]},{"id":"holmium-acetylacetonate-microspheres","n":"Holmium acetylacetonate microspheres","g":6,"sg":"radioembolization microspheres","al":["Microspheres made solely of holmium acetylacetonate (HoAcAc) crystals by solvent evaporation, for radioablation","holmium acetylacetonate microspheres for radioablation"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Other","holmium content 44% (w/w)","reported by Bult W 2009"]],"r":[1052]},{"id":"horse-spermatozoa","n":"Horse spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon","al":["stallion spermatozoa (with and without cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin)"],"ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","head length 7 um; midpiece 9.8 um; principal piece 43.8 um; flagellum 53.6 um; total length 60.6 um","Asdell SA 1964, Patterns of mammalian reproduction, 2nd edn, Cornell University Press (Equus caballus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"],["Other","linear dimensions only","Asdell SA 1964, Patterns of mammalian reproduction, 2nd edn, Cornell University Press (Equus caballus), as compiled in SpermTree (Fitzpatrick JL, Kahrl AF, Snook RR 2022, Sci Data 9:30, doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01131-w)"]],"hs":{"sz":"head length 7 um; midpiece 9.8 um; principal piece 43.8 um; flagellum 53.6 um; total length 60.6 um"},"ids":"taxon:9796","szm":6.06e-05,"szs":"60.6 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1053]},{"id":"human-immunoglobulin-e-ige","n":"Human immunoglobulin E (IgE)","g":11,"sg":"antibody","al":["human myeloma plasma immunoglobulin E (IgE)"],"ak":"antibody","r":[1054]},{"id":"ice-core-dust-dasuopu-himalaya","n":"Ice core dust (Dasuopu, Himalaya)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Atmospheric dust microparticles (1 to 30 um) in the Dasuopu (Xixiabangma) ice core"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","1 to 30 um measured; only high-concentration samples are log-normal in volume; particles of 3 to 15 um carry > 70% of volume; coarse (>15 um) and giant (>30 um) particles also present","reported by Wu G 2009"],["Other","mass from volume with mean density 2.6 g/cm3","reported by Wu G 2009"]],"hs":{"sz":"1 to 30 um measured; only high-concentration samples are log-normal in volume; particles of 3 to 15 um carry > 70% of volume; coarse (>15 um) and giant (>30 um) particles also present"},"szm":3e-05,"szs":"30 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1055]},{"id":"ice-core-dust-mount-everest-himalaya","n":"Ice core dust (Mount Everest, Himalaya)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Atmospheric dust microparticles (1 to 30 um) in the Everest ice core"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","1 to 30 um measured; only high-concentration samples are log-normal in volume; particles of 3 to 15 um carry > 70% of volume; coarse (>15 um) and giant (>30 um) particles also present","reported by Wu G 2009"],["Other","mass from volume with mean density 2.6 g/cm3","reported by Wu G 2009"]],"hs":{"sz":"1 to 30 um measured; only high-concentration samples are log-normal in volume; particles of 3 to 15 um carry > 70% of volume; coarse (>15 um) and giant (>30 um) particles also present"},"szm":3e-05,"szs":"30 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1056]},{"id":"ice-core-dust-muztagata-tibetan-plateau","n":"Ice core dust (Muztagata, Tibetan Plateau)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Atmospheric dust microparticles (1 to 30 um) in the Muztagata ice core"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","1 to 30 um measured; only high-concentration samples are log-normal in volume; particles of 3 to 15 um carry > 70% of volume; coarse (>15 um) and giant (>30 um) particles also present","reported by Wu G 2009"],["Other","mass from volume with mean density 2.6 g/cm3","reported by Wu G 2009"]],"hs":{"sz":"1 to 30 um measured; only high-concentration samples are log-normal in volume; particles of 3 to 15 um carry > 70% of volume; coarse (>15 um) and giant (>30 um) particles also present"},"szm":3e-05,"szs":"30 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1057]},{"id":"magnesium-diboride-mgb2-powder","n":"Magnesium diboride (MgB2) powder","g":6,"sg":"ceramic powders","al":["Magnesium diboride (MgB2) superconducting powder (after wet-chemical removal of B2O3)"],"ak":"crystal","pr":[["Other","nanoscale particles with MgO and crystalline boron contamination","report abstract"]],"r":[1058]},{"id":"maltose-binding-protein-mbp-male-e-coli","n":"Maltose-binding protein (MBP, MalE, E. coli)","g":11,"sg":"periplasmic binding protein","al":["maltose binding protein (MBP), native and urea-denatured","maltose binding protein","unfolded maltose binding protein (MBP)","MBP maltose-binding protein","unfolded maltose-binding protein (no tail)","maltose binding protein (native and completely unfolded)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","370 aa","Cressiot et al. 2015 ACS Nano (PMC4835817)"],["Mass","41.9 kDa","reported by Zernia S 2020"],["Charge","net charge -8e","Cressiot et al. 2015 ACS Nano (PMC4835817)"],["Charge","-9","reported by Zernia S 2020"],["Mass","40.7 kDa","computed from UniProt P0AEX9, Maltose/maltodextrin-binding periplasmic protein 27 to 396"],["Isoelectric point","5.0","computed from UniProt P0AEX9, Maltose/maltodextrin-binding periplasmic protein 27 to 396, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-7.3 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P0AEX9, Maltose/maltodextrin-binding periplasmic protein 27 to 396, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","370 amino acids","computed from UniProt P0AEX9, Maltose/maltodextrin-binding periplasmic protein 27 to 396"]],"hs":{"sz":"370 aa","ms":"41.9 kDa","ch":"net charge -8e"},"ids":"uniprot:P0AEX9","szm":4.541e-09,"szs":"about 4.54 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064]},{"id":"nifedipine-nanoparticle-agglomerates","n":"Nifedipine nanoparticle agglomerates","g":6,"sg":"drug particles","al":["Nifedipine nanoparticle agglomerates (dry powder aerosol formulation)"],"ak":"bead","r":[1065]},{"id":"paclitaxel-nanoparticle-agglomerates","n":"Paclitaxel nanoparticle agglomerates","g":6,"sg":"drug particles","al":["Paclitaxel nanoparticle agglomerates (alone and combined with cisplatin) for dry powder aerosols"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","agglomerates about 1 to 5 um; selected formulations averaged about 2 to 4 um","reported by El-Gendy N 2009"]],"hs":{"sz":"agglomerates about 1 to 5 um; selected formulations averaged about 2 to 4 um"},"szm":5e-06,"szs":"5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1066]},{"id":"pollen-cytoplasmic-granules-phleum-pratense","n":"Pollen cytoplasmic granules, Phleum pratense","g":1,"sg":"pollen sub-particles","al":["Phleum pratense pollen cytoplasmic granules (PCGs)","Phleum pratense pollen cytoplasmic granules (PCGs, 0.6-5 um)"],"ak":"pollen","pr":[["Size","0.6 to 5 um (PCGs)","reported by Abou Chakra OR 2009"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.6 to 5 um (PCGs)"},"szm":5e-06,"szs":"5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1067,1068]},{"id":"ricin-a-chain","n":"Ricin A chain","g":11,"sg":"plant toxin","al":["ricin A-chain protein"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","267 amino acids; long axis about 6.1 nm, short axis about 2.4 nm","reported by Ding S 2009"],["Mass","34 kDa","reported by Ding S 2009"]],"hs":{"sz":"267 amino acids; long axis about 6.1 nm, short axis about 2.4 nm","ms":"34 kDa"},"szm":6.1e-09,"szs":"6.1 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1069]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccaaaaaccccccccccccccc-3-biotin-a5","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAACCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (A5 at 16-20 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["A5 oligonucleotide iv (A5 at positions 16-20) in poly(dC)40"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAACCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1070]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccaccccccccccccccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (single A at 20 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single A at position 20 from 3' biotin (A1 scan)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1071]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccacccccccccccccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (single A at 19 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single A at position 19 from 3' biotin (A1 scan)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1072]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccaccccccccccccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (single A at 18 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single A at position 18 from 3' biotin (A1 scan)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1073]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccacccccccccccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (single A at 17 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single A at position 17 from 3' biotin (A1 scan)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1074]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccaccccccccccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (single A at 16 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single A at position 16 from 3' biotin (A1 scan)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1075]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccaaaaacccccccccc-3-biotin-a5","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAACCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (A5 at 11-15 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["A5 oligonucleotide iii (A5 at positions 11-15) in poly(dC)40"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAACCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1076]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccacccccccccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (single A at 15 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single A at position 15 from 3' biotin (A1 scan)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1077]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccaccccccccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (single A at 14 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single A at position 14 from 3' biotin (A1 scan)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1078]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccccacccccccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (single A at 13 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single A at position 13 from 3' biotin (A1 scan)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1079]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccaccccccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (single A at 12 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single A at position 12 from 3' biotin (A1 scan)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1080]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccacccccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (single A at 11 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single A at position 11 from 3' biotin (A1 scan)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1081]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccaaaaaccccc-3-biotin-a5","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAACCCCC-3' biotin (A5 at 6-10 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["A5 oligonucleotide ii (A5 at positions 6-10) in poly(dC)40"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAACCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1082]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccaccccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (single A at 10 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single A at position 10 from 3' biotin (A1 scan)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1083]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccacccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCC-3' biotin (single A at 9 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single A at position 9 from 3' biotin (A1 scan)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1084]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccaccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCC-3' biotin (single A at 8 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single A at position 8 from 3' biotin (A1 scan)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1085]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccacccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCC-3' biotin (single A at 7 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single A at position 7 from 3' biotin (A1 scan)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1086]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccaaaaa-3-biotin-a5","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAA-3' biotin (A5 at 1-5 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["A5 oligonucleotide i (A5 at positions 1-5) in poly(dC)40"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAA-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1087]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccgcccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (single G at 9 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single G at position 9 (base set for R1)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1088]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccctcccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (single T at 9 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single T at position 9 (base set for R1)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1089]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccgccccccccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (single G at 14 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single G at position 14 (base set for R2)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1090]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccctccccccccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (single T at 14 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single T at position 14 (base set for R2)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1091]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccgccccccccccccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (single G at 18 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single G at position 18 (base set for R3)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1092]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccctccccccccccccccccc-3-biotin-si","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (single T at 18 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with single T at position 18 (base set for R3)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1093]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ctcacctatccttccactcattcc-ggctacgacctgcatgagaatgddc-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-CTCACCTATCCTTCCACTCATTCC...GGCTACGACCTGCATGAGAATGddC-3' (23 bphp, Wilson 2009)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin primer/template","al":["23 bp DNA hairpin primer/template (23 bphp) with ddC 3' end, tethered by a 20-mer on the trans side"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","100 nt (23 bp stem with TTTT loop)","reported by Wilson NA 2009"],["Mass","about 32 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -100 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 nt (23 bp stem with TTTT loop)","ms":"about 32 kDa","ch":"about -100 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTCACCTATCCTTCCACTCATTCCTTACCATTCATTCACATCTCACTATCGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCCTTTTGGCTACGACCTGCATGAGAATG[ddC]","szm":6e-08,"szs":"about 60 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1094]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tgagtggaaggataggtgag-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-TGAGTGGAAGGATAGGTGAG-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["20-mer tethering oligonucleotide"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","20 nt","reported by Wilson NA 2009"],["Mass","6,326 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -19 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"20 nt","ms":"6,326 Da","ch":"about -19 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TGAGTGGAAGGATAGGTGAG","szm":1.2e-08,"szs":"about 12 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1095]},{"id":"ssdna-chemically-tagged-oligonucleotides-encoding-point-muta","n":"ssDNA chemically tagged oligonucleotides encoding point mutations (Borsenberger 2009)","g":7,"sg":"chemically labeled ssDNA","al":["chemically tagged DNA strands distinguishing drug-resistance point mutations"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[1096]},{"id":"ssdna-heteropolymer-40-mer-3-biotin-with-a-at-position-14-co","n":"ssDNA heteropolymer 40-mer 3'-biotin with A at position 14, context CTGAACA (Stoddart 2009)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["heteropolymeric 40-mer with base A at position 14 (context 5'-CTGAACA-3')"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"context 5'-CTGAACA-3' around position 14 (full sequence in Table S5, not reached)","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1097]},{"id":"ssdna-heteropolymer-40-mer-3-biotin-with-c-at-position-14-co","n":"ssDNA heteropolymer 40-mer 3'-biotin with C at position 14, context CTGCACA (Stoddart 2009)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["heteropolymeric 40-mer with base C at position 14 (context 5'-CTGCACA-3')"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"context 5'-CTGCACA-3' around position 14 (full sequence in Table S5, not reached)","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1098]},{"id":"ssdna-heteropolymer-40-mer-3-biotin-with-g-at-position-14-co","n":"ssDNA heteropolymer 40-mer 3'-biotin with G at position 14, context CTGGACA (Stoddart 2009)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["heteropolymeric 40-mer with base G at position 14 (context 5'-CTGGACA-3')"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"context 5'-CTGGACA-3' around position 14 (full sequence in Table S5, not reached)","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1099]},{"id":"ssdna-heteropolymer-40-mer-3-biotin-with-t-at-position-14-co","n":"ssDNA heteropolymer 40-mer 3'-biotin with T at position 14, context CTGTACA (Stoddart 2009)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["heteropolymeric 40-mer with base T at position 14 (context 5'-CTGTACA-3')"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"context 5'-CTGTACA-3' around position 14 (full sequence in Table S5, not reached)","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1100]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-homopolymer-3-biotin-streptavidin-immobilized","n":"ssDNA poly(dA) homopolymer 3'-biotin (streptavidin-immobilized; Stoddart 2009)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dA) homopolymer, 3'-biotin, immobilized (5' entry)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","60 nt (per Fig. 1 legend)","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 19.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -60 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"60 nt (per Fig. 1 legend)","ms":"about 19.2 kDa","ch":"about -60 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.6e-08,"szs":"about 36 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1101]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-40-3-biotin-streptavidin-immobilized","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)40 3'-biotin (streptavidin-immobilized)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with 3'-biotin-TEG, immobilized with streptavidin (reference)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2009 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Length","40 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.5 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"11.5 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1102]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dt-40-biotin-streptavidin-immobilized","n":"ssDNA poly(dT)40 biotin-streptavidin immobilized","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized","al":["poly(dT)40 (T40) immobilized"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Purnell RF 2009"],["Mass","12.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"12.1 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1103]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dt-40-with-single-da-substitution-12-position-ser","n":"ssDNA poly(dT)40 with single dA substitution, 12-position series (Purnell 2009)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized","al":["T40 with single A substitutions at 12 positions (series)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Purnell RF 2009"],["Mass","12.1 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"12.1 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1104]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dt-40-with-single-dc-substitution-12-position-ser","n":"ssDNA poly(dT)40 with single dC substitution, 12-position series (Purnell 2009)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized","al":["T40 with single C substitutions at 12 positions (series)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Purnell RF 2009"],["Mass","12.1 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"12.1 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1105]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dt-40-with-single-dg-substitution-12-position-ser","n":"ssDNA poly(dT)40 with single dG substitution, 12-position series (Purnell 2009)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized","al":["T40 with single G substitutions at 12 positions (series)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Purnell RF 2009"],["Mass","12.1 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"12.1 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1106]},{"id":"zebrafish-spermatozoa","n":"Zebrafish spermatozoa","g":0,"sg":"spermatozoon (fish)","ak":"sperm","pr":[["Size","isosmotic cell volume 12.1 +/- 0.2 um3","reported by Hagedorn M 2009"],["Other","osmotically inactive water fraction 0.37","reported by Hagedorn M 2009"]],"hs":{"sz":"isosmotic cell volume 12.1 +/- 0.2 um3"},"ids":"taxon:7955","szm":7.256e-07,"szs":"about 726 nm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[1107]},{"id":"aggregates-subvisible-humanized-igg1-monoclonal-antibody","n":"Aggregates, subvisible (humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody)","g":11,"sg":"subvisible protein particles","al":["Subvisible particles (2 to 10 um) in formulations of MAb1, a recombinant humanized IgG1 (kappa) at up to 150 mg/mL, and silicone oil droplets from pre-filled syringes"],"ak":"antibody","pr":[["Size","particles 2 to 10 um studied","reported by Demeule B 2010"]],"hs":{"sz":"particles 2 to 10 um studied"},"szm":1e-05,"szs":"10 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1108]},{"id":"avidin","n":"Avidin","g":11,"sg":"biotin-binding glycoprotein","al":["avidin (egg white, glycosylated)","avidin trapped in the NEOtrap"],"ak":"multimer","pr":[["Size","about 6 nm diameter","reported by Wen C 2023"],["Mass","54.3 kDa","reported by Wen C 2023"],["Charge","pI about 10.5","reported by Fahie MA 2015"],["Mass","14.3 kDa","computed from UniProt P02701, Avidin 25 to 152; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"],["Isoelectric point","10.3","computed from UniProt P02701, Avidin 25 to 152; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+6.2 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P02701, Avidin 25 to 152; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","128 amino acids","computed from UniProt P02701, Avidin 25 to 152; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 6 nm diameter","ms":"54.3 kDa","ch":"pI about 10.5"},"ids":"uniprot:P02701","szm":6e-09,"szs":"6 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115]},{"id":"blue-mussel-hemocytes","n":"Blue mussel hemocytes","g":0,"sg":"invertebrate hemocyte","al":["blue mussel hemocyte subpopulations"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:6550","r":[1116]},{"id":"bovine-prion-protein-recombinant-prp","n":"Bovine prion protein (recombinant PrP)","g":11,"sg":"prion protein","al":["full-length bovine recombinant prion protein (BrecPrP)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","23.5 kDa","computed from UniProt P10279, Major prion protein 25 to 241; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"],["Isoelectric point","9.8","computed from UniProt P10279, Major prion protein 25 to 241; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+10.6 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P10279, Major prion protein 25 to 241; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","217 amino acids","computed from UniProt P10279, Major prion protein 25 to 241; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.78 nm","ms":"23.5 kDa","ch":"+10.6 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P10279","szm":3.779e-09,"szs":"about 3.78 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1117]},{"id":"complex-anti-prion-mab-m2188-with-prp-143-169","n":"Complex anti-prion mAb M2188 with PrP(143-169)","g":11,"sg":"antibody-peptide complex","al":["complex of PrP(143-169) with monoclonal antibody M2188 (IgG)"],"ak":"antibody","r":[1118]},{"id":"complex-dsdna-3-500-bp-tagged-with-one-bis-pna","n":"Complex dsDNA 3,500 bp tagged with one bis-PNA","g":10,"sg":"DNA-PNA complex","al":["3,500 bp genomic dsDNA fragment F2 tagged with one bis-PNA probe"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","3,500 bp","reported by Singer A 2010"]],"hs":{"sz":"3,500 bp"},"szm":1.19e-06,"szs":"about 1.19 µm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[1119]},{"id":"complex-dsdna-3-500-bp-tagged-with-two-bis-pnas-855-bp-apart","n":"Complex dsDNA 3,500 bp tagged with two bis-PNAs (855 bp apart)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-PNA complex","al":["3,500 bp dsDNA fragment F2 tagged with two bis-PNA probes 855 bp apart"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","3,500 bp","reported by Singer A 2010"]],"hs":{"sz":"3,500 bp"},"szm":1.19e-06,"szs":"about 1.19 µm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[1120]},{"id":"complex-dsdna-with-discrete-reca-patches","n":"Complex dsDNA with discrete RecA patches","g":10,"sg":"DNA-protein complex","al":["DNA with discrete patches of RecA protein along its length"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1121]},{"id":"complex-full-length-prion-protein-with-mab-m2188","n":"Complex full-length prion protein with mAb M2188","g":11,"sg":"antibody-protein complex","al":["full-length prion protein in the presence of mAb M2188"],"ak":"antibody","r":[1122]},{"id":"complex-peroxiredoxin-bound-to-lambda-dna","n":"Complex peroxiredoxin bound to lambda DNA","g":10,"sg":"DNA-protein complex","al":["single peroxiredoxin protein molecules bound to lambda DNA"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1123]},{"id":"complex-phi29-dna-polymerase-with-primer-template-dna","n":"Complex phi29 DNA polymerase with primer/template DNA","g":10,"sg":"DNA-polymerase complex","al":["phi29 DNA polymerase-primer/template DNA complexes (exonuclease activates 3'-H primer at the pore)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1124]},{"id":"complex-t7-dna-polymerase-exo-with-primer-template-dna","n":"Complex T7 DNA polymerase (exo-) with primer/template DNA","g":10,"sg":"DNA-polymerase complex","al":["bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase (exo-)-primer/template complexes replicating at the pore"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1125]},{"id":"cy12-t1-single-tethered-strand","n":"CY12-T1 (single tethered strand)","g":12,"sg":"tethered peptide bundle","al":["CY12-T1 (one 12-residue peptide strand on a mono-bromomethyl benzene)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[1126]},{"id":"cy12-t2-two-strand-bundle","n":"CY12-T2 (two-strand bundle)","g":12,"sg":"tethered peptide bundle","al":["CY12-T2 (two-strand peptide bundle)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[1127]},{"id":"cy12-t3-three-strand-bundle","n":"CY12-T3 (three-strand bundle)","g":12,"sg":"tethered peptide bundle","al":["CY12-T3 (three-strand peptide bundle)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[1128]},{"id":"cy12-t4-four-strand-bundle","n":"CY12-T4 (four-strand bundle)","g":12,"sg":"tethered peptide bundle","al":["CY12-T4 (four-strand peptide bundle)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[1129]},{"id":"dna-duplex-interrupted-5-gcaacagagccagccccgcaacagagccagcaaag","n":"DNA duplex-interrupted 5'-GCAACAGAGCCAGCCCCGCAACAGAGCCAGCAAAGCAACAGAGCCAGCCCCGCAACAGAGCCAGCTTTGCAACAGAGCCAGCGG(dA)16-3' + partner 5'-GCTGGCTCTGTTGC-3'","g":10,"sg":"duplex-interrupted DNA","al":["BLIND duplex-interrupted construct (3'-GTCAC-5') annealed to 5'-GCTGGCTCTGTTGC-3'"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","100 nt strand with 14 bp duplex sections","reported by Derrington IM 2010"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 nt strand with 14 bp duplex sections"},"seq":"GCAACAGAGCCAGCCCCGCAACAGAGCCAGCAAAGCAACAGAGCCAGCCCCGCAACAGAGCCAGCTTTGCAACAGAGCCAGCGGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","r":[1130]},{"id":"dna-duplex-interrupted-5-gcaacagagccagccccgcaacagagccagcggag","n":"DNA duplex-interrupted 5'-GCAACAGAGCCAGCCCCGCAACAGAGCCAGCGGAGCAACAGAGCCAGCTTTGCAACAGAGCCAGC(dA)35-3' + partner 5'-GCTGGCTCTGTTGC-3'","g":10,"sg":"duplex-interrupted DNA","al":["3'-ATGC-5' duplex-interrupted construct annealed to 5'-GCTGGCTCTGTTGC-3'"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","100 nt strand with 14 bp duplex sections","reported by Derrington IM 2010"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 nt strand with 14 bp duplex sections"},"seq":"GCAACAGAGCCAGCCCCGCAACAGAGCCAGCGGAGCAACAGAGCCAGCTTTGCAACAGAGCCAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","r":[1131]},{"id":"dna-duplex-interrupted-5-gcaacagagccagcggagcaacagagccagccccg","n":"DNA duplex-interrupted 5'-GCAACAGAGCCAGCGGAGCAACAGAGCCAGCCCCGCAACAGAGCCAGCAAAGCAACAGAGCCAGCTTT(dA)32-3' + partner 5'-GCTGGCTCTGTTGC-3'","g":10,"sg":"duplex-interrupted DNA","al":["3'-TACG-5' duplex-interrupted construct annealed to 5'-GCTGGCTCTGTTGC-3'"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","100 nt strand with 14 bp duplex sections","reported by Derrington IM 2010"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 nt strand with 14 bp duplex sections"},"seq":"GCAACAGAGCCAGCGGAGCAACAGAGCCAGCCCCGCAACAGAGCCAGCAAAGCAACAGAGCCAGCTTTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","r":[1132]},{"id":"dna-trimer-with-two-12-bp-hybridization-segments-bead-tether","n":"DNA trimer with two 12-bp hybridization segments (bead-tethered)","g":10,"sg":"hybridized oligonucleotide assembly","al":["trimer DNA of three hybridized oligonucleotides with two 12-mer duplex segments, bead-tethered"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[1133]},{"id":"dsdna-141-bp-fragment-jing-2010","n":"dsDNA 141 bp fragment (Jing 2010)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["dsDNA 141 bp"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","141 bp","reported by Jing P 2010"],["Mass","about 91.7 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -282 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"141 bp","ms":"about 91.7 kDa","ch":"about -282 e at pH 7"},"szm":4.794e-08,"szs":"47.9 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[1134]},{"id":"dsdna-2-kbp-blunt-end-ecorv-fragment-jing-2010","n":"dsDNA 2 kbp blunt-end EcoRV fragment (Jing 2010)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["dsDNA 2 kbp"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","2 kbp","reported by Jing P 2010"],["Mass","about 1.3 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -4,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"2 kbp","ms":"about 1.3 MDa","ch":"about -4,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":6.8e-07,"szs":"680 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[1135]},{"id":"dsdna-20-bp-duplex-jing-2010","n":"dsDNA 20 bp duplex (Jing 2010)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["dsDNA 20 bp"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","20 bp","reported by Jing P 2010"],["Mass","about 13 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"20 bp","ms":"about 13 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"szm":6.8e-09,"szs":"6.8 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[1136]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-800-bp","n":"dsDNA fragment 800 bp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["800 bp dsDNA"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","800 bp","reported by Wanunu M 2010"],["Mass","about 520 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -1,600 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"800 bp","ms":"about 520 kDa","ch":"about -1,600 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.72e-07,"szs":"272 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[1137]},{"id":"dunaliella-primolecta","n":"Dunaliella primolecta","g":1,"sg":"green alga (prey)","al":["Dunaliella primolecta CCAP 11/34"],"ak":"flagellate","ids":"taxon:257627","r":[1138]},{"id":"dunaliella-salina","n":"Dunaliella salina","g":1,"sg":"green alga (halophilic flagellate)","ak":"flagellate","pr":[["Size","rod to oval cells 10 to 12 um","Maw M, Pan X, Peng Z, Wang Y, Zhao L, Dai B, Wang J 2018, Micromachines 9:20, doi:10.3390/mi9010020 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"rod to oval cells 10 to 12 um"},"ids":"taxon:3046","szm":1.2e-05,"szs":"12 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1139,1140]},{"id":"enrofloxacin","n":"Enrofloxacin","g":15,"sg":"fluoroquinolone antibiotic","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","359.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 71188"],["Formula","C19H22FN3O3","PubChem CID 71188"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 71188, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.94 nm","ms":"359.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:71188","szm":9.385e-10,"szs":"about 0.94 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1141]},{"id":"gtp-guanosine-5-triphosphate","n":"GTP (guanosine 5'-triphosphate)","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleotide","al":["GTP","guanosine triphosphate (GTP)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","523.18 g/mol","PubChem CID 135398633 (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/135398633/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/CSV)"],["Other","C10H16N5O14P3","PubChem CID 135398633 (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/135398633/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/CSV)"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 135398633, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.06 nm","ms":"523.18 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:135398633","szm":1.064e-09,"szs":"about 1.06 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1142,1143]},{"id":"leishmania-donovani","n":"Leishmania donovani","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (trypanosomatid)","al":["Leishmania donovani promastigotes"],"ak":"trypanosome","pr":[["Size","promastigotes elongate and slender, about 10 to 12 um long; amastigotes spherical to ovoid, 1 to 5 um long and 1 to 2 um wide","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Leishmaniasis page, last reviewed June 5, 2024"],["Other","genus-level values","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Leishmaniasis page, last reviewed June 5, 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"promastigotes elongate and slender, about 10 to 12 um long; amastigotes spherical to ovoid, 1 to 5 um long and 1 to 2 um wide"},"ids":"taxon:5661","szm":1.2e-05,"szs":"12 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1144,1145]},{"id":"mediterranean-green-crab-haemocytes","n":"Mediterranean green crab haemocytes","g":0,"sg":"invertebrate hemocyte","al":["haemocytes of the crab Carcinus aestuarii"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:6763","r":[1146]},{"id":"mirna-mir-122a-rat","n":"miRNA miR-122a (rat)","g":8,"sg":"microRNA","al":["liver microRNA miR-122a hybridized to a probe (probe:miRNA duplex enriched on p19)"],"ak":"ssrna","r":[1147]},{"id":"oxyrrhis-marina","n":"Oxyrrhis marina","g":1,"sg":"dinoflagellate (heterotrophic)","al":["Oxyrrhis marina CCAP 1133/5"],"ak":"dino","pr":[["Size","cell 14 um long, 8 um wide, 5 um thick (flattened ellipsoid)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","biovolume 293 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell 14 um long, 8 um wide, 5 um thick (flattened ellipsoid)"},"ids":"taxon:2969","szm":1.4e-05,"szs":"14 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1148,1149]},{"id":"presequence-pf1beta-yeast-f1-atpase-beta-residues-1-31","n":"Presequence pF1beta (yeast F1-ATPase beta, residues 1-31)","g":12,"sg":"mitochondrial presequence peptide","al":["pF1beta, first 31 residues of yeast F1-ATPase beta-subunit precursor"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"Ac-MVLPRLYTATSRAAFKAAKQSAPLLSTSWKR-NH2","r":[1150]},{"id":"prion-octarepeat-phgggwgq-2-octa2","n":"Prion octarepeat (PHGGGWGQ)2 (Octa2)","g":12,"sg":"prion peptide","al":["prion octarepeat peptide Octa2, (PHGGGWGQ)2"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","16 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,572 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","7.7","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+0.5 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.53 nm","ms":"1,572 Da","ch":"+0.5 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"PHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQ","szm":1.535e-09,"szs":"about 1.53 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1151]},{"id":"prion-octarepeat-phgggwgq-4-octa4","n":"Prion octarepeat (PHGGGWGQ)4 (Octa4)","g":12,"sg":"prion peptide","al":["prion octarepeat peptide Octa4, (PHGGGWGQ)4"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","32 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","3,125 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","7.9","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+0.9 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.93 nm","ms":"3,125 Da","ch":"+0.9 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"PHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQPHGGGWGQ","szm":1.93e-09,"szs":"about 1.93 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1152]},{"id":"prion-prp-106-126","n":"Prion PrP(106-126)","g":12,"sg":"prion peptide","al":["prion peptide PrP106-126"],"ak":"peptide","r":[1153]},{"id":"prion-prp-143-169","n":"Prion PrP(143-169)","g":12,"sg":"prion peptide","al":["prion peptide PrP(143-169)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[1154]},{"id":"pseudomonas-aeruginosa","n":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative rod)","al":["Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm cells and aggregates","Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15692"],"ak":"rod","ax":"gn","pr":[["Size","rod 0.5 to 1 um in diameter and 1 to 5 um long","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Other","Gram-negative rod","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Zeta potential","-43.8 +/- 0.5 mV (ATCC 27853) and -35.6 +/- 0.4 mV (clinical isolate GR4696); washed cells in 0.05X PBS pH 7.2, Anton Paar Litesizer 500","Peketi ASK, Svl SKK, P KK, Rangineni J, Veeraraghavan B, Bulagonda EP 2026, Sci Rep 16, doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38958-x"],["Isoelectric point","2.17 (acetate-HCl buffer)","Harden VP, Harris JO 1953, J Bacteriol 65:198-202, PMID 13034716, Table 1, isoelectric points by cell electrophoresis in acetate-HCl buffer (via BioNumbers BNID 109120)"]],"hs":{"sz":"rod 0.5 to 1 um in diameter and 1 to 5 um long","ch":"zeta -43.8 +/- 0.5 mV (ATCC 27853) and -35.6 +/- 0.4 mV (clinical isolate GR4696); washed cells in 0.05X PBS pH 7.2, Anton Paar Litesizer 500"},"ids":"taxon:287","szm":5e-06,"szs":"5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1155,1156,1157]},{"id":"quinone-thiol-michael-adduct-h-d-isotope-effect","n":"Quinone-thiol Michael adduct (H/D isotope effect)","g":15,"sg":"single-molecule reaction","al":["quinone reacting with a thiol to give a substituted hydroquinone (H and D forms)"],"ak":"mol","r":[1158]},{"id":"rna-95-nt-5-gggagaccacaacgg-auuaaaaggcc-3-japrung-2010","n":"RNA 95-nt 5'-GGGAGACCACAACGG...AUUAAAAGGCC-3' (Japrung 2010)","g":8,"sg":"RNA with secondary structure","al":["95-nt RNA, same sequence as the 95-nt ssDNA (in vitro transcribed)"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","95 nt","reported by Japrung D 2010"],["Mass","30.5 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -94 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"95 nt","ms":"30.5 kDa","ch":"about -94 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGGAGACCACAACGGUUUCCCUCUAGAAAUAAUUUUGUUUAACUUUAAGAAGGAGAUAUACAUAUGGCAGAUUCUGAUAUUAAUAUUAAAAGGCC","szm":5.7e-08,"szs":"about 57 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1159]},{"id":"sheep-articular-chondrocytes","n":"Sheep articular chondrocytes","g":0,"sg":"chondrocyte","al":["ovine articular chondrocytes in proliferating culture"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9940","r":[1160]},{"id":"ssdna-da-30-dc-70-diblock","n":"ssDNA (dA)30(dC)70 diblock","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA block copolymer","al":["A30C70 100-nt ssDNA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","100 nt","reported by Japrung D 2010"],["Mass","29.6 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -99 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 nt","ms":"29.6 kDa","ch":"about -99 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","szm":6e-08,"szs":"about 60 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1161]},{"id":"ssdna-120-nt-oligomer-liu-et-al-2010-sequence-in-si","n":"ssDNA 120-nt oligomer (Liu et al. 2010, sequence in SI)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligomer","al":["120-nt single-stranded DNA oligomer"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","120 nt","reported by Liu H 2010"],["Mass","about 38.4 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -120 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"120 nt","ms":"about 38.4 kDa","ch":"about -120 e at pH 7"},"szm":7.2e-08,"szs":"about 72 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1162]},{"id":"ssdna-5-acridine-acridine-atagtgagatctgaatgaatggtaccccccc-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-[acridine][acridine]ATAGTGAGATCTGAATGAATGGTACCCCCCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"acridine-modified blocking oligomer","al":["blocking oligomer v with two 5' acridines (also used in Fig. 6)"],"ak":"ssdna","seq":"[acridine][acridine]ATAGTGAGATCTGAATGAATGGTACCCCCCC","r":[1163]},{"id":"ssdna-5-acridine-atagtgagatctgaatgaatggtaccccccc-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-[acridine]ATAGTGAGATCTGAATGAATGGTACCCCCCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"acridine-modified blocking oligomer","al":["blocking oligomer iii with 5' acridine replacing G"],"ak":"ssdna","seq":"[acridine]ATAGTGAGATCTGAATGAATGGTACCCCCCC","r":[1164]},{"id":"ssdna-5-acridine-gatagtgagatctgaatgaatggtaccccccc-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-[acridine]GATAGTGAGATCTGAATGAATGGTACCCCCCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"acridine-modified blocking oligomer","al":["blocking oligomer iv with 5' acridine plus G"],"ak":"ssdna","seq":"[acridine]GATAGTGAGATCTGAATGAATGGTACCCCCCC","r":[1165]},{"id":"ssdna-5-acridine-gatagtgagctctgaatgaatgccccccc-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-[acridine]GATAGTGAGCTCTGAATGAATGCCCCCCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"acridine-modified blocking oligomer","al":["blocking oligomer used in Fig. 5"],"ak":"ssdna","seq":"[acridine]GATAGTGAGCTCTGAATGAATGCCCCCCC","r":[1166]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccc-5mc-ccccccccccccc-3-bioti","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[5mC]CCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (5mC at 14 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA oligonucleotide (epigenetic base)","al":["poly(dC) oligo with 5-methylcytosine at position 14 (5mCR2)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Wallace EV 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[5mC]CCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1167]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccc-5mc-gcccccccccccc-3-bioti","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[5mC]GCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (5mC at 14, G at 13 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide in CpG context (epigenetic base)","al":["5mCpGR2 oligo: 5mC at position 14 with G at position 13"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Wallace EV 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[5mC]GCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1168]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccc-hmc-ccccccccccccc-3-bioti","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[hmC]CCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (hmC at 14 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA oligonucleotide (epigenetic base)","al":["poly(dC) oligo with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at position 14 (hmCR2)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Wallace EV 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[hmC]CCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1169]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccc-hmc-gcccccccccccc-3-bioti","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[hmC]GCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (hmC at 14, G at 13 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide in CpG context (epigenetic base)","al":["hmCpGR2 oligo: hmC at position 14 with G at position 13"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Wallace EV 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[hmC]GCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1170]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccaccccacccccccc-3-biotin-a","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCACCCCCCCC-3' biotin (A at 9 and A at 14 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with A at position 9 and A at position 14 (A9A14)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCACCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1171]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccaccccgcccccccc-3-biotin-g","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCGCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (G at 9 and A at 14 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with G at position 9 and A at position 14 (G9A14)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCGCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1172]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccacccctcccccccc-3-biotin-t","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCTCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (T at 9 and A at 14 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with T at position 9 and A at position 14 (T9A14)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCTCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1173]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccagcccccccccccc-3-biotin-a","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAGCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (A at 14, G at 13 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide in CpG context","al":["ApGR2 oligo: A at position 14 with G at position 13"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Wallace EV 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAGCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1174]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc-5mc-cccccccc-3-bioti","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[5mC]CCCCCCCC-3' biotin (5mC at 9 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA oligonucleotide (epigenetic base)","al":["poly(dC) oligo with 5-methylcytosine at position 9 (5mCR1)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Wallace EV 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[5mC]CCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1175]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc-5mc-gccccccc-3-bioti","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[5mC]GCCCCCCC-3' biotin (5mC at 9, G at 8 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide in CpG context (epigenetic base)","al":["5mCpGR1 oligo: 5mC at position 9 with G at position 8"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Wallace EV 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[5mC]GCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1176]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc-hmc-cccccccc-3-bioti","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[hmC]CCCCCCCC-3' biotin (hmC at 9 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA oligonucleotide (epigenetic base)","al":["poly(dC) oligo with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at position 9 (hmCR1)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Wallace EV 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[hmC]CCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1177]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc-hmc-gccccccc-3-bioti","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[hmC]GCCCCCCC-3' biotin (hmC at 9, G at 8 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide in CpG context (epigenetic base)","al":["hmCpGR1 oligo: hmC at position 9 with G at position 8"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Wallace EV 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[hmC]GCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1178]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccagccccccc-3-biotin-a","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAGCCCCCCC-3' biotin (A at 9, G at 8 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide in CpG context","al":["ApGR1 oligo: A at position 9 with G at position 8"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Wallace EV 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAGCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1179]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccgccccccc-3-biotin-c","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGCCCCCCC-3' biotin (C at 9, G at 8 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide in CpG context","al":["CpGR1 oligo: C at position 9 with G at position 8"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Wallace EV 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1180]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccggccccccc-3-biotin-g","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGGCCCCCCC-3' biotin (G at 9, G at 8 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide in CpG context","al":["GpGR1 oligo: G at position 9 with G at position 8"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Wallace EV 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGGCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1181]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccctgccccccc-3-biotin-t","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTGCCCCCCC-3' biotin (T at 9, G at 8 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide in CpG context","al":["TpGR1 oligo: T at position 9 with G at position 8"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Wallace EV 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTGCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1182]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccccgcccccccccccc-3-biotin-c","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (C at 14, G at 13 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide in CpG context","al":["CpGR2 oligo: C at position 14 with G at position 13"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Wallace EV 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1183]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccgccccacccccccc-3-biotin-a","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGCCCCACCCCCCCC-3' biotin (A at 9 and G at 14 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with A at position 9 and G at position 14 (A9G14)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGCCCCACCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1184]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccgccccgcccccccc-3-biotin-g","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGCCCCGCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (G at 9 and G at 14 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with G at position 9 and G at position 14 (G9G14)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGCCCCGCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1185]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccgcccctcccccccc-3-biotin-t","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGCCCCTCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (T at 9 and G at 14 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with T at position 9 and G at position 14 (T9G14)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGCCCCTCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1186]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ccccccccccccccccccccccccccggcccccccccccc-3-biotin-g","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGGCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (G at 14, G at 13 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide in CpG context","al":["GpGR2 oligo: G at position 14 with G at position 13"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Wallace EV 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGGCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1187]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccctccccacccccccc-3-biotin-a","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTCCCCACCCCCCCC-3' biotin (A at 9 and T at 14 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with A at position 9 and T at position 14 (A9T14)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTCCCCACCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1188]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccctccccgcccccccc-3-biotin-g","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTCCCCGCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (G at 9 and T at 14 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with G at position 9 and T at position 14 (G9T14)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTCCCCGCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1189]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccctcccctcccccccc-3-biotin-t","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTCCCCTCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (T at 9 and T at 14 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC)40 with T at position 9 and T at position 14 (T9T14)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Stoddart D 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTCCCCTCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1190]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cccccccccccccccccccccccccctgcccccccccccc-3-biotin-t","n":"ssDNA 5'-CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTGCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' biotin (T at 14, G at 13 from 3' end)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide in CpG context","al":["TpGR2 oligo: T at position 14 with G at position 13"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","reported by Wallace EV 2010 background and substitution positions counted from the 3' biotin)"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt + 3' biotin-TEG","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTGCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1191]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ctcacctatccttccactcattccaattaattaccattcatxxxgatctcac","n":"ssDNA 5'-CTCACCTATCCTTCCACTCATTCCAATTAATTACCATTCATXXXGATCTCACTATCGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3' (3 abasic, Olasagasti 2010)","g":7,"sg":"primer/template with abasic insert","al":["79-mer template with three abasic (1',2'-dideoxy) residues, primed with 23-mer"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","79 nt","reported by Olasagasti F 2010"],["Mass","about 25.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -79 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"79 nt","ms":"about 25.3 kDa","ch":"about -79 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTCACCTATCCTTCCACTCATTCCAATTAATTACCATTCATXXXGATCTCACTATCGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC (X = abasic)","szm":4.74e-08,"szs":"about 47.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1192]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gatagtgagatctgaatgaatggtaccccccc-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-GATAGTGAGATCTGAATGAATGGTACCCCCCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"blocking oligomer","al":["blocking oligomer ii (no acridine)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","32 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","9,833 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -31 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"19.2 nm","ms":"9,833 Da","ch":"about -31 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GATAGTGAGATCTGAATGAATGGTACCCCCCC","szm":1.92e-08,"szs":"about 19.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1193]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gctggctctgttgctctctcgcaacagagccag-dc-51-3-14-bp-hair","n":"ssDNA 5'-GCTGGCTCTGTTGCTCTCTCGCAACAGAGCCAG(dC)51-3' (14 bp hairpin + (dC)50 tail)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["14 bp DNA hairpin with (dC)50 tail"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","84 nt; 14 bp stem, 6 nt loop, 50 nt tail","reported by Derrington IM 2010"],["Length","84 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","24.8 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -83 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"84 nt; 14 bp stem, 6 nt loop, 50 nt tail","ms":"24.8 kDa","ch":"about -83 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GCTGGCTCTGTTGCTCTCTCGCAACAGAGCCAGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","szm":5.04e-08,"szs":"about 50.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1194]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gctggctctgttgctctctcgcaacagagccagc-da-50-3-14-bp-hai","n":"ssDNA 5'-GCTGGCTCTGTTGCTCTCTCGCAACAGAGCCAGC(dA)50-3' (14 bp hairpin + (dA)50 tail)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["14 bp DNA hairpin with (dA)50 tail"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","84 nt; 14 bp stem, 6 nt loop, 50 nt tail","reported by Derrington IM 2010"],["Length","84 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","26 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -83 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"84 nt; 14 bp stem, 6 nt loop, 50 nt tail","ms":"26 kDa","ch":"about -83 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GCTGGCTCTGTTGCTCTCTCGCAACAGAGCCAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":5.04e-08,"szs":"about 50.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1195]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gctggctctgttgctctctcgcaacagagccagc-dt-50-3-14-bp-hai","n":"ssDNA 5'-GCTGGCTCTGTTGCTCTCTCGCAACAGAGCCAGC(dT)50-3' (14 bp hairpin + (dT)50 tail)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["14 bp DNA hairpin with (dT)50 tail"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","84 nt; 14 bp stem, 6 nt loop, 50 nt tail","reported by Derrington IM 2010"],["Length","84 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","25.6 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -83 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"84 nt; 14 bp stem, 6 nt loop, 50 nt tail","ms":"25.6 kDa","ch":"about -83 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GCTGGCTCTGTTGCTCTCTCGCAACAGAGCCAGCTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT","szm":5.04e-08,"szs":"about 50.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1196]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gctggctctgttgctctctcgcaacagagccagcggg-da-47-3-14-bp","n":"ssDNA 5'-GCTGGCTCTGTTGCTCTCTCGCAACAGAGCCAGCGGG(dA)47-3' (14 bp hairpin + (dG)3(dA)47 tail)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["14 bp DNA hairpin with (dG)3(dA)47 tail"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","84 nt; 14 bp stem, 6 nt loop, 50 nt tail","reported by Derrington IM 2010"],["Length","84 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","26.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -83 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"84 nt; 14 bp stem, 6 nt loop, 50 nt tail","ms":"26.1 kDa","ch":"about -83 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GCTGGCTCTGTTGCTCTCTCGCAACAGAGCCAGCGGGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":5.04e-08,"szs":"about 50.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1197]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ggctacgacctgcatgagaatgc-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-GGCTACGACCTGCATGAGAATGC-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA primer","al":["23-mer 3'-OH synthesis primer"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","23 nt","reported by Olasagasti F 2010"],["Mass","7,074 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -22 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"23 nt","ms":"7,074 Da","ch":"about -22 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGCTACGACCTGCATGAGAATGC","szm":1.38e-08,"szs":"about 13.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1198]},{"id":"ssdna-60-nt-oligomer-liu-et-al-2010-sequence-in-si","n":"ssDNA 60-nt oligomer (Liu et al. 2010, sequence in SI)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligomer","al":["60-nt single-stranded DNA oligomer"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","60 nt","reported by Liu H 2010"],["Mass","about 19.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -60 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"60 nt","ms":"about 19.2 kDa","ch":"about -60 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.6e-08,"szs":"about 36 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1199]},{"id":"ssdna-95-nt-5-gggagaccacaacgg-attaaaaggcc-3-japrung-2010","n":"ssDNA 95-nt 5'-GGGAGACCACAACGG...ATTAAAAGGCC-3' (Japrung 2010)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA with secondary structure","al":["95-nt ssDNA with hairpins (T7 promoter region sequence)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","95 nt","reported by Japrung D 2010"],["Mass","29.4 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -94 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"95 nt","ms":"29.4 kDa","ch":"about -94 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGGAGACCACAACGGTTTCCCTCTAGAAATAATTTTGTTTAACTTTAAGAAGGAGATATACATATGGCAGATTCTGATATTAATATTAAAAGGCC","szm":5.7e-08,"szs":"about 57 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1200]},{"id":"ssdna-k-ras-codon-12-segment-in-poly-dt-40-mer-with-8-oxogua","n":"ssDNA K-ras codon 12 segment in poly(dT) 40-mer with 8-oxoguanine at w14 (Schibel 2010)","g":7,"sg":"damaged ssDNA immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["Btn-K-ras-OGw14: K-ras codon 12 region in poly(dT) background, 8-oxoguanine at w14"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Schibel AE 2010"],["Mass","12.1 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"12.1 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1201]},{"id":"ssdna-k-ras-codon-12-segment-in-poly-dt-40-mer-with-guanidin","n":"ssDNA K-ras codon 12 segment in poly(dT) 40-mer with guanidinohydantoin at w14 (Schibel 2010)","g":7,"sg":"damaged ssDNA immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["Btn-K-ras-Ghw14: K-ras codon 12 region in poly(dT) background, guanidinohydantoin at w14"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Schibel AE 2010"],["Mass","12.1 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"12.1 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1202]},{"id":"ssdna-k-ras-codon-12-segment-in-poly-dt-40-mer-with-native-g","n":"ssDNA K-ras codon 12 segment in poly(dT) 40-mer with native guanine (codon 12 central G) at w14 (Schibel 2010)","g":7,"sg":"damaged ssDNA immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["Btn-K-ras-Gw14: K-ras codon 12 region in poly(dT) background, native guanine (codon 12 central G) at w14"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Schibel AE 2010"],["Mass","12.1 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"12.1 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1203]},{"id":"ssdna-k-ras-codon-12-segment-in-poly-dt-40-mer-with-sp-sperm","n":"ssDNA K-ras codon 12 segment in poly(dT) 40-mer with Sp-spermine adduct at w14 (Schibel 2010)","g":7,"sg":"damaged ssDNA immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["Btn-K-ras-Spmw14: K-ras codon 12 region in poly(dT) background, Sp-spermine adduct at w14"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Schibel AE 2010"],["Mass","12.1 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"12.1 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1204]},{"id":"ssdna-k-ras-codon-12-segment-in-poly-dt-40-mer-with-spiroimi","n":"ssDNA K-ras codon 12 segment in poly(dT) 40-mer with spiroiminodihydantoin at w14 (Schibel 2010)","g":7,"sg":"damaged ssDNA immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["Btn-K-ras-Spw14: K-ras codon 12 region in poly(dT) background, spiroiminodihydantoin at w14"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Schibel AE 2010"],["Mass","12.1 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"12.1 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1205]},{"id":"ssdna-oligonucleotide-120-nt","n":"ssDNA oligonucleotide 120 nt","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["120 nt ssDNA oligomer"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","120 nt","reported by Liu H 2010"],["Mass","about 38.4 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -120 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"120 nt","ms":"about 38.4 kDa","ch":"about -120 e at pH 7"},"szm":7.2e-08,"szs":"about 72 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1206]},{"id":"ssdna-oligonucleotide-60-nt","n":"ssDNA oligonucleotide 60 nt","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["60 nt ssDNA oligomer"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","60 nt","reported by Liu H 2010"],["Mass","about 19.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -60 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"60 nt","ms":"about 19.2 kDa","ch":"about -60 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.6e-08,"szs":"about 36 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1207]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-length-not-given-aoki-2010-lysenin","n":"ssDNA poly(dA) (length not given, Aoki 2010 lysenin)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["poly(deoxyadenine)"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[1208]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-39-with-8-oxo-7-8-dihydroguanine-at-position-w","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)39 with 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine at position w14, biotin-streptavidin immobilized (Schibel 2010)","g":7,"sg":"damaged/modified ssDNA immobilized","al":["C39OGw14: poly(dC) 40-mer with 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine at position w14"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Schibel AE 2010"],["Length","39 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.2 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -38 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"11.2 kDa","ch":"about -38 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.34e-08,"szs":"about 23.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1209]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-39-with-guanidinohydantoin-at-position-w14-bio","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)39 with guanidinohydantoin at position w14, biotin-streptavidin immobilized (Schibel 2010)","g":7,"sg":"damaged/modified ssDNA immobilized","al":["C39Ghw14: poly(dC) 40-mer with guanidinohydantoin at position w14"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Schibel AE 2010"],["Length","39 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.2 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -38 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"11.2 kDa","ch":"about -38 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.34e-08,"szs":"about 23.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1210]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-39-with-guanine-at-position-w14-biotin-strepta","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)39 with guanine at position w14, biotin-streptavidin immobilized (Schibel 2010)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized","al":["C39Gw14: poly(dC) 40-mer with guanine at position w14"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Schibel AE 2010"],["Length","39 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.2 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -38 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"11.2 kDa","ch":"about -38 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.34e-08,"szs":"about 23.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1211]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-39-with-sp-benzylamine-adduct-at-position-w14","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)39 with Sp-benzylamine adduct at position w14, biotin-streptavidin immobilized (Schibel 2010)","g":7,"sg":"damaged/modified ssDNA immobilized","al":["C39Bzw14: poly(dC) 40-mer with Sp-benzylamine adduct at position w14"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Schibel AE 2010"],["Length","39 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.2 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -38 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"11.2 kDa","ch":"about -38 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.34e-08,"szs":"about 23.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1212]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-39-with-sp-glucosamine-adduct-at-position-w14","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)39 with Sp-glucosamine adduct at position w14, biotin-streptavidin immobilized (Schibel 2010)","g":7,"sg":"damaged/modified ssDNA immobilized","al":["C39GlcNw14: poly(dC) 40-mer with Sp-glucosamine adduct at position w14"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Schibel AE 2010"],["Length","39 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.2 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -38 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"11.2 kDa","ch":"about -38 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.34e-08,"szs":"about 23.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1213]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-39-with-sp-gly-pro-arg-pro-amide-adduct-at-pos","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)39 with Sp-Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro amide adduct at position w14, biotin-streptavidin immobilized (Schibel 2010)","g":7,"sg":"damaged/modified ssDNA immobilized","al":["C39GPRPw14: poly(dC) 40-mer with Sp-Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro amide adduct at position w14"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Schibel AE 2010"],["Length","39 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.2 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -38 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"11.2 kDa","ch":"about -38 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.34e-08,"szs":"about 23.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1214]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-39-with-sp-lysine-adduct-at-position-w14-bioti","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)39 with Sp-lysine adduct at position w14, biotin-streptavidin immobilized (Schibel 2010)","g":7,"sg":"damaged/modified ssDNA immobilized","al":["C39Lysw14: poly(dC) 40-mer with Sp-lysine adduct at position w14"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Schibel AE 2010"],["Length","39 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.2 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -38 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"11.2 kDa","ch":"about -38 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.34e-08,"szs":"about 23.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1215]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-39-with-sp-spermidine-adduct-at-position-w14-b","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)39 with Sp-spermidine adduct at position w14, biotin-streptavidin immobilized (Schibel 2010)","g":7,"sg":"damaged/modified ssDNA immobilized","al":["C39Spdw14: poly(dC) 40-mer with Sp-spermidine adduct at position w14"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Schibel AE 2010"],["Length","39 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.2 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -38 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"11.2 kDa","ch":"about -38 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.34e-08,"szs":"about 23.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1216]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-39-with-sp-spermine-adduct-at-position-w14-bio","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)39 with Sp-spermine adduct at position w14, biotin-streptavidin immobilized (Schibel 2010)","g":7,"sg":"damaged/modified ssDNA immobilized","al":["C39Spmw14: poly(dC) 40-mer with Sp-spermine adduct at position w14"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Schibel AE 2010"],["Length","39 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.2 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -38 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"11.2 kDa","ch":"about -38 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.34e-08,"szs":"about 23.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1217]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-39-with-spiroiminodihydantoin-at-position-w14","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)39 with spiroiminodihydantoin at position w14, biotin-streptavidin immobilized (Schibel 2010)","g":7,"sg":"damaged/modified ssDNA immobilized","al":["C39Spw14: poly(dC) 40-mer with spiroiminodihydantoin at position w14"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Schibel AE 2010"],["Length","39 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.2 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -38 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"11.2 kDa","ch":"about -38 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.34e-08,"szs":"about 23.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1218]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-40-biotinylated-streptavidin-immobilized-strep","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)40 biotinylated, streptavidin-immobilized (Strep-Btn-C40; Schibel 2010)","g":7,"sg":"damaged ssDNA immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["C40 (Strep-Btn-C40) reference"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Schibel AE 2010"],["Mass","11.5 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"11.5 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1219]},{"id":"ssdna-random-sequence-7-kb","n":"ssDNA random sequence 7 kb","g":7,"sg":"long ssDNA","al":["7 kb random-sequence single-stranded DNA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","7 kb; self-hybridized blobs about 100 nm across (AFM)","reported by Kowalczyk SW 2010"],["Mass","about 2.24 MDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -7,000 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"7 kb; self-hybridized blobs about 100 nm across (AFM)","ms":"about 2.24 MDa","ch":"about -7,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":1e-07,"szs":"100 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1220]},{"id":"symbiodinium-goreaui","n":"Symbiodinium goreaui","g":1,"sg":"dinoflagellate (symbiotic)","al":["Symbiodinium goreaui CCMP 2466 (clade C)"],"ak":"dino","ids":"taxon:154548","r":[1221]},{"id":"taxus-suspension-cell-aggregates","n":"Taxus suspension cell aggregates","g":0,"sg":"plant cell aggregate","al":["Taxus suspension culture cell aggregates (50 to 2000 um)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","aggregate diameters 50 to 2000 um","reported by Kolewe ME 2010"]],"hs":{"sz":"aggregate diameters 50 to 2000 um"},"ids":"taxon:25628","szm":0.002,"szs":"2 mm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1222]},{"id":"trypsin-cleavage-fragment-bead-tethered-substrate-kukwikila","n":"Trypsin cleavage fragment (bead-tethered substrate, Kukwikila 2010)","g":12,"sg":"protease product","al":["soluble peptide fragment released by trypsin from a bead-tethered peptide substrate"],"ak":"peptide","r":[1223]},{"id":"zygosaccharomyces-bailii","n":"Zygosaccharomyces bailii","g":1,"sg":"yeast (spoilage, acid-tolerant)","ak":"yeast","ids":"taxon:4954","r":[1224]},{"id":"adenovirus-purified-virions","n":"Adenovirus (purified virions)","g":2,"sg":"adenovirus (non-enveloped, icosahedral)","al":["adenovirus (purified)"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","modal diameter 96.5 +/- 15 nm by TRPS (expected 70 to 90 nm)","reported by Vogel R 2011, as quoted in Yang and Yamamoto 2016 (PMC5031608)"],["Isoelectric point","3.8 (human adenovirus from ATCC; zeta potential versus pH 3 to 9 in 0.1 M ionic strength buffers)","Loey M, Da Hora GCA, Weidhaas J 2025, FEMS Microbes 6, doi:10.1093/femsmc/xtaf011"],["Size","108 +/- 2.26 nm (naked adenovirus, size distribution measurement)","Lee CH, Kasala D, Na Y, Lee MS, Kim SW, Jeong JH, Yun CO 2014, Biomaterials 35:5505-5516, doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.060"],["Zeta potential","-17.7 +/- 1.5 mV (naked adenovirus vector)","Lee CH, Kasala D, Na Y, Lee MS, Kim SW, Jeong JH, Yun CO 2014, Biomaterials 35:5505-5516, doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.060"]],"hs":{"sz":"modal diameter 96.5 +/- 15 nm by TRPS (expected 70 to 90 nm)","ch":"zeta -17.7 +/- 1.5 mV (naked adenovirus vector)"},"ids":"taxon:10508","szm":1.08e-07,"szs":"108 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1225]},{"id":"aggregates-subvisible-bovine-serum-albumin","n":"Aggregates, subvisible (bovine serum albumin)","g":11,"sg":"subvisible protein particles","al":["Subvisible aggregates in vortex-stressed bovine serum albumin (BSA) formulations (10 mg/mL, diluted 1:10 and 1:20 in PBS)"],"ak":"aggregate","pr":[["Size","particles counted between 0.45 and 2.0 um","reported by Rhyner MN 2011"]],"hs":{"sz":"particles counted between 0.45 and 2.0 um"},"szm":2e-06,"szs":"2 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1226]},{"id":"american-alligator-erythrocytes","n":"American alligator erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"nucleated erythrocyte (reptile)","al":["American alligator red blood cells"],"ak":"rbc-nuc","ids":"taxon:8496","r":[1227]},{"id":"amyloid-beta-1-40-aggregates","n":"Amyloid-beta(1-40) aggregates","g":11,"sg":"amyloid aggregate","al":["aggregated amyloid-beta (1-40) oligomers and fibrils","Abeta(1-40) oligomers, protofibrils and fibers"],"ak":"fibril","pr":[["Mass","monomer 4.3 kDa; oligomers up to about 43 kDa (cited)","reported by Yusko EC 2012"]],"hs":{"sz":"2.15 nm","ms":"monomer 4.3 kDa; oligomers up to about 43 kDa (cited)"},"szm":2.146e-09,"szs":"about 2.15 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1228,1229]},{"id":"anti-biotin-fab-fragment-polyclonal","n":"Anti-biotin Fab fragment (polyclonal)","g":11,"sg":"antibody fragment","al":["polyclonal anti-biotin Fab fragments"],"ak":"antibody","pr":[["Charge","net charge -2.9 to -5.3 at pH 7.4 (from td)","reported by Yusko EC 2011"],["Other","measured volume 172 +/- 31 nm3 (lit. about 140 nm3)","reported by Yusko EC 2011"]],"hs":{"ch":"net charge -2.9 to -5.3 at pH 7.4 (from td)"},"r":[1230]},{"id":"anti-biotin-igg-monoclonal","n":"Anti-biotin IgG (monoclonal)","g":11,"sg":"antibody","al":["monoclonal anti-biotin IgG antibody (mAb)"],"ak":"antibody","pr":[["Charge","net charge -4.2 +/- 0.5 at pH 7.4 (from td)","reported by Yusko EC 2011"],["Other","measured volume 308-696 nm3 (lit. 347 nm3); broad dI distribution attributed to IgG shape","reported by Yusko EC 2011"]],"hs":{"ch":"net charge -4.2 +/- 0.5 at pH 7.4 (from td)"},"r":[1231]},{"id":"azlocillin","n":"Azlocillin","g":15,"sg":"beta-lactam antibiotic (penicillin)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","461.5 g/mol","PubChem CID 6479523"],["Formula","C20H23N5O6S","PubChem CID 6479523"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6479523, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.02 nm","ms":"461.5 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6479523","szm":1.02e-09,"szs":"about 1.02 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1232]},{"id":"bacillus-anthracis","n":"Bacillus anthracis","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (endospores)","al":["Bacillus anthracis delta-Sterne spores"],"ak":"spore","pr":[["Size","rod 1 to 1.2 um in diameter and 3 to 5 um long","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Other","Gram-positive rod","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Isoelectric point","3.1","Harden VP, Harris JO 1953, J Bacteriol 65:198-202, PMID 13034716, Table 2, values from earlier electrophoretic studies (Yamaha and Abe 1934) (via BioNumbers BNID 109121)"]],"hs":{"sz":"rod 1 to 1.2 um in diameter and 3 to 5 um long","ch":"pI 3.1"},"ids":"taxon:1392","szm":5e-06,"szs":"5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1233]},{"id":"bacteriophage-t7","n":"Bacteriophage T7","g":2,"sg":"bacteriophage (podovirus, tailed, icosahedral)","al":["bacteriophage T7 (unlabelled, in saline and in mouse blood plasma)"],"ak":"phage","ids":"taxon:10760","r":[1234]},{"id":"beta-cyclodextrin-disulfide-analogues-one-glycosidic-o-repla","n":"Beta-cyclodextrin disulfide analogues (one glycosidic O replaced by S-S)","g":13,"sg":"modified cyclodextrin","al":["beta-cyclodextrin analogues with one ring oxygen replaced by a disulfide (two stereoisomers)"],"ak":"mol","ax":"ring","r":[1235]},{"id":"cefepime","n":"Cefepime","g":15,"sg":"cephalosporin antibiotic","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","480.6 g/mol","PubChem CID 5479537"],["Formula","C19H24N6O5S2","PubChem CID 5479537"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5479537, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.03 nm","ms":"480.6 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5479537","szm":1.034e-09,"szs":"about 1.03 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1236]},{"id":"cefpirome","n":"Cefpirome","g":15,"sg":"cephalosporin antibiotic","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","514.6 g/mol","PubChem CID 5479539"],["Formula","C22H22N6O5S2","PubChem CID 5479539"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5479539, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.06 nm","ms":"514.6 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5479539","szm":1.058e-09,"szs":"about 1.06 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1237,1238]},{"id":"ceftazidime","n":"Ceftazidime","g":15,"sg":"cephalosporin antibiotic","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","546.6 g/mol","PubChem CID 5481173"],["Formula","C22H22N6O7S2","PubChem CID 5481173"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5481173, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.08 nm","ms":"546.6 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5481173","szm":1.079e-09,"szs":"about 1.08 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1239,1240,1241]},{"id":"ceftriaxone","n":"Ceftriaxone","g":15,"sg":"cephalosporin antibiotic","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","554.6 g/mol","PubChem CID 5479530"],["Formula","C18H18N8O7S3","PubChem CID 5479530"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5479530, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.08 nm","ms":"554.6 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5479530","szm":1.085e-09,"szs":"about 1.08 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1242,1243]},{"id":"chlorella-sorokiniana","n":"Chlorella sorokiniana","g":1,"sg":"green alga","ak":"alga","pr":[["Size","cell size 8.7 um for untreated control cells (14.6 um for cells grown with a hydrogel matrix)","Agarwal A, Singh A, Banerjee BD, Rai MP, Mukherjee M 2021, ACS Appl Bio Mater 4:6304-6315, doi:10.1021/acsabm.1c00570"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell size 8.7 um for untreated control cells (14.6 um for cells grown with a hydrogel matrix)"},"ids":"taxon:3076","szm":1.46e-05,"szs":"14.6 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1244]},{"id":"cocaine","n":"Cocaine","g":15,"sg":"illicit drug (alkaloid)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","303.35 g/mol","PubChem CID 446220"],["Formula","C17H21NO4","PubChem CID 446220"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 446220, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.89 nm","ms":"303.35 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:446220","szm":8.869e-10,"szs":"about 0.89 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1245]},{"id":"complex-atp-binding-dna-aptamer-with-atp","n":"Complex ATP-binding DNA aptamer with ATP","g":10,"sg":"aptamer-small molecule complex","al":["ABA:ATP complex"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1246]},{"id":"complex-dna-binding-fab-fragment-with-poly-dt-45","n":"Complex DNA-binding Fab fragment with poly(dT)45","g":10,"sg":"DNA-antibody complex","al":["poly(dT)45 bound to a DNA-binding Fab fragment"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1247]},{"id":"complex-klenow-fragment-with-primer-template-dna-and-rntp-su","n":"Complex Klenow fragment with primer/template DNA and rNTP (sugar discrimination; Garalde 2011)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-polymerase-nucleotide complex","al":["Klenow fragment-DNA complexes with complementary rNTP or noncomplementary dNTP/rNTP"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1248]},{"id":"complex-let-7a-let-7b-with-probes-pa-pb-matched-and-two-mism","n":"Complex let-7a/let-7b with probes Pa/Pb (matched and two-mismatch hybrids, Wang 2011)","g":10,"sg":"microRNA-DNA probe hybrid","al":["let-7a-Pa and let-7b-Pb matched hybrids; let-7b-Pa and let-7a-Pb two-mismatch hybrids"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1249]},{"id":"complex-mir-155-with-dna-probe-p155-poly-dc-30-tagged","n":"Complex miR-155 with DNA probe P155 (poly(dC)30-tagged)","g":10,"sg":"microRNA-DNA probe hybrid","al":["miR-155-P155 hybrid (P155: capture domain with poly(dC)30 signal tags)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1250]},{"id":"complex-rna-a-site-27-nt-with-kanamycin","n":"Complex RNA A-site 27 nt with kanamycin","g":10,"sg":"RNA-small molecule complex","al":["A-site RNA bound to kanamycin"],"ak":"dna-protein","hs":{"sz":"16.2 nm"},"szm":1.62e-08,"szs":"about 16.2 nm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[1251]},{"id":"complex-rna-a-site-27-nt-with-neomycin","n":"Complex RNA A-site 27 nt with neomycin","g":10,"sg":"RNA-small molecule complex","al":["A-site RNA bound to neomycin"],"ak":"dna-protein","hs":{"sz":"16.2 nm"},"szm":1.62e-08,"szs":"about 16.2 nm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[1252]},{"id":"complex-rna-a-site-27-nt-with-paromomycin","n":"Complex RNA A-site 27 nt with paromomycin","g":10,"sg":"RNA-small molecule complex","al":["A-site RNA bound to paromomycin"],"ak":"dna-protein","hs":{"sz":"16.2 nm"},"szm":1.62e-08,"szs":"about 16.2 nm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[1253]},{"id":"complex-t-hg2-t-mediated-dna-hairpin-wen-2011","n":"Complex T-Hg2+-T mediated DNA hairpin (Wen 2011)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-metal ion hairpin","al":["Hg2+-mediated (T-Hg2+-T) hairpin formed by the probe"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1254]},{"id":"cy12-t1","n":"CY12(+)T1","g":12,"sg":"tethered peptide","al":["CY12(+)T1 peptide (net charge +2)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Charge","net charge +2","reported by Christensen C 2011"]],"hs":{"ch":"net charge +2"},"r":[1255]},{"id":"cy12-t1-e1de6","n":"CY12(-)T1","g":12,"sg":"tethered peptide","al":["CY12(-)T1 peptide (net charge -2)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Charge","net charge -2","reported by Christensen C 2011"]],"hs":{"ch":"net charge -2"},"r":[1256]},{"id":"dsdna-400-bp-with-5-hydroxymethylcytosine-hmc-in-place-of-c","n":"dsDNA 400 bp with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) in place of C","g":7,"sg":"modified DNA","al":["400 bp DNA fragments containing 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","400 bp","reported by Wanunu M 2011"],["Mass","about 260 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -800 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"400 bp","ms":"about 260 kDa","ch":"about -800 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.36e-07,"szs":"136 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[1257]},{"id":"dsdna-400-bp-with-5-methylcytosine-mc-in-place-of-c","n":"dsDNA 400 bp with 5-methylcytosine (mC) in place of C","g":7,"sg":"modified DNA","al":["400 bp DNA fragments containing 5-methylcytosine (mC)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","400 bp","reported by Wanunu M 2011"],["Mass","about 260 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -800 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"400 bp","ms":"about 260 kDa","ch":"about -800 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.36e-07,"szs":"136 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[1258]},{"id":"dsdna-65-mer-target-5-t-25-ttgagcc-og-tcagatg-t-25-with-10-m-dd8b7","n":"dsDNA 65-mer target 5'-(T)25-TTGAGCC[OG] TCAGATG-(T)25 with 10-mer probe A opposite (Schibel 2011)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with 8-oxoG lesion (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex OG:10A (65-mer target with OG, 10-mer probe with A opposite)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","65-nt target + 10-nt probe","reported by Schibel AE 2011"]],"hs":{"sz":"65-nt target + 10-nt probe"},"seq":"target 5'-(T)25-TTGAGCC[OG]TCAGATG-(T)25-3'; probe 3'-CTCGGAAGTC-5'","r":[1259]},{"id":"dsdna-65-mer-target-5-t-25-ttgagcc-og-tcagatg-t-25-with-10-m","n":"dsDNA 65-mer target 5'-(T)25-TTGAGCC[OG] TCAGATG-(T)25 with 10-mer probe C opposite (Schibel 2011)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with 8-oxoG lesion (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex OG:10C (65-mer target with OG, 10-mer probe with C opposite)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","65-nt target + 10-nt probe","reported by Schibel AE 2011"]],"hs":{"sz":"65-nt target + 10-nt probe"},"seq":"target 5'-(T)25-TTGAGCC[OG]TCAGATG-(T)25-3'; probe 3'-CTCGGCAGTC-5'","r":[1260]},{"id":"dsdna-65-mer-target-5-t-25-ttgagcc-og-tcagatg-t-25-with-15-m-99b6e","n":"dsDNA 65-mer target 5'-(T)25-TTGAGCC[OG] TCAGATG-(T)25 with 15-mer probe A opposite (Schibel 2011)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with 8-oxoG lesion (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex OG:15A (65-mer target with OG, 15-mer probe with A opposite)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","65-nt target + 15-nt probe","reported by Schibel AE 2011"]],"hs":{"sz":"65-nt target + 15-nt probe"},"seq":"target 5'-(T)25-TTGAGCC[OG]TCAGATG-(T)25-3'; probe 3'-AACTCGGAAGTCTAC-5'","r":[1261]},{"id":"dsdna-65-mer-target-5-t-25-ttgagcc-og-tcagatg-t-25-with-15-m","n":"dsDNA 65-mer target 5'-(T)25-TTGAGCC[OG] TCAGATG-(T)25 with 15-mer probe C opposite (Schibel 2011)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with 8-oxoG lesion (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex OG:15C (65-mer target with OG, 15-mer probe with C opposite)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","65-nt target + 15-nt probe","reported by Schibel AE 2011"]],"hs":{"sz":"65-nt target + 15-nt probe"},"seq":"target 5'-(T)25-TTGAGCC[OG]TCAGATG-(T)25-3'; probe 3'-AACTCGGCAGTCTAC-5'","r":[1262]},{"id":"dsdna-65-mer-target-5-t-25-ttgagccg-tcagatg-t-25-with-10-mer-b6df3","n":"dsDNA 65-mer target 5'-(T)25-TTGAGCCG TCAGATG-(T)25 with 10-mer probe A opposite (Schibel 2011)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with 8-oxoG lesion (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex G:10A (65-mer target with G, 10-mer probe with A opposite)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","65-nt target + 10-nt probe","reported by Schibel AE 2011"]],"hs":{"sz":"65-nt target + 10-nt probe"},"seq":"target 5'-(T)25-TTGAGCCGTCAGATG-(T)25-3'; probe 3'-CTCGGAAGTC-5'","r":[1263]},{"id":"dsdna-65-mer-target-5-t-25-ttgagccg-tcagatg-t-25-with-10-mer","n":"dsDNA 65-mer target 5'-(T)25-TTGAGCCG TCAGATG-(T)25 with 10-mer probe C opposite (Schibel 2011)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with 8-oxoG lesion (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex G:10C (65-mer target with G, 10-mer probe with C opposite)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","65-nt target + 10-nt probe","reported by Schibel AE 2011"]],"hs":{"sz":"65-nt target + 10-nt probe"},"seq":"target 5'-(T)25-TTGAGCCGTCAGATG-(T)25-3'; probe 3'-CTCGGCAGTC-5'","r":[1264]},{"id":"dsdna-65-mer-target-5-t-25-ttgagccg-tcagatg-t-25-with-15-mer-408d1","n":"dsDNA 65-mer target 5'-(T)25-TTGAGCCG TCAGATG-(T)25 with 15-mer probe A opposite (Schibel 2011)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with 8-oxoG lesion (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex G:15A (65-mer target with G, 15-mer probe with A opposite)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","65-nt target + 15-nt probe","reported by Schibel AE 2011"]],"hs":{"sz":"65-nt target + 15-nt probe"},"seq":"target 5'-(T)25-TTGAGCCGTCAGATG-(T)25-3'; probe 3'-AACTCGGAAGTCTAC-5'","r":[1265]},{"id":"dsdna-65-mer-target-5-t-25-ttgagccg-tcagatg-t-25-with-15-mer","n":"dsDNA 65-mer target 5'-(T)25-TTGAGCCG TCAGATG-(T)25 with 15-mer probe C opposite (Schibel 2011)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with 8-oxoG lesion (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex G:15C (65-mer target with G, 15-mer probe with C opposite)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","65-nt target + 15-nt probe","reported by Schibel AE 2011"]],"hs":{"sz":"65-nt target + 15-nt probe"},"seq":"target 5'-(T)25-TTGAGCCGTCAGATG-(T)25-3'; probe 3'-AACTCGGCAGTCTAC-5'","r":[1266]},{"id":"dsdna-atp-binding-aptamer-with-complementary-14-mer-reporter","n":"dsDNA ATP-binding aptamer with complementary 14-mer reporter (Ying 2011)","g":10,"sg":"partial DNA duplex","al":["ABA hybridized to complementary 14-mer (linear duplex)"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[1267]},{"id":"endogenous-nanoparticles-in-blood-plasma-mouse","n":"Endogenous nanoparticles in blood plasma (mouse)","g":3,"sg":"plasma nanoparticles (unclassified)","al":["naturally occurring nanoparticles in native mouse blood plasma (power-law size distribution)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[1268]},{"id":"ertapenem","n":"Ertapenem","g":15,"sg":"carbapenem antibiotic","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","475.5 g/mol","PubChem CID 150610"],["Formula","C22H25N3O7S","PubChem CID 150610"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 150610, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.03 nm","ms":"475.5 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:150610","szm":1.03e-09,"szs":"about 1.03 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1269]},{"id":"fluticasone-propionate-nanoparticle-agglomerates","n":"Fluticasone propionate nanoparticle agglomerates","g":6,"sg":"drug particles","al":["Fluticasone propionate nanoparticle agglomerates (dry powder aerosol)"],"ak":"bead","r":[1270]},{"id":"hepatitis-b-virus-capsid-t-3","n":"Hepatitis B virus capsid (T=3)","g":2,"sg":"virus capsid / virus-like particle","al":["hepatitis B virus capsid, T = 3 (Cp149)"],"ak":"virus-ico","pr":[["Size","diameter about 31 nm (crystallographic)","reported by Zhou K 2011"],["Size","outer diameter 32 nm","reported by Harms ZD 2015"],["Size","about 31 nm diameter","reported by Zhang M 2022"],["Mass","about 3 MDa","reported by Zhou K 2011"],["Mass","3.06 MDa","reported by Harms ZD 2015"],["Charge","zeta -12.8 mV (cited in paper)","reported by Call ED 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter about 31 nm (crystallographic)","ms":"about 3 MDa","ch":"zeta -12.8 mV (cited in paper)"},"ids":"taxon:10407","szm":3.2e-08,"szs":"32 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1271,1272,1273,1274,1275]},{"id":"hepatitis-b-virus-capsid-t-4","n":"Hepatitis B virus capsid (T=4)","g":2,"sg":"virus capsid / virus-like particle","al":["hepatitis B virus capsid, T = 4 (Cp149)"],"ak":"virus-ico","pr":[["Size","diameter about 36 nm (crystallographic)","reported by Zhou K 2011"],["Size","diameter 36 nm","reported by Harms ZD 2011"],["Size","outer diameter 35 nm","reported by Harms ZD 2015"],["Mass","about 4 MDa","reported by Zhou K 2011"],["Mass","4 MDa","reported by Harms ZD 2011"],["Mass","4.08 MDa","reported by Harms ZD 2015"],["Charge","zeta -12.7 mV (cited in paper)","reported by Call ED 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter about 36 nm (crystallographic)","ms":"about 4 MDa","ch":"zeta -12.7 mV (cited in paper)"},"ids":"taxon:10407","szm":3.6e-08,"szs":"36 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281]},{"id":"hg2","n":"Hg2+","g":16,"sg":"divalent metal ion","ak":"ion","ax":"Hg|+2","pr":[["Charge","+2","reported by Wen S 2011"],["Mass","200.59 Da (mercury)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+2 e","from the ion's formula"],["Formula","Hg+2","PubChem CID 26623"]],"hs":{"ms":"200.59 Da (mercury)","ch":"+2"},"ids":"pubchem:26623","r":[1282]},{"id":"human-amyloid-beta-1-42","n":"Human amyloid-beta(1-42)","g":12,"sg":"amyloid peptide","al":["amyloid-beta 42 monomer","amyloid beta 42 (Abeta1-42)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","42 amino acids","reported by Liu X 2022"],["Mass","4,514 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","5.4","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-2.3 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"42 amino acids","ms":"4,514 Da","ch":"-2.3 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVVIA","ids":"uniprot:P05067 (APP 672-713)","szm":2.182e-09,"szs":"about 2.18 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1283,1284]},{"id":"human-amyloid-beta-1-42-protofilaments","n":"Human amyloid-beta(1-42) protofilaments","g":12,"sg":"amyloid aggregate","al":["amyloid-beta 42 protofilaments"],"ak":"peptide","r":[1285]},{"id":"imipenem","n":"Imipenem","g":15,"sg":"carbapenem antibiotic","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","299.35 g/mol","PubChem CID 104838"],["Formula","C12H17N3O4S","PubChem CID 104838"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 104838, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.88 nm","ms":"299.35 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:104838","szm":8.83e-10,"szs":"about 0.88 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1286,1287,1288]},{"id":"importin-beta-impbeta","n":"Importin beta (Impbeta)","g":11,"sg":"nuclear transport receptor","al":["importin beta (Impbeta) transport receptor"],"ak":"protein","r":[1289]},{"id":"lipid-microemboli-fat-particles-in-shed-mediastinal-blood","n":"Lipid microemboli (fat particles in shed mediastinal blood)","g":3,"sg":"lipid microembolus","al":["lipid micro-emboli in re-transfused mediastinal shed blood"],"ak":"liposome","r":[1290]},{"id":"maltose-binding-protein-covalent-dimer","n":"Maltose-binding protein covalent dimer","g":11,"sg":"protein dimer","al":["MBP dimer (double-sized protein)"],"ak":"multimer","r":[1291]},{"id":"meropenem","n":"Meropenem","g":15,"sg":"carbapenem antibiotic","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","383.5 g/mol","PubChem CID 441130"],["Formula","C17H25N3O5S","PubChem CID 441130"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 441130, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.96 nm","ms":"383.5 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:441130","szm":9.59e-10,"szs":"about 0.96 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1292,1293,1294,1295]},{"id":"microgels-poly-nipam-co-aac","n":"Microgels, poly(NIPAm-co-AAc)","g":4,"sg":"microgel","al":["poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) microgels, 570 nm radius"],"ak":"gel","pr":[["Size","radius 570 nm","reported by Holden DA 2011"]],"hs":{"sz":"radius 570 nm"},"szm":5.7e-07,"szs":"570 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1296]},{"id":"mirna-hsa-mir-155-5p","n":"miRNA hsa-miR-155-5p","g":8,"sg":"microRNA","al":["miR-155 (synthetic and in plasma RNA extracts of lung cancer patients)","miR155 (23 nt synthetic ssRNA) hybridized to a biotinylated 23 nt DNA bait and bound to monovalent streptavidin"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","23 nt","reported by Zahid OK 2016"],["Size","~22 nt","reported by Wang Y 2011"],["Mass","about 7,360 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -23 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"23 nt","ms":"about 7,360 Da","ch":"about -23 e at pH 7"},"ids":"mirbase:MIMAT0000646","szm":1.38e-08,"szs":"about 13.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1297,1298]},{"id":"mirna-let-7a","n":"miRNA let-7a","g":8,"sg":"microRNA","al":["let-7a","let-7a (counted as its rolling circle amplification product)"],"ak":"ssrna","r":[1299,1300]},{"id":"mirna-let-7b","n":"miRNA let-7b","g":8,"sg":"microRNA","al":["let-7b"],"ak":"ssrna","r":[1301]},{"id":"myxococcus-xanthus","n":"Myxococcus xanthus","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (myxobacterium)","ak":"coccus","ax":"gn","pr":[["Size","rod 0.7 to 0.8 um in diameter and 4 to 8 um long","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Other","Gram-negative rod","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"]],"hs":{"sz":"rod 0.7 to 0.8 um in diameter and 4 to 8 um long"},"ids":"taxon:34","szm":8e-06,"szs":"8 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1302]},{"id":"nitrosomonas-europaea","n":"Nitrosomonas europaea","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (ammonia-oxidizing)","ak":"rod","ax":"gp","pr":[["Size","coccobacillus 0.8 to 1.1 um in diameter and 1 to 1.7 um long","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Other","Gram-negative","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"]],"hs":{"sz":"coccobacillus 0.8 to 1.1 um in diameter and 1 to 1.7 um long"},"ids":"taxon:915","szm":1.7e-06,"szs":"1.7 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1303]},{"id":"norfloxacin","n":"Norfloxacin","g":15,"sg":"fluoroquinolone antibiotic","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","319.33 g/mol","PubChem CID 4539"],["Formula","C16H18FN3O3","PubChem CID 4539"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 4539, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.9 nm","ms":"319.33 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:4539","szm":9.022e-10,"szs":"about 0.9 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1304,1305,1306,1307,1308]},{"id":"penicillin-g","n":"Penicillin G","g":15,"sg":"beta-lactam antibiotic (penicillin)","al":["penicillin G (benzylpenicillin)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","334.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 5904"],["Formula","C16H18N2O4S","PubChem CID 5904"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5904, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.92 nm","ms":"334.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5904","szm":9.162e-10,"szs":"about 0.92 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1309]},{"id":"per-6-s-3-aminomethyl-benzylthio-beta-cyclodextrin-ambntbeta","n":"Per-6-S-(3-aminomethyl)benzylthio-beta-cyclodextrin (AMBnTbetaCD)","g":13,"sg":"cationic cyclodextrin derivative","al":["AMBnTbetaCD (per-6-S-(3-aminomethyl)benzylthio-beta-cyclodextrin)"],"ak":"mol","ax":"ring","r":[1310,1311,1312]},{"id":"pmma-spheres","n":"PMMA spheres","g":4,"sg":"polymer particle","al":["PMMA particles"],"ak":"bead","r":[1313]},{"id":"prevotella-intermedia","n":"Prevotella intermedia","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative anaerobe, periodontal)","ak":"rod","ax":"gn","pr":[["Size","rod 0.4 to 0.7 um in diameter and 1.5 to 2 um long","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Other","Gram-negative rod","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"]],"hs":{"sz":"rod 0.4 to 0.7 um in diameter and 1.5 to 2 um long"},"ids":"taxon:28131","szm":2e-06,"szs":"2 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1314]},{"id":"rna-a-site-model-hairpin-27-nt-16s-rrna-decoding-site","n":"RNA A-site model hairpin 27 nt (16S rRNA decoding site)","g":8,"sg":"rRNA fragment hairpin","al":["27-nucleotide hairpin A-site RNA model (prokaryotic 16S rRNA decoding site)"],"ak":"rna-long","pr":[["Size","27 nt","reported by Wanunu M 2011"],["Mass","about 8,640 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -27 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"27 nt","ms":"about 8,640 Da","ch":"about -27 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.62e-08,"szs":"about 16.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1315]},{"id":"single-walled-carbon-nanotubes-ssdna-wrapped","n":"Single-walled carbon nanotubes (ssDNA-wrapped)","g":4,"sg":"carbon nanotube","al":["single-wall carbon nanotubes dispersed with ssDNA (AC)15","single-wall carbon nanotubes wrapped in single-stranded DNA"],"ak":"cnt","pr":[["Size","diameter 1.5 +/- 0.2 nm; mean contour length about 200 nm (AFM 0.15 um)","reported by Hall AR 2011"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 1.5 +/- 0.2 nm; mean contour length about 200 nm (AFM 0.15 um)"},"seq":"(AC)15; (AT)15","szm":2e-07,"szs":"200 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1316,1317]},{"id":"skeletonema-marinoi","n":"Skeletonema marinoi","g":1,"sg":"diatom (marine)","al":["Skeletonema marinoi strain GF04-1G"],"ak":"diatom","ax":"centric","pr":[["Size","cylindrical cells 2 to 10 um in diameter and 3 to 25 um high (pervalvar axis), 23 size classes","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","chain-forming centric diatom; biovolume 13 to 1649 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cylindrical cells 2 to 10 um in diameter and 3 to 25 um high (pervalvar axis), 23 size classes"},"ids":"taxon:267567","szm":2.5e-05,"szs":"25 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1318]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-da-10c-da-40ctgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-anch","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dA)10C(dA)40CTGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["CinA11 (single dC at position 11 from the biotin anchor in poly-dA)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.1 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1319]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-da-11c-da-39ctgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-anch","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dA)11C(dA)39CTGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["CinA12 (single dC at position 12 from the biotin anchor in poly-dA)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.1 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1320]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-da-12c-da-38ctgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-anch","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dA)12C(dA)38CTGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["CinA13 (single dC at position 13 from the biotin anchor in poly-dA)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.1 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1321]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-da-13c-da-37ctgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-anch","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dA)13C(dA)37CTGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["CinA14 (single dC at position 14 from the biotin anchor in poly-dA)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.1 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1322]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-da-13ggg-da-35ctgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-an","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dA)13GGG(dA)35CTGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["poly3-dG (three dG in poly-dA background)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.2 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.2 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1323]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-da-14c-da-36ctgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-anch","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dA)14C(dA)36CTGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["CinA15 (single dC at position 15 from the biotin anchor in poly-dA)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.1 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1324]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-da-15c-da-35ctgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-anch","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dA)15C(dA)35CTGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["CinA16 (single dC at position 16 from the biotin anchor in poly-dA)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.1 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1325]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-da-16c-da-34ctgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-anch","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dA)16C(dA)34CTGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["CinA17 (single dC at position 17 from the biotin anchor in poly-dA)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.1 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1326]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-da-17c-da-33ctgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-anch","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dA)17C(dA)33CTGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["CinA18 (single dC at position 18 from the biotin anchor in poly-dA)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.1 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1327]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-da-50cctgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-anchored","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dA)50CCTGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["poly-dA (poly-dA homopolymer)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.1 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACCTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1328]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dc-10a-dc-41tgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-ancho","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dC)10A(dC)41TGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["AinC11 (single dA at position 11 in poly-dC)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","18.9 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"18.9 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1329]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dc-11a-dc-40tgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-ancho","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dC)11A(dC)40TGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' 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background)"],"ak":"ssdna","seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCC(5mC)(5mC)(5mC)(5mC)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCTGTCTCCCTGCCGCTGTCTCCCTGCCTGTCTCCCTGCCG","r":[1331]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dc-12a-dc-39tgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-ancho","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dC)12A(dC)39TGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["AinC13 (single dA at position 13 in poly-dC)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","18.9 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"18.9 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1332]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dc-12aaatttccccaaaaa-dc-25tgtctccctgccg-3-neu","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dC)12AAATTTCCCCAAAAA(dC)25TGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["strand2 (mixed homopolymer blocks (region of sensitivity test))"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","19.2 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"19.2 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCAAATTTCCCCAAAAACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1333]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dc-13a-dc-38tgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-ancho","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dC)13A(dC)38TGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["AinC14 (single dA at position 14 in poly-dC)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","18.9 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"18.9 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1334]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dc-14a-dc-37tgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-ancho","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dC)14A(dC)37TGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["AinC15 (single dA at position 15 in poly-dC)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","18.9 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"18.9 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1335]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dc-15a-dc-36tgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-ancho","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dC)15A(dC)36TGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["AinC16 (single dA at position 16 in poly-dC)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","18.9 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"18.9 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1336]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dc-15aaaaattttt-dc-27tgtctccctgccg-3-neutravi","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dC)15AAAAATTTTT(dC)27TGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["strand1 (mixed homopolymer blocks (region of sensitivity test))"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","19.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"19.1 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAATTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1337]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dc-16a-dc-35tgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-ancho","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dC)16A(dC)35TGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["AinC17 (single dA at position 17 in poly-dC)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","18.9 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"18.9 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1338]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dc-17a-dc-34tgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-ancho","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dC)17A(dC)34TGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["AinC18 (single dA at position 18 in poly-dC)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","18.9 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"18.9 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1339]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dc-52tgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-anchored","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dC)52TGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["poly-dC (poly-dC homopolymer)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","18.9 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"18.9 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1340]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-12a-dt-38ctgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-anch","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)12A(dT)38CTGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["AinT13 (single dA at position 13 in poly-dT)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","19.7 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"19.7 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTTTTTTTTTTTATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1341]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-13a-dt-37ctgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-anch","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)13A(dT)37CTGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["AinT14 (single dA at position 14 in poly-dT)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","19.7 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"19.7 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTTTTTTTTTTTTATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1342]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-14a-dt-36ctgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-anch","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)14A(dT)36CTGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["AinT15 (single dA at position 15 in poly-dT)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","19.7 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"19.7 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTTTTTTTTTTTTTATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1343]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-15a-dt-35ctgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-anch","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)15A(dT)35CTGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["AinT16 (single dA at position 16 in poly-dT)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","19.7 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"19.7 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1344]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-50cctgtctccctgccg-3-neutravidin-anchored","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)50CCTGTCTCCCTGCCG-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["poly-dT (poly-dT homopolymer)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","19.7 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"19.7 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCTGTCTCCCTGCCG","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1345]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-aggtatgtaaaaagtgctatgg-da-43-3-neutravidin-an","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-AGGTATGTAAAAAGTGCTATGG(dA)43-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["SNP2-A13 (genomic SNP rs1447295 (prostate cancer risk) A variant at position 13)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.3 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.3 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AGGTATGTAAAAAGTGCTATGGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1346]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-aggtatgtaaaacgtgctatgg-da-43-3-neutravidin-an","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-AGGTATGTAAAACGTGCTATGG(dA)43-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["SNP2-C13 (genomic SNP rs1447295 (prostate cancer risk) C variant at position 13)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.3 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.3 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AGGTATGTAAAACGTGCTATGGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1347]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-cctgctggagaaaggaatgtgcaaattaag-da-35-3-neutra","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-CCTGCTGGAGAAAGGAATGTGCAAATTAAG(dA)35-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["SNP1-A16 (genomic SNP rs889312 (breast cancer risk) A variant at position 16)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.3 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.3 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCTGCTGGAGAAAGGAATGTGCAAATTAAGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1348]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-cctgctggagaaaggcatgtgcaaattaag-da-35-3-neutra","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-CCTGCTGGAGAAAGGCATGTGCAAATTAAG(dA)35-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["SNP1-C16 (genomic SNP rs889312 (breast cancer risk) C variant at position 16)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.3 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.3 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCTGCTGGAGAAAGGCATGTGCAAATTAAGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1349]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-ctgctggagaaaggaatgtgcaaattaag-da-36-3-neutrav","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-CTGCTGGAGAAAGGAATGTGCAAATTAAG(dA)36-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["SNP1-A15 (genomic SNP rs889312 (breast cancer risk) A variant at position 15)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.3 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.3 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTGCTGGAGAAAGGAATGTGCAAATTAAGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1350]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-ctgctggagaaaggcatgtgcaaattaag-da-36-3-neutrav","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-CTGCTGGAGAAAGGCATGTGCAAATTAAG(dA)36-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["SNP1-C15 (genomic SNP rs889312 (breast cancer risk) C variant at position 15)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.3 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.3 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTGCTGGAGAAAGGCATGTGCAAATTAAGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1351]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-gaggtatgtaaaaagtgctatgg-da-42-3-neutravidin-a","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-GAGGTATGTAAAAAGTGCTATGG(dA)42-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["SNP2-A14 (genomic SNP rs1447295 (prostate cancer risk) A variant at position 14)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.3 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.3 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GAGGTATGTAAAAAGTGCTATGGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1352]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-gaggtatgtaaaacgtgctatgg-da-42-3-neutravidin-a","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-GAGGTATGTAAAACGTGCTATGG(dA)42-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["SNP2-C14 (genomic SNP rs1447295 (prostate cancer risk) C variant at position 14)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.3 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.3 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GAGGTATGTAAAACGTGCTATGGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1353]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-gctggagaaaggaatgtgcaaatt-da-41-3-neutravidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-GCTGGAGAAAGGAATGTGCAAATT(dA)41-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["SNP1-A13 (genomic SNP rs889312 (breast cancer risk) A variant at position 13)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.3 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.3 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GCTGGAGAAAGGAATGTGCAAATTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1354]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-gctggagaaaggcatgtgcaaatt-da-41-3-neutravidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-GCTGGAGAAAGGCATGTGCAAATT(dA)41-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["SNP1-C13 (genomic SNP rs889312 (breast cancer risk) C variant at position 13)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.3 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.3 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GCTGGAGAAAGGCATGTGCAAATTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1355]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-ggaggtatgtaaaaagtgctatgg-da-41-3-neutravidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-GGAGGTATGTAAAAAGTGCTATGG(dA)41-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["SNP2-A15 (genomic SNP rs1447295 (prostate cancer risk) A variant at position 15)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.4 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7"},"seq":"GGAGGTATGTAAAACGTGCTATGGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1357]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-gggaggtatgtaaaaagtgctatgg-da-40-3-neutravidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-GGGAGGTATGTAAAAAGTGCTATGG(dA)40-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["SNP2-A16 (genomic SNP rs1447295 (prostate cancer risk) A variant at position 16)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.4 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.4 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGGAGGTATGTAAAAAGTGCTATGGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1358]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-gggaggtatgtaaaacgtgctatgg-da-40-3-neutravidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-GGGAGGTATGTAAAACGTGCTATGG(dA)40-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["SNP2-C16 (genomic SNP rs1447295 (prostate cancer risk) C variant at position 16)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.4 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.4 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGGAGGTATGTAAAACGTGCTATGGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1359]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-tgctggagaaaggaatgtgcaaatt-da-40-3-neutravidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-TGCTGGAGAAAGGAATGTGCAAATT(dA)40-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["SNP1-A14 (genomic SNP rs889312 (breast cancer risk) A variant at position 14)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.3 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.3 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TGCTGGAGAAAGGAATGTGCAAATTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1360]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-tgctggagaaaggcatgtgcaaatt-da-40-3-neutravidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-TGCTGGAGAAAGGCATGTGCAAATT(dA)40-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["SNP1-C14 (genomic SNP rs889312 (breast cancer risk) C variant at position 14)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","65 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","20.3 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -64 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"39 nm","ms":"20.3 kDa","ch":"about -64 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TGCTGGAGAAAGGCATGTGCAAATTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1361]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ctgtctccctgccg-da-20ggg-da-13-biotin-3-neutravidin-a","n":"ssDNA 5'-CTGTCTCCCTGCCG(dA)20GGG(dA)13-biotin-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["poly3-dG (5' lead) (three dG in poly-dA background; biotin at 3' end so the 5' end threads first)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","50 nt","reported by Manrao EA 2011"],["Mass","15.5 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -49 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"50 nt","ms":"15.5 kDa","ch":"about -49 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTGTCTCCCTGCCGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3e-08,"szs":"about 30 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1362]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ctgtctccctgccg-da-36-biotin-3-neutravidin-anchored","n":"ssDNA 5'-CTGTCTCCCTGCCG(dA)36-biotin-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["poly-dA (5' lead) (poly-dA homopolymer; biotin at 3' end so the 5' end threads first)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","50 nt","reported by Manrao EA 2011"],["Mass","15.4 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -49 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"50 nt","ms":"15.4 kDa","ch":"about -49 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTGTCTCCCTGCCGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3e-08,"szs":"about 30 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1363]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ctgtctccctgccg-dc-36-biotin-3-neutravidin-anchored","n":"ssDNA 5'-CTGTCTCCCTGCCG(dC)36-biotin-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["poly-dC (5' lead) (poly-dC homopolymer; biotin at 3' end so the 5' end threads first)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","50 nt","reported by Manrao EA 2011"],["Mass","14.6 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -49 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"50 nt","ms":"14.6 kDa","ch":"about -49 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTGTCTCCCTGCCGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","szm":3e-08,"szs":"about 30 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1364]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ctgtctccctgccg-dt-36-biotin-3-neutravidin-anchored","n":"ssDNA 5'-CTGTCTCCCTGCCG(dT)36-biotin-3' (NeutrAvidin-anchored)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["poly-dT (5' lead) (poly-dT homopolymer; biotin at 3' end so the 5' end threads first)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","50 nt","reported by Manrao EA 2011"],["Mass","15.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -49 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"50 nt","ms":"15.1 kDa","ch":"about -49 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTGTCTCCCTGCCGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT","szm":3e-08,"szs":"about 30 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1365]},{"id":"ssdna-atp-binding-aptamer-aba-ying-2011","n":"ssDNA ATP-binding aptamer (ABA, Ying 2011)","g":7,"sg":"DNA aptamer","al":["ATP-binding DNA aptamer (ABA), folded"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[1366]},{"id":"ssdna-cocaine-binding-aptamer-kawano-2011","n":"ssDNA cocaine-binding aptamer (Kawano 2011)","g":7,"sg":"DNA aptamer","al":["cocaine-binding DNA aptamer, free and bound to cocaine"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[1367]},{"id":"ssdna-microrna-probes-with-poly-dc-30-tags-p155-p5-c30-p3-c3","n":"ssDNA microRNA probes with poly(dC)30 tags (P155, P5'-C30, P3'-C30; Wang 2011)","g":7,"sg":"DNA probe","al":["DNA probes P155, P5'-C30 and P3'-C30 (capture domain with poly(dC)30 tag at one or both ends)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","30 nt","from the name"],["Mass","8,613 Da","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -29 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"18 nm","ms":"8,613 Da","ch":"about -29 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.8e-08,"szs":"about 18 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1368]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dt-45","n":"ssDNA poly(dT)45","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","45 nt","reported by Ying YL 2011"],["Mass","13.6 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -44 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"45 nt","ms":"13.6 kDa","ch":"about -44 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT","szm":2.7e-08,"szs":"about 27 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1369]},{"id":"ssdna-t-rich-hg2-responsive-probe-wen-2011","n":"ssDNA T-rich Hg2+-responsive probe (Wen 2011)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA probe","al":["thymine-rich ssDNA probe designed to fold with Hg2+"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[1370]},{"id":"sulfolobus-solfataricus","n":"Sulfolobus solfataricus","g":1,"sg":"archaeon (thermoacidophile)","al":["Sulfolobus solfataricus PBL2025"],"ak":"archaea","pr":[["Size","coccus diameter 0.8 to 2 um","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Other","archaeon","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"]],"hs":{"sz":"coccus diameter 0.8 to 2 um"},"szm":2e-06,"szs":"2 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1371]},{"id":"tetradesmus-obliquus","n":"Tetradesmus obliquus","g":1,"sg":"green alga","al":["Scenedesmus obliquus"],"ak":"alga","pr":[["Size","spindle-shaped cells 2 to 8 um wide and 8 to 25 um long, in 4-celled coenobia","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","biovolume 151 to 1846 um3 per 4-celled coenobium (6 size classes); listed with synonym Acutodesmus obliquus","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"spindle-shaped cells 2 to 8 um wide and 8 to 25 um long, in 4-celled coenobia"},"ids":"taxon:3088","szm":2.5e-05,"szs":"25 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1372,1373]},{"id":"thalassiosira-pseudonana","n":"Thalassiosira pseudonana","g":1,"sg":"diatom (marine, centric)","ak":"diatom","ax":"centric","pr":[["Size","cylindrical cells 4 to 8 um in diameter, height about 3.3 to 4.6 um (height/diameter factor 0.65)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","biovolume 64 to 175 um3 per cell (2 size classes)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cylindrical cells 4 to 8 um in diameter, height about 3.3 to 4.6 um (height/diameter factor 0.65)"},"ids":"taxon:35128","szm":8e-06,"szs":"8 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1374,1375,1376]},{"id":"thalassiosira-weissflogii","n":"Thalassiosira weissflogii","g":1,"sg":"diatom (marine, centric)","ak":"diatom","ax":"centric","pr":[["Size","cylindrical cells 12 to 22 um in diameter and 10 to 15 um high (3 size classes)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","listed under the accepted name Conticribra weissflogii; biovolume 1327 to 4710 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cylindrical cells 12 to 22 um in diameter and 10 to 15 um high (3 size classes)"},"szm":2.2e-05,"szs":"22 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1377]},{"id":"4t1-mouse-mammary-carcinoma-cells","n":"4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (mouse)","al":["4T1 tumor cells (with murine bone marrow cells)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:10090","r":[1378]},{"id":"baculovirus-occlusion-bodies-polyhedra","n":"Baculovirus occlusion bodies (polyhedra)","g":2,"sg":"viral occlusion body","al":["Baculovirus occlusion bodies"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","diameter about 1 um","reported by Roberts GS 2012"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter about 1 um"},"szm":1e-06,"szs":"1 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1379]},{"id":"bovine-alpha-thrombin","n":"Bovine alpha-thrombin","g":11,"sg":"protease","al":["bovine thrombin"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","37 kDa","reported by Soskine M 2012"],["Mass","35.5 kDa","computed from UniProt P00735, Thrombin light chain 318 to 366 + Thrombin heavy chain 367 to 625"],["Isoelectric point","8.6","computed from UniProt P00735, Thrombin light chain 318 to 366 + Thrombin heavy chain 367 to 625, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+7.4 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P00735, Thrombin light chain 318 to 366 + Thrombin heavy chain 367 to 625, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","308 amino acids","computed from UniProt P00735, Thrombin light chain 318 to 366 + Thrombin heavy chain 367 to 625"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.34 nm","ms":"37 kDa","ch":"+7.4 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P00735 (prothrombin precursor)","szm":4.336e-09,"szs":"about 4.34 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1380]},{"id":"cama-chimera-with-single-his-cu2-binding-20-aa","n":"CAMA chimera with single His (Cu2+-binding, 20 aa)","g":12,"sg":"antimicrobial chimera peptide","al":["20-residue antimicrobial-derived (cecropin A-magainin) chimera peptide with one His as Cu2+ binding site, free and Cu2+-bound"],"ak":"peptide","r":[1381]},{"id":"chromera-velia","n":"Chromera velia","g":1,"sg":"chromerid alga (apicomplexan relative)","ak":"alga","pr":[["Size","cell diameter 6.87 +/- 0.09 um (low light), 6.07 +/- 0.63 um (sinusoidal light) and 5.68 +/- 0.31 um (high light)","Quigg A, Kotabova E, Jaresova J, Kana R, Setlik J, Sediva B, Komarek O, Prasil O 2012, PLoS One 7:e47036, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047036 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell diameter 6.87 +/- 0.09 um (low light), 6.07 +/- 0.63 um (sinusoidal light) and 5.68 +/- 0.31 um (high light)"},"ids":"taxon:505693","szm":6.87e-06,"szs":"6.87 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1382]},{"id":"complex-alpha-synuclein-with-methamphetamine","n":"Complex alpha-synuclein with methamphetamine","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["alpha-synuclein bound to methamphetamine"],"ak":"complex","r":[1383]},{"id":"complex-e-coli-rna-polymerase-dna-transcription-complex","n":"Complex E. coli RNA polymerase-DNA transcription complex","g":10,"sg":"DNA-protein complex","al":["E. coli RNA polymerase-DNA transcription complex"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1384]},{"id":"complex-human-thrombin-hirudin","n":"Complex human thrombin-hirudin","g":11,"sg":"protease-inhibitor complex","al":["human thrombin bound to hirudin"],"ak":"complex","r":[1385]},{"id":"complex-phi29-dna-polymerase-ratcheting-dna-template-through","n":"Complex phi29 DNA polymerase ratcheting DNA template through alpha-HL (Cherf 2012)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-polymerase complex","al":["DNA templates ratcheted forward (synthesis) and reverse (exonuclease) by phi29 DNA polymerase on the pore"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1386]},{"id":"complex-phi29-dna-polymerase-with-primer-template-dna-pre-po","n":"Complex phi29 DNA polymerase with primer/template DNA, pre/post-translocation states (Dahl 2012)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-polymerase complex","al":["phi29 DNA polymerase-DNA complexes fluctuating between pre- and post-translocation states"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1387]},{"id":"complex-poly-a-binding-protein-pabp-with-poly-a-rna","n":"Complex poly(A) binding protein (PABP) with poly(A) RNA","g":10,"sg":"RNA-protein complex","al":["poly(A) RNA bound by poly(A) binding proteins (PABP), cooperative and noncooperative complexes"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1388]},{"id":"d-aspartic-acid","n":"D-aspartic acid","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid enantiomer","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","133.1 g/mol","PubChem CID 83887"],["Formula","C4H7NO4","PubChem CID 83887"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 83887, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.67 nm","ms":"133.1 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:83887","szm":6.74e-10,"szs":"about 0.67 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1389,1390]},{"id":"d-cysteine","n":"D-cysteine","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid enantiomer","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","121.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 92851"],["Formula","C3H7NO2S","PubChem CID 92851"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 92851, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.65 nm","ms":"121.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:92851","szm":6.532e-10,"szs":"about 0.65 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1391,1392]},{"id":"d-phenylalanine","n":"D-phenylalanine","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid enantiomer","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","165.19 g/mol","PubChem CID 71567"],["Formula","C9H11NO2","PubChem CID 71567"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 71567, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.72 nm","ms":"165.19 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:71567","szm":7.243e-10,"szs":"about 0.72 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1393,1394]},{"id":"d-tyrosine","n":"D-tyrosine","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid enantiomer","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","181.19 g/mol","PubChem CID 71098"],["Formula","C9H11NO3","PubChem CID 71098"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 71098, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"181.19 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:71098","szm":7.469e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1395,1396]},{"id":"dendra2-m159a-gfp-like-fluorescent-protein","n":"Dendra2 M159A (GFP-like fluorescent protein)","g":11,"sg":"fluorescent protein","ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","30 kDa","reported by Soskine M 2012"],["Charge","pI 6.1","reported by Soskine M 2012"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.1 nm","ms":"30 kDa","ch":"pI 6.1"},"szm":4.102e-09,"szs":"about 4.1 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1397]},{"id":"dg4p-with-terminal-phosphate-coumarin-peg-tags-four-lengths","n":"dG4P with terminal-phosphate coumarin-PEG tags (four lengths; Kumar 2012)","g":9,"sg":"tagged nucleotide","al":["2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-tetraphosphates with terminal-phosphate coumarin-PEG tags of four lengths"],"ak":"mol","r":[1398]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-25-bp","n":"dsDNA fragment 25 bp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["25 bp dsDNA fragments"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","25 bp","reported by Rosenstein JK 2012"],["Mass","about 16.2 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -50 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"25 bp","ms":"about 16.2 kDa","ch":"about -50 e at pH 7"},"szm":8.5e-09,"szs":"8.5 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[1399]},{"id":"dsdna-kras-codon-12-65-mer-target-with-g-c-17-mer-probe-jin","n":"dsDNA KRAS codon 12 65-mer target with G:C, 17-mer probe (Jin 2012)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with oxidized G lesion (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex G:C (65-mer KRAS codon 12 target in poly(dT) with G, 17-mer probe)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","65-nt target + 17-nt probe","reported by Jin Q 2012"]],"hs":{"sz":"65-nt target + 17-nt probe"},"seq":"target 5'-(T)23-TTGGAGCTGGTGGCGTAGG-(T)23-3' with G at the codon 12 key G; probe 3'-ACCTCGACCACCGCATC-5'","r":[1400]},{"id":"dsdna-kras-codon-12-65-mer-target-with-gh-c-17-mer-probe-jin","n":"dsDNA KRAS codon 12 65-mer target with Gh:C, 17-mer probe (Jin 2012)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with oxidized G lesion (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex Gh:C (65-mer KRAS codon 12 target in poly(dT) with Gh, 17-mer probe)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","65-nt target + 17-nt probe","reported by Jin Q 2012"]],"hs":{"sz":"65-nt target + 17-nt probe"},"seq":"target 5'-(T)23-TTGGAGCTGGTGGCGTAGG-(T)23-3' with Gh at the codon 12 key G; probe 3'-ACCTCGACCACCGCATC-5'","r":[1401]},{"id":"dsdna-kras-codon-12-65-mer-target-with-og-c-17-mer-probe-jin","n":"dsDNA KRAS codon 12 65-mer target with OG:C, 17-mer probe (Jin 2012)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with oxidized G lesion (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex OG:C (65-mer KRAS codon 12 target in poly(dT) with OG, 17-mer probe)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","65-nt target + 17-nt probe","reported by Jin Q 2012"]],"hs":{"sz":"65-nt target + 17-nt probe"},"seq":"target 5'-(T)23-TTGGAGCTGGTGGCGTAGG-(T)23-3' with OG at the codon 12 key G; probe 3'-ACCTCGACCACCGCATC-5'","r":[1402]},{"id":"dsdna-kras-codon-12-65-mer-target-with-sp-c-17-mer-probe-jin","n":"dsDNA KRAS codon 12 65-mer target with Sp:C, 17-mer probe (Jin 2012)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with oxidized G lesion (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex Sp:C (65-mer KRAS codon 12 target in poly(dT) with Sp, 17-mer probe)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","65-nt target + 17-nt probe","reported by Jin Q 2012"]],"hs":{"sz":"65-nt target + 17-nt probe"},"seq":"target 5'-(T)23-TTGGAGCTGGTGGCGTAGG-(T)23-3' with Sp at the codon 12 key G; probe 3'-ACCTCGACCACCGCATC-5'","r":[1403]},{"id":"emiliania-huxleyi","n":"Emiliania huxleyi","g":1,"sg":"coccolithophore","al":["Emiliania huxleyi RCC1216","Emiliania huxleyi (Southern Ocean strain)","Emiliania huxleyi diploid and haploid life-cycle stages"],"ak":"cocco","pr":[["Size","relative diameter 4.7 +/- 0.5 um with shell, 3.7 +/- 0.4 um after acid (Coulter); detached liths near 1 um","reported by Fan X 2022"],["Size","cell diameter 2 to 6 um (sphere, 2 size classes)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","listed under the accepted name Gephyrocapsa huxleyi; biovolume 14 to 65 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"relative diameter 4.7 +/- 0.5 um with shell, 3.7 +/- 0.4 um after acid (Coulter); detached liths near 1 um"},"ids":"taxon:2903","szm":6e-06,"szs":"6 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1404,1405,1406,1407,1408]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-serum","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human serum)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["human serum-derived extracellular vesicles (ECVs)"],"ak":"vesicle","pr":[["Size","mode 120 nm","reported by Momen-Heravi F 2012"]],"hs":{"sz":"mode 120 nm"},"szm":1.2e-07,"szs":"120 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1409]},{"id":"his6-tagged-proteins-unspecified","n":"His6-tagged proteins (unspecified)","g":11,"sg":"tagged protein","al":["His6-tagged proteins"],"ak":"protein","r":[1410]},{"id":"human-alpha-thrombin","n":"Human alpha-thrombin","g":11,"sg":"protease","al":["human thrombin","thrombin","thrombin (protease acting on the pore loop)","alpha-thrombin"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","37 kDa","reported by Soskine M 2012"],["Charge","pI 6.4-7.6","reported by Soskine M 2012"],["Mass","35.4 kDa (Thrombin light chain)","computed from UniProt P00734, Thrombin light chain 315 to 363 + Thrombin heavy chain 364 to 622"],["Isoelectric point","8.1 (Thrombin light chain)","computed from UniProt P00734, Thrombin light chain 315 to 363 + Thrombin heavy chain 364 to 622, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+3.9 e at pH 7.0 (Thrombin light chain)","computed from UniProt P00734, Thrombin light chain 315 to 363 + Thrombin heavy chain 364 to 622, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","308 amino acids (Thrombin light chain)","computed from UniProt P00734, Thrombin light chain 315 to 363 + Thrombin heavy chain 364 to 622"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.4 nm","ms":"37 kDa","ch":"pI 6.4-7.6"},"ids":"uniprot:P00734 (prothrombin precursor); uniprot:P00734","szm":4.399e-09,"szs":"about 4.4 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1411,1412,1413,1414]},{"id":"human-serum-albumin-aggregates-subvisible-particles","n":"Human serum albumin aggregates (subvisible particles)","g":11,"sg":"protein aggregate","al":["degraded and nondegraded human serum albumin subvisible particles"],"ak":"aggregate","r":[1415]},{"id":"hyaluronic-acid-oligosaccharides","n":"Hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide","al":["hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides of various polymerization degrees"],"ak":"sugar-chain","r":[1416,1417]},{"id":"immunoglobulin-g-aggregates-subvisible-particles","n":"Immunoglobulin G aggregates (subvisible particles)","g":11,"sg":"protein aggregate","al":["degraded and nondegraded intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) subvisible particles"],"ak":"antibody","r":[1418]},{"id":"l-aspartic-acid","n":"L-aspartic acid","g":12,"sg":"proteinogenic amino acid","al":["aspartic acid (D)","aspartic acid (Asp)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","133.11 Da","reported by Wang F 2023"],["Charge","negative at pH 7.8 (as stated in paper)","reported by Wang F 2023"],["Mass","133.1 g/mol","PubChem CID 5960"],["Formula","C4H7NO4","PubChem CID 5960"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5960, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.67 nm","ms":"133.11 Da","ch":"negative at pH 7.8 (as stated in paper)"},"ids":"pubchem:5960","szm":6.74e-10,"szs":"about 0.67 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1419,1420,1421,1422]},{"id":"l-cysteine","n":"L-cysteine","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid","al":["cysteine","L-cysteine condensing irreversibly with a tethered 2-cyanobenzothiazole","cysteine (C)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","121.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 5862"],["Formula","C3H7NO2S","PubChem CID 5862"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5862, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.65 nm","ms":"121.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5862","szm":6.532e-10,"szs":"about 0.65 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429]},{"id":"l-phenylalanine","n":"L-phenylalanine","g":12,"sg":"proteinogenic amino acid","al":["phenylalanine (F)","phenylalanine (Phe)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","165.19 g/mol","PubChem CID 6140"],["Formula","C9H11NO2","PubChem CID 6140"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6140, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.72 nm","ms":"165.19 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6140","szm":7.243e-10,"szs":"about 0.72 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1430,1431,1432,1433]},{"id":"l-tyrosine","n":"L-tyrosine","g":12,"sg":"proteinogenic amino acid","al":["tyrosine (Y)","tyrosine (Tyr)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","181.19 g/mol","PubChem CID 6057"],["Formula","C9H11NO3","PubChem CID 6057"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6057, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"181.19 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6057","szm":7.469e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1434,1435,1436,1437]},{"id":"leishmania-tropica","n":"Leishmania tropica","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (trypanosomatid)","ak":"trypanosome","pr":[["Size","promastigotes elongate and slender, about 10 to 12 um long; amastigotes spherical to ovoid, 1 to 5 um long and 1 to 2 um wide","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Leishmaniasis page, last reviewed June 5, 2024"],["Other","genus-level values","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Leishmaniasis page, last reviewed June 5, 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"promastigotes elongate and slender, about 10 to 12 um long; amastigotes spherical to ovoid, 1 to 5 um long and 1 to 2 um wide"},"ids":"taxon:5666","szm":1.2e-05,"szs":"12 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1438]},{"id":"liposomes-multilamellar-phospholipid","n":"Liposomes, multilamellar (phospholipid)","g":3,"sg":"liposome","al":["multilamellar liposomes, radius 190-450 nm (DLPC with 0 or 5% DOPS; DPPC with 0, 5 or 9% DPPG)"],"ak":"liposome","pr":[["Size","radius 190-450 nm","reported by Holden DA 2012"]],"hs":{"sz":"radius 190-450 nm"},"szm":4.5e-07,"szs":"450 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1439]},{"id":"lysozyme","n":"Lysozyme","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","al":["lysozyme (15 kDa)","lysozyme (basic protein)","lysozyme (native and denatured)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","15 kDa","reported by Soskine M 2012"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.26 nm","ms":"15 kDa"},"szm":3.255e-09,"szs":"about 3.26 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1440,1441,1442,1443]},{"id":"magnetic-bead-supraparticle-structures-field-induced-chains","n":"Magnetic bead supraparticle structures (field-induced chains and dimers)","g":4,"sg":"magnetic bead aggregate","al":["magnetic supraparticle structures formed in a magnetic field"],"ak":"aggregate","r":[1444]},{"id":"nucleosome-mononucleosome-histone-octamer-on-dna","n":"Nucleosome (mononucleosome, histone octamer on DNA)","g":10,"sg":"nucleosome","al":["nucleosomes"],"ak":"nucleosome","r":[1445]},{"id":"peg-nanogel-particles-and-aggregates","n":"PEG nanogel particles and aggregates","g":4,"sg":"nanogel","al":["PEG nanogel particles (GNPs), aggregated nanogel particles (ANPs) and stabilized aggregates (SANPs, about 30 um)"],"ak":"polymer","pr":[["Size","SANPs about 30 um","reported by Deshmukh M 2012"]],"hs":{"sz":"SANPs about 30 um"},"szm":3e-05,"szs":"30 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1446]},{"id":"peptide-dna-conjugates-two-pocs-ying-2012","n":"Peptide-DNA conjugates (two POCs, Ying 2012)","g":12,"sg":"peptide-oligonucleotide conjugate","al":["two peptide-oligonucleotide conjugates"],"ak":"peptide","r":[1447]},{"id":"phaeodactylum-tricornutum","n":"Phaeodactylum tricornutum","g":1,"sg":"diatom (marine, pennate)","ak":"diatom","ax":"pennate","pr":[["Size","cells 3 to 4 um wide and 10 to 35 um long (2 size classes)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","biovolume 92 to 165 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cells 3 to 4 um wide and 10 to 35 um long (2 size classes)"},"ids":"taxon:2850","szm":3.5e-05,"szs":"35 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1448,1449,1450]},{"id":"protein-dna-complex-human-thrombin-with-thrombin-binding-apt","n":"Protein-DNA complex human thrombin with thrombin-binding aptamer (TBA)","g":11,"sg":"protein-aptamer complex","al":["human thrombin bound 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nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt","ms":"about 9,600 Da","ch":"about -30 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-rA21-rC-rA8-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":1.8e-08,"szs":"about 18 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1455]},{"id":"rna-oligo-ra-30-with-rg-at-position-9-from-3-biotin-ayub-201","n":"RNA oligo(rA)30 with rG at position 9 from 3' biotin (Ayub 2012)","g":8,"sg":"RNA oligonucleotide immobilized","al":["oligo(rA)30 with rG at position 9 (RNA background)"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","30 nt","reported by Ayub M 2012"],["Mass","about 9,600 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -30 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt","ms":"about 9,600 Da","ch":"about -30 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-rA21-rG-rA8-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":1.8e-08,"szs":"about 18 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1456]},{"id":"rna-oligo-ra-30-with-ri-at-position-9-from-3-biotin-ayub-201","n":"RNA oligo(rA)30 with rI at position 9 from 3' biotin (Ayub 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nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt","ms":"about 9,600 Da","ch":"about -30 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-rA21-rU-rA8-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":1.8e-08,"szs":"about 18 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1458]},{"id":"rna-poly-a-30-3-biotin-streptavidin-immobilized","n":"RNA poly(A)30 3'-biotin (streptavidin-immobilized)","g":8,"sg":"RNA homopolymer immobilized","al":["oligo(rA)30, 3'-biotin, immobilized"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","30 nt","reported by Ayub M 2012"],["Mass","9,814 Da","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -29 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt","ms":"9,814 Da","ch":"about -29 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA-3'-biotin-TEG","szm":1.8e-08,"szs":"about 18 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1459]},{"id":"rna-poly-c-30-3-biotin-streptavidin-immobilized","n":"RNA poly(C)30 3'-biotin (streptavidin-immobilized)","g":8,"sg":"RNA homopolymer 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7"},"seq":"5'-dC21-rA-dC8-3'-biotin-TEG (dC background)","szm":1.8e-08,"szs":"about 18 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1472]},{"id":"ssdna-oligo-dc-30-with-rc-at-position-9-from-3-biotin-ayub-2","n":"ssDNA oligo(dC)30 with rC at position 9 from 3' biotin (Ayub 2012)","g":7,"sg":"DNA/RNA chimera immobilized","al":["oligo(dC)30 with ribonucleotide rC at position 9 (DNA background)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","30 nt","reported by Ayub M 2012"],["Mass","about 9,600 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -30 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt","ms":"about 9,600 Da","ch":"about -30 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-dC21-rC-dC8-3'-biotin-TEG (dC background)","szm":1.8e-08,"szs":"about 18 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1473]},{"id":"ssdna-oligo-dc-30-with-rg-at-position-9-from-3-biotin-ayub-2","n":"ssDNA oligo(dC)30 with rG at position 9 from 3' biotin (Ayub 2012)","g":7,"sg":"DNA/RNA chimera immobilized","al":["oligo(dC)30 with ribonucleotide rG at position 9 (DNA background)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","30 nt","reported by Ayub M 2012"],["Mass","about 9,600 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -30 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt","ms":"about 9,600 Da","ch":"about -30 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-dC21-rG-dC8-3'-biotin-TEG (dC background)","szm":1.8e-08,"szs":"about 18 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1474]},{"id":"ssdna-oligo-dc-30-with-ri-at-position-9-from-3-biotin-ayub-2","n":"ssDNA oligo(dC)30 with rI at position 9 from 3' biotin (Ayub 2012)","g":7,"sg":"DNA/RNA chimera immobilized (modified base)","al":["oligo(dC)30 with ribonucleotide rI at position 9 (DNA background)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","30 nt","reported by Ayub M 2012"],["Mass","about 9,600 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -30 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt","ms":"about 9,600 Da","ch":"about -30 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-dC21-rI-dC8-3'-biotin-TEG (dC background)","szm":1.8e-08,"szs":"about 18 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1475]},{"id":"ssdna-oligo-dc-30-with-ru-at-position-9-from-3-biotin-ayub-2","n":"ssDNA oligo(dC)30 with rU at position 9 from 3' biotin (Ayub 2012)","g":7,"sg":"DNA/RNA chimera immobilized","al":["oligo(dC)30 with ribonucleotide rU at position 9 (DNA background)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","30 nt","reported by Ayub M 2012"],["Mass","about 9,600 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -30 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt","ms":"about 9,600 Da","ch":"about -30 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-dC21-rU-dC8-3'-biotin-TEG (dC background)","szm":1.8e-08,"szs":"about 18 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1476]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-39-with-abasic-ap-site-at-w14-3-biotin-an-2012","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)39 with abasic (AP) site at w14, 3'-biotin (An 2012)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA with abasic-site adduct","al":["3'-Btn-C39APw14: poly(dC) 40-mer with abasic site at w14 (made from C39Uw14 with UDG)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","39 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.2 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -38 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"23.4 nm","ms":"11.2 kDa","ch":"about -38 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.34e-08,"szs":"about 23.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1477]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-39-with-ap-18-crown-6-adduct-at-w14-an-2012","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)39 with AP-18-crown-6 adduct at w14 (An 2012)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA with abasic-site adduct","al":["C39AP-18c6w14: AP site adducted with 2-aminomethyl-18-crown-6, 5'- or 3'-biotinylated"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","39 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.2 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -38 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"23.4 nm","ms":"11.2 kDa","ch":"about -38 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.34e-08,"szs":"about 23.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1478]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-39-with-ap-2-aminomethyl-15-crown-5-adduct-at","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)39 with AP-2-aminomethyl-15-crown-5 adduct at w14 (An 2012 Chem Commun)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA with abasic-site adduct (immobilized)","al":["C39(AP-15c5)w14: poly(dC) strand with 2-aminomethyl-15-crown-5 adduct at abasic site"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","39 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.2 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -38 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"23.4 nm","ms":"11.2 kDa","ch":"about -38 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.34e-08,"szs":"about 23.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1479]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-39-with-ap-arg-his-carboxamide-adduct-at-w14-a","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)39 with AP-Arg-His carboxamide adduct at w14 (An 2012 Chem Commun)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA with abasic-site adduct (immobilized)","al":["C39(AP-RH)w14: poly(dC) strand with Arg-His carboxamide adduct at abasic site"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","39 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.2 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -38 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"23.4 nm","ms":"11.2 kDa","ch":"about -38 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.34e-08,"szs":"about 23.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1480]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-39-with-ap-glucosamine-adduct-at-w14-an-2012-c","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)39 with AP-glucosamine adduct at w14 (An 2012 Chem Commun)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA with abasic-site adduct (immobilized)","al":["C39(AP-GlcN)w14: poly(dC) strand with glucosamine adduct at abasic site"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","39 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.2 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -38 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"23.4 nm","ms":"11.2 kDa","ch":"about -38 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.34e-08,"szs":"about 23.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1481]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-39-with-ap-gly-pro-arg-pro-carboxamide-adduct","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)39 with AP-Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro carboxamide adduct at w14 (An 2012 Chem Commun)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA with abasic-site adduct (immobilized)","al":["C39(AP-GPRP)w14: poly(dC) strand with Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro carboxamide adduct at abasic site"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","39 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.2 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -38 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"23.4 nm","ms":"11.2 kDa","ch":"about -38 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.34e-08,"szs":"about 23.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1482]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-39-with-ap-streptomycin-adduct-at-w14-an-2012","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)39 with AP-streptomycin adduct at w14 (An 2012 Chem Commun)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA with abasic-site adduct (immobilized)","al":["C39(AP-STM)w14: poly(dC) strand with streptomycin adduct at abasic site"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","39 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.2 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -38 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"23.4 nm","ms":"11.2 kDa","ch":"about -38 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.34e-08,"szs":"about 23.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1483]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-39-with-ap-taurine-adduct-at-w14-an-2012-chem","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)39 with AP-taurine adduct at w14 (An 2012 Chem Commun)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA with abasic-site adduct (immobilized)","al":["C39(AP-Trn)w14: poly(dC) strand with taurine adduct at abasic site"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","39 nt","from the name"],["Mass","11.2 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -38 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"23.4 nm","ms":"11.2 kDa","ch":"about -38 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.34e-08,"szs":"about 23.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1484]},{"id":"ssdna-target-for-sequence-specific-capture-wei-2012-origami","n":"ssDNA target for sequence-specific capture (Wei 2012 origami gatekeeper)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["target DNA captured by sequence-specific aperture of the origami plate"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[1485]},{"id":"ssdna-template-block-homopolymer-template-poly-dt-with-da3-d","n":"ssDNA template 'block homopolymer template (poly-dT with dA3, dC4 and dG3 blocks)' (Manrao 2012, MspA + phi29 DNAP)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["DNA template: block homopolymer template (poly-dT with dA3, dC4 and dG3 blocks)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","80-91 nt template; readable region 42-53 nt","reported by Manrao EA 2012"],["Mass","about 29.1 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -91 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"80-91 nt template; readable region 42-53 nt","ms":"about 29.1 kDa","ch":"about -91 e at pH 7"},"szm":5.46e-08,"szs":"about 54.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1486]},{"id":"ssdna-template-cat-repeat-template-with-one-cag-triplet-manr","n":"ssDNA template 'CAT-repeat template with one CAG triplet' (Manrao 2012, MspA + phi29 DNAP)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["DNA template: CAT-repeat template with one CAG triplet"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt (CAT template)","reported by Manrao EA 2012"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt (CAT template)","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1487]},{"id":"ssdna-template-heteromer-dna-1-manrao-2012-mspa-phi29-dnap","n":"ssDNA template 'heteromer DNA 1' (Manrao 2012, MspA + phi29 DNAP)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["DNA template: heteromer DNA 1"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","80-91 nt template; readable region 42-53 nt","reported by Manrao EA 2012"],["Mass","about 29.1 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -91 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"80-91 nt template; readable region 42-53 nt","ms":"about 29.1 kDa","ch":"about -91 e at pH 7"},"szm":5.46e-08,"szs":"about 54.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1488]},{"id":"ssdna-template-heteromer-dna-2-manrao-2012-mspa-phi29-dnap","n":"ssDNA template 'heteromer DNA 2' (Manrao 2012, MspA + phi29 DNAP)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["DNA template: heteromer DNA 2"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","80-91 nt template; readable region 42-53 nt","reported by Manrao EA 2012"],["Mass","about 29.1 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -91 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"80-91 nt template; readable region 42-53 nt","ms":"about 29.1 kDa","ch":"about -91 e at pH 7"},"szm":5.46e-08,"szs":"about 54.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1489]},{"id":"ssdna-template-heteromer-dna-3-manrao-2012-mspa-phi29-dnap","n":"ssDNA template 'heteromer DNA 3' (Manrao 2012, MspA + phi29 DNAP)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["DNA template: heteromer DNA 3"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","80-91 nt template; readable region 42-53 nt","reported by Manrao EA 2012"],["Mass","about 29.1 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -91 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"80-91 nt template; readable region 42-53 nt","ms":"about 29.1 kDa","ch":"about -91 e at pH 7"},"szm":5.46e-08,"szs":"about 54.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1490]},{"id":"ssdna-template-heteromer-dna-4-manrao-2012-mspa-phi29-dnap","n":"ssDNA template 'heteromer DNA 4' (Manrao 2012, MspA + phi29 DNAP)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["DNA template: heteromer DNA 4"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","80-91 nt template; readable region 42-53 nt","reported by Manrao EA 2012"],["Mass","about 29.1 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -91 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"80-91 nt template; readable region 42-53 nt","ms":"about 29.1 kDa","ch":"about -91 e at pH 7"},"szm":5.46e-08,"szs":"about 54.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1491]},{"id":"superparamagnetic-microbeads","n":"Superparamagnetic microbeads","g":4,"sg":"magnetic bead","al":["1 um superparamagnetic beads and magnetic supraparticle structures","1 um superparamagnetic beads"],"ak":"bead","r":[1492,1493]},{"id":"thioredoxin-e-coli","n":"Thioredoxin (E. coli)","g":11,"sg":"redox protein","al":["bacterial thioredoxin"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","11.7 kDa","computed from UniProt P0AA25, Thioredoxin 1 2 to 109"],["Isoelectric point","4.5","computed from UniProt P0AA25, Thioredoxin 1 2 to 109, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-4.8 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P0AA25, Thioredoxin 1 2 to 109, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","108 amino acids","computed from UniProt P0AA25, Thioredoxin 1 2 to 109"]],"hs":{"sz":"2.99 nm","ms":"11.7 kDa","ch":"-4.8 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P0AA25","szm":2.995e-09,"szs":"about 2.99 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1494]},{"id":"ustilago-maydis","n":"Ustilago maydis","g":1,"sg":"fungus (smut, yeast-like cells)","ak":"yeast","pr":[["Size","cells 3 to 10 um in diameter; mean diameter 5.5 um (0.4 g/L NH4Cl) to 4.3 um (4.0 g/L NH4Cl)","Klement T, Milker S, Jager G, Grande PM, Dominguez de Maria P, Buchs J 2012, Microb Cell Fact 11, doi:10.1186/1475-2859-11-43 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cells 3 to 10 um in diameter; mean diameter 5.5 um (0.4 g/L NH4Cl) to 4.3 um (4.0 g/L NH4Cl)"},"szm":1e-05,"szs":"10 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1495]},{"id":"4-4-dipyridinium-azobenzene","n":"4,4'-dipyridinium azobenzene","g":15,"sg":"photoswitchable guest","ak":"mol","r":[1496]},{"id":"actr-disordered-domain","n":"ACTR disordered domain","g":11,"sg":"intrinsically disordered protein","al":["ACTR (binding domain of activator of thyroid hormone and retinoid receptors)"],"ak":"protein","r":[1497]},{"id":"adp-adenosine-5-diphosphate","n":"ADP (adenosine 5'-diphosphate)","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate","al":["rADP","ADP"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","427.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 6022"],["Formula","C10H15N5O10P2","PubChem CID 6022"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6022, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.99 nm","ms":"427.2 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6022","szm":9.941e-10,"szs":"about 0.99 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1498,1499]},{"id":"anti-epcam-antibody-igg","n":"Anti-EpCAM antibody (IgG)","g":11,"sg":"antibody","al":["anti-EpCAM antibody"],"ak":"antibody","pr":[["Mass","about 150 kDa","reported by Wang S 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"7.01 nm","ms":"about 150 kDa"},"szm":7.014e-09,"szs":"about 7.01 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1500]},{"id":"anti-gp120-antibody","n":"Anti-gp120 antibody","g":11,"sg":"antibody","al":["anti-gp120 antibody (monomer and dimer)"],"ak":"antibody","r":[1501]},{"id":"beta-amylase","n":"Beta-amylase","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","al":["beta-amylase (folded and SDS-unfolded)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","native size about 10 nm","reported by Restrepo-Perez L 2017"],["Mass","200 kDa","reported by Plesa C 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"native size about 10 nm","ms":"200 kDa"},"szm":1e-08,"szs":"10 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1502,1503]},{"id":"beta-galactosidase","n":"Beta-galactosidase","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","al":["beta-galactosidase (globular protein)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","540 kDa","reported by Plesa C 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"10.7 nm","ms":"540 kDa"},"szm":1.075e-08,"szs":"about 10.7 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1504,1505,1506]},{"id":"beta-lactoglobulin-bovine","n":"Beta-lactoglobulin (bovine)","g":11,"sg":"milk protein","al":["beta-lactoglobulin from whey protein powder","beta-lactoglobulin"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","18.3 kDa","computed from UniProt P02754, Beta-lactoglobulin 17 to 178"],["Isoelectric point","4.6","computed from UniProt P02754, Beta-lactoglobulin 17 to 178, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-7.7 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P02754, Beta-lactoglobulin 17 to 178, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","162 amino acids","computed from UniProt P02754, Beta-lactoglobulin 17 to 178"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.48 nm","ms":"18.3 kDa","ch":"-7.7 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P02754","szm":3.477e-09,"szs":"about 3.48 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1507,1508]},{"id":"cdp-cytidine-5-diphosphate","n":"CDP (cytidine 5'-diphosphate)","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate","al":["rCDP","CDP"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","403.18 g/mol","PubChem CID 6132"],["Formula","C9H15N3O11P2","PubChem CID 6132"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6132, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.98 nm","ms":"403.18 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6132","szm":9.752e-10,"szs":"about 0.98 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1509,1510]},{"id":"chitohexaose-glcnac-6","n":"Chitohexaose (GlcNAc)6","g":13,"sg":"chitooligosaccharide (N-acetylglucosamine oligomer)","ak":"sugar-chain","r":[1511]},{"id":"chitopentaose-glcnac-5","n":"Chitopentaose (GlcNAc)5","g":13,"sg":"chitooligosaccharide (N-acetylglucosamine oligomer)","ak":"sugar-chain","r":[1512]},{"id":"chitotetraose-glcnac-4","n":"Chitotetraose (GlcNAc)4","g":13,"sg":"chitooligosaccharide (N-acetylglucosamine oligomer)","ak":"sugar-chain","r":[1513]},{"id":"chitotriose-glcnac-3","n":"Chitotriose (GlcNAc)3","g":13,"sg":"chitooligosaccharide (N-acetylglucosamine oligomer)","ak":"sugar-chain","r":[1514]},{"id":"colicin-e9-intrinsically-unstructured-translocation-domain-i","n":"Colicin E9 intrinsically unstructured translocation domain in OmpF translocon","g":11,"sg":"bacteriocin","al":["colicin E9 translocon (IUTD threaded through OmpF, trypsin-digested complex)"],"ak":"protein","r":[1515]},{"id":"colicin-e9-obs1-17-aa","n":"Colicin E9 OBS1 (17 aa)","g":12,"sg":"colicin translocation domain peptide","al":["17-residue ColE9 OmpF-binding site 1 peptide (OBS1)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[1516]},{"id":"complex-actr-ncbd","n":"Complex ACTR-NCBD","g":11,"sg":"intrinsically disordered protein complex","al":["ACTR/NCBD protein complex (acidic)","ACTR/NCBD complex"],"ak":"complex","r":[1517,1518]},{"id":"complex-ba2-stabilized-g-quadruplex-dna-probe-yang-2013","n":"Complex Ba2+-stabilized G-quadruplex DNA probe (Yang 2013)","g":10,"sg":"G-quadruplex-metal ion complex","al":["Ba2+-induced unimolecular G-quadruplex of the DNA probe"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1519]},{"id":"complex-gp120-anti-gp120-antibody","n":"Complex gp120/anti-gp120 antibody","g":11,"sg":"antigen-antibody complex","al":["gp120/anti-gp120 antibody complexes (monovalent and multivalent)"],"ak":"antibody","r":[1520]},{"id":"complex-hiv-1-ncp7-with-sl3-rna-aptamer","n":"Complex HIV-1 NCp7 with SL3 RNA aptamer","g":10,"sg":"RNA-protein complex","al":["nucleocapsid protein 7 (NCp7) bound to SL3 RNA aptamer"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1521]},{"id":"complex-let-7b-with-tat-peptide-pna-probe-p7b","n":"Complex let-7b with TAT peptide-PNA probe P7b","g":10,"sg":"microRNA-PNA-peptide complex","al":["Let-7b-P7b complex (10-base PNA probe with HIV-1 TAT peptide lead)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1522]},{"id":"complex-mbd1-bound-to-cpg-methylated-dsdna","n":"Complex MBD1 bound to CpG-methylated dsDNA","g":10,"sg":"DNA-protein complex","al":["methylated DNA labeled with MBD1 (MBD-1x) proteins"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1523]},{"id":"complex-pb2-stabilized-g-quadruplex-dna-probe-yang-2013","n":"Complex Pb2+-stabilized G-quadruplex DNA probe (Yang 2013)","g":10,"sg":"G-quadruplex-metal ion complex","al":["Pb2+-induced unimolecular G-quadruplex of the DNA probe"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1524]},{"id":"complex-streptavidin-with-3-biotinylated-502-nt-ssrna","n":"Complex streptavidin with 3'-biotinylated 502-nt ssRNA","g":10,"sg":"RNA-protein complex","al":["502-nt ssRNA biotinylated at 3' end and bound to streptavidin"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","502 nt","reported by Cracknell JA 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"502 nt"},"r":[1525]},{"id":"cryptococcus-gattii","n":"Cryptococcus gattii","g":1,"sg":"yeast (pathogenic, encapsulated)","ak":"yeast","ids":"taxon:37769","r":[1526]},{"id":"dinobryon-divergens","n":"Dinobryon divergens","g":1,"sg":"chrysophyte (golden alga, colonial)","ak":"alga","pr":[["Size","cells 3 to 8 um wide and 6 to 15 um long (rotational ellipsoid, 3 size classes)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","colonial chrysophyte in loricae; biovolume 59 to 359 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cells 3 to 8 um wide and 6 to 15 um long (rotational ellipsoid, 3 size classes)"},"ids":"taxon:457357","szm":1.5e-05,"szs":"15 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1527]},{"id":"dsdna-41-mer-17-mer-duplex-with-abasic-site-near-the-latch-j","n":"dsDNA 41-mer/17-mer duplex with abasic site near the latch (Jin 2013)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex held in vestibule (latch sensing)","al":["AP-containing duplex produced by UDG"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[1528]},{"id":"dsdna-41-mer-17-mer-duplex-with-du-near-the-latch-jin-2013","n":"dsDNA 41-mer/17-mer duplex with dU near the latch (Jin 2013)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex held in vestibule (latch sensing)","al":["U-containing duplex: 41-mer with U (5'-poly(T)24 tail) hybridized to 17-mer"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[1529]},{"id":"dsdna-and-ssdna-through-dna-origami-nanocapillary-hybrid-por","n":"dsDNA and ssDNA through DNA origami-nanocapillary hybrid pores (Hernandez-Ainsa 2013)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["dsDNA molecules (folding controlled by origami pore size) and ssDNA detected by sequence-specific binding sites"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[1530]},{"id":"dsdna-duplex-series-with-thf-abasic-analog-f-at-positions-6","n":"dsDNA duplex series with THF abasic analog F at positions 6-13 (Jin 2013 latch map)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex held in vestibule (latch sensing)","al":["duplexes with a tetrahydrofuran abasic analog (F) at positions 6 to 13 from the 3' end of the short strand"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[1531]},{"id":"dsdna-duplex-with-5mc-t-mismatch-kang-2013","n":"dsDNA duplex with 5mC-T mismatch (Kang 2013)","g":7,"sg":"DNA duplex with methylated base","al":["duplex with 5-methylcytosine-T mismatch (no lock forms)"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[1532]},{"id":"dsdna-duplex-with-u-hg2-t-interstrand-lock-merculock-kang-20","n":"dsDNA duplex with U-Hg2+-T interstrand lock (MercuLock, Kang 2013)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex-metal ion complex","al":["duplex with U-T mismatch locked by Hg2+ (MercuLock)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1533]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-208-bp","n":"dsDNA fragment 208 bp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["208 bp control DNA (free)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","208 bp","reported by Ivankin A 2013"],["Mass","about 135 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -416 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"208 bp","ms":"about 135 kDa","ch":"about -416 e at pH 7"},"szm":7.072e-08,"szs":"70.7 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[1534]},{"id":"dsdna-kras-codon-12-65-mer-target-with-g-a-pair-17-mer-probe","n":"dsDNA KRAS codon 12 65-mer target with G:A pair, 17-mer probe (Jin 2013)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with lesion base pair (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex G:A (KRAS 65-mer with G opposite adenine in 17-mer)"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"target 5'-T23-TTGGAGCTGGTGGCGTAGG-T23-3'; probe 3'-ACCTCGACAACCGCATC-5' (A = adenine)","r":[1535]},{"id":"dsdna-kras-codon-12-65-mer-target-with-g-d-pair-17-mer-probe","n":"dsDNA KRAS codon 12 65-mer target with G:D pair, 17-mer probe (Jin 2013)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with lesion base pair (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex G:D (KRAS 65-mer with G opposite 2,6-diaminopurine in 17-mer)"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"target 5'-T23-TTGGAGCTGGTGGCGTAGG-T23-3'; probe 3'-ACCTCGACDACCGCATC-5' (D = 2,6-diaminopurine)","r":[1536]},{"id":"dsdna-kras-codon-12-65-mer-target-with-gh-a-pair-17-mer-prob","n":"dsDNA KRAS codon 12 65-mer target with Gh:A pair, 17-mer probe (Jin 2013)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with lesion base pair (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex Gh:A (KRAS 65-mer with Gh opposite adenine in 17-mer)"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"target 5'-T23-TTGGAGCTG[Gh]TGGCGTAGG-T23-3'; probe 3'-ACCTCGACAACCGCATC-5' (A = adenine)","r":[1537]},{"id":"dsdna-kras-codon-12-65-mer-target-with-gh-d-pair-17-mer-prob","n":"dsDNA KRAS codon 12 65-mer target with Gh:D pair, 17-mer probe (Jin 2013)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with lesion base pair (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex Gh:D (KRAS 65-mer with Gh opposite 2,6-diaminopurine in 17-mer)"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"target 5'-T23-TTGGAGCTG[Gh]TGGCGTAGG-T23-3'; probe 3'-ACCTCGACDACCGCATC-5' (D = 2,6-diaminopurine)","r":[1538]},{"id":"dsdna-kras-codon-12-65-mer-target-with-og-a-pair-17-mer-prob","n":"dsDNA KRAS codon 12 65-mer target with OG:A pair, 17-mer probe (Jin 2013)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with lesion base pair (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex OG:A (KRAS 65-mer with OG opposite adenine in 17-mer)"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"target 5'-T23-TTGGAGCTG[OG]TGGCGTAGG-T23-3'; probe 3'-ACCTCGACAACCGCATC-5' (A = adenine)","r":[1539]},{"id":"dsdna-kras-codon-12-65-mer-target-with-og-d-pair-17-mer-prob","n":"dsDNA KRAS codon 12 65-mer target with OG:D pair, 17-mer probe (Jin 2013)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with lesion base pair (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex OG:D (KRAS 65-mer with OG opposite 2,6-diaminopurine in 17-mer)"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"target 5'-T23-TTGGAGCTG[OG]TGGCGTAGG-T23-3'; probe 3'-ACCTCGACDACCGCATC-5' (D = 2,6-diaminopurine)","r":[1540]},{"id":"dsdna-kras-codon-12-65-mer-target-with-sp-a-pair-17-mer-prob","n":"dsDNA KRAS codon 12 65-mer target with Sp:A pair, 17-mer probe (Jin 2013)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with lesion base pair (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex Sp:A (KRAS 65-mer with Sp opposite adenine in 17-mer)"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"target 5'-T23-TTGGAGCTG[Sp]TGGCGTAGG-T23-3'; probe 3'-ACCTCGACAACCGCATC-5' (A = adenine)","r":[1541]},{"id":"dsdna-kras-codon-12-65-mer-target-with-sp-d-pair-17-mer-prob","n":"dsDNA KRAS codon 12 65-mer target with Sp:D pair, 17-mer probe (Jin 2013)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with lesion base pair (unzipped in pore)","al":["duplex Sp:D (KRAS 65-mer with Sp opposite 2,6-diaminopurine in 17-mer)"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"target 5'-T23-TTGGAGCTG[Sp]TGGCGTAGG-T23-3'; probe 3'-ACCTCGACDACCGCATC-5' (D = 2,6-diaminopurine)","r":[1542]},{"id":"engineered-smt3-substrate-s1-smt3-polyanion-tail-ssra","n":"Engineered Smt3 substrate S1 (Smt3 + polyanion tail + ssrA)","g":11,"sg":"engineered SUMO-domain substrate","al":["protein S1 (one Smt3 domain + polyanionic tail + ssrA tag)"],"ak":"protein","r":[1543]},{"id":"engineered-smt3-substrate-s1-rqa-ssra-blocked","n":"Engineered Smt3 substrate S1-RQA (ssrA blocked)","g":11,"sg":"engineered SUMO-domain substrate","al":["protein S1-RQA (S1 with three extra C-terminal residues that block ClpX recognition)"],"ak":"protein","r":[1544]},{"id":"engineered-smt3-substrate-s2-148-two-smt3-domains-148-aa-lin","n":"Engineered Smt3 substrate S2-148 (two Smt3 domains, 148-aa linker)","g":11,"sg":"engineered SUMO-domain substrate","al":["protein S2-148 (two Smt3 domains joined by a 148-residue linker)"],"ak":"protein","r":[1545]},{"id":"engineered-smt3-substrate-s2-35-two-smt3-domains-35-aa-linke","n":"Engineered Smt3 substrate S2-35 (two Smt3 domains, 35-aa linker)","g":11,"sg":"engineered SUMO-domain substrate","al":["protein S2-35 (two Smt3 domains joined by a 35-residue Gly/Ser linker)"],"ak":"protein","r":[1546]},{"id":"expansile-polymeric-nanoparticles-ph-responsive","n":"Expansile polymeric nanoparticles (pH-responsive)","g":4,"sg":"polymer nanoparticle (drug carrier)","al":["pH-responsive polymeric expansile nanoparticles (eNPs)"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Other","swell 2-10x in diameter (volume >350x) at pH 5.0","reported by Colby AH 2013"]],"r":[1547]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-ecc-1-endometrial-epithelial-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (ECC-1 endometrial epithelial cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes/microvesicles from ECC-1 endometrial epithelial cell culture medium"],"ak":"vesicle","pr":[["Size","major peak 50-150 nm","reported by Ng YH 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"major peak 50-150 nm"},"szm":1.5e-07,"szs":"150 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1548]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-adipose-derived-mesenchymal-ste","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["neprilysin-bound exosomes from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs)"],"ak":"vesicle","pr":[["Size","SIOS peak 110-160 nm (118.9 nm for ADSC#1); NTA peak 150-200 nm","reported by Katsuda T 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"SIOS peak 110-160 nm (118.9 nm for ADSC#1); NTA peak 150-200 nm"},"szm":2e-07,"szs":"200 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1549]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-urine","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human urine)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["urine extracellular vesicles (uEVs) from a healthy donor","EVs and other submicron particles in human urine"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[1550,1551]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-uterine-fluid","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human uterine fluid)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes/microvesicles in human uterine fluid (and mucus) 100,000 g pellets"],"ak":"vesicle","pr":[["Size","major peak 50-150 nm, tail to about 300 nm","reported by Ng YH 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"major peak 50-150 nm, tail to about 300 nm"},"szm":3e-07,"szs":"300 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1552]},{"id":"ferritin","n":"Ferritin","g":11,"sg":"iron storage protein cage","al":["ferritin (reference protein)","ferritin (iron-loaded)","intact 24-mer ferritin","ferritin (equine spleen)"],"ak":"cage","pr":[["Mass","450 kDa","reported by Plesa C 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"10.1 nm","ms":"450 kDa"},"szm":1.012e-08,"szs":"about 10.1 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1553,1554,1555,1556,1557]},{"id":"gdp-guanosine-5-diphosphate","n":"GDP (guanosine 5'-diphosphate)","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate","al":["rGDP","GDP"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","443.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 135398619"],["Formula","C10H15N5O11P2","PubChem CID 135398619"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 135398619, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.01 nm","ms":"443.2 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:135398619","szm":1.006e-09,"szs":"about 1.01 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1558,1559]},{"id":"glass-frit-powder-calcium-zinc-silicate-with-gallium-glass-p","n":"Glass frit powder, calcium zinc silicate with gallium (glass polyalkenoate cement)","g":6,"sg":"glass powders","al":["Calcium zinc silicate glass powders with gallium substituted for zinc (Control CaO-ZnO-SiO2, LGa-1, LGa-2), ground frit for glass polyalkenoate cement"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","analysed from 0.4 to 100 um; powder sieved to below 45 um","reported by Alhalawani AM 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"analysed from 0.4 to 100 um; powder sieved to below 45 um"},"szm":0.0001,"szs":"100 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1560]},{"id":"gold-nanoparticles","n":"Gold nanoparticles","g":4,"sg":"metal nanoparticle","al":["spherical Au nanoparticles, nominal radius 30 nm and 60 nm","Au nanoparticles (AuNP)","40 nm spherical gold nanoparticles","20 nm gold spherical nanoparticles (conductive pulse mode)"],"ak":"metal-np","pr":[["Size","radius 30 nm and 60 nm nominal; sized to about 0.3 nm","reported by German SR 2015"],["Size","diameter 40 nm","reported by Panday N 2016"],["Size","diameter 20 nm","reported by Confederat S 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"radius 30 nm and 60 nm nominal; sized to about 0.3 nm"},"szm":6e-08,"szs":"60 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1561,1562,1563,1564,1565]},{"id":"gold-nanoparticles-mixed-monolayer-protected","n":"Gold nanoparticles (mixed monolayer-protected)","g":4,"sg":"monolayer-protected metal nanoparticle","al":["mixed-monolayer protected gold nanoparticles (different ligand shells)","mixed-monolayer protected gold nanoparticles"],"ak":"metal-np","r":[1566,1567]},{"id":"hiv-1-envelope-glycoprotein-gp120","n":"HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120","g":11,"sg":"viral glycoprotein","al":["HIV-1 gp120"],"ak":"protein","r":[1568]},{"id":"human-alpha-synuclein-wild-type","n":"Human alpha-synuclein (wild type)","g":11,"sg":"intrinsically disordered protein","al":["wild-type alpha-synuclein","alpha-synuclein (wild type)","alpha-synuclein","monomeric alpha-synuclein (and fragments, variants)","alpha-synuclein WT (monomer/dimer)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","14.5 kDa","computed from UniProt P37840, Alpha-synuclein 1 to 140; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"],["Isoelectric point","4.4","computed from UniProt P37840, Alpha-synuclein 1 to 140; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-8.8 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P37840, Alpha-synuclein 1 to 140; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","140 amino acids","computed from UniProt P37840, Alpha-synuclein 1 to 140; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.22 nm","ms":"14.5 kDa","ch":"-8.8 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P37840","szm":3.216e-09,"szs":"about 3.22 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574]},{"id":"human-alpha-synuclein-a53t","n":"Human alpha-synuclein A53T","g":11,"sg":"intrinsically disordered protein","al":["A53T alpha-synuclein","alpha-synuclein A53T (monomer/dimer)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","14.5 kDa","computed from UniProt P37840, Alpha-synuclein 1 to 140, with A53T; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"],["Isoelectric point","4.4","computed from UniProt P37840, Alpha-synuclein 1 to 140, with A53T; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-8.8 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P37840, Alpha-synuclein 1 to 140, with A53T; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","140 amino acids","computed from UniProt P37840, Alpha-synuclein 1 to 140, with A53T; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.22 nm","ms":"14.5 kDa","ch":"-8.8 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P37840 (A53T variant)","szm":3.218e-09,"szs":"about 3.22 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1575,1576]},{"id":"human-amyloid-beta-1-16","n":"Human amyloid-beta(1-16)","g":12,"sg":"amyloid-beta fragment","al":["human amyloid-beta fragment Abeta(1-16), free and Cu2+-bound"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","16 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,955 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","6.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-1.3 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.65 nm","ms":"1,955 Da","ch":"-1.3 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQK","szm":1.651e-09,"szs":"about 1.65 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1577]},{"id":"human-immunodeficiency-virus-1-hiv-1-in-plasma","n":"Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) in plasma","g":2,"sg":"retrovirus (enveloped)","al":["human immunodeficiency virus in human plasma"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","virion diameter 80 to 100 nm (enveloped, spherical to pleomorphic)","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Lentivirus factsheet"],["Other","genus-level value: ViralZone Lentivirus factsheet; mature capsid quasi-icosahedral with 1572 capsid proteins","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Lentivirus factsheet"]],"hs":{"sz":"virion diameter 80 to 100 nm (enveloped, spherical to pleomorphic)"},"ids":"taxon:11676","szm":1e-07,"szs":"100 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1578]},{"id":"hydrogel-nanoparticles-charged-deformable","n":"Hydrogel nanoparticles (charged, deformable)","g":4,"sg":"hydrogel particle","al":["deformable negatively charged hydrogel particles"],"ak":"gel","r":[1579]},{"id":"immune-complex-anti-peanut-igy-on-peptide-gold-nanoparticles","n":"Immune complex: anti-peanut IgY on peptide-gold nanoparticles","g":4,"sg":"antibody-nanoparticle immune complex","al":["AuNP-peptide particles with bound anti-peanut antibodies (IgY)"],"ak":"metal-np","r":[1580]},{"id":"magnetic-nanoparticles-30-nm-colloidal","n":"Magnetic nanoparticles (30 nm colloidal)","g":4,"sg":"magnetic nanoparticle","al":["magnetic nanoparticles, 30 nm, negatively charged, TBAH-stabilized"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","diameter 30 nm","reported by Park S 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 30 nm"},"szm":3e-08,"szs":"30 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1581]},{"id":"microcystis-aeruginosa","n":"Microcystis aeruginosa","g":1,"sg":"cyanobacterium (colonial, toxic)","ak":"coccus","ax":"cyano","pr":[["Size","cell diameter 4 to 6 um (sphere)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","colonial cyanobacterium; biovolume 65 um3 per cell; colony size classes of 20, 50 and 100 cells","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell diameter 4 to 6 um (sphere)"},"ids":"taxon:1126","szm":6e-06,"szs":"6 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1582,1583]},{"id":"mirna-hsa-mir-21","n":"miRNA hsa-miR-21","g":8,"sg":"microRNA","al":["miR-21 (background RNA)","hsa-miR-21","miR-21 (counted as its RCA product)"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","22 nt","reported by Wang Y 2021"],["Mass","7,004 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -21 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"22 nt","ms":"7,004 Da","ch":"about -21 e at pH 7"},"seq":"UAGCUUAUCAGACUGAUGUUGA","szm":1.32e-08,"szs":"about 13.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1584,1585,1586]},{"id":"mirna-let-7c","n":"miRNA let-7c","g":8,"sg":"microRNA","al":["Let-7c (single-nucleotide difference from let-7b) with P7b"],"ak":"ssrna","r":[1587]},{"id":"ncbd-domain-of-creb-binding-protein","n":"NCBD domain of CREB-binding protein","g":11,"sg":"intrinsically disordered protein","al":["NCBD (nuclear coactivator binding domain of CREB-binding protein)"],"ak":"protein","r":[1588]},{"id":"nucleosome-mononucleosome-on-208-bp-dna","n":"Nucleosome (mononucleosome on 208 bp DNA)","g":10,"sg":"nucleosome","al":["mononucleosomes reconstituted on 208-bp DNA (EpiMark kit)"],"ak":"nucleosome","pr":[["Size","208 bp DNA plus histone octamer","reported by Ivankin A 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"208 bp DNA plus histone octamer"},"szm":7.072e-08,"szs":"about 70.7 nm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[1589]},{"id":"octakis-6-amino-6-deoxy-gamma-cyclodextrin","n":"Octakis(6-amino-6-deoxy)-gamma-cyclodextrin","g":13,"sg":"cationic cyclodextrin derivative","al":["octakis(6-deoxy-6-amino)cyclomaltooctaose (am8gammaCD)"],"ak":"mol","ax":"ring","r":[1590]},{"id":"oil-in-water-emulsion-droplets-beta-lactoglobulin-stabilised","n":"Oil-in-water emulsion droplets (beta-lactoglobulin stabilised, submicron)","g":4,"sg":"emulsion droplet","al":["beta-lactoglobulin-stabilised oil-in-water emulsion droplets","beta-lactoglobulin stabilised oil-in-water emulsion droplets"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Size","mode below 150 nm, growing above 200 nm over four months","reported by Somerville JA 2013"],["Size","mode under 150 nm, growing to over 200 nm over four months","reported by Somerville JA 2013"],["Charge","zeta -18.9 mV and -21.8 mV by TRPS (-27.6 mV by light scattering)","reported by Somerville JA 2013"],["Charge","zeta -18.9 mV and -21.8 mV by RPS (light scattering -27.6 mV)","reported by Somerville JA 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"mode below 150 nm, growing above 200 nm over four months","ch":"zeta -18.9 mV and -21.8 mV by TRPS (-27.6 mV by light scattering)"},"szm":2e-07,"szs":"200 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1591,1592]},{"id":"ovalbumin","n":"Ovalbumin","g":11,"sg":"egg white protein","al":["ovalbumin trapped in the NEOtrap"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","45 kDa","reported by Plesa C 2013"],["Mass","43 kDa","reported by Wen C 2023"],["Mass","42.8 kDa","computed from UniProt P01012, Ovalbumin 2 to 386; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"],["Isoelectric point","5.0","computed from UniProt P01012, Ovalbumin 2 to 386; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-10.5 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P01012, Ovalbumin 2 to 386; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","385 amino acids","computed from UniProt P01012, Ovalbumin 2 to 386; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.62 nm","ms":"45 kDa","ch":"-10.5 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P01012","szm":4.616e-09,"szs":"about 4.62 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1593,1594,1595]},{"id":"p-sulfonatocalix-4-arene","n":"P-sulfonatocalix[4]arene","g":15,"sg":"macrocyclic host","al":["para-sulfonato-calix[4]arene"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","744.7 g/mol","PubChem CID 644084"],["Formula","C28H24O16S4","PubChem CID 644084"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 644084, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.2 nm","ms":"744.7 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:644084","szm":1.196e-09,"szs":"about 1.2 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1596]},{"id":"pb2","n":"Pb2+","g":16,"sg":"divalent metal ion","ak":"ion","ax":"Pb|+2","pr":[["Charge","+2","reported by Yang C 2013"],["Mass","207.2 Da (lead)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+2 e","from the ion's formula"],["Formula","Pb+2","PubChem CID 73212"]],"hs":{"ms":"207.2 Da (lead)","ch":"+2"},"ids":"pubchem:73212","r":[1597,1598]},{"id":"peptide-coated-gold-nanoparticles","n":"Peptide-coated gold nanoparticles","g":4,"sg":"peptide-coated metal nanoparticle","al":["Au nanoparticles coated with a peanut allergen epitope peptide layer"],"ak":"metal-np","r":[1599]},{"id":"pim-1-kinase-human","n":"Pim-1 kinase (human)","g":11,"sg":"protein kinase","al":["Pim-1 kinase"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","35.7 kDa","computed from UniProt P11309, Serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-1 1 to 313"],["Isoelectric point","6.0","computed from UniProt P11309, Serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-1 1 to 313, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-7.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P11309, Serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-1 1 to 313, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","313 amino acids","computed from UniProt P11309, Serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-1 1 to 313"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.35 nm","ms":"35.7 kDa","ch":"-7.0 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P11309","szm":4.346e-09,"szs":"about 4.35 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1600]},{"id":"pim-2-kinase-human","n":"Pim-2 kinase (human)","g":11,"sg":"protein kinase","al":["Pim-2 kinase"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","34.2 kDa","computed from UniProt Q9P1W9, Serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-2 1 to 311"],["Isoelectric point","5.8","computed from UniProt Q9P1W9, Serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-2 1 to 311, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-6.8 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt Q9P1W9, Serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-2 1 to 311, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","311 amino acids","computed from UniProt Q9P1W9, Serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-2 1 to 311"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.28 nm","ms":"34.2 kDa","ch":"-6.8 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:Q9P1W9","szm":4.284e-09,"szs":"about 4.28 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1601]},{"id":"pim-3-kinase-human","n":"Pim-3 kinase (human)","g":11,"sg":"protein kinase","al":["Pim-3 kinase"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","35.9 kDa","computed from UniProt Q86V86, Serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-3 1 to 326"],["Isoelectric point","6.1","computed from UniProt Q86V86, Serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-3 1 to 326, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-5.1 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt Q86V86, Serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-3 1 to 326, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","326 amino acids","computed from UniProt Q86V86, Serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-3 1 to 326"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.35 nm","ms":"35.9 kDa","ch":"-5.1 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:Q86V86","szm":4.354e-09,"szs":"about 4.35 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1602]},{"id":"plasmodium-falciparum-infected-human-erythrocytes","n":"Plasmodium falciparum-infected human erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"erythrocyte (malaria-infected)","al":["Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (ring, trophozoite and schizont stages)"],"ak":"rbc-malaria","pr":[["Zeta potential","-14.6 mV (red cells infected with trophozoites) versus -15.7 mV for uninfected human red cells; -4.64 mV after neuraminidase (electrophoretic mobility assay)","Tokumasu F, Ostera GR, Amaratunga C, Fairhurst RM 2012, Exp Parasitol 131:245-251, doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2012.03.005"],["Other","zeta potential varies by parasite clone and by the presence of knobs","Tokumasu F, Ostera GR, Amaratunga C, Fairhurst RM 2012, Exp Parasitol 131:245-251, doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2012.03.005"],["Size","volume first shrinks with young trophozoites, then rises continuously to about 10% below the critical hemolytic volume of about 150 fL by the end of the 48 h asexual cycle (model checked against osmotic fragility)","Lew VL, Tiffert T, Ginsburg H 2003, Blood 101:4189-4194, doi:10.1182/blood-2002-08-2654"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume first shrinks with young trophozoites, then rises continuously to about 10% below the critical hemolytic volume of about 150 fL by the end of the 48 h asexual cycle (model checked against osmotic fragility)","ch":"zeta -14.6 mV (red cells infected with trophozoites) versus -15.7 mV for uninfected human red cells; -4.64 mV after neuraminidase (electrophoretic mobility assay)"},"ids":"taxon:5833; taxon:9606","szm":6.592e-06,"szs":"about 6.59 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[1603]},{"id":"prion-protein-prp","n":"Prion protein (PrP)","g":11,"sg":"prion protein","al":["mammalian prion protein"],"ak":"protein","r":[1604]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-thioredoxin-v5-c109-k90d-k96d-oligo-dc","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate thioredoxin V5-C109 K90D/K96D-oligo(dC)30","g":11,"sg":"protein-DNA conjugate","al":["thioredoxin V5-C109 K90D/K96D mutant with oligo(dC)30"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1605]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-thioredoxin-v5-c109-k96a-oligo-dc-30","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate thioredoxin V5-C109 K96A-oligo(dC)30","g":11,"sg":"protein-DNA conjugate","al":["thioredoxin V5-C109 K96A mutant with oligo(dC)30"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1606]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-thioredoxin-v5-c109-oligo-da-30","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate thioredoxin V5-C109-oligo(dA)30","g":11,"sg":"protein-DNA conjugate","al":["thioredoxin V5-C109 with oligo(dA)30"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1607]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-thioredoxin-v5-c109-oligo-dc-30","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate thioredoxin V5-C109-oligo(dC)30","g":11,"sg":"protein-DNA conjugate","al":["thioredoxin V5-C109 with oligo(dC)30 attached at Cys-109"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1608]},{"id":"rat-amyloid-beta-1-16","n":"Rat amyloid-beta(1-16)","g":12,"sg":"amyloid-beta fragment","al":["rat amyloid-beta fragment Abeta(1-16), free and Cu2+-bound"],"ak":"peptide","r":[1609]},{"id":"rna-heteropolymer-transcripts-91-6083-nt-cracknell-2013-seri","n":"RNA heteropolymer transcripts 91-6083 nt (Cracknell 2013 series)","g":8,"sg":"long ssRNA heteropolymer","al":["ssRNA heteropolymers of 91 to 6083 nt (in vitro transcripts, length series)"],"ak":"rna-long","pr":[["Size","91 to 6083 nt","reported by Cracknell JA 2013"],["Mass","about 1.95 MDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -6,083 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"91 to 6083 nt","ms":"about 1.95 MDa","ch":"about -6,083 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.65e-06,"szs":"about 3.65 µm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1610]},{"id":"rna-hiv-1-packaging-signal-stem-loop-3-sl3-aptamer","n":"RNA HIV-1 packaging signal stem-loop 3 (SL3) aptamer","g":8,"sg":"RNA aptamer / viral RNA stem-loop","al":["HIV-1 stem-loop 3 (SL3) RNA aptamer (GAG loop)"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[1611]},{"id":"rna-synthetic-20-nt-ssrna-geng-2013","n":"RNA synthetic 20-nt ssRNA (Geng 2013)","g":8,"sg":"ssRNA oligonucleotide","al":["synthetic 20-nt ssRNA"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","20 nt","reported by Geng J 2013"],["Mass","about 6,400 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -20 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"20 nt","ms":"about 6,400 Da","ch":"about -20 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.2e-08,"szs":"about 12 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1612]},{"id":"rotavirus-a","n":"Rotavirus A","g":2,"sg":"rotavirus (non-enveloped, triple-layered)","al":["rotavirus (infectious triple-layered particles from cell culture)"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","about 75 nm diameter","Yang and Yamamoto 2016 (PMC5031608) for the 75 nm figure"],["Size","72.5 nm (rotavirus, as compared in the abstract)","Pang L, Issler T, Robson B, et al. 2025, Environ Res, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.120378"],["Zeta potential","-29.77 +/- 0.86 mV (rotavirus, compared with a surrogate particle)","Pang L, Issler T, Robson B, et al. 2025, Environ Res, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.120378"],["Other","buoyant density 1.36 to 1.40 g/cm3; hydrophobicity 44%","Pang L, Issler T, Robson B, et al. 2025, Environ Res, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.120378"],["Isoelectric point","3.0 for triple-layered rotavirus-like particles (VP2/6/7) and 3.8 for double-layered particles (VP2/6), from zeta potential by dynamic light scattering","Mellado MC, Mena JA, Lopes A, Ramirez OT, Carrondo MJ, Palomares LA, Alves PM 2009, Biotechnol Bioeng 104:674-686, doi:10.1002/bit.22430"],["Other","values for recombinant virus-like particles, not infectious virions","Mellado MC, Mena JA, Lopes A, Ramirez OT, Carrondo MJ, Palomares LA, Alves PM 2009, Biotechnol Bioeng 104:674-686, doi:10.1002/bit.22430"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 75 nm diameter","ch":"zeta -29.77 +/- 0.86 mV (rotavirus, compared with a surrogate particle)"},"ids":"taxon:10941","szm":7.5e-08,"szs":"75 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1613]},{"id":"sap97-pdz2-domain-i342w-c378a","n":"SAP97 PDZ2 domain I342W/C378A","g":11,"sg":"PDZ domain","al":["SAP97 PDZ2 domain, I342W/C378A (called wild type)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","109 amino acids; about 4 x 5 nm","reported by Freedman KJ 2013"],["Charge","net charge about +3.8 e at neutral pH","reported by Freedman KJ 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"109 amino acids; about 4 x 5 nm","ch":"net charge about +3.8 e at neutral pH"},"szm":5e-09,"szs":"5 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1614]},{"id":"sap97-pdz2-domain-l322a","n":"SAP97 PDZ2 domain L322A","g":11,"sg":"PDZ domain","al":["SAP97 PDZ2 L322A (with I342W/C378A)"],"ak":"protein","r":[1615]},{"id":"sap97-pdz2-domain-v388a","n":"SAP97 PDZ2 domain V388A","g":11,"sg":"PDZ domain","al":["SAP97 PDZ2 V388A (with I342W/C378A)"],"ak":"protein","r":[1616]},{"id":"sheep-prion-protein-arr-genotype","n":"Sheep prion protein ARR genotype","g":11,"sg":"prion protein","al":["ovine PrP(C), scrapie-resistant ARR genotype"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","22.8 kDa","computed from UniProt P23907, Major prion protein 25 to 233; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"],["Isoelectric point","10.0","computed from UniProt P23907, Major prion protein 25 to 233; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+12.1 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P23907, Major prion protein 25 to 233; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","209 amino acids","computed from UniProt P23907, Major prion protein 25 to 233; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.74 nm","ms":"22.8 kDa","ch":"+12.1 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P23907","szm":3.741e-09,"szs":"about 3.74 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1617]},{"id":"sheep-prion-protein-vrq-genotype","n":"Sheep prion protein VRQ genotype","g":11,"sg":"prion protein","al":["ovine PrP(C), scrapie-susceptible VRQ genotype"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","22.8 kDa","computed from UniProt P23907, Major prion protein 25 to 233; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"],["Isoelectric point","10.0","computed from UniProt P23907, Major prion protein 25 to 233; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+12.1 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P23907, Major prion protein 25 to 233; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","209 amino acids","computed from UniProt P23907, Major prion protein 25 to 233; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.74 nm","ms":"22.8 kDa","ch":"+12.1 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P23907","szm":3.741e-09,"szs":"about 3.74 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1618]},{"id":"single-walled-carbon-nanotubes-protein-wrapped","n":"Single-walled carbon nanotubes (protein-wrapped)","g":4,"sg":"carbon nanotube","al":["single-wall carbon nanotubes wrapped in protein"],"ak":"cnt","r":[1619]},{"id":"ssdna-geng-2013-loop-deleted-phi29-connector","n":"ssDNA (Geng 2013, loop-deleted phi29 connector)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["ssDNA"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[1620]},{"id":"ssdna-120-nt-oligomer-dna1-liu-et-al-2013-sequence-in-si","n":"ssDNA 120-nt oligomer DNA1 (Liu et al. 2013, sequence in SI)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligomer","al":["120-nucleotide ssDNA oligomer (DNA1)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","120 nt","reported by Liu L 2013"],["Mass","about 38.4 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -120 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"120 nt","ms":"about 38.4 kDa","ch":"about -120 e at pH 7"},"szm":7.2e-08,"szs":"about 72 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1621]},{"id":"ssdna-5-taggg-ttaggg-3tt-3-human-telomere-g-quadruplex-n","n":"ssDNA 5'-TAGGG(TTAGGG)3TT-3' (human telomere G-quadruplex N)","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex","al":["natural human telomere sequence N (K+-induced hybrid folds)","native 25-mer human telomere sequence (K+ hybrid / Na+ basket)","minimal human telomere G-quadruplex without tail in three topologies"],"ak":"quad","pr":[["Size","23 nt","reported by An N 2013"],["Size","25 nt","reported by Wolna AH 2014"],["Mass","7,879 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -24 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"23 nt","ms":"7,879 Da","ch":"about -24 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTT","szm":1.5e-08,"szs":"about 15 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1622,1623,1624]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tagggttag-8-br-dg-gtta-8-br-dg-ggttagggtt-3-hybrid-2","n":"ssDNA 5'-TAGGGTTAG[8-Br-dG]GTTA[8-Br-dG]GGTTAGGGTT-3' (hybrid-2 model H2)","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex","al":["H2 model: telomere sequence with two 8-Br-dG that lock the hybrid-2 fold"],"ak":"quad","pr":[["Size","25 nt","reported by An N 2013"],["Mass","about 8,000 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -25 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"25 nt","ms":"about 8,000 Da","ch":"about -25 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TAGGGTTAG[8BrdG]GTTA[8BrdG]GGTTAGGGTT","szm":1.5e-08,"szs":"about 15 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1625]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tagggttagggttag-8-br-dg-gtta-8-br-dg-ggtt-3-hybrid-1","n":"ssDNA 5'-TAGGGTTAGGGTTAG[8-Br-dG]GTTA[8-Br-dG]GGTT-3' (hybrid-1 model H1)","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex","al":["H1 model: telomere sequence with two 8-Br-dG that lock the hybrid-1 fold"],"ak":"quad","pr":[["Size","25 nt","reported by An N 2013"],["Mass","about 8,000 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -25 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"25 nt","ms":"about 8,000 Da","ch":"about -25 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TAGGGTTAGGGTTAG[8BrdG]GTTA[8BrdG]GGTT","szm":1.5e-08,"szs":"about 15 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1626]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tattt-ttaggg-3tt-3-telomere-triplex-intermediate-mod","n":"ssDNA 5'-TATTT(TTAGGG)3TT-3' (telomere triplex intermediate model)","g":7,"sg":"G-triplex folding intermediate","al":["triplex-forming model 5'-TATTT(TTAGGG)3TT-3'"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","25 nt","reported by An N 2013"],["Mass","7,804 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -24 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"25 nt","ms":"7,804 Da","ch":"about -24 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TATTTTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTT","szm":1.5e-08,"szs":"about 15 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1627]},{"id":"ssdna-82-nt-cat-repeat-templates-5hmc-at-cpg-in-16-xcgy-cont","n":"ssDNA 82-nt CAT-repeat templates, 5hmC at CpG in 16 XCGY contexts (Schreiber 2013 set)","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt CAT-repeat DNA templates with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at the CpG of 16 XCGY contexts"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","82-nt template (CAT-repeat background) with 55-nt hairpin primer and 15-nt blocking oligomer","reported by Schreiber J 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"82-nt template (CAT-repeat background) with 55-nt hairpin primer and 15-nt blocking oligomer"},"r":[1628]},{"id":"ssdna-82-nt-cat-repeat-templates-5mc-at-cpg-in-16-xcgy-conte","n":"ssDNA 82-nt CAT-repeat templates, 5mC at CpG in 16 XCGY contexts (Schreiber 2013 set)","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt CAT-repeat DNA templates with 5-methylcytosine at the CpG of 16 XCGY contexts"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","82-nt template (CAT-repeat background) with 55-nt hairpin primer and 15-nt blocking oligomer","reported by Schreiber J 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"82-nt template (CAT-repeat background) with 55-nt hairpin primer and 15-nt blocking oligomer"},"r":[1629]},{"id":"ssdna-82-nt-cat-repeat-templates-c-at-cpg-in-16-xcgy-context","n":"ssDNA 82-nt CAT-repeat templates, C at CpG in 16 XCGY contexts (Schreiber 2013 set)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["82-nt CAT-repeat DNA templates with cytosine at the CpG of 16 XCGY contexts"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Size","82-nt template (CAT-repeat background) with 55-nt hairpin primer and 15-nt blocking oligomer","reported by Schreiber J 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"82-nt template (CAT-repeat background) with 55-nt hairpin primer and 15-nt blocking oligomer"},"r":[1630]},{"id":"ssdna-containing-one-5hmc-labeled-as-5c-bzim-dna2","n":"ssDNA containing one 5hmC labeled as 5C-Bzim (DNA2)","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["ssDNA with one 5hmC converted to benzimidazole (5C-Bzim), DNA2"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[1631]},{"id":"ssdna-containing-two-5hmc-labeled-as-5c-bzim-dna5","n":"ssDNA containing two 5hmC labeled as 5C-Bzim (DNA5)","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["ssDNA with two 5hmC-Bzim sites, DNA5"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[1632]},{"id":"ssdna-oligonucleotide-89-nt","n":"ssDNA oligonucleotide 89 nt","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["89-mer ssDNA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","89 nt","reported by Larkin J 2013"],["Mass","about 28.5 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -89 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"89 nt","ms":"about 28.5 kDa","ch":"about -89 e at pH 7"},"szm":5.34e-08,"szs":"about 53.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1633]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-30","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)30","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dA30 single-stranded DNA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","30 nt","reported by Venta K 2013"],["Mass","9,334 Da","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -29 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt","ms":"9,334 Da","ch":"about -29 e at pH 7"},"seq":"A30","szm":1.8e-08,"szs":"about 18 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1634,1635,1636]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-30","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)30","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","30 nt","reported by Venta K 2013"],["Mass","8,613 Da","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -29 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt","ms":"8,613 Da","ch":"about -29 e at pH 7"},"seq":"C30","szm":1.8e-08,"szs":"about 18 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1637,1638]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-40-background-with-2-deoxyuridine-at-w14-3-bio","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)40 background with 2'-deoxyuridine at w14, 3'-biotin (Wolna 2013)","g":7,"sg":"damaged ssDNA immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC) 40-mer with 2'-deoxyuridine at w14, 3'-biotin"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Wolna AH 2013"],["Mass","11.5 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"11.5 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1639]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-40-background-with-5-iodocytosine-at-w14-3-bio","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)40 background with 5-iodocytosine at w14, 3'-biotin (Wolna 2013)","g":7,"sg":"damaged ssDNA immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC) 40-mer with 5-iodocytosine at w14, 3'-biotin"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Wolna AH 2013"],["Mass","11.5 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"11.5 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1640]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-40-background-with-cis-syn-thymine-dimer-at-w1","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)40 background with cis-syn thymine dimer at w14, 3'-biotin (Wolna 2013)","g":7,"sg":"damaged ssDNA immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC) 40-mer with cis-syn thymine dimer at w14, 3'-biotin"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Wolna AH 2013"],["Mass","11.5 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"11.5 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1641]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-40-background-with-thymine-glycol-at-w14-3-bio","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)40 background with thymine glycol at w14, 3'-biotin (Wolna 2013)","g":7,"sg":"damaged ssDNA immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","al":["poly(dC) 40-mer with thymine glycol at w14, 3'-biotin"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Wolna AH 2013"],["Mass","11.5 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"11.5 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1642]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dt-30","n":"ssDNA poly(dT)30","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","30 nt","reported by Venta K 2013"],["Mass","9,064 Da","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -29 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt","ms":"9,064 Da","ch":"about -29 e at pH 7"},"seq":"T30","szm":1.8e-08,"szs":"about 18 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1643,1644]},{"id":"ssdna-polynucleotides-in-alpha-hl-track-etched-hybrid-pore-c","n":"ssDNA polynucleotides in alpha-HL/track-etched hybrid pore (Cabello-Aguilar 2013)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["polynucleotides (homopolymers) translocated through the hybrid pore"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[1645]},{"id":"ssdna-random-sequence-strands-with-5hmcpg-sites-laszlo-2013","n":"ssDNA random-sequence strands with 5hmCpG sites (Laszlo 2013 set)","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["DNA strands with hydroxymethylated CpG (5-hydroxymethylcytosine) sites"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","random-sequence strands with >= 3 CpGs; 22 constructs in all; sequences in SI Table S1 (not fetched)","reported by Laszlo AH 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"random-sequence strands with >= 3 CpGs; 22 constructs in all; sequences in SI Table S1 (not fetched)"},"r":[1646]},{"id":"ssdna-random-sequence-strands-with-5mcpg-sites-laszlo-2013-s","n":"ssDNA random-sequence strands with 5mCpG sites (Laszlo 2013 set)","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["DNA strands with methylated CpG (5-methylcytosine) sites"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","random-sequence strands with >= 3 CpGs; 22 constructs in all; sequences in SI Table S1 (not fetched)","reported by Laszlo AH 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"random-sequence strands with >= 3 CpGs; 22 constructs in all; sequences in SI Table S1 (not fetched)"},"r":[1647]},{"id":"ssdna-random-sequence-strands-with-unmethylated-cpg-sites-la","n":"ssDNA random-sequence strands with unmethylated CpG sites (Laszlo 2013 set)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["unmethylated control DNA strands (CpG with plain cytosine)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","random-sequence strands with >= 3 CpGs; 22 constructs in all; sequences in SI Table S1 (not fetched)","reported by Laszlo AH 2013"]],"hs":{"sz":"random-sequence strands with >= 3 CpGs; 22 constructs in all; sequences in SI Table S1 (not fetched)"},"r":[1648]},{"id":"ssdna-with-5-hydroxymethylcytosine-chemically-tagged-liu-et","n":"ssDNA with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (chemically tagged, Liu et al. 2013)","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["ssDNA containing chemically labeled 5-hydroxymethylcytosine"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[1649]},{"id":"streptococcus-mutans","n":"Streptococcus mutans","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-positive coccus, cariogenic)","ak":"strep","ax":"gp","pr":[["Size","coccus diameter 0.5 to 0.75 um","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Other","Gram-positive coccus","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"]],"hs":{"sz":"coccus diameter 0.5 to 0.75 um"},"ids":"taxon:1309","szm":7.5e-07,"szs":"750 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1650]},{"id":"syrian-hamster-prion-protein-kkrr-prp-120-232","n":"Syrian hamster prion protein KKRR-PrP(120-232)","g":11,"sg":"prion protein","al":["KKRR-ShPrP(120-232), N-terminal KKRR tag"],"ak":"protein","r":[1651]},{"id":"syrian-hamster-prion-protein-kkrr-prp-120-232-d178n","n":"Syrian hamster prion protein KKRR-PrP(120-232) D178N","g":11,"sg":"prion protein","al":["KKRR-ShPrP(120-232)-D178N mutant (associated with fatal familial insomnia and CJD)"],"ak":"protein","r":[1652]},{"id":"syrian-hamster-prion-protein-prp-120-232","n":"Syrian hamster prion protein PrP(120-232)","g":11,"sg":"prion protein","al":["ShPrP(120-232), truncated Syrian hamster prion protein"],"ak":"protein","r":[1653]},{"id":"tat-peptide-pna-probe-p7b-10-base-pna-for-let-7b","n":"TAT peptide-PNA probe P7b (10-base PNA for let-7b)","g":10,"sg":"PNA-peptide conjugate","al":["probe P7b alone (TAT peptide-PNA)"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[1654]},{"id":"thyroglobulin","n":"Thyroglobulin","g":11,"sg":"glycoprotein","al":["human thyroglobulin (Tg)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","660 kDa","reported by Plesa C 2013"],["Mass","660.0 kDa","reported by Li Y 2026"],["Charge","pI 4.5","reported by Li Y 2026"]],"hs":{"sz":"11.5 nm","ms":"660 kDa","ch":"pI 4.5"},"szm":1.149e-08,"szs":"about 11.5 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1655,1656]},{"id":"udp-uridine-5-diphosphate","n":"UDP (uridine 5'-diphosphate)","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate","al":["rUDP","UDP"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","404.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 6031"],["Formula","C9H14N2O12P2","PubChem CID 6031"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6031, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.98 nm","ms":"404.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6031","szm":9.759e-10,"szs":"about 0.98 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1657,1658]},{"id":"ag","n":"Ag+","g":16,"sg":"monovalent metal ion","ak":"ion","ax":"Ag|+1","pr":[["Charge","+1","reported by Wang Y 2014"],["Mass","107.87 Da (silver)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+1 e","from the ion's formula"],["Formula","Ag+","PubChem CID 104755"]],"hs":{"ms":"107.87 Da (silver)","ch":"+1"},"ids":"pubchem:104755","r":[1659]},{"id":"albumin-lyophilisomes","n":"Albumin lyophilisomes","g":4,"sg":"protein capsule","al":["albumin-based lyophilisomes, with and without cell-penetrating peptide TAT"],"ak":"grain","r":[1660]},{"id":"aptamer-functionalized-nanoparticles-17beta-estradiol-aptame","n":"Aptamer-functionalized nanoparticles (17beta-estradiol aptamer)","g":4,"sg":"aptamer-coated particle","al":["17beta-estradiol aptamer-functionalized nanoparticles (size contraction on binding)"],"ak":"bead","r":[1661]},{"id":"arsenic-iii-thiol-substitution-network-seven-components","n":"Arsenic(III)-thiol substitution network (seven components)","g":15,"sg":"single-molecule reaction","al":["arsenic(III) compounds undergoing thiol substitution"],"ak":"mol","r":[1662]},{"id":"aureococcus-anophagefferens","n":"Aureococcus anophagefferens","g":1,"sg":"pelagophyte (brown tide)","ak":"coccus","ids":"taxon:44056","r":[1663]},{"id":"bacterial-nucleoids-escherichia-coli-delta-hns-purified","n":"Bacterial nucleoids (Escherichia coli delta-hns, purified)","g":10,"sg":"bacterial nucleoid","al":["nucleoids purified from Escherichia coli delta-hns in stationary phase"],"ak":"ssdna","ids":"taxon:562","r":[1664]},{"id":"bacterial-nucleoids-escherichia-coli-wild-type-purified","n":"Bacterial nucleoids (Escherichia coli wild type, purified)","g":10,"sg":"bacterial nucleoid","al":["nucleoids purified from wild-type Escherichia coli"],"ak":"ssdna","ids":"taxon:562","r":[1665]},{"id":"bacteriophage-fd","n":"Bacteriophage fd","g":2,"sg":"bacteriophage (filamentous, Inoviridae)","al":["filamentous bacteriophage fd"],"ak":"virus-fil","pr":[["Size","6.6 nm x 880 nm rod","reported by McMullen A 2014; dimensions as quoted in Yang and Yamamoto 2016 (PMC5031608)"],["Other","stiff filamentous (rod) shape, persistence length about 2.8 um; ssDNA genome","reported by McMullen A 2014; dimensions as quoted in Yang and Yamamoto 2016 (PMC5031608)"],["Isoelectric point","4.2 (filamentous phages, polyelectrolyte titration)","Kilic G, Aybakan E, Tatlioglu N, Ozgun G, Kocagoz T, Mozioglu E 2025, PLoS One 20:e0325621, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0325621"],["Other","stated for filamentous phages in an M13 paper with a citation to earlier work; fd is a filamentous (Ff) phage","Kilic G, Aybakan E, Tatlioglu N, Ozgun G, Kocagoz T, Mozioglu E 2025, PLoS One 20:e0325621, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0325621"]],"hs":{"sz":"6.6 nm x 880 nm rod","ch":"pI 4.2 (filamentous phages, polyelectrolyte titration)"},"ids":"taxon:10864","szm":8.8e-07,"szs":"880 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1666]},{"id":"bacteriophage-m13-rgd4c-displaying-gene-delivery-vector","n":"Bacteriophage M13 (RGD4C-displaying gene delivery vector)","g":2,"sg":"bacteriophage (filamentous) vector","al":["M13 bacteriophage gene delivery vector (RGD4C-displaying)"],"ak":"virus-fil","pr":[["Charge","negatively charged at physiological pH; isoelectric point pH 3 by zeta potential titration (ZetaPALS, 1 mM KCl)","reported by Yata T 2014"],["Size","filament 7 nm in diameter and 700 to 2000 nm long (genus Inovirus range)","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Inovirus factsheet"],["Other","non-enveloped helical rod with adsorption proteins at one end","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Inovirus factsheet"]],"hs":{"sz":"filament 7 nm in diameter and 700 to 2000 nm long (genus Inovirus range)","ch":"negatively charged at physiological pH; isoelectric point pH 3 by zeta potential titration (ZetaPALS, 1 mM KCl)"},"ids":"taxon:10870","szm":2e-06,"szs":"2 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1667]},{"id":"beauveria-bassiana","n":"Beauveria bassiana","g":1,"sg":"fungus (entomopathogenic conidia)","al":["Beauveria bassiana conidia"],"ak":"spore","pr":[["Size","conidia 1.95 to 2.75 um (means of 29 isolates)","Valero-Jimenez CA, Debets AJ, van Kan JA, Schoustra SE, Takken W, Zwaan BJ, Koenraadt CJ 2014, Malar J 13, doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-479 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"conidia 1.95 to 2.75 um (means of 29 isolates)"},"ids":"taxon:176275","szm":2.75e-06,"szs":"2.75 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1668]},{"id":"calcifying-nanoparticles-calcium-phosphate-protein","n":"Calcifying nanoparticles (calcium phosphate-protein)","g":17,"sg":"biomineral nanoparticle","al":["calcifying nanoparticles (calcium phosphate mineral-protein complexes) propagated from human serum"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","210 nm diameter","reported by Hunter LW 2014"]],"hs":{"sz":"210 nm diameter"},"szm":2.1e-07,"szs":"210 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1669]},{"id":"cama-p1-kwklfkkigigkhflsakkf-nh2","n":"CAMA P1 KWKLFKKIGIGKHFLSAKKF-NH2","g":12,"sg":"antimicrobial chimera peptide","al":["CAMA P1 (one His)"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"KWKLFKKIGIGKHFLSAKKF-NH2","r":[1670]},{"id":"cama-p5-kwkhlkkigigkhflsakkf-nh2","n":"CAMA P5 KWKHLKKIGIGKHFLSAKKF-NH2","g":12,"sg":"antimicrobial chimera peptide","al":["CAMA P5 (two His)"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"KWKHLKKIGIGKHFLSAKKF-NH2","r":[1671]},{"id":"cama-p6-kwklfkkigigkflqsakkf-nh2","n":"CAMA P6 KWKLFKKIGIGKFLQSAKKF-NH2","g":12,"sg":"antimicrobial chimera peptide","al":["CAMA P6, cecropin A-magainin chimera peptide"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"KWKLFKKIGIGKFLQSAKKF-NH2","r":[1672]},{"id":"chaetoceros-calcitrans","n":"Chaetoceros calcitrans","g":1,"sg":"diatom (marine)","ak":"diatom","ax":"centric","pr":[["Size","cell diameter mode 2.8 to 3.0 um (Coulter)","reported by Kaspar HF 2014"],["Size","cells 3 to 10 um across and 3 to 10 um high (oval cylinder, 4 size classes)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","biovolume 20 to 356 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell diameter mode 2.8 to 3.0 um (Coulter)"},"ids":"taxon:265524","szm":1e-05,"szs":"10 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1673]},{"id":"cluster-au25-sg-18-glutathione-protected-gold-nanocluster","n":"Cluster Au25(SG)18 (glutathione-protected gold nanocluster)","g":4,"sg":"atomically precise metal nanocluster","al":["Au25(SG)18 glutathione-protected gold cluster"],"ak":"cluster","r":[1674]},{"id":"comea-vibrio-cholerae-competence-protein","n":"ComEA (Vibrio cholerae competence protein)","g":11,"sg":"DNA-binding protein","al":["ComEA (competence protein, Vibrio cholerae)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Mass","12 kDa","reported by Steinbock LJ 2014"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.02 nm","ms":"12 kDa"},"szm":3.022e-09,"szs":"about 3.02 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1675]},{"id":"complex-alpha-synuclein-with-nicotine-1c385","n":"Complex alpha-synuclein with (+)-nicotine","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["alpha-synuclein bound to (+)-nicotine"],"ak":"complex","r":[1676]},{"id":"complex-alpha-synuclein-with-nicotine","n":"Complex alpha-synuclein with (-)-nicotine","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["alpha-synuclein bound to (-)-nicotine"],"ak":"complex","r":[1677]},{"id":"complex-alpha-synuclein-with-caffeine","n":"Complex alpha-synuclein with caffeine","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["alpha-synuclein bound to caffeine"],"ak":"complex","r":[1678]},{"id":"complex-alpha-synuclein-with-curcumin","n":"Complex alpha-synuclein with curcumin","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["alpha-synuclein bound to curcumin"],"ak":"complex","r":[1679]},{"id":"complex-e-coli-ssb-with-ssdna","n":"Complex E. coli SSB with ssDNA","g":10,"sg":"DNA-protein complex","al":["single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB) bound to ssDNA"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1680]},{"id":"complex-hcv-ires-iia-rna-with-compound-1-straight-conformati","n":"Complex HCV IRES IIa RNA with compound 1 (straight conformation)","g":10,"sg":"RNA-small molecule complex","al":["HCV IRES IIa RNA bound by drug compound 1 (straightened conformation)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1681]},{"id":"complex-human-alpha-thrombin-thrombin-binding-aptamer-tba-gg","n":"Complex human alpha-thrombin : thrombin-binding aptamer TBA (GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG)","g":10,"sg":"protein-aptamer complex","al":["human thrombin bound to thrombin binding aptamer TBA d(GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","15 nt aptamer + 37 kDa protein","reported by Van Meervelt V 2014"]],"hs":{"sz":"15 nt aptamer + 37 kDa protein"},"seq":"GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG","r":[1682]},{"id":"complex-microrna-with-peg-barcoded-dna-probe-zhang-2014-pane","n":"Complex microRNA with PEG-barcoded DNA probe (Zhang 2014 panel)","g":10,"sg":"microRNA-DNA probe hybrid","al":["miRNA-barcode probe hybrids (miR-155, miR-182-5p, miR-210, miR-21)"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[1683]},{"id":"complex-proteinase-k-rnase-a","n":"Complex proteinase K/RNase A","g":11,"sg":"protein-protein complex","al":["ProtK/RNase 1:1 complex"],"ak":"complex","r":[1684]},{"id":"complex-streptavidin-bound-to-mono-biotinylated-dna","n":"Complex streptavidin bound to mono-biotinylated DNA","g":10,"sg":"DNA-protein complex","al":["DNA carrying a single biotin, tagged with one streptavidin"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1685]},{"id":"cu2","n":"Cu2+","g":16,"sg":"divalent metal ion","ak":"ion","ax":"Cu|+2","pr":[["Charge","+2","reported by Wang G 2014"],["Mass","63.546 Da (copper)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+2 e","from the ion's formula"],["Formula","Cu+2","PubChem CID 27099"]],"hs":{"ms":"63.546 Da (copper)","ch":"+2"},"ids":"pubchem:27099","r":[1686,1687]},{"id":"cylindrical-micelles-elastin-like-polypeptide-amphiphiles","n":"Cylindrical micelles (elastin-like polypeptide amphiphiles)","g":4,"sg":"micelle","al":["cylindrical micelles of elastin-like polypeptides with (FGG)8 or (YG)8 assembly tags"],"ak":"grain","r":[1688]},{"id":"dna-type-not-stated","n":"DNA (type not stated)","g":7,"sg":"DNA","al":["DNA (transported through CNT porins)"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[1689]},{"id":"dsdna-16-bp-duplex-with-c-ag-c-mc-ag-c-or-hmc-ag-c-mismatch","n":"dsDNA 16-bp duplex with C-Ag+-C, mC-Ag+-C or hmC-Ag+-C mismatch (Wang 2014)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex-metal ion complex","al":["duplexes TC/P, TmC/P, ThmC/P with C-C type mismatch, with and without Ag+"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1690]},{"id":"dsdna-22-bp-5-ttaatgctaatcgtgatagggg-3-blunt-duplex-c0-wang","n":"dsDNA 22-bp 5'-TTAATGCTAATCGTGATAGGGG-3' blunt duplex (C0, Wang 2014)","g":10,"sg":"blunt DNA duplex","al":["C0 blunt duplex (short strand = DNA version of miR-155)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","22 bp","reported by Wang Y 2014"]],"hs":{"sz":"22 bp"},"seq":"TTAATGCTAATCGTGATAGGGG / complement CCCCTATCACGATTAGCATTAA","r":[1691]},{"id":"dsdna-22-bp-duplex-with-3-dc-30-overhang-and-mismatched-shor","n":"dsDNA 22-bp duplex with 3' (dC)30 overhang and mismatched short strand 5'-TTAATGTTAATCGCGATAGGGG-3' (C30-MM, Wang 2014)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with poly(dC) overhang","al":["C30-MM duplex (two mismatches in the short strand)"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"short TTAATGTTAATCGCGATAGGGG; long 5'-CCCCTATCACGATTAGCATTAACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'","r":[1692]},{"id":"dsdna-22-bp-mir-155-derived-duplex-with-3-dc-12-overhang-c12","n":"dsDNA 22-bp miR-155-derived duplex with 3' (dC)12 overhang (C12, Wang 2014)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with poly(dC) overhang","al":["C12 duplex: 22-bp duplex with 3' (dC)12 overhang on the long strand"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"short TTAATGCTAATCGTGATAGGGG; long 5'-CCCCTATCACGATTAGCATTAACCCCCCCCCCCC-3'","r":[1693]},{"id":"dsdna-22-bp-mir-155-derived-duplex-with-3-dc-20-overhang-c20","n":"dsDNA 22-bp miR-155-derived duplex with 3' (dC)20 overhang (C20, Wang 2014)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with poly(dC) overhang","al":["C20 duplex: 22-bp duplex with 3' (dC)20 overhang on the long strand"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"short TTAATGCTAATCGTGATAGGGG; long 5'-CCCCTATCACGATTAGCATTAACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'","r":[1694]},{"id":"dsdna-22-bp-mir-155-derived-duplex-with-3-dc-30-overhang-c30","n":"dsDNA 22-bp miR-155-derived duplex with 3' (dC)30 overhang (C30, Wang 2014)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with poly(dC) overhang","al":["C30 duplex: 22-bp duplex with 3' (dC)30 overhang on the long strand"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"short TTAATGCTAATCGTGATAGGGG; long 5'-CCCCTATCACGATTAGCATTAACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'","r":[1695]},{"id":"dsdna-22-bp-mir-155-derived-duplex-with-3-dc-5-overhang-c5-w","n":"dsDNA 22-bp miR-155-derived duplex with 3' (dC)5 overhang (C5, Wang 2014)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with poly(dC) overhang","al":["C5 duplex: 22-bp duplex with 3' (dC)5 overhang on the long strand"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"short TTAATGCTAATCGTGATAGGGG; long 5'-CCCCTATCACGATTAGCATTAACCCCC-3'","r":[1696]},{"id":"dsdna-22-bp-mir-155-derived-duplex-with-3-dc-8-overhang-c8-w","n":"dsDNA 22-bp miR-155-derived duplex with 3' (dC)8 overhang (C8, Wang 2014)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with poly(dC) overhang","al":["C8 duplex: 22-bp duplex with 3' (dC)8 overhang on the long strand"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"short TTAATGCTAATCGTGATAGGGG; long 5'-CCCCTATCACGATTAGCATTAACCCCCCCC-3'","r":[1697]},{"id":"dsdna-5-t-24tggagctgctggcgtag-3-5-ctacgccagcagctcca-3-kras-l","n":"dsDNA 5'-(T)24TGGAGCTGCTGGCGTAG-3'/5'-CTACGCCAGCAGCTCCA-3' (KRAS latch reference duplex)","g":7,"sg":"partial DNA duplex","al":["unmodified KRAS duplex 5'-(T)24TGGAGCTGCTGGCGTAG / 5'-CTACGCCAGCAGCTCCA"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"5'-TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTGGAGCTGCTGGCGTAG-3' / 5'-CTACGCCAGCAGCTCCA-3'","r":[1698]},{"id":"dsdna-5-t-24tggagctgctggfgtag-3-17-mer-duplex-with-thf-abasi","n":"dsDNA 5'-(T)24TGGAGCTGCTGGFGTAG-3'/17-mer duplex with THF abasic analog (Johnson 2014 JPCL)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex held at the latch","al":["KRAS duplex with furan at position 2: 5'-(T)24TGGAGCTGCTGGFGTAG / 17-mer"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"5'-TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTGGAGCTGCTGG[F]GTAG-3' / 5'-CTACGCCAGCAGCTCCA-3'","r":[1699]},{"id":"dsdna-5-t-24tggagctgftggcgtag-3-17-mer-duplex-with-thf-abasi","n":"dsDNA 5'-(T)24TGGAGCTGFTGGCGTAG-3'/17-mer duplex with THF abasic analog (Johnson 2014 JPCL)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex held at the latch","al":["KRAS duplex with furan (F, abasic analog) at position 1: 5'-(T)24TGGAGCTGFTGGCGTAG / 17-mer"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"5'-TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTGGAGCTG[F]TGGCGTAG-3' / 5'-CTACGCCAGCAGCTCCA-3'","r":[1700]},{"id":"dsdna-61-bp-marshall-2014-duplex","n":"dsDNA 61 bp (Marshall 2014 duplex)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA oligonucleotide duplex","al":["61 bp duplex DNA (intact, pH 8)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","61 bp","reported by Marshall MM 2014"],["Length","61 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","18.8 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -60 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"61 bp","ms":"18.8 kDa","ch":"about -60 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AGTACTGCTAGCAATGCCCTGGAACGGAATTCTTAATAAAGATGTATCATTCTGCAGTACT","szm":3.66e-08,"szs":"about 36.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1701]},{"id":"dsdna-61-bp-depurinated-apurinic-sites","n":"dsDNA 61 bp depurinated (apurinic sites)","g":7,"sg":"damaged DNA","al":["61 bp duplex DNA depurinated by acid treatment (apurinic sites)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","61 bp","reported by Marshall MM 2014"],["Length","61 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","18.8 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -60 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"61 bp","ms":"18.8 kDa","ch":"about -60 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AGTACTGCTAGCAATGCCCTGGAACGGAATTCTTAATAAAGATGTATCATTCTGCAGTACT","szm":3.66e-08,"szs":"about 36.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1702]},{"id":"dsdna-bacteriophage-phix174-genome-5-386-bp","n":"dsDNA bacteriophage phiX174 genome (5,386 bp)","g":7,"sg":"viral genomic DNA","al":["bacteriophage phi X 174 genomic DNA (SspI-linearized, shotgun library with hairpin and cholesterol-tailed adaptors)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","5,386 bp genome; reads up to 4,500 bases","reported by Laszlo AH 2014"],["Mass","about 3.5 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -10,772 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"5,386 bp genome; reads up to 4,500 bases","ms":"about 3.5 MDa","ch":"about -10,772 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:10847","szm":1.831e-06,"szs":"1.83 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[1703]},{"id":"dsdna-escherichia-coli-k-12-mg1655-genome-4-6-mb","n":"dsDNA Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 genome (~4.6 Mb)","g":7,"sg":"bacterial genomic DNA","al":["Escherichia coli K-12 substr. MG1655 genomic DNA","Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 chromosome assembled de novo from nanopore data alone"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","single 4.6 Mb contig","reported by Loman NJ 2015"],["Mass","about 2,990 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -9,200,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"single 4.6 Mb contig","ms":"about 2,990 MDa","ch":"about -9,200,000 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:511145","szm":0.001564,"szs":"1.56 mm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[1704,1705]},{"id":"dsdna-kras-41-mer-5-t-24-tggagctgctggcgtag-17-mer-duplex-wit","n":"dsDNA KRAS 41-mer 5'-(T)24-TGGAGCTGCTGGCGTAG/17-mer duplex with THF abasic analog F (Johnson 2014)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex held at the latch","al":["KRAS 41-mer 5'-(T)24-TGGAGCTGCTGGCGTAG with 17-mer complement, with or without a tetrahydrofuran abasic analog (F) near the latch"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"long strand 5'-(T)24-TGGAGCTGCTGGCGTAG-3' (+ complementary 17-mer)","r":[1706]},{"id":"epstein-barr-virus-human-gammaherpesvirus-4","n":"Epstein-Barr virus (human gammaherpesvirus 4)","g":2,"sg":"herpesvirus (enveloped)","al":["Epstein-Barr virus particles"],"ak":"virus-corona","pr":[["Size","virion diameter 150 to 200 nm (enveloped, spherical to pleomorphic; T=16 capsid of 162 capsomers inside a tegument)","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Lymphocryptovirus factsheet"],["Other","genus-level value: ViralZone Lymphocryptovirus factsheet","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Lymphocryptovirus factsheet"]],"hs":{"sz":"virion diameter 150 to 200 nm (enveloped, spherical to pleomorphic; T=16 capsid of 162 capsomers inside a tegument)"},"ids":"taxon:10376","szm":2e-07,"szs":"200 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1707]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-erythrocytes","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human erythrocytes)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["erythrocyte-derived EV sample","red blood cell-derived EVs (REVs) with and without surface protein corona"],"ak":"vesicle","pr":[["Size","RPS mode 135 nm (lower cut-off 100 nm)","reported by Varga Z 2014"]],"hs":{"sz":"RPS mode 135 nm (lower cut-off 100 nm)"},"szm":1.35e-07,"szs":"135 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1708,1709]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-plasma","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human plasma)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes isolated by ultracentrifugation from human plasma","MUC16-affinity-selected EVs from blood plasma (high grade serous ovarian cancer vs healthy)","EVs and other submicron particles in human plasma"],"ak":"vesicle","pr":[["Size","70-110 nm by EM and qNano","reported by Cheng L 2014"]],"hs":{"sz":"70-110 nm by EM and qNano"},"szm":1.1e-07,"szs":"110 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1710,1711,1712]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-synovial-fibroblasts","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human synovial fibroblasts)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes from IL-1beta stimulated and unstimulated human synovial fibroblasts"],"ak":"vesicle","pr":[["Size","major peak 60-80 nm, range 60-200 nm","reported by Kato T 2014"]],"hs":{"sz":"major peak 60-80 nm, range 60-200 nm"},"szm":2e-07,"szs":"200 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1713]},{"id":"ffsqny-hiv-1-protease-product","n":"FFSQNY (HIV-1 protease product)","g":12,"sg":"protease substrate peptide","al":["cleavage product FFSQNY"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","6 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","804.9 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","6.1","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.23 nm","ms":"804.9 Da","ch":"-0.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"FFSQNY","szm":1.228e-09,"szs":"about 1.23 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1714]},{"id":"ffsqnypivq-hiv-1-protease-substrate","n":"FFSQNYPIVQ (HIV-1 protease substrate)","g":12,"sg":"protease substrate peptide","al":["HIV-1 protease substrate peptide FFSQNYPIVQ"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,242 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","6.1","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.42 nm","ms":"1,242 Da","ch":"-0.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"FFSQNYPIVQ","szm":1.419e-09,"szs":"about 1.42 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1715]},{"id":"fusion-pscfp2-pamcherry1","n":"Fusion PSCFP2-PAmCherry1","g":11,"sg":"fluorescent fusion protein","al":["fusion protein PSCFP2-PAmCherry1 (dimer)"],"ak":"protein","r":[1716]},{"id":"gold-cluster-au25-sg-18-glutathione-protected","n":"Gold cluster Au25(SG)18 (glutathione-protected)","g":4,"sg":"thiolate-protected metal cluster","al":["Au25(SG)18 glutathione-protected gold cluster"],"ak":"cluster","pr":[["Other","Au25 core, 18 glutathione ligands","reported by Angevine CE 2014"]],"r":[1717]},{"id":"gold-nanorods","n":"Gold nanorods","g":4,"sg":"metal nanorod","al":["positively charged gold nanorods (10 nm diameter, 44 to 65 nm long)"],"ak":"nanorod","pr":[["Size","diameter about 10 nm, length 44-65 nm","reported by Venta KE 2014"],["Charge","surface charge 26 mC/m2 (44 nm rods) and 18 mC/m2 (65 nm rods), from nanopore data","reported by Venta KE 2014"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter about 10 nm, length 44-65 nm","ch":"surface charge 26 mC/m2 (44 nm rods) and 18 mC/m2 (65 nm rods), from nanopore data"},"szm":6.5e-08,"szs":"65 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1718]},{"id":"green-fluorescent-protein-turbogfp","n":"Green fluorescent protein (TurboGFP)","g":11,"sg":"fluorescent protein","al":["green fluorescent protein (rTurboGFP)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","27 kDa","reported by Steinbock LJ 2014"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.96 nm","ms":"27 kDa"},"szm":3.96e-09,"szs":"about 3.96 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1719]},{"id":"human-alpha-synuclein-c-terminal-truncation-delta-25-residue","n":"Human alpha-synuclein C-terminal truncation (delta 25 residues)","g":11,"sg":"intrinsically disordered protein","al":["alpha-synuclein lacking the last 25 C-terminal residues"],"ak":"protein","r":[1720]},{"id":"human-immunodeficiency-virus-1-hiv-1-virions","n":"Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) virions","g":2,"sg":"retrovirus (enveloped)","al":["human immunodeficiency virus particles"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","virion diameter 80 to 100 nm (enveloped, spherical to pleomorphic)","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Lentivirus factsheet"],["Other","genus-level value: ViralZone Lentivirus factsheet; mature capsid quasi-icosahedral with 1572 capsid proteins","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Lentivirus factsheet"]],"hs":{"sz":"virion diameter 80 to 100 nm (enveloped, spherical to pleomorphic)"},"ids":"taxon:11676","szm":1e-07,"szs":"100 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1721]},{"id":"immune-complex-antibody-coated-microparticle-aggregates-ferr","n":"Immune complex: antibody-coated microparticle aggregates (ferritin)","g":4,"sg":"antibody-bead immune complex","al":["aggregates of antibody-functionalized microparticles formed by human ferritin"],"ak":"aggregate","r":[1722]},{"id":"immunoglobulin-a-iga","n":"Immunoglobulin A (IgA)","g":11,"sg":"antibody","al":["IgA"],"ak":"antibody","r":[1723]},{"id":"immunoglobulin-m-igm","n":"Immunoglobulin M (IgM)","g":11,"sg":"antibody","al":["IgM"],"ak":"antibody","r":[1724]},{"id":"leishmania-braziliensis","n":"Leishmania braziliensis","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (trypanosomatid)","ak":"trypanosome","pr":[["Size","promastigotes elongate and slender, about 10 to 12 um long; amastigotes spherical to ovoid, 1 to 5 um long and 1 to 2 um wide","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Leishmaniasis page, last reviewed June 5, 2024"],["Other","genus-level values","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Leishmaniasis page, last reviewed June 5, 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"promastigotes elongate and slender, about 10 to 12 um long; amastigotes spherical to ovoid, 1 to 5 um long and 1 to 2 um wide"},"ids":"taxon:5660","szm":1.2e-05,"szs":"12 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1725,1726]},{"id":"leishmania-infantum","n":"Leishmania infantum","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (trypanosomatid)","al":["Leishmania infantum promastigotes"],"ak":"trypanosome","pr":[["Size","promastigotes elongate and slender, about 10 to 12 um long; amastigotes spherical to ovoid, 1 to 5 um long and 1 to 2 um wide","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Leishmaniasis page, last reviewed June 5, 2024"],["Other","genus-level values","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Leishmaniasis page, last reviewed June 5, 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"promastigotes elongate and slender, about 10 to 12 um long; amastigotes spherical to ovoid, 1 to 5 um long and 1 to 2 um wide"},"ids":"taxon:5671","szm":1.2e-05,"szs":"12 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1727,1728]},{"id":"magnetic-microparticles","n":"Magnetic microparticles","g":4,"sg":"magnetic particle","al":["5 um magnetic particles"],"ak":"grain","r":[1729]},{"id":"mcf-7-cells","n":"MCF-7 cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human)","al":["MCF7 breast tumour cells (pure and spiked into whole blood)","non-metastatic MCF7 breast cancer cells"],"ak":"cell","pr":[["Size","diameter 15 to 17 um (Scepter 2.0 handheld counter, Scepter sensor technology)","EMD Millipore, Introducing Scepter 2.0 Cell Counter (product brochure), as entered in BioNumbers BNID 108926"],["Zeta potential","-20.9 +/- 0.4 mV (pH 7.4, dynamic light scattering, triplicates)","Bondar OV, Saifullina DV, Shakhmaeva II, Mavlyutova II, Abdullin TI 2012, Acta Naturae 4(1):78-81, doi:10.32607/20758251-2012-4-1-78-81, Table"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 15 to 17 um (Scepter 2.0 handheld counter, Scepter sensor technology)","ch":"zeta -20.9 +/- 0.4 mV (pH 7.4, dynamic light scattering, triplicates)"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":1.7e-05,"szs":"17 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1730,1731]},{"id":"mirna-hsa-mir-182-5p","n":"miRNA hsa-miR-182-5p","g":8,"sg":"microRNA","al":["miR-182-5p"],"ak":"ssrna","r":[1732]},{"id":"mirna-hsa-mir-210","n":"miRNA hsa-miR-210","g":8,"sg":"microRNA","al":["miR-210"],"ak":"ssrna","r":[1733]},{"id":"ni2","n":"Ni2+","g":16,"sg":"divalent metal ion","al":["Ni2+ ions captured by peptide-functionalised superparamagnetic nanocarriers"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Ni|+2","pr":[["Charge","+2","reported by Wang G 2014"],["Mass","58.693 Da (nickel)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+2 e","from the ion's formula"],["Formula","Ni+2","PubChem CID 934"]],"hs":{"ms":"58.693 Da (nickel)","ch":"+2"},"ids":"pubchem:934","r":[1734,1735,1736]},{"id":"ostreopsis-ovata","n":"Ostreopsis ovata","g":1,"sg":"dinoflagellate (benthic, toxic)","al":["Ostreopsis cf. ovata"],"ak":"dino","ids":"taxon:114202","r":[1737]},{"id":"poliovirus-inactivated-vaccine-particles","n":"Poliovirus (inactivated vaccine particles)","g":2,"sg":"enterovirus (non-enveloped, icosahedral)","al":["inactivated poliovirus"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","about 26 nm diameter","reported by Terejánszky P 2014"],["Isoelectric point","8.2 (poliovirus)","Floyd R, Sharp DG 1979, Appl Environ Microbiol 38:395-401, doi:10.1128/aem.38.3.395-401.1979"],["Other","value for native poliovirus as cited in the abstract, not measured on inactivated vaccine particles","Floyd R, Sharp DG 1979, Appl Environ Microbiol 38:395-401, doi:10.1128/aem.38.3.395-401.1979"],["Zeta potential","-20 mV (mean; poliovirus type 2 Sabin strain in modified tap water, laser microscopic electrophoresis)","Kondo Y, Morita Y, Yamada A, Kimura H 2004, Microbiol Immunol 48:599-605, doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03557.x"],["Other","value for live poliovirus type 2, not for inactivated vaccine particles","Kondo Y, Morita Y, Yamada A, Kimura H 2004, Microbiol Immunol 48:599-605, doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03557.x"],["Isoelectric point","about 7 (poliovirus 1, primary isoelectric focusing band of monodispersed virus; a secondary band near pH 4 to 5 came from aggregated virus)","Heffron J, Mayer BK 2020, Appl Environ Microbiol 86, doi:10.1128/AEM.01674-20"],["Other","review of Vrijsen et al.; value for native poliovirus 1","Heffron J, Mayer BK 2020, Appl Environ Microbiol 86, doi:10.1128/AEM.01674-20"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 26 nm diameter","ch":"zeta -20 mV (mean; poliovirus type 2 Sabin strain in modified tap water, laser microscopic electrophoresis)"},"ids":"taxon:12080","szm":2.6e-08,"szs":"26 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1738]},{"id":"pollen-raphanus-raphanistrum","n":"Pollen, Raphanus raphanistrum","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["wild radish pollen (Raphanus raphanistrum)"],"ak":"pollen","ids":"taxon:109996","r":[1739]},{"id":"poly-ethylene-glycol-peg-dna-hairpin-conjugate","n":"Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), DNA hairpin conjugate","g":14,"sg":"PEG-DNA conjugate","al":["low molecular weight PEG conjugated to a DNA hairpin"],"ak":"polymer","pr":[["Mass","PEG down to 140 Da","reported by Cao C 2014"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.69 nm","ms":"PEG down to 140 Da"},"szm":6.854e-10,"szs":"about 0.69 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1740]},{"id":"poly-ethylene-glycol-carboxylate-peg-cooh","n":"Poly(ethylene glycol) carboxylate (PEG-COOH)","g":14,"sg":"polyether (oxidized)","al":["charged PEG-carboxylate (200 and 600 g/mol)"],"ak":"polymer","pr":[["Mass","200 and 600 g/mol","reported by Cabello-Aguilar S 2014"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.11 nm","ms":"200 and 600 g/mol"},"szm":1.113e-09,"szs":"about 1.11 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1741]},{"id":"protein-dna-complex-human-thrombin-with-tba-deltat12","n":"Protein-DNA complex human thrombin with TBA-deltaT12","g":11,"sg":"protein-aptamer complex","al":["human thrombin bound to TBA-deltaT12 (abasic at T12)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1742]},{"id":"protein-dna-complex-human-thrombin-with-tba-deltat3","n":"Protein-DNA complex human thrombin with TBA-deltaT3","g":11,"sg":"protein-aptamer complex","al":["human thrombin bound to TBA-deltaT3 (abasic at T3)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1743]},{"id":"protein-dna-complex-human-thrombin-with-tba-t12a","n":"Protein-DNA complex human thrombin with TBA-T12A","g":11,"sg":"protein-aptamer complex","al":["human thrombin bound to TBA-T12A"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1744]},{"id":"protein-dna-complex-human-thrombin-with-tba-t3a","n":"Protein-DNA complex human thrombin with TBA-T3A","g":11,"sg":"protein-aptamer complex","al":["human thrombin bound to TBA-T3A"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1745]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-male-ssdna-oligonucleotide-chimera","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate MalE-ssDNA oligonucleotide chimera","g":11,"sg":"protein-DNA conjugate","al":["chimera of recombinant MalE (single C-terminal cysteine) covalently linked to a single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1746]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-oligo-dc-30-s1c-thioredoxin-v5-n-termi","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate oligo(dC)30-S1C-thioredoxin V5 (N-terminal pulling)","g":11,"sg":"protein-DNA conjugate","al":["thioredoxin with oligo(dC)30 on an N-terminal cysteine (oligo(dC)30-S1C-TrxV5)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1747]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-thioredoxin-trxa107-s112-phospho-ser11","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate thioredoxin TrxA107/S112 phospho-Ser112-oligo(dC)30","g":11,"sg":"phosphoprotein-DNA conjugate","al":["TrxA107/S112 phosphorylated at Ser-112 - oligo(dC)30"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1748]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-thioredoxin-trxa107-s112-unphosphoryla","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate thioredoxin TrxA107/S112 unphosphorylated-oligo(dC)30","g":11,"sg":"phosphoprotein-DNA conjugate","al":["TrxA107/S112 unphosphorylated - oligo(dC)30"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1749]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-thioredoxin-trxs107-phospho-ser107-oli","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate thioredoxin TrxS107 phospho-Ser107-oligo(dC)30","g":11,"sg":"phosphoprotein-DNA conjugate","al":["TrxS107 phosphorylated at Ser-107 - oligo(dC)30"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1750]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-thioredoxin-trxs107-unphosphorylated-o","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate thioredoxin TrxS107 unphosphorylated-oligo(dC)30","g":11,"sg":"phosphoprotein-DNA conjugate","al":["TrxS107 unphosphorylated (RRNS site in C-terminal helix) - oligo(dC)30"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1751]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-thioredoxin-trxs107-a112-phospho-ser10","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate thioredoxin TrxS107/A112 phospho-Ser107-oligo(dC)30","g":11,"sg":"phosphoprotein-DNA conjugate","al":["TrxS107/A112 phosphorylated at Ser-107 - oligo(dC)30"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1752]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-thioredoxin-trxs107-a112-unphosphoryla","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate thioredoxin TrxS107/A112 unphosphorylated-oligo(dC)30","g":11,"sg":"phosphoprotein-DNA conjugate","al":["TrxS107/A112 unphosphorylated - oligo(dC)30"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1753]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-thioredoxin-trxs107-s112-diphospho-oli","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate thioredoxin TrxS107/S112 diphospho-oligo(dC)30","g":11,"sg":"phosphoprotein-DNA conjugate","al":["TrxS107/S112 diphosphorylated (pSer107, pSer112) - oligo(dC)30"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1754]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-thioredoxin-trxs107-s112-unphosphoryla","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate thioredoxin TrxS107/S112 unphosphorylated-oligo(dC)30","g":11,"sg":"phosphoprotein-DNA conjugate","al":["TrxS107/S112 unphosphorylated - oligo(dC)30"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1755]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-thioredoxin-trxs112-phospho-ser112-oli","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate thioredoxin TrxS112 phospho-Ser112-oligo(dC)30","g":11,"sg":"phosphoprotein-DNA conjugate","al":["TrxS112 phosphorylated at Ser-112 - oligo(dC)30"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1756]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-thioredoxin-trxs112-unphosphorylated-o","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate thioredoxin TrxS112 unphosphorylated-oligo(dC)30","g":11,"sg":"phosphoprotein-DNA conjugate","al":["TrxS112 unphosphorylated (RRAS site, Ser-112) - oligo(dC)30"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1757]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-thioredoxin-trxs95-phospho-ser95-oligo","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate thioredoxin TrxS95 phospho-Ser95-oligo(dC)30","g":11,"sg":"phosphoprotein-DNA conjugate","al":["TrxS95 phosphorylated at Ser-95 - oligo(dC)30"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1758]},{"id":"protein-dna-conjugate-thioredoxin-trxs95-unphosphorylated-ol","n":"Protein-DNA conjugate thioredoxin TrxS95 unphosphorylated-oligo(dC)30","g":11,"sg":"phosphoprotein-DNA conjugate","al":["TrxS95 unphosphorylated (RRLS site in loop) - oligo(dC)30"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1759]},{"id":"proteinase-k","n":"Proteinase K","g":11,"sg":"protease","al":["proteinase K (ProtK)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","DLS diameter 4.76 nm; nanopore-derived 4.8 nm (HfO2)","reported by Larkin J 2014"],["Mass","28.9 kDa","reported by Larkin J 2014"],["Charge","pI 8.9","reported by Larkin J 2014"],["Isoelectric point","8.2","computed from UniProt P06873, Proteinase K 106 to 384, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+2.8 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P06873, Proteinase K 106 to 384, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","279 amino acids","computed from UniProt P06873, Proteinase K 106 to 384"]],"hs":{"sz":"DLS diameter 4.76 nm; nanopore-derived 4.8 nm (HfO2)","ms":"28.9 kDa","ch":"pI 8.9"},"ids":"uniprot:P06873","szm":4.8e-09,"szs":"4.8 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1760,1761]},{"id":"ribonuclease-a-bovine-pancreatic","n":"Ribonuclease A (bovine pancreatic)","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","al":["ribonuclease A (refolds after denaturation)","ribonuclease A trapped in the NEOtrap","ribonuclease A (RNase A)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","DLS diameter 3.68 nm; nanopore-derived 4.1 nm (HfO2)","reported by Larkin J 2014"],["Mass","13.7 kDa","reported by Larkin J 2014"],["Charge","pI 9.6","reported by Larkin J 2014"],["Isoelectric point","8.4","computed from UniProt P61823, Ribonuclease pancreatic 27 to 150, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+4.7 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P61823, Ribonuclease pancreatic 27 to 150, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","124 amino acids","computed from UniProt P61823, Ribonuclease pancreatic 27 to 150"]],"hs":{"sz":"DLS diameter 3.68 nm; nanopore-derived 4.1 nm (HfO2)","ms":"13.7 kDa","ch":"pI 9.6"},"ids":"uniprot:P61823","szm":4.1e-09,"szs":"4.1 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1762,1763,1764,1765]},{"id":"rna-3-oligo-u-tailed-oligonucleotide-series-10-40-nt-clamer","n":"RNA 3'-oligo(U)-tailed oligonucleotide series 10-40 nt (Clamer 2014)","g":8,"sg":"RNA oligonucleotide","al":["ssRNAs 10-40 nt with 3'-oligo(U) tails of four or more U (length series)"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"24 nm","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1766]},{"id":"rna-5-cccccaaaaa-3","n":"RNA 5'-CCCCCAAAAA-3'","g":8,"sg":"RNA oligonucleotide","al":["C5A5 RNA (3'-A5 tail)"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","10 nt","reported by Clamer M 2014"],["Mass","3,110 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -9 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"10 nt","ms":"3,110 Da","ch":"about -9 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCAAAAA","szm":6e-09,"szs":"about 6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1767]},{"id":"rna-5-cccccggggg-3","n":"RNA 5'-CCCCCGGGGG-3'","g":8,"sg":"RNA oligonucleotide","al":["C5G5 RNA (3'-G5 tail)"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","10 nt","reported by Clamer M 2014"],["Mass","3,190 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -9 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"10 nt","ms":"3,190 Da","ch":"about -9 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCGGGGG","szm":6e-09,"szs":"about 6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1768]},{"id":"rna-5-cccccuuuuu-3","n":"RNA 5'-CCCCCUUUUU-3'","g":8,"sg":"RNA oligonucleotide","al":["C5U5 RNA (3'-U5 tail)"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","10 nt","reported by Clamer M 2014"],["Mass","2,995 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -9 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"10 nt","ms":"2,995 Da","ch":"about -9 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCUUUUU","szm":6e-09,"szs":"about 6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1769]},{"id":"rna-hcv-ires-subdomain-iia-model-bent","n":"RNA HCV IRES subdomain IIa model (bent)","g":8,"sg":"viral RNA motif","al":["hepatitis C virus IRES subdomain IIa model (two hybridized RNA strands), bent conformation"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[1770]},{"id":"rna-oligonucleotides-with-internal-or-5-oligo-u-clamer-2014","n":"RNA oligonucleotides with internal or 5' oligo(U) (Clamer 2014 controls)","g":8,"sg":"RNA oligonucleotide","al":["ssRNAs with oligo(U) at the 5' end or in the middle"],"ak":"ssrna","r":[1771]},{"id":"rna-poly-c-10","n":"RNA poly(C)10","g":8,"sg":"RNA oligonucleotide","al":["C10 RNA (C5C5)"],"ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","10 nt","reported by Clamer M 2014"],["Mass","2,990 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -9 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"10 nt","ms":"2,990 Da","ch":"about -9 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCC","szm":6e-09,"szs":"about 6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1772]},{"id":"rna-polymerase-bacterial-neb","n":"RNA polymerase (bacterial, NEB)","g":11,"sg":"polymerase","al":["RNA polymerase (RNAp, NEB)"],"ak":"protein","r":[1773]},{"id":"series-gfp-variants-clpxp-substrates","n":"Series GFP variants (ClpXP substrates)","g":11,"sg":"fluorescent protein","al":["green fluorescent protein variants (point mutants, proteolytically cleaved, beta-strand rearranged) in multidomain strands"],"ak":"protein","r":[1774]},{"id":"series-titin-i27-domain-point-mutants-clpxp-substrates","n":"Series titin I27 domain point mutants (ClpXP substrates)","g":11,"sg":"immunoglobulin domain","al":["titin I27 immunoglobulin domain point mutants in multidomain strands"],"ak":"antibody","r":[1775]},{"id":"sio2-au-gamma-fe2o3-porous-composite-microspheres-magnetic-c","n":"SiO2/Au/gamma-Fe2O3 porous composite microspheres (magnetic catalyst)","g":6,"sg":"catalysts and zeolites","al":["Porous SiO2/Au/gamma-Fe2O3 composite microspheres (magnetic recoverable catalyst)"],"ak":"bead","r":[1776]},{"id":"snow-dust-antarctic-surface-snow","n":"Snow dust (Antarctic surface snow)","g":5,"sg":"snow dust","al":["Mineral dust in Antarctic surface snow"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","counted 1.1 to 30.0 um; volume distribution log-normal from 1.1 to 6.0 um with mode 3.562 um; number concentration 81,843 particles/mL","reported by Kang JH 2014"]],"hs":{"sz":"counted 1.1 to 30.0 um; volume distribution log-normal from 1.1 to 6.0 um with mode 3.562 um; number concentration 81,843 particles/mL"},"szm":3e-05,"szs":"30 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1777]},{"id":"snow-dust-greenland-snowpit","n":"Snow dust (Greenland snowpit)","g":5,"sg":"snow dust","al":["Mineral dust in Greenland snowpit"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","counted 1.1 to 30.0 um; volume distribution log-normal from 1.1 to 6.0 um with mode 3.836 um; number concentration 10,666 particles/mL","reported by Kang JH 2014"]],"hs":{"sz":"counted 1.1 to 30.0 um; volume distribution log-normal from 1.1 to 6.0 um with mode 3.836 um; number concentration 10,666 particles/mL"},"szm":3e-05,"szs":"30 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1778]},{"id":"ssdna-256-nt-de-bruijn-quadromer-library-eight-strands-laszl","n":"ssDNA 256-nt de Bruijn quadromer library (eight strands, Laszlo 2014)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["256-nt de Bruijn sequence (all 256 quadromers) split into eight DNA strands"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","256 nt de Bruijn sequence in eight strands, each with a calibration sequence","reported by Laszlo AH 2014"],["Mass","about 81.9 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -256 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"256 nt de Bruijn sequence in eight strands, each with a calibration sequence","ms":"about 81.9 kDa","ch":"about -256 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.536e-07,"szs":"about 154 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1779]},{"id":"ssdna-5-da-25-taggg-ttaggg-3tt-3-telomere-g4-with-da25-tail","n":"ssDNA 5'-(dA)25-TAGGG(TTAGGG)3TT-3' (telomere G4 with dA25 tail)","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex","al":["human telomere G-quadruplex with 5'-dA25 threading tail (hybrid, basket and propeller folds)"],"ak":"quad","pr":[["Size","50 nt","reported by An N 2014"],["Mass","15.7 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -49 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"50 nt","ms":"15.7 kDa","ch":"about -49 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAATAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTT","szm":3e-08,"szs":"about 30 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1780]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aataaaata-5hmc-tataaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AATAAAATA[5hmC]TATAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["target ThmC (5-hydroxymethylcytosine at mismatch site)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","16 nt","reported by Wang Y 2014"],["Mass","about 5,120 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"16 nt","ms":"about 5,120 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AATAAAATA[5hmC]TATAAA","szm":9.6e-09,"szs":"about 9.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1781]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aataaaata-5mc-tataaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AATAAAATA[5mC]TATAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["target TmC (5-methylcytosine at mismatch site)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","16 nt","reported by Wang Y 2014"],["Mass","about 5,120 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"16 nt","ms":"about 5,120 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AATAAAATA[5mC]TATAAA","szm":9.6e-09,"szs":"about 9.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1782]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aataaaatactataaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AATAAAATACTATAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["target TC (C at mismatch site)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","16 nt","reported by Wang Y 2014"],["Mass","4,889 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -15 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"16 nt","ms":"4,889 Da","ch":"about -15 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AATAAAATACTATAAA","szm":9.6e-09,"szs":"about 9.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1783]},{"id":"ssdna-5-c19aacgctac14-3-biotin-with-g-c8-t-n3-cross-link-wol","n":"ssDNA 5'-C19AACGCTAC14-3'-biotin with G(C8)-T(N3) cross-link (Wolna 2014)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA with intrastrand cross-link","al":["40-mer poly(dC) with the cross-link site shifted (position 2), 3'-biotin, immobilized"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Wolna AH 2014"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAACGCTACCCCCCCCCCCCCC-biotin (40-mer; G and T in AACGCTA cross-linked; trailing C count inferred from the 40-nt length)","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1784]},{"id":"ssdna-5-c20ccaacgctacccca20-3-with-g-c8-t-n3-cross-link-woln","n":"ssDNA 5'-C20CCAACGCTACCCCA20-3' with G(C8)-T(N3) cross-link (Wolna 2014)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA with intrastrand cross-link","al":["trans-side capture strand 5'-C20CCAACGCTACCCCA20-3' with cross-link"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","53 nt","reported by Wolna AH 2014"],["Mass","about 17 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -53 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"53 nt","ms":"about 17 kDa","ch":"about -53 e at pH 7"},"seq":"C20CCAACGCTACCCCA20 (expanded: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAACGCTACCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA)","szm":3.18e-08,"szs":"about 31.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1785]},{"id":"ssdna-5-c22aacgctacccca23-3-with-g-c8-t-n3-cross-link-wolna","n":"ssDNA 5'-C22AACGCTACCCCA23-3' with G(C8)-T(N3) cross-link (Wolna 2014)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA with intrastrand cross-link","al":["53-mer for free translocation: C22AACGCTACCCC(A)23 with cross-link"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","53 nt","reported by Wolna AH 2014"],["Length","56 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","16.8 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -55 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"53 nt","ms":"16.8 kDa","ch":"about -55 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAACGCTACCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":3.36e-08,"szs":"about 33.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1786]},{"id":"ssdna-5-c23aacgctac10-3-biotin-with-g-c8-t-n3-cross-link-wol","n":"ssDNA 5'-C23AACGCTAC10-3'-biotin with G(C8)-T(N3) cross-link (Wolna 2014)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA with intrastrand cross-link","al":["40-mer poly(dC) strand with embedded 5'-AACGCTA-3' cross-link site (G-T cross-link), 3'-biotin, immobilized (position 1)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Wolna AH 2014"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAACGCTACCCCCCCCCC-biotin (G and T in AACGCTA cross-linked)","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1787]},{"id":"ssdna-5-c30-cgcggcattaaagttatttaatgccgcg-c30-3-internal-hair","n":"ssDNA 5'-C30-CGCGGCATTAAAGTTATTTAATGCCGCG-C30-3' (internal hairpin)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin with tails","al":["internal hairpin flanked by C30 tails"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Length","88 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","26 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -87 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"52.8 nm","ms":"26 kDa","ch":"about -87 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGCGGCATTAAAGTTATTTAATGCCGCGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","szm":5.28e-08,"szs":"about 52.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1788]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatca-abasic-abasic-abasic-tcatcatca-5c","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCA(5c(abasic)C)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, AnCGA context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCA(5c(abasic)C)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1789]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatca-abasic-abasic-abasic-tcatcatca-5c-a176e","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCA(5c(abasic)C)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, AnCGC context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCA(5c(abasic)C)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1790]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatca-abasic-abasic-abasic-tcatcatca-5c-c0cc5","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCA(5c(abasic)C)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, AnCGG context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCA(5c(abasic)C)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1791]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatca-abasic-abasic-abasic-tcatcatca-5c-4199a","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCA(5c(abasic)C)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, AnCGT context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCA(5c(abasic)C)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1792]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatca-abasic-abasic-abasic-tcatcatcc-5c","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCC(5c(abasic)C)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, CnCGA context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCC(5c(abasic)C)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1793]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatca-abasic-abasic-abasic-tcatcatcc-5c-63d21","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCC(5c(abasic)C)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, CnCGC context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCC(5c(abasic)C)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1794]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatca-abasic-abasic-abasic-tcatcatcc-5c-e6d25","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCC(5c(abasic)C)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, CnCGG context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCC(5c(abasic)C)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1795]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatca-abasic-abasic-abasic-tcatcatcc-5c-2717b","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCC(5c(abasic)C)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, CnCGT context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCC(5c(abasic)C)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1796]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatca-abasic-abasic-abasic-tcatcatcg-5c","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCG(5c(abasic)C)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, GnCGA context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCG(5c(abasic)C)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1797]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatca-abasic-abasic-abasic-tcatcatcg-5c-4b5de","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCG(5c(abasic)C)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, GnCGC context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCG(5c(abasic)C)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1798]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatca-abasic-abasic-abasic-tcatcatcg-5c-b9cb2","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCG(5c(abasic)C)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, GnCGG context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCG(5c(abasic)C)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1799]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatca-abasic-abasic-abasic-tcatcatcg-5c-9e0ca","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCG(5c(abasic)C)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, GnCGT context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCG(5c(abasic)C)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1800]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatca-abasic-abasic-abasic-tcatcatct-5c","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCT(5c(abasic)C)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, TnCGA context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCT(5c(abasic)C)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1801]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatca-abasic-abasic-abasic-tcatcatct-5c-54155","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCT(5c(abasic)C)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, TnCGC context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCT(5c(abasic)C)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1802]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatca-abasic-abasic-abasic-tcatcatct-5c-6c242","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCT(5c(abasic)C)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, TnCGG context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCT(5c(abasic)C)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1803]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatca-abasic-abasic-abasic-tcatcatct-5c-4de40","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCT(5c(abasic)C)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, TnCGT context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)TCATCATCT(5c(abasic)C)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1804]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatc-abasic-tcatcatca-5hmc-gatcatcatc","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCA(5hmC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, AnCGA context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCA(5hmC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1805]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatc-abasic-tcatcatca-5hmc-gctcatcatc","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCA(5hmC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, AnCGC context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCA(5hmC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1806]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatc-abasic-tcatcatca-5hmc-ggtcatcatc","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCA(5hmC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, AnCGG context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCA(5hmC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1807]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatc-abasic-tcatcatca-5hmc-gttcatcatc","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCA(5hmC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, AnCGT context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCA(5hmC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1808]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatc-abasic-tcatcatcc-5hmc-gatcatcatc","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCC(5hmC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, CnCGA context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCC(5hmC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1809]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatc-abasic-tcatcatcc-5hmc-gctcatcatc","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCC(5hmC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, CnCGC context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCC(5hmC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1810]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatc-abasic-tcatcatcc-5hmc-ggtcatcatc","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCC(5hmC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, CnCGG context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCC(5hmC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1811]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatc-abasic-tcatcatcc-5hmc-gttcatcatc","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCC(5hmC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, CnCGT context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCC(5hmC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1812]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatc-abasic-tcatcatcg-5hmc-gatcatcatc","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCG(5hmC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, GnCGA context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCG(5hmC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1813]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatc-abasic-tcatcatcg-5hmc-gctcatcatc","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCG(5hmC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, GnCGC context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCG(5hmC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1814]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatc-abasic-tcatcatcg-5hmc-ggtcatcatc","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCG(5hmC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, GnCGG context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCG(5hmC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1815]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatc-abasic-tcatcatcg-5hmc-gttcatcatc","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCG(5hmC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, GnCGT context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCG(5hmC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1816]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatc-abasic-tcatcatct-5hmc-gatcatcatc","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCT(5hmC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, TnCGA context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCT(5hmC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1817]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatc-abasic-tcatcatct-5hmc-gctcatcatc","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCT(5hmC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, TnCGC context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCT(5hmC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1818]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatc-abasic-tcatcatct-5hmc-ggtcatcatc","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCT(5hmC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, TnCGG context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCT(5hmC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1819]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatc-abasic-tcatcatct-5hmc-gttcatcatc","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCT(5hmC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, TnCGT context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATC(abasic)TCATCATCT(5hmC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1820]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcatca-5mc-gatcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCA(5mC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, AnCGA context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCA(5mC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1821]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcatca-5mc-gctcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCA(5mC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, AnCGC context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCA(5mC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1822]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcatca-5mc-ggtcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCA(5mC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, AnCGG context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCA(5mC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1823]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcatca-5mc-gttcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCA(5mC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, AnCGT context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCA(5mC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1824]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcc-5mc-gatcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCC(5mC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, CnCGA context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCC(5mC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1825]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcc-5mc-gctcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCC(5mC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, CnCGC context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCC(5mC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1826]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcc-5mc-ggtcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCC(5mC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, CnCGG context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCC(5mC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1827]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcc-5mc-gttcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCC(5mC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, CnCGT context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCC(5mC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1828]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcg-5mc-gatcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCG(5mC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, GnCGA context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCG(5mC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1829]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcg-5mc-gctcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCG(5mC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, GnCGC context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCG(5mC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1830]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcg-5mc-ggtcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCG(5mC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, GnCGG context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCG(5mC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1831]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcg-5mc-gttcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCG(5mC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, GnCGT context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCG(5mC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1832]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcatct-5mc-gatcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCT(5mC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, TnCGA context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCT(5mC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1833]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcatct-5mc-gctcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCT(5mC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, TnCGC context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCT(5mC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1834]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcatct-5mc-ggtcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCT(5mC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, TnCGG context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCT(5mC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1835]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatcatcatcatct-5mc-gttcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCT(5mC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, TnCGT context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCT(5mC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1836]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatggtcatcatcacgatcatcatcatcatcatcatt","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCACGATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["82-nt template, AnCGA context with cytosine, label TGG"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","25 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -81 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"25 kDa","ch":"about -81 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCACGATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1837]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatggtcatcatcacgctcatcatcatcatcatcatt","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCACGCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["82-nt template, AnCGC context with cytosine, label TGG"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","24.9 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -81 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"24.9 kDa","ch":"about -81 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCACGCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1838]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatggtcatcatcacggtcatcatcatcatcatcatt","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCACGGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["82-nt template, AnCGG context with cytosine, label TGG"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","25 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -81 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"25 kDa","ch":"about -81 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCACGGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1839]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatggtcatcatcacgttcatcatcatcatcatcatt","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCACGTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["82-nt template, AnCGT context with cytosine, label 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phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"24.9 kDa","ch":"about -81 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCCCGATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1841]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatggtcatcatcccgctcatcatcatcatcatcatt","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCCCGCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["82-nt template, CnCGC context with cytosine, label TGG"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","24.9 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -81 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"24.9 kDa","ch":"about -81 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCCCGCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1842]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatggtcatcatcccggtcatcatcatcatcatcatt","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCCCGGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["82-nt template, CnCGG context with cytosine, label TGG"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","25 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -81 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"25 kDa","ch":"about -81 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCCCGGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1843]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatggtcatcatcccgttcatcatcatcatcatcatt","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCCCGTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA 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with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -81 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"25 kDa","ch":"about -81 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCGCGATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1845]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatggtcatcatcgcgctcatcatcatcatcatcatt","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCGCGCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["82-nt template, GnCGC context with cytosine, label TGG"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","25 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -81 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"25 kDa","ch":"about -81 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCGCGCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1846]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatggtcatcatcgcggtcatcatcatcatcatcatt","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCGCGGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["82-nt template, GnCGG context with cytosine, label TGG"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","25 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -81 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"25 kDa","ch":"about -81 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCGCGGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1847]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatggtcatcatcgcgttcatcatcatcatcatcatt","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCGCGTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["82-nt template, GnCGT context with cytosine, label TGG"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","25 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -81 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"25 kDa","ch":"about -81 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCGCGTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1848]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatggtcatcatctcgatcatcatcatcatcatcatt","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCTCGATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["82-nt template, TnCGA context with cytosine, label TGG"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","25 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -81 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"25 kDa","ch":"about -81 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCTCGATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1849]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatggtcatcatctcgctcatcatcatcatcatcatt","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCTCGCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["82-nt template, TnCGC context with cytosine, label TGG"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","24.9 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -81 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"24.9 kDa","ch":"about -81 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCTCGCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1850]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatggtcatcatctcggtcatcatcatcatcatcatt","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCTCGGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["82-nt template, TnCGG context with cytosine, label TGG"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","25 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -81 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"25 kDa","ch":"about -81 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCTCGGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1851]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcatggtcatcatctcgttcatcatcatcatcatcatt","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCTCGTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["82-nt template, TnCGT context with cytosine, label TGG"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","25 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -81 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"25 kDa","ch":"about -81 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATGGTCATCATCTCGTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1852]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcattttcatcatca-5fc-gatcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCA(5fC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, AnCGA context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCA(5fC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1853]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcattttcatcatca-5fc-gctcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCA(5fC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, AnCGC context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCA(5fC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1854]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcattttcatcatca-5fc-ggtcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCA(5fC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, AnCGG context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCA(5fC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1855]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcattttcatcatca-5fc-gttcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCA(5fC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, AnCGT context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCA(5fC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1856]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcattttcatcatcc-5fc-gatcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCC(5fC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, CnCGA context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCC(5fC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1857]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcattttcatcatcc-5fc-gctcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCC(5fC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, CnCGC context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCC(5fC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1858]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcattttcatcatcc-5fc-ggtcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCC(5fC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, CnCGG context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCC(5fC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1859]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcattttcatcatcc-5fc-gttcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCC(5fC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, CnCGT context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCC(5fC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1860]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcattttcatcatcg-5fc-gatcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCG(5fC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, GnCGA context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCG(5fC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1861]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcattttcatcatcg-5fc-gctcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCG(5fC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, GnCGC context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCG(5fC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1862]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcattttcatcatcg-5fc-ggtcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCG(5fC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, GnCGG context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCG(5fC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1863]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcattttcatcatcg-5fc-gttcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCG(5fC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, GnCGT context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCG(5fC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1864]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcattttcatcatct-5fc-gatcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCT(5fC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, TnCGA context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCT(5fC)GATCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1865]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcattttcatcatct-5fc-gctcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCT(5fC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, TnCGC context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCT(5fC)GCTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1866]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcattttcatcatct-5fc-ggtcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCT(5fC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, TnCGG context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCT(5fC)GGTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1867]},{"id":"ssdna-5-catcatcatcatcatcattttcatcatct-5fc-gttcatcatcatcatcat","n":"ssDNA 5'-CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCT(5fC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["82-nt template, TnCGT context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","82 nt","reported by Wescoe ZL 2014"],["Mass","about 26.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -82 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"82 nt","ms":"about 26.2 kDa","ch":"about -82 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CATCATCATCATCATCATTTTCATCATCT(5fC)GTTCATCATCATCATCATCATTATTATTAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","szm":4.92e-08,"szs":"about 49.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1868]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cgcggcattaaagttatttaatgccgcg-c30-3-fishhook-hairpin","n":"ssDNA 5'-CGCGGCATTAAAGTTATTTAATGCCGCG-C30-3' (fishhook hairpin)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin with tails","al":["fishhook hairpin with 3' C30 tail"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Length","58 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","17.3 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -57 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"34.8 nm","ms":"17.3 kDa","ch":"about -57 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CGCGGCATTAAAGTTATTTAATGCCGCGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","szm":3.48e-08,"szs":"about 34.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1869]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tagggt-tagggttagggttagggtt-3-telomere-g4-with-5-t-t","n":"ssDNA 5'-TAGGGT=TAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTT-3' (telomere G4 with 5' T=T)","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex with thymine dimer","al":["5' T=T: telomere sequence with thymine dimer in the first loop"],"ak":"quad","pr":[["Size","25 nt","reported by Wolna AH 2014"],["Mass","about 8,000 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -25 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"25 nt","ms":"about 8,000 Da","ch":"about -25 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TAGGG[T=T]AGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTT","szm":1.5e-08,"szs":"about 15 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1870]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tagggttagggt-tagggttagggtt-3-telomere-g4-with-middle","n":"ssDNA 5'-TAGGGTTAGGGT=TAGGGTTAGGGTT-3' (telomere G4 with middle T=T)","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex with thymine dimer","al":["M T=T: thymine dimer in the middle loop"],"ak":"quad","pr":[["Size","25 nt","reported by Wolna AH 2014"],["Mass","about 8,000 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -25 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"25 nt","ms":"about 8,000 Da","ch":"about -25 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TAGGGTTAGGG[T=T]AGGGTTAGGGTT","szm":1.5e-08,"szs":"about 15 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1871]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tagggttagggttagggt-tagggtt-3-telomere-g4-with-3-t-t","n":"ssDNA 5'-TAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGT=TAGGGTT-3' (telomere G4 with 3' T=T)","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex with thymine dimer","al":["3' T=T: thymine dimer in the third loop"],"ak":"quad","pr":[["Size","25 nt","reported by Wolna AH 2014"],["Mass","about 8,000 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -25 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"25 nt","ms":"about 8,000 Da","ch":"about -25 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGG[T=T]AGGGTT","szm":1.5e-08,"szs":"about 15 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1872]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tttatactattttatt-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-TTTATACTATTTTATT-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA probe","al":["probe P"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","16 nt","reported by Wang Y 2014"],["Mass","4,826 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -15 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"16 nt","ms":"4,826 Da","ch":"about -15 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTTATACTATTTTATT","szm":9.6e-09,"szs":"about 9.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1873]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tttatactattttattaga10ga15-3-probe-p","n":"ssDNA 5'-TTTATACTATTTTATTAGA10GA15-3' (probe P')","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA probe with tail","al":["probe P' with poly(A)-rich tail"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","44 nt","reported by Wang Y 2014"],["Mass","13.6 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -43 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"44 nt","ms":"13.6 kDa","ch":"about -43 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTTATACTATTTTATTAGAAAAAAAAAAGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":2.64e-08,"szs":"about 26.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[1874]},{"id":"ssdna-microrna-probe-with-24-mer-peg-barcode-via-click-chemi","n":"ssDNA microRNA probe with 24-mer PEG barcode via click chemistry (P24 series, Zhang 2014)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-PEG conjugate probe","al":["DNA probe P24 with 24-mer PEG barcode on the lead (one per target miRNA)"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[1875]},{"id":"ssdna-microrna-probe-with-3-mer-peg-barcode-via-click-chemis","n":"ssDNA microRNA probe with 3-mer PEG barcode via click chemistry (P3 series, Zhang 2014)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-PEG conjugate probe","al":["DNA probe P3 with 3-mer PEG barcode on the lead (one per target miRNA)"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[1876]},{"id":"ssdna-microrna-probe-with-8-mer-peg-barcode-via-click-chemis","n":"ssDNA microRNA probe with 8-mer PEG barcode via click chemistry (P8 series, Zhang 2014)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-PEG conjugate probe","al":["DNA probe P8 with 8-mer PEG barcode on the lead (one per target miRNA)"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[1877]},{"id":"ssdna-microrna-probe-with-no-peg-barcode-via-click-chemistry","n":"ssDNA microRNA probe with no PEG barcode via click chemistry (P0 series, Zhang 2014)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-PEG conjugate probe","al":["DNA probe P0 with no PEG barcode on the lead (one per target miRNA)"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[1878]},{"id":"thrombin-aptamer-complexes-on-superparamagnetic-beads","n":"Thrombin-aptamer complexes on superparamagnetic beads","g":10,"sg":"aptamer-protein complex on bead","al":["thrombin bound to DNA aptamers on superparamagnetic beads"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1879]},{"id":"trichodesmium-sp","n":"Trichodesmium sp.","g":1,"sg":"cyanobacterium (filamentous, nitrogen-fixing)","al":["Trichodesmium"],"ak":"rod","ax":"cyano","r":[1880]},{"id":"trypanosoma-rangeli","n":"Trypanosoma rangeli","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (trypanosomatid)","al":["Trypanosoma rangeli epimastigotes"],"ak":"trypanosome","ids":"taxon:5698","r":[1881]},{"id":"vapor-bubbles-superheated-electrolyte-homogeneous-nucleation","n":"Vapor bubbles (superheated electrolyte, homogeneous nucleation)","g":17,"sg":"gas bubble","al":["single vapor bubble nucleated by Joule heating in a nanopore"],"ak":"bubble","pr":[["Size","upper limit of radius about 620 nm for a spherical bubble, set by the roughly 5 pJ of available heat (a calculated bound, not a measured size); pore radius 53.5 nm, 71 nm thick","Nagashima G, Levine EV, Hoogerheide DP, Burns MM, Golovchenko JA 2014, Phys Rev Lett 113:024506, doi:10.1103/physrevlett.113.024506 (the analyte's own paper)"],["Other","nucleation near 600 K at the pore center; bubble events about 16 ns long, about 120 ns apart; measured growth speed about 49 to 52 m/s","Nagashima G, Levine EV, Hoogerheide DP, Burns MM, Golovchenko JA 2014, Phys Rev Lett 113:024506, doi:10.1103/physrevlett.113.024506 (the analyte's own paper)"]],"hs":{"sz":"upper limit of radius about 620 nm for a spherical bubble, set by the roughly 5 pJ of available heat (a calculated bound, not a measured size); pore radius 53.5 nm, 71 nm thick"},"szm":6.2e-07,"szs":"620 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1882]},{"id":"a549-cells","n":"A549 cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human lung)","al":["A549 cells in fingertip blood"],"ak":"cell","pr":[["Size","average cell diameter 17.3 um (CASY Cell Counter + Analyzer System Model TTC)","Hosokawa M, Kenmotsu H, Koh Y, Yoshino T, Yoshikawa T, Naito T, et al. 2013, PLoS One 8:e67466, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067466, Table 1"]],"hs":{"sz":"average cell diameter 17.3 um (CASY Cell Counter + Analyzer System Model TTC)"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":1.73e-05,"szs":"17.3 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1883]},{"id":"alkb-alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent-dioxygenase-e-coli","n":"AlkB alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (E. coli)","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","al":["E. coli AlkB demethylase with Fe2+ (AlkB-Fe2+)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","25 kDa","reported by Soskine M 2015"],["Mass","24.1 kDa","computed from UniProt P05050, Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase AlkB 1 to 216"],["Isoelectric point","8.0","computed from UniProt P05050, Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase AlkB 1 to 216, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+2.5 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P05050, Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase AlkB 1 to 216, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","216 amino acids","computed from UniProt P05050, Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase AlkB 1 to 216"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.81 nm","ms":"25 kDa","ch":"+2.5 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P05050","szm":3.812e-09,"szs":"about 3.81 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1884]},{"id":"alkb-n120d-e-coli","n":"AlkB N120D (E. coli)","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","al":["AlkB N120D mutant"],"ak":"protein","r":[1885]},{"id":"bacteriophage-m13","n":"Bacteriophage M13","g":2,"sg":"bacteriophage (filamentous, inovirus) vector","al":["bacteriophage M13 vector (non-targeted, no RGD4C ligand)","filamentous bacteriophage M13"],"ak":"virus-fil","pr":[["Isoelectric point","4.2 (filamentous phages, polyelectrolyte titration)","Kilic G, Aybakan E, Tatlioglu N, Ozgun G, Kocagoz T, Mozioglu E 2025, PLoS One 20:e0325621, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0325621"],["Other","stated in the introduction with a citation to earlier work; applies to filamentous (Ff) phages generally","Kilic G, Aybakan E, Tatlioglu N, Ozgun G, Kocagoz T, Mozioglu E 2025, PLoS One 20:e0325621, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0325621"]],"hs":{"ch":"pI 4.2 (filamentous phages, polyelectrolyte titration)"},"ids":"taxon:10870","r":[1886,1887]},{"id":"bont-b-cleavage-product-of-lp-sb2-1-93","n":"BoNT-B cleavage product of Lp-Sb2(1-93)","g":12,"sg":"protease product","al":["BoNT-B-digested peptide marker released from Lp-Sb2(1-93)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[1888]},{"id":"chikungunya-virus-genome-cdna-metagenomic-nanopore-reads","n":"Chikungunya virus genome (cDNA, metagenomic nanopore reads)","g":7,"sg":"viral cDNA (metagenomic)","al":["chikungunya virus (CHIKV) from an asymptomatic blood donor"],"ak":"dsdna","ids":"taxon:37124","r":[1889]},{"id":"complex-alpha-synuclein-with-amphetamine","n":"Complex alpha-synuclein with amphetamine","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["alpha-synuclein bound to amphetamine"],"ak":"complex","r":[1890]},{"id":"complex-alpha-synuclein-with-cocaine","n":"Complex alpha-synuclein with cocaine","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["alpha-synuclein bound to cocaine"],"ak":"complex","r":[1891]},{"id":"complex-alpha-synuclein-with-metformin","n":"Complex alpha-synuclein with metformin","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["alpha-synuclein bound to metformin"],"ak":"complex","r":[1892]},{"id":"complex-alpha-synuclein-with-methylphenidate","n":"Complex alpha-synuclein with methylphenidate","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["alpha-synuclein bound to methylphenidate (Ritalin)"],"ak":"complex","r":[1893]},{"id":"complex-alpha-synuclein-with-paraquat","n":"Complex alpha-synuclein with paraquat","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["alpha-synuclein bound to paraquat (herbicide)"],"ak":"complex","r":[1894]},{"id":"complex-alpha-synuclein-with-r-1-aminoindan","n":"Complex alpha-synuclein with R-1-aminoindan","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["alpha-synuclein bound to R-1-aminoindan (rasagiline metabolite)"],"ak":"complex","r":[1895]},{"id":"complex-alpha-synuclein-with-rasagiline","n":"Complex alpha-synuclein with rasagiline","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["alpha-synuclein bound to rasagiline"],"ak":"complex","r":[1896]},{"id":"complex-alpha-synuclein-with-rotenone","n":"Complex alpha-synuclein with rotenone","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["alpha-synuclein bound to rotenone (pesticide)"],"ak":"complex","r":[1897]},{"id":"complex-alpha-synuclein-with-selegiline","n":"Complex alpha-synuclein with selegiline","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["alpha-synuclein bound to selegiline"],"ak":"complex","r":[1898]},{"id":"complex-anti-dna-antibodies-bound-to-lambda-dna","n":"Complex anti-DNA antibodies bound to lambda DNA","g":10,"sg":"DNA-protein complex","al":["anti-DNA antibodies bound to lambda phage DNA"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1899]},{"id":"complex-dna-carrier-7-2-kbp-with-bound-streptavidin","n":"Complex DNA carrier (7.2 kbp) with bound streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"DNA carrier-protein complex","al":["DNA carrier with bound streptavidin"],"ak":"dna-carrier","hs":{"sz":"2.45 µm"},"szm":2.448e-06,"szs":"about 2.45 µm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[1900]},{"id":"complex-dsdna-10-kbp-with-cisplatin-adducts","n":"Complex dsDNA 10 kbp with cisplatin adducts","g":10,"sg":"DNA-drug complex","al":["10 kbp dsDNA reacting with cisplatin (DNA-cisplatin complexes)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","10 kbp","reported by Zhou Z 2015"]],"hs":{"sz":"10 kbp"},"szm":3.4e-06,"szs":"about 3.4 µm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[1901]},{"id":"complex-ecori-bound-to-dsdna-glass-nanocapillary","n":"Complex EcoRI bound to dsDNA (glass nanocapillary)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-protein complex","al":["EcoRI bound to DNA"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1902]},{"id":"complex-let-7a-with-poly-dc-30-tagged-dna-probe-plet7a-huang","n":"Complex let-7a with poly(dC)30-tagged DNA probe Plet7a (Huang 2015)","g":10,"sg":"microRNA-DNA probe hybrid","al":["let-7a hybridized to probe Plet7a (poly-C30 tags on both ends)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1903]},{"id":"complex-let-7i-with-poly-dc-30-tagged-dna-probe-plet7i-huang","n":"Complex let-7i with poly(dC)30-tagged DNA probe Plet7i (Huang 2015)","g":10,"sg":"microRNA-DNA probe hybrid","al":["let-7i hybridized to probe Plet7i"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1904]},{"id":"complex-rna-polymerase-bound-to-dsdna-glass-nanocapillary","n":"Complex RNA polymerase bound to dsDNA (glass nanocapillary)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-protein complex","al":["RNA polymerase bound to DNA"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1905]},{"id":"complex-zif268-egr1-zinc-finger-dna-binding-domain-bound-to","n":"Complex zif268 (EGR1 zinc-finger DNA-binding domain) bound to DNA","g":10,"sg":"DNA-transcription factor complex","al":["zif268 (EGR1 DNA-binding domain) bound to DNA"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1906]},{"id":"complex-zinc-finger-protein-zfp-bound-to-dsdna-at-a-specific","n":"Complex zinc finger protein (ZFP) bound to dsDNA at a specific site","g":10,"sg":"DNA-protein complex","al":["zinc finger protein (ZFP) bound to a specific locus on dsDNA"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[1907]},{"id":"cp2a-glu-patch-asn12-core-arg-patch-36-aa","n":"CP2a (Glu patch, Asn12 core, Arg patch; 36 aa)","g":12,"sg":"engineered charged-terminus polypeptide","al":["CP2a, 36-residue polypeptide with terminal Glu and Arg patches flanking a central 12-Asn segment"],"ak":"peptide","r":[1908]},{"id":"cp2b-glu-patch-gln12-core-arg-patch-36-aa","n":"CP2b (Glu patch, Gln12 core, Arg patch; 36 aa)","g":12,"sg":"engineered charged-terminus polypeptide","al":["CP2b, like CP2a but with 12 glutamines in the central segment"],"ak":"peptide","r":[1909]},{"id":"dhfr-c-terminal-positive-tag-dhfrtag-e-coli","n":"DHFR C-terminal positive tag (DHFRtag, E. coli)","g":11,"sg":"engineered enzyme","al":["DHFR with four extra positive charges at the C-terminus (DHFRtag), with methotrexate"],"ak":"protein","r":[1910]},{"id":"dhfr-strep-tag-fusion-dhfrst-e-coli-dhfr","n":"DHFR-Strep-tag fusion (DHFRST, E. coli DHFR)","g":11,"sg":"engineered enzyme","al":["DHFR with C-terminal polypeptide extension ending in a Strep-tag (DHFRST)"],"ak":"protein","r":[1911]},{"id":"dihydrofolate-reductase-e-coli","n":"Dihydrofolate reductase (E. coli)","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","al":["E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)","dihydrofolate reductase with ligands (substrates, cofactor, transition-state analogues)","wild-type E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","19 kDa","reported by Soskine M 2015"],["Mass","18 kDa","computed from UniProt P0ABQ4, Dihydrofolate reductase 1 to 159"],["Isoelectric point","4.6","computed from UniProt P0ABQ4, Dihydrofolate reductase 1 to 159, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-8.9 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P0ABQ4, Dihydrofolate reductase 1 to 159, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","159 amino acids","computed from UniProt P0ABQ4, Dihydrofolate reductase 1 to 159"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.46 nm","ms":"19 kDa","ch":"-8.9 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P0ABQ4","szm":3.459e-09,"szs":"about 3.46 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1912,1913,1914]},{"id":"dipicolinic-acid","n":"Dipicolinic acid","g":15,"sg":"bacterial spore marker","al":["dipicolinic acid (DPA)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","167.12 g/mol","PubChem CID 10367"],["Formula","C7H5NO4","PubChem CID 10367"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 10367, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.73 nm","ms":"167.12 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:10367","szm":7.271e-10,"szs":"about 0.73 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[1915]},{"id":"diubiquitin-two-linkage-isomers","n":"Diubiquitin (two linkage isomers)","g":11,"sg":"polyubiquitin chain","al":["ubiquitin dimers of two linkage types (same mass, different 3D structure)"],"ak":"protein","r":[1916]},{"id":"dna-carrier-m13mp18-based-7-2-kbp-duplex","n":"DNA carrier m13mp18-based 7.2 kbp duplex","g":10,"sg":"designed DNA carrier","al":["DNA carrier: linearized m13mp18 genome hybridized with nearly 200 oligonucleotides (7,228 bp duplex)"],"ak":"dna-carrier","pr":[["Size","7,228 bp","reported by Bell NA 2015"]],"hs":{"sz":"7,228 bp"},"szm":2.448e-06,"szs":"about 2.45 µm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[1917]},{"id":"dsdna-interstrand-cross-linked-duplexes-zhang-2015-series","n":"dsDNA interstrand cross-linked duplexes (Zhang 2015 series)","g":10,"sg":"interstrand cross-linked DNA duplex","al":["interstrand cross-linked duplex DNA substrates (several cross-link chemistries)"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[1918]},{"id":"dsdna-latch-zone-duplex-with-symmetric-5mc-g-mc-ding-2015","n":"dsDNA latch-zone duplex with symmetric 5mC (G:mC) (Ding 2015)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex held at the latch","al":["duplexes with 5-methylcytosine in both strands (G:mC) at the latch"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[1919]},{"id":"dsdna-latch-zone-duplexes-with-8-oxog-c-or-7-deazag-c-ding-2","n":"dsDNA latch-zone duplexes with 8-oxoG:C or 7-deazaG:C (Ding 2015)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex held at the latch","al":["duplexes with 8-oxoG or 7-deazaguanine opposite C at the latch"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[1920]},{"id":"dsdna-latch-zone-duplexes-with-a-t-in-place-of-g-c-ding-2015","n":"dsDNA latch-zone duplexes with A:T in place of G:C (Ding 2015 series)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex held at the latch","al":["duplexes with one G:C replaced by A:T in the latch zone (position series)"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[1921]},{"id":"dsdna-mazg-amplicon-m-tuberculosis-h37ra-uncut","n":"dsDNA mazG amplicon M. tuberculosis H37Ra (uncut)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA amplicon","al":["mazG amplicon from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (not cut by NaeI because of a C-to-A variant)"],"ak":"dsdna","ids":"taxon:1773","r":[1922]},{"id":"dsdna-mazg-amplicon-m-tuberculosis-h37rv-naei-fragments-321","n":"dsDNA mazG amplicon M. tuberculosis H37Rv (NaeI fragments 321 + 621 bp)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA restriction fragments","al":["mazG amplicon from M. tuberculosis H37Rv digested by NaeI into 321 bp and 621 bp"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","321 bp and 621 bp","reported by Squires AH 2015"],["Mass","about 404 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -1,242 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"321 bp and 621 bp","ms":"about 404 kDa","ch":"about -1,242 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:83332","szm":2.111e-07,"szs":"211 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[1923]},{"id":"dsdna-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-genome","n":"dsDNA Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome","g":7,"sg":"eukaryotic genomic DNA","al":["Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic DNA"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","~12 Mb genome; reads 5-50 kbp","reported by Goodwin S 2015"],["Mass","about 7,800 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -24,000,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"~12 Mb genome; reads 5-50 kbp","ms":"about 7,800 MDa","ch":"about -24,000,000 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:4932","szm":0.00408,"szs":"4.08 mm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[1924]},{"id":"dsdna-salmonella-enterica-serovar-typhi-h58-genome","n":"dsDNA Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi H58 genome","g":7,"sg":"bacterial genomic DNA","al":["Salmonella Typhi Haplotype 58 genomic DNA (composite antibiotic resistance island)"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[1925]},{"id":"ebola-virus-genome-cdna-nanopore-sequencing","n":"Ebola virus genome (cDNA, nanopore sequencing)","g":7,"sg":"viral cDNA amplicons","al":["Ebola virus (EBOV) from two patients with acute hemorrhagic fever","Ebola virus genomes from patients in Liberia (field laboratory)","Ebola virus (Makona) genomes from patient samples in Guinea"],"ak":"dsdna","ids":"taxon:186538","r":[1926,1927,1928]},{"id":"ebola-virus-like-particle-gp-vp40","n":"Ebola virus-like particle (GP/VP40)","g":2,"sg":"virus-like particle (vaccine candidate, filamentous)","al":["Ebola virus-like particles (GP and VP40), filamentous and sonicated nano-VLP"],"ak":"virus-fil","pr":[["Size","filaments 70 to 85 nm wide and up to 4 um long; sonicated nano-VLP mean diameter near 230 nm, morphologies up to about 1500 nm long","reported by Carra JH 2015"]],"hs":{"sz":"filaments 70 to 85 nm wide and up to 4 um long; sonicated nano-VLP mean diameter near 230 nm, morphologies up to about 1500 nm long"},"ids":"taxon:186538","szm":4e-06,"szs":"4 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1929]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-platelets","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human platelets)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs from human platelet concentrates"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[1930]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-saliva","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human saliva)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs in human saliva (fresh and freeze-thawed)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[1931]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-jurkat-t-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (Jurkat T cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EV subpopulations secreted by Jurkat cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[1932]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-mia-paca-2-pancreatic-cancer-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EV subpopulations secreted by MiaPaCa cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[1933]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-sk-mes-1-lung-squamous-carcinoma-cell","n":"Extracellular vesicles (SK-MES-1 lung squamous carcinoma cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes from SK-MES-1 non-small-cell lung cancer cell conditioned medium"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[1934]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-thermococcus-onnurineus-archaeon","n":"Extracellular vesicles (Thermococcus onnurineus, archaeon)","g":3,"sg":"archaeal extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus onnurineus NA1T (density bands B and C)"],"ak":"vesicle","pr":[["Other","buoyant densities 1.2434 and 1.2648 g/cm3 at 25 C","reported by Choi DH 2015"]],"r":[1935]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-thp-1-monocytic-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (THP-1 monocytic cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EV subpopulations secreted by THP-1 cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[1936]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-u937-monocytic-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (U937 monocytic cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EV subpopulations secreted by U937 cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[1937]},{"id":"extravidin-deglycosylated-avidin","n":"Extravidin (deglycosylated avidin)","g":11,"sg":"biotin-binding protein","ak":"multimer","pr":[["Charge","pI about 6.4","reported by Fahie MA 2015"]],"hs":{"ch":"pI about 6.4"},"r":[1938]},{"id":"fmoc-dd-a10-kk-a10","n":"Fmoc-DD-A10-KK (A10)","g":12,"sg":"alpha-helical peptide","al":["A10 peptide FmocDDA10KK"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"Fmoc-DDAAAAAAAAAAKK","r":[1939]},{"id":"fmoc-dd-a14-kk-a14","n":"Fmoc-DD-A14-KK (A14)","g":12,"sg":"alpha-helical peptide","al":["A14 peptide"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"Fmoc-DDAAAAAAAAAAAAAAKK","r":[1940]},{"id":"fmoc-dd-a18-kk-a18","n":"Fmoc-DD-A18-KK (A18)","g":12,"sg":"alpha-helical peptide","al":["A18 peptide"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"Fmoc-DDAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAKK","r":[1941]},{"id":"gcn4-p1-leucine-zipper-dimer","n":"GCN4-p1 leucine zipper (dimer)","g":12,"sg":"coiled-coil peptide","al":["GCN4-p1 leucine zipper dimer (coiled coil)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","33 amino acids per chain","reported by Niedzwiecki DJ 2015"]],"hs":{"sz":"33 amino acids per chain"},"r":[1942]},{"id":"gcn4-p1-leucine-zipper-monomer","n":"GCN4-p1 leucine zipper (monomer)","g":12,"sg":"coiled-coil peptide","al":["GCN4-p1 monomer"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","33 amino acids","reported by Niedzwiecki DJ 2015"]],"hs":{"sz":"33 amino acids"},"r":[1943]},{"id":"goat-polyclonal-anti-biotin-antibody","n":"Goat polyclonal anti-biotin antibody","g":11,"sg":"antibody","ak":"antibody","r":[1944]},{"id":"groel-single-ring-chaperonin-e-coli","n":"GroEL single-ring chaperonin (E. coli)","g":11,"sg":"chaperonin","al":["single-ring GroEL (SR1-type chaperonin)"],"ak":"protein","r":[1945]},{"id":"guillardia-theta","n":"Guillardia theta","g":1,"sg":"cryptophyte","ak":"flagellate","ids":"taxon:55529","r":[1946]},{"id":"hepatitis-b-virus-capsid-assembly-intermediates","n":"Hepatitis B virus capsid assembly intermediates","g":2,"sg":"capsid assembly intermediate","al":["hepatitis B virus capsid assembly intermediates (non-capsid oligomers and pre-T = 4 particles)"],"ak":"virus-corona","pr":[["Size","between and below the 32 nm (T = 3) and 35 nm (T = 4) capsids; sized as number of dimers","reported by Harms ZD 2015"]],"hs":{"sz":"between and below the 32 nm (T = 3) and 35 nm (T = 4) capsids; sized as number of dimers"},"ids":"taxon:10407","szm":3.5e-08,"szs":"35 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1947,1948,1949]},{"id":"hepatitis-c-virus-genome-cdna-metagenomic-nanopore-reads","n":"Hepatitis C virus genome (cDNA, metagenomic nanopore reads)","g":7,"sg":"viral cDNA (metagenomic)","al":["hepatitis C virus (HCV) in human blood"],"ak":"dsdna","ids":"taxon:11103","r":[1950]},{"id":"hepg2-cells","n":"HepG2 cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human liver)","al":["HepG2 tumor cells (in a mixture with red blood cells)"],"ak":"cell","pr":[["Size","cell volume 2850 um3 (mean of control groups, 2.83 +/- 0.24 pL in untreated cells, isotonic, time-resolved acoustic microscopy)","Bondarava M 2007, PhD thesis, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology (Hypertonicity-induced cation channels in HepG2 cells), method of Weiss EC, Wehner F, Lemor RM 2007, Acoustical Imaging 2007, pp. 73-80, as entered in BioNumbers BNID 104614"],["Size","diameter 12 um (Scepter 2.0 handheld counter, Scepter sensor technology)","EMD Millipore, Introducing Scepter 2.0 Cell Counter (product brochure), as entered in BioNumbers BNID 108919"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell volume 2850 um3 (mean of control groups, 2.83 +/- 0.24 pL in untreated cells, isotonic, time-resolved acoustic microscopy)"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":1.2e-05,"szs":"12 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1951]},{"id":"human-cytomegalovirus","n":"Human cytomegalovirus","g":2,"sg":"herpesvirus (enveloped)","al":["human cytomegalovirus particles","human cytomegalovirus (CMV)"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","100 to 200 nm diameter (herpesviruses, as stated in the paper)","reported by Hashida N 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 to 200 nm diameter (herpesviruses, as stated in the paper)"},"ids":"taxon:10359","szm":2e-07,"szs":"200 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1952,1953]},{"id":"insulin","n":"Insulin","g":11,"sg":"peptide hormone","ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","51 amino acids, Rh 1.4 nm","reported by Khatri S 2023"],["Mass","5.8 kDa","reported by Khatri S 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"51 amino acids, Rh 1.4 nm","ms":"5.8 kDa"},"szm":1.4e-09,"szs":"1.4 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[1954,1955]},{"id":"junin-virus","n":"Junin virus","g":2,"sg":"arenavirus (enveloped)","al":["Junin virus particles (Alexa Fluor 647 labelled, sorted and unsorted)"],"ak":"virus-env","ids":"taxon:2169991","r":[1956]},{"id":"linear-dsdna-origami-with-positional-markers-plesa-2015","n":"Linear dsDNA origami with positional markers (Plesa 2015)","g":10,"sg":"DNA nanostructure with markers","al":["linear double-stranded DNA assembled by DNA origami with markers at known positions"],"ak":"origami","r":[1957]},{"id":"liposomes-pegylated","n":"Liposomes, 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tails)"],"ak":"quad","pr":[["Size","21 nt","reported by Ding Y 2015"],["Mass","6,200 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -20 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"21 nt","ms":"6,200 Da","ch":"about -20 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCC","szm":1.26e-08,"szs":"about 12.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2001]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-da-7ccttcc-abasic-acaccgattctcccgagtcggccgaatcaagc","n":"ssDNA 5'-p(dA)7CCTTCC(abasic)ACACCGATTCTCCCGAGTCGGCCGAATCAAGCAACTAATAAAAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["Sequence 2 control (natural control)"],"ak":"ssdna","seq":"pAAAAAAACCTTCC(abasic)ACACCGATTCTCCCGAGTCGGCCGAATCAAGCAACTAATAAAAGCATTCTCATGCAGGTCGTAGCC","r":[2002]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-dt-13ccttcc-abasic-acaccgat-dnam-ctcccgag-d5sics-c","n":"ssDNA 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nt","ms":"about 8,000 Da","ch":"about -25 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TAGGGTTA[OG]GGTTAGGGTTAGGGTT","szm":1.5e-08,"szs":"about 15 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2011]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tagggttag-og-gttagggttagggtt-3-telomere-g4-with-og-a","n":"ssDNA 5'-TAGGGTTAG[OG]GTTAGGGTTAGGGTT-3' (telomere G4 with OG at 10)","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex with 8-oxoguanine","al":["hTelo 25-mer with OG at position 10 (middle tetrad)"],"ak":"quad","pr":[["Size","25 nt","reported by An N 2015"],["Mass","about 8,000 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -25 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"25 nt","ms":"about 8,000 Da","ch":"about -25 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TAGGGTTAG[OG]GTTAGGGTTAGGGTT","szm":1.5e-08,"szs":"about 15 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2012]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tagggttagggtta-og-ggttagggtt-3-telomere-g4-with-og-a","n":"ssDNA 5'-TAGGGTTAGGGTTA[OG]GGTTAGGGTT-3' (telomere G4 with OG at 15)","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex with 8-oxoguanine","al":["hTelo 25-mer with OG at position 15 (bottom tetrad)"],"ak":"quad","pr":[["Size","25 nt","reported by An N 2015"],["Mass","about 8,000 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -25 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"25 nt","ms":"about 8,000 Da","ch":"about -25 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TAGGGTTAGGGTTA[OG]GGTTAGGGTT","szm":1.5e-08,"szs":"about 15 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2013]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tagggttagggttagg-og-ttagggtt-3-telomere-g4-with-og-a","n":"ssDNA 5'-TAGGGTTAGGGTTAGG[OG]TTAGGGTT-3' (telomere G4 with OG at 17)","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex with 8-oxoguanine","al":["hTelo 25-mer with OG at position 17 (top tetrad)"],"ak":"quad","pr":[["Size","25 nt","reported by An N 2015"],["Mass","about 8,000 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -25 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"25 nt","ms":"about 8,000 Da","ch":"about -25 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TAGGGTTAGGGTTAGG[OG]TTAGGGTT","szm":1.5e-08,"szs":"about 15 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2014]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tagggttagggttagggtta-og-ggtt-3-telomere-g4-with-og-a","n":"ssDNA 5'-TAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTA[OG]GGTT-3' (telomere G4 with OG at 21)","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex with 8-oxoguanine","al":["hTelo 25-mer with OG at position 21 (top tetrad)"],"ak":"quad","pr":[["Size","25 nt","reported by An N 2015"],["Mass","about 8,000 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -25 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"25 nt","ms":"about 8,000 Da","ch":"about -25 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTA[OG]GGTT","szm":1.5e-08,"szs":"about 15 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2015]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tagggttagggttagggttagg-og-tt-3-telomere-g4-with-og-a","n":"ssDNA 5'-TAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGG[OG]TT-3' (telomere G4 with OG at 23)","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex with 8-oxoguanine","al":["hTelo 25-mer with OG at position 23 (bottom tetrad)"],"ak":"quad","pr":[["Size","25 nt","reported by An N 2015"],["Mass","about 8,000 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -25 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"25 nt","ms":"about 8,000 Da","ch":"about -25 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGG[OG]TT","szm":1.5e-08,"szs":"about 15 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2016]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ttattagttgcttgatgtacggtacggtacggcac-d5sics-gtacggcac","n":"ssDNA 5'-TTATTAGTTGCTTGATGTACGGTACGGTACGGCAC(d5SICS)GTACGGCAC(dNaM)GTA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(cholesterol)-3'","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["Sequence 1 complement (contains dNaM and d5SICS)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","60 nt","reported by Craig JM 2015"],["Mass","about 19.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -60 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"60 nt","ms":"about 19.2 kDa","ch":"about -60 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTATTAGTTGCTTGATGTACGGTACGGTACGGCAC(d5SICS)GTACGGCAC(dNaM)GTA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(cholesterol)","szm":3.6e-08,"szs":"about 36 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2017]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ttattagttgcttgatgtacggtacggtacggcacggtacggcacggta-ab","n":"ssDNA 5'-TTATTAGTTGCTTGATGTACGGTACGGTACGGCACGGTACGGCACGGTA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(cholesterol)-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA template (polymerase-controlled)","al":["Sequence 1 control complement A (natural control)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","60 nt","reported by Craig JM 2015"],["Mass","about 19.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -60 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"60 nt","ms":"about 19.2 kDa","ch":"about -60 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTATTAGTTGCTTGATGTACGGTACGGTACGGCACGGTACGGCACGGTA(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(abasic)(cholesterol)","szm":3.6e-08,"szs":"about 36 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2018]},{"id":"ssdna-human-telomere-i-motif-with-homopolymer-tails-ding-201","n":"ssDNA human telomere i-motif with homopolymer tails (Ding 2015 series)","g":7,"sg":"i-motif","al":["i-motif with polynucleotide tails (tail series)"],"ak":"quad","r":[2019]},{"id":"ssdna-immobilized-oligonucleotides-with-single-base-substitu","n":"ssDNA immobilized oligonucleotides with single base substitutions read by truncated alpha-HL (Ayub 2015)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide immobilized","al":["immobilized biotinylated oligonucleotides with single base substitutions read by truncated pores"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2020]},{"id":"ssdna-kras-fragment-with-dnam-and-18-crown-6-label-at-the-le","n":"ssDNA KRAS fragment with dNaM and 18-crown-6 label at the lesion site (Riedl 2015)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA with unnatural base and crown ether label","al":["KRAS strand with dNaM at the former lesion site, alkylated phosphorothioate carrying 18-crown-6"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2021]},{"id":"ssdna-output-strand-of-pdgf-bb-proximity-assay-zhang-2015","n":"ssDNA output strand of PDGF-BB proximity assay (Zhang 2015)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA reporter","al":["output DNA released by binding-induced strand displacement (PDGF-BB assay)"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2022]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-41-mer-with-central-bpde-dg-adduct-perera-2015","n":"ssDNA poly(dC) 41-mer with central BPDE-dG adduct (Perera 2015)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA with bulky carcinogen adduct","al":["41-mer poly(dC) with a central benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) adduct on G"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","41 nt","reported by Perera RT 2015"],["Mass","11.8 kDa","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"41 nt","ms":"11.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.46e-08,"szs":"about 24.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2023]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dg-3","n":"ssDNA poly(dG)3","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["three-nucleotide G homopolymer"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","3 nt","reported by Ma J 2015"],["Mass","925.7 Da","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -2 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"3 nt","ms":"925.7 Da","ch":"about -2 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGG","szm":1.8e-09,"szs":"about 1.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2024]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dg-30","n":"ssDNA poly(dG)30","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","30 nt","reported by Feng J 2015"],["Mass","9,814 Da","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -29 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt","ms":"9,814 Da","ch":"about -29 e at pH 7"},"seq":"G30","szm":1.8e-08,"szs":"about 18 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2025]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dt-3","n":"ssDNA poly(dT)3","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["three-nucleotide T homopolymer"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","3 nt","reported by Ma J 2015"],["Mass","850.6 Da","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -2 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"3 nt","ms":"850.6 Da","ch":"about -2 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTT","szm":1.8e-09,"szs":"about 1.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2026]},{"id":"ssdna-probe-with-ferrocene-cucurbit-7-uril-host-guest-label","n":"ssDNA probe with ferrocene-cucurbit[7]uril host-guest label (Li 2015)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-supramolecular conjugate","al":["DNA probe modified with a ferrocene-cucurbit[7]uril host-guest complex, released from aptamer duplex"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2027]},{"id":"ssdna-with-host-guest-labeled-5-hydroxymethylcytosine-zeng-2","n":"ssDNA with host-guest-labeled 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Zeng 2015)","g":7,"sg":"chemically labeled ssDNA (epigenetic base)","al":["ssDNA with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine selectively modified with a host-guest complex"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2028]},{"id":"ssdna-with-host-guest-labeled-5-methylcytosine-zeng-2015","n":"ssDNA with host-guest-labeled 5-methylcytosine (Zeng 2015)","g":7,"sg":"chemically labeled ssDNA (epigenetic base)","al":["ssDNA with 5-methylcytosine selectively modified with a host-guest complex"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2029]},{"id":"symbiodinium-sp","n":"Symbiodinium sp.","g":1,"sg":"dinoflagellate (symbiotic)","al":["Symbiodinium cells (strains SSA02 and SSB01)"],"ak":"dino","pr":[["Size","cells counted in a 6 to 14 um particle size window (Coulter counter setting)","Krediet CJ, DeNofrio JC, Caruso C, Burriesci MS, Cella K, Pringle JR 2015, PLoS One 10:e0135725, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135725 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cells counted in a 6 to 14 um particle size window (Coulter counter setting)"},"szm":1.4e-05,"szs":"14 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2030]},{"id":"trichodesmium-erythraeum","n":"Trichodesmium erythraeum","g":1,"sg":"cyanobacterium (filamentous, nitrogen-fixing)","al":["Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101"],"ak":"rod","ax":"cyano","pr":[["Size","cell diameter 6 um and cell length 10 to 12 um (filamentous cyanobacterium; values as listed in the trait table)","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Other","filamentous","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell diameter 6 um and cell length 10 to 12 um (filamentous cyanobacterium; values as listed in the trait table)"},"ids":"taxon:1206","szm":1.2e-05,"szs":"12 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2031]},{"id":"ubiquitin","n":"Ubiquitin","g":11,"sg":"small protein modifier","al":["ubiquitin (Ub)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","8.5 kDa","reported by Nir I 2015"],["Mass","8,565 Da","computed from UniProt P0CG48, Ubiquitin 1 to 76"],["Isoelectric point","7.5","computed from UniProt P0CG48, Ubiquitin 1 to 76, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+0.2 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P0CG48, Ubiquitin 1 to 76, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","76 amino acids","computed from UniProt P0CG48, Ubiquitin 1 to 76"]],"hs":{"sz":"2.7 nm","ms":"8.5 kDa","ch":"+0.2 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P0CG48","szm":2.701e-09,"szs":"about 2.7 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2032]},{"id":"undissolved-particles-of-vancomycin-hydrochloride-for-inject","n":"Undissolved particles of vancomycin hydrochloride for injection in saline","g":6,"sg":"drug particles","al":["Undissolved (insoluble) particles from vancomycin hydrochloride for injection, five brand and generic products dissolved directly in saline"],"ak":"grain","r":[2033]},{"id":"unstructured-33-residue-gcn4-p1-variant","n":"Unstructured 33-residue GCN4-p1 variant","g":12,"sg":"unstructured peptide","al":["unstructured 33-residue monomer"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","33 amino acids","reported by Niedzwiecki DJ 2015"]],"hs":{"sz":"33 amino acids"},"r":[2034]},{"id":"alpha-cyclodextrin","n":"Alpha-cyclodextrin","g":13,"sg":"cyclic oligosaccharide","ak":"mol","ax":"ring","pr":[["Mass","972.8 g/mol","PubChem CID 444913"],["Formula","C36H60O30","PubChem CID 444913"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 444913, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.31 nm","ms":"972.8 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:444913","szm":1.308e-09,"szs":"about 1.31 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2035]},{"id":"alpha-synuclein-oligomers","n":"Alpha-Synuclein oligomers","g":11,"sg":"amyloid oligomer","al":["alpha-synuclein oligomers (four types)","alpha-synuclein oligomers (seeded and spontaneous)"],"ak":"fibril","pr":[["Size","oligomer diameters 4.4, 5.0, 5.5 and 6.5 nm (from blockade)","reported by Hu R 2016"],["Mass","monomer 14.3 kDa, 140 amino acids","reported by Hu R 2016"],["Mass","monomer 14.5 kDa","reported by Awasthi S 2023"],["Other","monomer volume about 35 nm3 from nanopore","reported by Awasthi S 2023"],["Mass","14.5 kDa","computed from UniProt P37840, Alpha-synuclein 1 to 140; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"],["Isoelectric point","4.4","computed from UniProt P37840, Alpha-synuclein 1 to 140; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-8.8 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P37840, Alpha-synuclein 1 to 140; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","140 amino acids","computed from UniProt P37840, Alpha-synuclein 1 to 140; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"]],"hs":{"sz":"oligomer diameters 4.4, 5.0, 5.5 and 6.5 nm (from blockade)","ms":"monomer 14.3 kDa, 140 amino acids","ch":"-8.8 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P37840","szm":6.5e-09,"szs":"6.5 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2036,2037,2038]},{"id":"amyloid-beta-35-25-reversed","n":"Amyloid-beta(35-25) reversed","g":12,"sg":"amyloid-beta fragment","al":["amyloid-beta 35-25 (reversed sequence)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","11 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,060 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","9.7","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.35 nm","ms":"1,060 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"MLGIIAGKNSG","szm":1.346e-09,"szs":"about 1.35 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2039]},{"id":"cationic-lipid-shelled-microbubbles","n":"Cationic lipid-shelled microbubbles","g":17,"sg":"microbubble (ultrasound contrast agent)","al":["positively charged lipid shell microbubbles"],"ak":"bubble","r":[2040,2041]},{"id":"ceria-ceo2-microspheres-transition-metal-doped-porous-cataly","n":"Ceria (CeO2) microspheres, transition-metal doped (porous catalyst)","g":6,"sg":"catalysts and zeolites","al":["Transition-metal doped ceria microspheres (Cu, Co, Mn, Fe, Ni doped CeO2), nanoporous"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","3 to 5 um, smaller than the polymer templates","reported by Zhou L 2016"]],"hs":{"sz":"3 to 5 um, smaller than the polymer templates"},"szm":5e-06,"szs":"5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2042]},{"id":"chlorella-sp","n":"Chlorella sp.","g":1,"sg":"green alga","al":["Chlorella (non-target cells in mixtures)"],"ak":"alga","pr":[["Size","cell biovolume 103.3 um3","Kremer CT, Thomas MK, Litchman E 2017, Limnol Oceanogr 62:1658-1670, doi:10.1002/lno.10523 (supporting information 3, isolate table, bv = log10 biovolume in um3)"],["Other","value for isolates listed as Chlorella sp.","Kremer CT, Thomas MK, Litchman E 2017, Limnol Oceanogr 62:1658-1670, doi:10.1002/lno.10523 (supporting information 3, isolate table, bv = log10 biovolume in um3)"],["Size","cell volume 6 um3","Edwards KF, Klausmeier CA, Litchman E 2015, Ecology 96:2311, doi:10.1890/14-2252.1 (Ecological Archives E096-202, Table 1 cell volume; primary source: Grover JP 1991, J Phycol 27:70-79)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell biovolume 103.3 um3"},"szm":5.821e-06,"szs":"about 5.82 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[2043]},{"id":"cluster-pw9o34-9-lacunary-heteropolytungstate-isomers","n":"Cluster [PW9O34]9- (lacunary heteropolytungstate isomers)","g":4,"sg":"polyoxometalate cluster isomers","al":["[PW9O34]9- structural isomers"],"ak":"cluster","pr":[["Charge","-9","reported by Ettedgui J 2016"]],"hs":{"ch":"-9"},"r":[2044]},{"id":"cluster-phosphotungstic-acid-heteropolytungstate","n":"Cluster phosphotungstic acid (heteropolytungstate)","g":4,"sg":"polyoxometalate cluster","al":["phosphotungstic acid (Keggin heteropolytungstate)"],"ak":"cluster","pr":[["Mass","2,880.1 g/mol","PubChem CID 90478944"],["Formula","H3O40PW12","PubChem CID 90478944"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 90478944, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"ms":"2,880.1 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:90478944","r":[2045]},{"id":"complex-34-bp-bait-target-dna-duplex-with-monovalent-strepta","n":"Complex 34 bp bait:target DNA duplex with monovalent streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"probe-target duplex complex","al":["34 nt target ssDNA hybridized to a 34 nt biotinylated bait and bound to monovalent streptavidin"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","34 bp","reported by Zahid OK 2016"]],"hs":{"sz":"34 bp"},"szm":1.156e-08,"szs":"about 11.6 nm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[2046]},{"id":"complex-5hmc-dna-glucosyl-biotin-labeled-with-monovalent-str","n":"Complex 5hmC DNA (glucosyl-biotin labeled) with monovalent streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"modified DNA-protein complex","al":["5-hydroxymethylcytosine-containing DNA labeled by beta-glucosyltransferase (azide glucose), click-biotinylated, bound to monovalent streptavidin"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2047]},{"id":"complex-dcas9-bound-to-lambda-dna-five-target-sites","n":"Complex dCas9 bound to lambda DNA (five target sites)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-dCas9 complex","al":["dCas9 bound at five sites on lambda DNA (48.5 kbp)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2048]},{"id":"complex-dna-carrier-with-digoxigenin-bound-to-anti-digoxigen","n":"Complex DNA carrier with digoxigenin bound to anti-digoxigenin antibody","g":10,"sg":"DNA carrier-protein complex","al":["DNA carrier with digoxigenin sites bound by anti-digoxigenin antibodies"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[2049]},{"id":"complex-dsdna-with-bis-pna-peg-probe-5-or-10-kda-peg","n":"Complex dsDNA with bis-PNA-PEG probe (5 or 10 kDa PEG)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-PNA-PEG complex","al":["dsDNA bound by a bis-PNA probe conjugated to 5 or 10 kDa PEG"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2050]},{"id":"complex-lna-modified-probe-with-microrna-xi-2016","n":"Complex LNA-modified probe with microRNA (Xi 2016)","g":10,"sg":"microRNA-LNA probe hybrid","al":["LNA-modified DNA probe hybridized with target miRNAs (single-nucleotide variants), including in serum background"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2051]},{"id":"complex-mdm2-gst-p53-transactivation-domain","n":"Complex MDM2/GST-p53 transactivation domain","g":11,"sg":"protein-protein complex","al":["MDM2/GST-p53TAD complex"],"ak":"complex","r":[2052]},{"id":"complex-pyridostatin-with-human-telomere-g-quadruplex-dna","n":"Complex pyridostatin with human telomere G-quadruplex DNA","g":10,"sg":"G-quadruplex-ligand complex","al":["human telomeric G-quadruplex bound to pyridostatin (PDS)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2053]},{"id":"complex-spermidine-or-putrescine-with-dna-hairpin-ding-2016","n":"Complex spermidine or putrescine with DNA hairpin (Ding 2016)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-polyamine complex","al":["DNA hairpin with spermidine or putrescine"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2054]},{"id":"complex-spermine-with-dna-hairpin-5-tailed-ding-2016","n":"Complex spermine with DNA hairpin (5'-tailed; Ding 2016)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-polyamine complex","al":["DNA hairpin with 5' extension complexed with spermine"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2055]},{"id":"corona-coated-polystyrene-nanoparticles-carboxylated","n":"Corona-coated polystyrene nanoparticles (carboxylated)","g":4,"sg":"protein-coated nanoparticle","al":["carboxyl-functionalised nanoparticles with protein corona (single proteins, serum, plasma)"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Charge","mean zeta in one protein solution -16.7 mV at 25 C and -9.0 mV at 37 C","reported by Blundell ELCJ 2016"]],"hs":{"ch":"mean zeta in one protein solution -16.7 mV at 25 C and -9.0 mV at 37 C"},"r":[2056]},{"id":"corona-coated-silica-nanoparticles-serum","n":"Corona-coated silica nanoparticles (serum)","g":4,"sg":"protein-coated nanoparticle","al":["plain and aminated silica nanoparticles with serum protein corona"],"ak":"bead","r":[2057]},{"id":"dn6p-with-oligo-dt-30-based-polymer-tags-four-tags-fuller-20","n":"dN6P with oligo(dT)30-based polymer tags (four tags; Fuller 2016)","g":9,"sg":"polymer-tagged nucleotide","al":["2'-deoxynucleoside-5'-hexaphosphates (dA, dC, dG, dT) with oligo-dT30-based polymer tags"],"ak":"mol","r":[2058]},{"id":"dn6p-with-polymer-tags-captured-by-alpha-hl-polymerase-conju","n":"dN6P with polymer tags captured by alpha-HL-polymerase conjugate (Stranges 2016)","g":9,"sg":"polymer-tagged nucleotide","al":["tagged nucleotides for the four bases captured by the pore-coupled polymerase"],"ak":"mol","r":[2059]},{"id":"dna-nanostructure-library-with-digital-barcodes-bell-2016","n":"DNA nanostructure library with digital barcodes (Bell 2016)","g":10,"sg":"barcoded DNA nanostructure","al":["library of DNA origami-based nanostructures each carrying a unique digital barcode"],"ak":"origami","r":[2060]},{"id":"dna-modified-nanoparticles-oligonucleotide-coated-beads","n":"DNA-modified nanoparticles (oligonucleotide-coated beads)","g":4,"sg":"DNA-coated bead","al":["nanoparticles with DNA-modified surfaces (ssDNA, dsDNA, 15 to 40 nt)"],"ak":"bead","ax":"dna","r":[2061]},{"id":"dna-pna-duplex-perera-2016","n":"DNA-PNA duplex (Perera 2016)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-PNA hybrid duplex","al":["DNA-PNA A-form duplexes"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2062]},{"id":"dna-rna-hybrid-duplex-5-tcatcagtagaactcagaaactcc-c-0-3-rna-3","n":"DNA-RNA hybrid duplex 5'-TCATCAGTAGAACTCAGAAACTCC(C)0-3' / RNA 3'-AGUAGUCAUCUUGAGUCUUUGAG-5'","g":10,"sg":"DNA-RNA hybrid duplex","al":["DNA-RNA A-form duplex, DNA strand with C0 tail"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"DNA TCATCAGTAGAACTCAGAAACTCC; RNA 5'-GAGUUUCUGAGUUCUACUGAUGA-3'","r":[2063]},{"id":"dna-rna-hybrid-duplex-5-tcatcagtagaactcagaaactcc-c-10-3-rna","n":"DNA-RNA hybrid duplex 5'-TCATCAGTAGAACTCAGAAACTCC(C)10-3' / RNA 3'-AGUAGUCAUCUUGAGUCUUUGAG-5'","g":10,"sg":"DNA-RNA hybrid duplex","al":["DNA-RNA A-form duplex, DNA strand with C10 tail"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"DNA TCATCAGTAGAACTCAGAAACTCCCCCCCCCCCC; RNA 5'-GAGUUUCUGAGUUCUACUGAUGA-3'","r":[2064]},{"id":"dna-rna-hybrid-duplex-5-tcatcagtagaactcagaaactcc-c-24-3-rna","n":"DNA-RNA hybrid duplex 5'-TCATCAGTAGAACTCAGAAACTCC(C)24-3' / RNA 3'-AGUAGUCAUCUUGAGUCUUUGAG-5'","g":10,"sg":"DNA-RNA hybrid duplex","al":["DNA-RNA A-form duplex, DNA strand with C24 tail"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"DNA TCATCAGTAGAACTCAGAAACTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC; RNA 5'-GAGUUUCUGAGUUCUACUGAUGA-3'","r":[2065]},{"id":"dsdna-wloka-2016-frac","n":"dsDNA (Wloka 2016 FraC)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["dsDNA translocating at high applied potentials"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2066]},{"id":"dsdna-101-bp-carson-2016-construct-unmodified","n":"dsDNA 101 bp (Carson 2016 construct, unmodified)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["101 bp unmodified (thymine) DNA (t-DNA)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","101 bp","reported by Carson S 2016"],["Mass","about 65.7 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -202 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"101 bp","ms":"about 65.7 kDa","ch":"about -202 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.434e-08,"szs":"34.3 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[2067]},{"id":"dsdna-101-bp-with-5-hydroxymethyluracil-hmu-in-place-of-t","n":"dsDNA 101 bp with 5-hydroxymethyluracil (hmU) in place of T","g":7,"sg":"modified DNA","al":["101 bp DNA with thymines replaced by 5-hydroxymethyluracil (h-DNA)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","101 bp","reported by Carson S 2016"],["Mass","about 65.7 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -202 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"101 bp","ms":"about 65.7 kDa","ch":"about -202 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.434e-08,"szs":"34.3 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[2068]},{"id":"dsdna-5-tcatcagtagaactcagaaactcc-c-0-3-3-agtagtcatcttgagtctt","n":"dsDNA 5'-TCATCAGTAGAACTCAGAAACTCC(C)0-3' / 3'-AGTAGTCATCTTGAGTCTTTGAG-5'","g":10,"sg":"B-form DNA duplex with tail","al":["DNA-DNA B-form duplex, top strand with C0 tail"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"TCATCAGTAGAACTCAGAAACTCC / 5'-GAGTTTCTGAGTTCTACTGATGA-3'","r":[2069]},{"id":"dsdna-5-tcatcagtagaactcagaaactcc-c-10-3-3-agtagtcatcttgagtct","n":"dsDNA 5'-TCATCAGTAGAACTCAGAAACTCC(C)10-3' / 3'-AGTAGTCATCTTGAGTCTTTGAG-5'","g":10,"sg":"B-form DNA duplex with tail","al":["DNA-DNA B-form duplex, top strand with C10 tail"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"TCATCAGTAGAACTCAGAAACTCCCCCCCCCCCC / 5'-GAGTTTCTGAGTTCTACTGATGA-3'","r":[2070]},{"id":"dsdna-5-tcatcagtagaactcagaaactcc-c-24-3-3-agtagtcatcttgagtct","n":"dsDNA 5'-TCATCAGTAGAACTCAGAAACTCC(C)24-3' / 3'-AGTAGTCATCTTGAGTCTTTGAG-5'","g":10,"sg":"B-form DNA duplex with tail","al":["DNA-DNA B-form duplex, top strand with C24 tail"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"TCATCAGTAGAACTCAGAAACTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC / 5'-GAGTTTCTGAGTTCTACTGATGA-3'","r":[2071]},{"id":"dsdna-duplex-with-c-a-mismatch-at-the-latch-johnson-2016","n":"dsDNA duplex with C:A mismatch at the latch (Johnson 2016)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with mismatch at the latch","al":["duplex with C:A mismatch at the latch"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2072]},{"id":"dsdna-duplex-with-c-c-mismatch-at-the-latch-johnson-2016","n":"dsDNA duplex with C:C mismatch at the latch (Johnson 2016)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with mismatch at the latch","al":["duplex with C:C mismatch at the latch"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2073]},{"id":"dsdna-homopolymer-duplexes-up-to-50-bp-angevine-2016","n":"dsDNA homopolymer duplexes up to 50 bp (Angevine 2016)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA homopolymer duplex","al":["short double-stranded DNA homopolymers (<= 50 bp)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Mass","about 32.5 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -100 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"17 nm","ms":"about 32.5 kDa","ch":"about -100 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.7e-08,"szs":"17 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[2074]},{"id":"dsdna-knot-circular-molecules","n":"dsDNA knot (circular molecules)","g":10,"sg":"DNA knot","al":["knots in circular DNA molecules"],"ak":"knot","r":[2075]},{"id":"dsdna-knot-linear-molecules","n":"dsDNA knot (linear molecules)","g":10,"sg":"DNA knot","al":["knots in long linear DNA molecules"],"ak":"knot","r":[2076]},{"id":"dsdna-short-duplex-150-bp-franceschini-2016-dsdna-1","n":"dsDNA short duplex <150 bp (Franceschini 2016 dsDNA 1)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["short dsDNA (dsDNA 1, below the 150 bp persistence length)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Mass","about 97.5 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -300 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"51 nm","ms":"about 97.5 kDa","ch":"about -300 e at pH 7"},"szm":5.1e-08,"szs":"51 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[2077]},{"id":"dsdna-with-fluorophore-labeled-unmethylated-cpg-sites","n":"dsDNA with fluorophore-labeled unmethylated CpG sites","g":10,"sg":"labeled DNA","al":["DNA with unmethylated CpGs covalently labeled with fluorophores by a methyltransferase cofactor analog"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2078]},{"id":"escherichia-coli-k30-capsular-polysaccharide-fragments-synth","n":"Escherichia coli K30 capsular polysaccharide fragments (synthetic)","g":13,"sg":"capsular polysaccharide","al":["synthetic K30 capsular polysaccharide fragments"],"ak":"sugar-chain","r":[2079]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-b16-bl6-murine-melanoma-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (B16-BL6 murine melanoma cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes from murine melanoma B16-BL6 cells (several isolation methods)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2080]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-cerebrospinal-fluid","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human cerebrospinal fluid)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs in cerebrospinal fluid of glioblastoma patients"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2081]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-endothelial-progenitor-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human endothelial progenitor cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes from human endothelial progenitor cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2082]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-follicular-fluid","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human follicular fluid)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["extracellular vesicles in human follicular fluid (IVF/ICSI patients)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2083]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-urine-derived-stem-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human urine-derived stem cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes secreted by human urine-derived stem cells (USCs-Exo)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2084]},{"id":"giardia-lamblia","n":"Giardia lamblia","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (diplomonad)","al":["Giardia lamblia trophozoites"],"ak":"spore","pr":[["Size","cysts oval to ellipsoid, 8 to 19 um (average 10 to 14 um); trophozoites pear-shaped, 10 to 20 um long","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Giardiasis page, last reviewed June 5, 2024"],["Other","listed as Giardia duodenalis","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Giardiasis page, last reviewed June 5, 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"cysts oval to ellipsoid, 8 to 19 um (average 10 to 14 um); trophozoites pear-shaped, 10 to 20 um long"},"szm":2e-05,"szs":"20 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2085,2086,2087]},{"id":"gold-nanoparticles-mpsa-coated","n":"Gold nanoparticles (MPSA-coated)","g":4,"sg":"thiolate-protected gold nanoparticle","al":["3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonate (MPSA)-modified gold nanoparticles"],"ak":"metal-np","r":[2088]},{"id":"horse-synovial-fluid-cells","n":"Horse synovial fluid cells","g":0,"sg":"synovial fluid nucleated cells","al":["nucleated cells in equine synovial fluid (242 samples, induced inflammation)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9796","r":[2089]},{"id":"horseradish-peroxidase-hrp","n":"Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","al":["horseradish peroxidase (HRP), single entrapped molecule"],"ak":"protein","r":[2090,2091]},{"id":"human-amyloid-beta-10-20-yevhhqklvff","n":"Human amyloid-beta(10-20) YEVHHQKLVFF","g":12,"sg":"protease substrate peptide","al":["beta-amyloid (10-20) substrate peptide"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","11 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,447 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","7.7","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+0.5 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.49 nm","ms":"1,447 Da","ch":"+0.5 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"YEVHHQKLVFF","szm":1.493e-09,"szs":"about 1.49 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2092]},{"id":"human-amyloid-beta-25-35","n":"Human amyloid-beta(25-35)","g":12,"sg":"amyloid-beta fragment","al":["amyloid-beta 25-35"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","11 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,060 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","9.7","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.35 nm","ms":"1,060 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"GSNKGAIIGLM","szm":1.346e-09,"szs":"about 1.35 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2093]},{"id":"hydroxylamine","n":"Hydroxylamine","g":15,"sg":"nucleophile","al":["hydroxylamine (HONH2)","hydroxylamine (NH2OH) reversing the O-alkyloxime by transoximination"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","33.03 g/mol","PubChem CID 787"],["Formula","H3NO","PubChem CID 787"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 787, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.42 nm","ms":"33.03 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:787","szm":4.235e-10,"szs":"about 0.42 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2094,2095]},{"id":"ice-core-dust-taylor-dome-antarctica","n":"Ice core dust (Taylor Dome, Antarctica)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Mineral dust in the Taylor Dome ice core (East Antarctica, Ross Sea sector)"],"ak":"grain","r":[2096]},{"id":"immune-complex-antibody-coated-microparticle-aggregates-mous","n":"Immune complex: antibody-coated microparticle aggregates (mouse anti-rabbit IgG)","g":4,"sg":"antibody-bead immune complex","al":["aggregates of antibody-functionalized magnetic and nonmagnetic microparticles (ferritin and mouse anti-rabbit IgG)"],"ak":"aggregate","r":[2097]},{"id":"low-density-lipoprotein-human-purified","n":"Low-density lipoprotein (human, purified)","g":3,"sg":"lipoprotein","al":["purified human low-density lipoprotein (particles 100-500 nm detected)"],"ak":"lipoprotein","pr":[["Size","particles sized 100-500 nm seen in purified LDL","Menck et al. 2017 J Extracell Vesicles (PMC5405563)"]],"hs":{"sz":"particles sized 100-500 nm seen in purified LDL"},"szm":5e-07,"szs":"500 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2098]},{"id":"mda-mb-231-cells","n":"MDA-MB-231 cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human breast)","al":["metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells"],"ak":"cell","pr":[["Charge","surface charge density measured against pH by electrophoresis in 0.015 M NaCl: more negative at high pH and more positive at low pH than normal skin fibroblasts, with the isoelectric point shifted to lower pH (values shown only in figures)","Dobrzynska I, Skrzydlewska E, Figaszewski ZA 2013, J Membr Biol 246:161-166, doi:10.1007/s00232-012-9516-5"]],"hs":{"ch":"surface charge density measured against pH by electrophoresis in 0.015 M NaCl: more negative at high pH and more positive at low pH than normal skin fibroblasts, with the isoelectric point shifted to lower pH (values shown only in figures)"},"ids":"taxon:9606","r":[2099]},{"id":"mdm2","n":"MDM2","g":11,"sg":"E3 ubiquitin ligase","al":["MDM2 (positively charged)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Charge","positively charged (translocated at negative voltage)","reported by Kwak DK 2016"],["Mass","55.2 kDa","computed from UniProt Q00987, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 1 to 491"],["Isoelectric point","4.3","computed from UniProt Q00987, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 1 to 491, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-38.4 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt Q00987, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 1 to 491, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","491 amino acids","computed from UniProt Q00987, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 1 to 491"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.03 nm","ms":"55.2 kDa","ch":"positively charged (translocated at negative voltage)"},"ids":"uniprot:Q00987","szm":5.027e-09,"szs":"about 5.03 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2100,2101]},{"id":"mepeg-hydroxylamine-1-1-kda","n":"MePEG-hydroxylamine (1.1 kDa)","g":14,"sg":"single-molecule reaction","al":["MePEG-hydroxylamine (1.1 kDa) forming an O-alkyloxime with a pore ketone"],"ak":"grain","r":[2102]},{"id":"methoxy-poly-ethylene-glycol-hydroxylamine-mpha","n":"Methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-hydroxylamine (MPHA)","g":14,"sg":"reactive PEG","al":["methoxy-PEG-hydroxylamine (MPHA, 1.1 kDa)"],"ak":"polymer","pr":[["Mass","1.1 kDa","reported by Lee J 2016"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.36 nm","ms":"1.1 kDa"},"szm":1.363e-09,"szs":"about 1.36 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2103]},{"id":"nci-h1155-cells","n":"NCI-H1155 cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human lung)","al":["NCI-H1155 non-small cell lung cancer cells"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[2104]},{"id":"nci-h460-cells","n":"NCI-H460 cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human lung)","al":["NCI-H460 non-small cell lung cancer cells"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[2105]},{"id":"phytophthora-infestans","n":"Phytophthora infestans","g":1,"sg":"oomycete (sporangia)","al":["Phytophthora infestans sporangia"],"ak":"hypha","ids":"taxon:4787","r":[2106]},{"id":"pollen-claytonia-virginica","n":"Pollen, Claytonia virginica","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["Claytonia virginica pollen"],"ak":"pollen","ids":"taxon:89079","r":[2107]},{"id":"polylactic-acid-pla-microplastic-particles","n":"Polylactic acid (PLA) microplastic particles","g":14,"sg":"microplastic","al":["Microscopic particles released from polylactic acid (PLA) during laboratory degradation (0.6 to 18 um class)"],"ak":"shard","pr":[["Size","0.6 to 18 um class by Coulter Counter: up to 11.6 x 10^6 particles/mL (control 1.2 x 10^5/mL)","reported by Lambert S 2016"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.6 to 18 um class by Coulter Counter: up to 11.6 x 10^6 particles/mL (control 1.2 x 10^5/mL)"},"szm":1.8e-05,"szs":"18 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2108]},{"id":"polystyrene-microplastic-fragments","n":"Polystyrene microplastic fragments","g":14,"sg":"microplastic","al":["Microscopic particles released from polystyrene (PS) during laboratory degradation (2 to 60 um class)","Irregular polystyrene microplastics (<= 63 um) cryo-milled from coffee-to-go cup lids, pristine and incubated in wastewater"],"ak":"shard","pr":[["Size","2 to 60 um class by Coulter Counter: 92,465 particles/mL after 112 d (control 2147/mL); 30 to 2000 nm class by NTA up to 6.4 x 10^8/mL","reported by Lambert S 2016"],["Size","stock size distributions measured from 2 to 60 um","reported by Schur C 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"2 to 60 um class by Coulter Counter: 92,465 particles/mL after 112 d (control 2147/mL); 30 to 2000 nm class by NTA up to 6.4 x 10^8/mL"},"szm":6e-05,"szs":"60 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2109,2110]},{"id":"polythiophene-derivative-pt-poly-2-2-4-methylthiophen-3-ylox","n":"Polythiophene derivative PT (poly(2-(2-(4-methylthiophen-3-yloxy)ethyl)malonic acid))","g":14,"sg":"conjugated polyelectrolyte","al":["poly(2-(2-(4-methylthiophen-3-yloxy)-ethyl)malonic acid) (PT)"],"ak":"polymer","r":[2111]},{"id":"rna-firefly-luciferase-transcript-with-n6-methyladenosine-m6","n":"RNA firefly luciferase transcript with N6-methyladenosine (m6A)","g":8,"sg":"modified RNA","al":["firefly luciferase (FLuc) transcript, fully N6-methyladenosine-modified vs unmodified"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[2112]},{"id":"rna-human-rhinovirus-genome-7-5-kb-direct-rna","n":"RNA human rhinovirus genome (~7.5 kb, direct RNA)","g":8,"sg":"native RNA","al":["human rhinovirus (HRV) single-stranded RNA genome (~7.5 kb)"],"ak":"rna-long","pr":[["Size","~7.5 kb","reported by Garalde DR 2016"],["Mass","about 2.4 MDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -7,500 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"~7.5 kb","ms":"about 2.4 MDa","ch":"about -7,500 e at pH 7"},"szm":4.5e-06,"szs":"about 4.5 µm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2113]},{"id":"rna-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-poly-a-transcriptome","n":"RNA Saccharomyces cerevisiae poly(A)+ transcriptome","g":8,"sg":"native RNA","al":["Saccharomyces cerevisiae poly(A)+ RNA (500 ng)"],"ak":"rna-long","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[2114]},{"id":"silica-nanoparticles-amine-functionalized","n":"Silica nanoparticles, amine-functionalized","g":4,"sg":"oxide nanoparticle","al":["aminated silica nanoparticles","APTES-aminated silica nanoparticles (SiO2-NH2)"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","silica core 27 +/- 2 nm","reported by Cai N 2026"]],"hs":{"sz":"silica core 27 +/- 2 nm"},"szm":2.7e-08,"szs":"27 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2115,2116]},{"id":"snow-dust-tibetan-plateau-glaciers","n":"Snow dust (Tibetan Plateau glaciers)","g":5,"sg":"snow dust","al":["Mineral dust (insoluble microparticles) in snowpits from high-altitude glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau and surroundings"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","particles with spherical equivalent diameter > 1.0 um counted","reported by Zhang Y 2016"]],"hs":{"sz":"particles with spherical equivalent diameter > 1.0 um counted"},"szm":1e-06,"szs":"1 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2117]},{"id":"ssdna-5-a10-5mc-osbp-a9-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-A10[5mC-OsBp]A9-3'","g":7,"sg":"osmylated ssDNA","al":["dA10-5-methyl-dC(OsBp)-dA9"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","20 nt","reported by Ding Y 2016"],["Mass","about 6,400 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -20 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"20 nt","ms":"about 6,400 Da","ch":"about -20 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAA[5mC-OsBp]AAAAAAAAA","szm":1.2e-08,"szs":"about 12 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2118]},{"id":"ssdna-5-a10-c-osbp-a9-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-A10[C-OsBp]A9-3'","g":7,"sg":"osmylated ssDNA","al":["dA10-C(OsBp)-dA9"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","20 nt","reported by Ding Y 2016"],["Mass","about 6,400 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -20 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"20 nt","ms":"about 6,400 Da","ch":"about -20 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAA[C-OsBp]AAAAAAAAA","szm":1.2e-08,"szs":"about 12 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2119]},{"id":"ssdna-5-a10-du-osbp-a9-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-A10[dU-OsBp]A9-3'","g":7,"sg":"osmylated ssDNA","al":["dA10-dU(OsBp)-dA9"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","20 nt","reported by Ding Y 2016"],["Mass","about 6,400 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -20 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"20 nt","ms":"about 6,400 Da","ch":"about -20 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAA[dU-OsBp]AAAAAAAAA","szm":1.2e-08,"szs":"about 12 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2120]},{"id":"ssdna-5-a10-t-osbp-a9-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-A10[T-OsBp]A9-3'","g":7,"sg":"osmylated ssDNA","al":["dA10-T(OsBp)-dA9"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","20 nt","reported by Ding Y 2016"],["Mass","about 6,400 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -20 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"20 nt","ms":"about 6,400 Da","ch":"about -20 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAA[T-OsBp]AAAAAAAAA","szm":1.2e-08,"szs":"about 12 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2121]},{"id":"ssdna-biotinylated-31-100-nt-strands-franceschini-2016-set","n":"ssDNA biotinylated 31-100 nt strands (Franceschini 2016 set)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["ssDNA (e.g. 100mer 5'-biotinylated 2a, 50mer 2b, 31mer 1d) and rotaxanes"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Mass","about 32 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -100 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"60 nm","ms":"about 32 kDa","ch":"about -100 e at pH 7"},"szm":6e-08,"szs":"about 60 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2122]},{"id":"ssdna-five-repeat-human-telomere-ttaggg-5-with-8-oxog-an-201","n":"ssDNA five-repeat human telomere (TTAGGG)5 with 8-oxoG (An 2016 series)","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex with 8-oxoguanine","al":["five-repeat human telomere sequences (TTAGGG)5 with OG at defined G positions"],"ak":"quad","r":[2123]},{"id":"ssdna-pgex-3-sequencing-primer-osmylated-ding-2016","n":"ssDNA pGEX 3' sequencing primer, osmylated (Ding 2016)","g":7,"sg":"osmylated ssDNA","al":["osmylated pGEX 3' primer oligo (T only or T + C osmylated) and dA25-extended versions"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2124]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-20","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)20","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dA20 (unosmylated reference)","dA20"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","20 nt","reported by Ding Y 2016"],["Mass","6,202 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -19 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"20 nt","ms":"6,202 Da","ch":"about -19 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":1.2e-08,"szs":"about 12 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2125,2126]},{"id":"ssdna-short-oligonucleotides-2-10-nt-series-cao-2016","n":"ssDNA short oligonucleotides 2-10 nt (series, Cao 2016)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["short oligonucleotides 2 to 10 nt long (length series and mixtures)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","2 to 10 nt","reported by Cao C 2016"],["Mass","about 3,200 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -10 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"2 to 10 nt","ms":"about 3,200 Da","ch":"about -10 e at pH 7"},"szm":6e-09,"szs":"about 6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2127]},{"id":"ssdna-with-homopolymeric-c-t-and-a-stretches-wloka-2016-frac","n":"ssDNA with homopolymeric C, T and A stretches (Wloka 2016 FraC)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["ssDNA with homopolymeric C, T and A stretches"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2128]},{"id":"symbiodinium-kawagutii","n":"Symbiodinium kawagutii","g":1,"sg":"dinoflagellate (symbiotic)","ak":"dino","pr":[["Size","cells counted in a 3 to 8 um particle size window (counter setting)","Rodriguez IB, Ho T 2018, Front Microbiol 9, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00142 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cells counted in a 3 to 8 um particle size window (counter setting)"},"ids":"taxon:104179","szm":8e-06,"szs":"8 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2129,2130]},{"id":"synechococcus-sp-pcc-7002","n":"Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002","g":1,"sg":"cyanobacterium (marine, unicellular)","ak":"rod","ax":"cyano","r":[2131]},{"id":"tobacco-mosaic-virus-tmv","n":"Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)","g":2,"sg":"plant virus (rigid rod, Virgaviridae)","al":["tobacco mosaic virus"],"ak":"virus-rod","pr":[["Size","18 nm x 300 nm rod","reported by Wu H 2016; dimensions as quoted in Yang and Yamamoto 2016 (PMC5031608)"],["Other","rigid helical rod; ssRNA genome","reported by Wu H 2016; dimensions as quoted in Yang and Yamamoto 2016 (PMC5031608)"]],"hs":{"sz":"18 nm x 300 nm rod"},"ids":"taxon:12242","szm":3e-07,"szs":"300 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2132]},{"id":"trna-e-coli-trna-tyr-qua","n":"tRNA E. coli tRNA-Tyr (QUA)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["E. coli MRE600 tRNA_Tyr_QUA","tRNA-Tyr (QUA) from E. coli"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","about 76 nt","typical tRNA length (not from paper)"],["Size","~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","reported by Thomas NK 2021"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 76 nt","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:562","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2133,2134]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-arg-isoacceptor-mixture","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Arg (isoacceptor mixture)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["tRNA-Arg (mixture of isoacceptors) from S. cerevisiae"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","about 76 nt","typical tRNA length (not from paper)"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 76 nt","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2135]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-ile-uau","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Ile (UAU)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Ile(UAU)","tRNA-Ile (UAU) isolated from S. cerevisiae"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","about 76 nt","typical tRNA length (not from paper)"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 76 nt","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:4932","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2136,2137]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-phe-gaa","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Phe (GAA)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Phe(GAA)","Brewer's yeast tRNAPhe","tRNA-Phe (GAA) from S. cerevisiae"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","about 76 nt","typical tRNA length (not from paper)"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 76 nt","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:4932","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2138,2139,2140]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-ser-gcu","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Ser (GCU)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["tRNA-Ser (GCU) isolated from S. cerevisiae"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","about 76 nt","typical tRNA length (not from paper)"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 76 nt","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2141]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-thr-cgu","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Thr (CGU)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Thr(CGU)","tRNA-Thr (CGU) isolated from S. cerevisiae"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","about 76 nt","typical tRNA length (not from paper)"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 76 nt","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:4932","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2142,2143]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-val-cac","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Val (CAC)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Val(CAC)","tRNA-Val (CAC) isolated from S. cerevisiae"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","about 76 nt","typical tRNA length (not from paper)"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 76 nt","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:4932","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2144,2145]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-val-uac","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Val (UAC)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Val(UAC)","tRNA-Val (UAC) isolated from S. cerevisiae"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","about 76 nt","typical tRNA length (not from paper)"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 76 nt","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:4932","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2146,2147]},{"id":"verticillium-dahliae","n":"Verticillium dahliae","g":1,"sg":"fungus (conidia, plant pathogen)","al":["Verticillium dahliae JR2 conidiospores"],"ak":"spore","pr":[["Size","conidia 4.32 to 7.04 um long","Zou Z, Bisht V, Fernando WGD 2020, Int J Mol Sci 21:3499, doi:10.3390/ijms21103499"],["Other","compared with V. longisporum isolates from Brassica crops","Zou Z, Bisht V, Fernando WGD 2020, Int J Mol Sci 21:3499, doi:10.3390/ijms21103499"],["Size","conidia hyaline, elliptical, single-celled, 2.8 to 7.5 um x 2.5 to 4.3 um (average 4.8 x 3.1 um); microsclerotia 40 to 200 x 30 to 75 um","Markakis EA, Kavroulakis N, Koubouris GC 2014, Plant Dis 98:1584, doi:10.1094/PDIS-05-14-0492-PDN"],["Other","avocado isolate, Greece","Markakis EA, Kavroulakis N, Koubouris GC 2014, Plant Dis 98:1584, doi:10.1094/PDIS-05-14-0492-PDN"]],"hs":{"sz":"conidia 4.32 to 7.04 um long"},"ids":"taxon:27337","szm":7.5e-05,"szs":"75 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2148]},{"id":"verticillium-longisporum","n":"Verticillium longisporum","g":1,"sg":"fungus (conidia, plant pathogen)","al":["Verticillium longisporum 43 conidiospores"],"ak":"spore","pr":[["Size","conidia 7.92 to 12.00 um long (longer than V. dahliae conidia)","Zou Z, Bisht V, Fernando WGD 2020, Int J Mol Sci 21:3499, doi:10.3390/ijms21103499"],["Other","isolates from canola and radish","Zou Z, Bisht V, Fernando WGD 2020, Int J Mol Sci 21:3499, doi:10.3390/ijms21103499"]],"hs":{"sz":"conidia 7.92 to 12.00 um long (longer than V. dahliae conidia)"},"ids":"taxon:100787","szm":1.2e-05,"szs":"12 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2149]},{"id":"yevhhqk-amyloid-beta-10-16","n":"YEVHHQK (amyloid-beta 10-16)","g":12,"sg":"protease substrate peptide","al":["tryptic product YEVHHQK"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","7 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","940.0 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","7.7","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+0.5 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.29 nm","ms":"940.0 Da","ch":"+0.5 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"YEVHHQK","szm":1.293e-09,"szs":"about 1.29 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2150]},{"id":"acetylcholinesterase-gpi-anchored","n":"Acetylcholinesterase (GPI-anchored)","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","al":["GPI-anchored acetylcholinesterase (GPI-AChE)"],"ak":"protein","r":[2151]},{"id":"alpha-amylase","n":"Alpha-amylase","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","ak":"protein","r":[2152]},{"id":"alpha-fetoprotein-afp","n":"Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)","g":11,"sg":"serum glycoprotein (cancer biomarker)","ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","66.5 kDa","computed from UniProt P02771, Alpha-fetoprotein 19 to 609"],["Isoelectric point","5.5","computed from UniProt P02771, Alpha-fetoprotein 19 to 609, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-14.1 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P02771, Alpha-fetoprotein 19 to 609, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","591 amino acids","computed from UniProt P02771, Alpha-fetoprotein 19 to 609"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.35 nm","ms":"66.5 kDa","ch":"-14.1 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P02771","szm":5.347e-09,"szs":"about 5.35 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2153]},{"id":"amphidinium-carterae","n":"Amphidinium carterae","g":1,"sg":"dinoflagellate","ak":"dino","pr":[["Size","cells 8 to 10 um wide and 15 to 20 um long (flattened ellipsoid)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","biovolume 432 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cells 8 to 10 um wide and 15 to 20 um long (flattened ellipsoid)"},"ids":"taxon:2961","szm":2e-05,"szs":"20 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2154,2155]},{"id":"angiotensin-i","n":"Angiotensin I","g":12,"sg":"angiotensin peptide","al":["angiotensin I (A1)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","10 aa","reported by Huang G 2017"],["Size","volume 1.568 nm3","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Mass","1.3 kDa","reported by Huang G 2017"],["Mass","1296.5 g/mol","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Charge","pI 7.93","reported by Huang G 2017"],["Charge","+2.46 (pH 4.5)","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,296 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","7.7","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+0.5 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"10 aa","ms":"1.3 kDa","ch":"pI 7.93"},"seq":"DRVYIHPFHL","szm":1.439e-09,"szs":"about 1.44 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2156,2157,2158,2159]},{"id":"angiotensin-ii","n":"Angiotensin II","g":12,"sg":"angiotensin peptide","al":["angiotensin 2","human angiotensin II"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","volume 1.266 nm3","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Mass","1046.2 g/mol","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Charge","+1.47 (pH 4.5)","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,046 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","7.5","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+0.2 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume 1.266 nm3","ms":"1046.2 g/mol","ch":"+1.47 (pH 4.5)"},"seq":"DRVYIHPF","szm":1.34e-09,"szs":"about 1.34 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2160,2161,2162,2163,2164]},{"id":"aptamer-functionalized-gold-nanoparticles-lysozyme-carrier","n":"Aptamer-functionalized gold nanoparticles (lysozyme carrier)","g":4,"sg":"aptamer-coated metal nanoparticle","al":["5 nm gold nanoparticles carrying lysozyme-binding DNA aptamer, with and without bound lysozyme"],"ak":"metal-np","r":[2165]},{"id":"arizona-test-dust-iso-12103-1","n":"Arizona Test Dust (ISO 12103-1)","g":5,"sg":"mineral dust reference material","al":["Arizona Test Dust, ISO 12103-1 A2 Fine Test Dust","Arizona Test Dust (ATD) polydisperse aerosol (5 to 35 um aerodynamic) collected on filters in a wind tunnel and extracted into electrolyte"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","water-insoluble particles counted over about 1.4 to 160 um","reported by Nishita-Hara C 2023"],["Other","particle density 2.5462 g/cm3 (ultrapycnometer), used to convert volume-equivalent to aerodynamic diameter","reported by Krug JD 2017"],["Other","specific surface area estimated from number-size distributions assuming spheres and quartz density 2.65 g/cm3","reported by Nishita-Hara C 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"water-insoluble particles counted over about 1.4 to 160 um"},"szm":0.00016,"szs":"160 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2166,2167]},{"id":"beta-phycoerythrin","n":"Beta-phycoerythrin","g":11,"sg":"phycobiliprotein","ak":"protein","r":[2168]},{"id":"bovine-alpha-chymotrypsin","n":"Bovine alpha-chymotrypsin","g":11,"sg":"protease","al":["alpha-II-chymotrypsin"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","245 aa","reported by Huang G 2017"],["Mass","25 kDa","reported by Huang G 2017"],["Charge","pI 8.75","reported by Huang G 2017"],["Mass","25.2 kDa","computed from UniProt P00766, Chymotrypsin A chain A 1 to 13 + Chymotrypsin A chain B 16 to 146 + Chymotrypsin A chain C 149 to 245"],["Isoelectric point","8.0","computed from UniProt P00766, Chymotrypsin A chain A 1 to 13 + Chymotrypsin A chain B 16 to 146 + Chymotrypsin A chain C 149 to 245, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+3.1 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P00766, Chymotrypsin A chain A 1 to 13 + Chymotrypsin A chain B 16 to 146 + Chymotrypsin A chain C 149 to 245, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","241 amino acids","computed from UniProt P00766, Chymotrypsin A chain A 1 to 13 + Chymotrypsin A chain B 16 to 146 + Chymotrypsin A chain C 149 to 245"]],"hs":{"sz":"245 aa","ms":"25 kDa","ch":"pI 8.75"},"ids":"uniprot:P00766 (chymotrypsinogen A precursor)","szm":3.872e-09,"szs":"about 3.87 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2169]},{"id":"butyrylcholinesterase","n":"Butyrylcholinesterase","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","al":["butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)"],"ak":"protein","r":[2170]},{"id":"calmodulin","n":"Calmodulin","g":11,"sg":"calcium-binding protein","al":["calmodulin, Ca2+-free and Ca2+-bound conformers","calmodulin (two conformational states)","calmodulin (CaM), two conformers"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","16.7 kDa","computed from UniProt P0DP23, Calmodulin-1 2 to 149; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"],["Isoelectric point","3.8","computed from UniProt P0DP23, Calmodulin-1 2 to 149; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-23.7 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P0DP23, Calmodulin-1 2 to 149; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","148 amino acids","computed from UniProt P0DP23, Calmodulin-1 2 to 149; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.37 nm","ms":"16.7 kDa","ch":"-23.7 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P0DP23 (human CALM1; species not stated in abstract, vertebrate calmodulins identical)","szm":3.374e-09,"szs":"about 3.37 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2171,2172,2173]},{"id":"carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin","n":"Carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin","g":13,"sg":"cyclodextrin derivative (anionic)","al":["carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CMbetaCD)"],"ak":"mol","ax":"ring","pr":[["Mass","1,541.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 131637431"],["Formula","C56H84O49","PubChem CID 131637431"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 131637431, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.52 nm","ms":"1,541.2 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:131637431","szm":1.525e-09,"szs":"about 1.52 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2174]},{"id":"chaetoceros-muelleri","n":"Chaetoceros muelleri","g":1,"sg":"diatom (marine)","ak":"diatom","ax":"centric","pr":[["Size","cell 7 um across (6 um on the short axis) and 9 um high (oval cylinder)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","biovolume 297 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell 7 um across (6 um on the short axis) and 9 um high (oval cylinder)"},"ids":"taxon:265525","szm":9e-06,"szs":"9 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2175]},{"id":"chemokine-ccl5","n":"Chemokine CCL5","g":11,"sg":"chemokine","al":["recombinant chemokine CCL5"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","68 amino acids","reported by Kolmogorov M 2017"]],"hs":{"sz":"68 amino acids"},"r":[2176]},{"id":"clot-analog-emboli-thrombectomy-fragments","n":"Clot analog emboli (thrombectomy fragments)","g":17,"sg":"embolic debris","al":["Clot-analog emboli (200 to 1000 um) shed during in vitro mechanical thrombectomy with EmboTrap and Solitaire devices"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","200 to 1000 um by Coulter principle; > 1000 um by calipers","reported by Chueh JY 2017"]],"hs":{"sz":"200 to 1000 um by Coulter principle; > 1000 um by calipers"},"szm":0.001,"szs":"1 mm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2177]},{"id":"cluster-ga4l6-tetrahedral-coordination-cage-delta-delta-delt","n":"Cluster Ga4L6 tetrahedral coordination cage (Delta-Delta-Delta-Delta)","g":15,"sg":"chiral coordination cage","al":["Ga(III) M4L6 tetrahedral cage, DDDD (Delta) enantiomer"],"ak":"mol","r":[2178]},{"id":"cluster-ga4l6-tetrahedral-coordination-cage-lambda-lambda-la","n":"Cluster Ga4L6 tetrahedral coordination cage (Lambda-Lambda-Lambda-Lambda)","g":15,"sg":"chiral coordination cage","al":["Ga(III) M4L6 tetrahedral cage, LLLL (Lambda) enantiomer"],"ak":"mol","r":[2179]},{"id":"complex-afp-anti-afp-antibody","n":"Complex AFP/anti-AFP antibody","g":11,"sg":"antigen-antibody complex","al":["AFP/anti-AFP antibody immunocomplex"],"ak":"antibody","r":[2180]},{"id":"complex-braf-v600e-mutant-dna-with-nanolock-probe-wang-2017","n":"Complex BRAF V600E mutant DNA with nanolock probe (Wang 2017)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with interstrand nanolock","al":["BRAF V600E mutant DNA from thyroid cancer tissue bound to probe with mutation-specific 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aptamers on its terminal overhangs, bound to thrombin"],"ak":"dna-carrier","pr":[["Size","48.5 kbp carrier","reported by Sze JYY 2017"]],"hs":{"sz":"48.5 kbp carrier"},"r":[2184]},{"id":"complex-lysozyme-binding-aptamer-on-5-nm-gold-nanoparticle-w","n":"Complex lysozyme-binding aptamer on 5 nm gold nanoparticle with lysozyme","g":10,"sg":"DNA aptamer-nanoparticle carrier","al":["5 nm gold nanoparticle carrying a lysozyme-binding DNA aptamer, bound to lysozyme"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[2185]},{"id":"complex-microrna-with-polynucleotide-extended-dna-probe-ivic","n":"Complex microRNA with polynucleotide-extended DNA probe (Ivica 2017)","g":10,"sg":"microRNA-DNA probe hybrid","al":["miRNA-DNA probe duplexes (polynucleotide-extended probes) unzipped in the pore"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2186]},{"id":"complex-target-dna-with-polycationic-peptide-pna-dipole-prob","n":"Complex target DNA with polycationic peptide-PNA dipole probe (Tian 2017)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-PNA-peptide complex","al":["target gene fragments bound to cationic peptide-PNA dipole probes in background of plasmid and PCR mixture DNA"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2187]},{"id":"d-tryptophan","n":"D-tryptophan","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid enantiomer","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","204.22 g/mol","PubChem CID 9060"],["Formula","C11H12N2O2","PubChem CID 9060"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 9060, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.78 nm","ms":"204.22 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:9060","szm":7.773e-10,"szs":"about 0.78 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2188,2189]},{"id":"dna-carrier-with-snp-discriminating-probe-strands-kong-2017","n":"DNA carrier with SNP-discriminating probe strands (Kong 2017)","g":10,"sg":"designed DNA carrier","al":["DNA carriers with target strands differing by a single base (SNP)"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[2190]},{"id":"dna-nanocube-nucleic-acid-nanoparticle","n":"DNA nanocube (nucleic acid nanoparticle)","g":10,"sg":"DNA nanostructure","al":["cube-shaped DNA nucleic acid nanoparticle (DNA cube)"],"ak":"origami","r":[2191]},{"id":"dna-with-5-hydroxymethylcytosine-synthetic-oligonucleotides","n":"DNA with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (synthetic oligonucleotides, signalAlign)","g":7,"sg":"methylated DNA","al":["5-hydroxymethylcytosine in synthetic oligonucleotides"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2192]},{"id":"dna-with-5-methylcytosine-at-cpg-nanopolish-training-set-and","n":"DNA with 5-methylcytosine at CpG (nanopolish training set and human methylome)","g":7,"sg":"methylated DNA","al":["synthetically methylated DNA and human genomic DNA (5-methylcytosine at CpG)"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2193]},{"id":"dna-with-n6-methyladenine-e-coli-genomic-signalalign","n":"DNA with N6-methyladenine (E. coli genomic, signalAlign)","g":7,"sg":"methylated DNA","al":["N6-methyladenine in E. coli genomic DNA (Dam methylation, GATC)"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2194]},{"id":"dsdna-braf-t1799a-target-cross-linked-to-abasic-site-probe-d","n":"dsDNA BRAF 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streptavidin)","g":10,"sg":"modified DNA-protein complex","al":["DNA containing a T:G mismatch (enzymatically biotin-labeled)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2198]},{"id":"dsdna-containing-uracil-ber-biotin-label-monovalent-streptav","n":"dsDNA containing uracil (BER biotin label + monovalent streptavidin)","g":10,"sg":"modified DNA-protein complex","al":["DNA containing uracil (enzymatically biotin-labeled)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2199]},{"id":"dsdna-duplex-with-r-spiroiminodihydantoin-opposite-a-at-the","n":"dsDNA duplex with (R)-spiroiminodihydantoin opposite A at the latch (Zeng 2017)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with Sp lesion at the latch","al":["duplex with (R)-Sp opposite A"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2200]},{"id":"dsdna-duplex-with-r-spiroiminodihydantoin-opposite-c-at-the","n":"dsDNA duplex with (R)-spiroiminodihydantoin opposite C at the latch (Zeng 2017)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with Sp lesion at the latch","al":["duplex with (R)-Sp opposite 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2017)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with Sp lesion at the latch","al":["duplex with (S)-Sp opposite C"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2205]},{"id":"dsdna-duplex-with-s-spiroiminodihydantoin-opposite-g-at-the","n":"dsDNA duplex with (S)-spiroiminodihydantoin opposite G at the latch (Zeng 2017)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with Sp lesion at the latch","al":["duplex with (S)-Sp opposite G"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2206]},{"id":"dsdna-duplex-with-s-spiroiminodihydantoin-opposite-t-at-the","n":"dsDNA duplex with (S)-spiroiminodihydantoin opposite T at the latch (Zeng 2017)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex with Sp lesion at the latch","al":["duplex with (S)-Sp opposite T"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2207]},{"id":"dsdna-duplex-with-single-cis-azobenzene-insertion-meng-2017","n":"dsDNA duplex with single cis-azobenzene insertion (Meng 2017)","g":7,"sg":"photoresponsive DNA duplex","al":["DNA duplex with one cis-azobenzene"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2208]},{"id":"dsdna-duplex-with-single-trans-azobenzene-insertion-meng-201","n":"dsDNA duplex with single trans-azobenzene insertion (Meng 2017)","g":7,"sg":"photoresponsive DNA duplex","al":["DNA duplex with one trans-azobenzene"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2209]},{"id":"dsdna-fragment-15-kbp","n":"dsDNA fragment 15 kbp","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA fragment","al":["15 kbp dsDNA"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","15 kbp","reported by Danda G 2017"],["Mass","about 9.75 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -30,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"15 kbp","ms":"about 9.75 MDa","ch":"about -30,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":5.1e-06,"szs":"5.1 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[2210]},{"id":"dsdna-human-genomic-dna-hap1-cell-line","n":"dsDNA human genomic DNA (HAP1 cell line)","g":7,"sg":"human genomic DNA","al":["human genomic DNA from the HAP1 cell line (native, unamplified)"],"ak":"dsdna","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[2211]},{"id":"dsdna-kras-23-mer-duplex-with-5cac-c-mismatch-at-the-latch-j","n":"dsDNA KRAS 23-mer duplex with 5caC:C 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prostate cancer cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2223]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-h9c2-cardiomyoblasts","n":"Extracellular vesicles (H9c2 cardiomyoblasts)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs from H9c2 cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2224]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-hsc-3-oral-squamous-carcinoma-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (HSC-3 oral squamous carcinoma cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes from cisplatin-resistant and parental HSC-3 oral squamous carcinoma cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2225]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-synovial-membrane-mesenchymal-s","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human synovial membrane mesenchymal stem cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes secreted by synovial membrane-derived MSCs (SMMSC-Exos)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2226]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-ipsc-derived-mesenchymal-stem-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes secreted by induced pluripotent stem cell-derived MSCs (iMSC-Exos)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2227]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-lncap-prostate-cancer-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (LNCaP prostate cancer cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs secreted by LNCaP prostate cancer cells under androgen manipulation"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2228]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-mouse-lymph-node-stromal-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (mouse lymph node stromal cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs (microvesicles) from mesenteric and peripheral lymph node fibroblastic reticular cells (mouse)"],"ak":"vesicle","pr":[["Size","100-1000 nm by TRPS","reported by Pasztoi M 2017"]],"hs":{"sz":"100-1000 nm by TRPS"},"szm":1e-06,"szs":"1 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2229]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-non-pigmented-ciliary-epithelium-cell","n":"Extracellular vesicles (non-pigmented ciliary epithelium cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes from cultured non-pigmented ciliary epithelium (NPCE) cells"],"ak":"vesicle","pr":[["Size","50-140 nm","reported by Lerner N 2017"]],"hs":{"sz":"50-140 nm"},"szm":1.4e-07,"szs":"140 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2230]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-rat-neonatal-cardiac-fibroblasts","n":"Extracellular vesicles (rat neonatal cardiac fibroblasts)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs from primary neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2231]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-rat-neonatal-cardiomyocytes","n":"Extracellular vesicles (rat neonatal cardiomyocytes)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs from primary neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (hypoxia or isoflurane preconditioning)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2232]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-scc-9-oral-squamous-carcinoma-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (SCC-9 oral squamous carcinoma cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular 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in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cells 3 to 4 um wide and 15 to 20 um long"},"ids":"taxon:186039","szm":2e-05,"szs":"20 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2235]},{"id":"glnpq-sbd1-e184w-l-lactis","n":"GlnPQ SBD1 E184W (L. lactis)","g":11,"sg":"ABC importer substrate-binding domain","al":["SBD1 E184W (inactive, non-binding variant)"],"ak":"protein","r":[2236]},{"id":"glnpq-sbd2-d417f-l-lactis","n":"GlnPQ SBD2 D417F (L. lactis)","g":11,"sg":"ABC importer substrate-binding domain","al":["SBD2 D417F (inactive variant)"],"ak":"protein","r":[2237]},{"id":"glnpq-substrate-binding-domain-1-sbd1-l-lactis","n":"GlnPQ substrate-binding domain 1 (SBD1, L. lactis)","g":11,"sg":"ABC importer substrate-binding domain","al":["SBD1 (asparagine-binding domain of GlnPQ)","SBD1 (L. lactis GlnPQ substrate-binding domain 1)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","25.5 kDa","reported by Zernia S 2020"],["Charge","-2","reported by Zernia S 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.89 nm","ms":"25.5 kDa","ch":"-2"},"szm":3.885e-09,"szs":"about 3.89 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2238,2239]},{"id":"glnpq-substrate-binding-domain-2-sbd2-l-lactis","n":"GlnPQ substrate-binding domain 2 (SBD2, L. lactis)","g":11,"sg":"ABC importer substrate-binding domain","al":["SBD2 (glutamine-binding domain of GlnPQ)","SBD2 (L. lactis GlnPQ substrate-binding domain 2)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","27.8 kDa","reported by Zernia S 2020"],["Charge","-5","reported by Zernia S 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 nm","ms":"27.8 kDa","ch":"-5"},"szm":3.999e-09,"szs":"about 4 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2240,2241]},{"id":"glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase","n":"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","al":["glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH)"],"ak":"protein","r":[2242]},{"id":"glutathione-disulfide-gssg","n":"Glutathione disulfide (GSSG)","g":15,"sg":"oxidized biothiol","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","612.6 g/mol","PubChem CID 65359"],["Formula","C20H32N6O12S2","PubChem CID 65359"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 65359, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.12 nm","ms":"612.6 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:65359","szm":1.121e-09,"szs":"about 1.12 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2243]},{"id":"gold-titania-core-shell-nanoparticles-au-tio2","n":"Gold-titania core-shell nanoparticles (Au@TiO2)","g":4,"sg":"core-shell nanoparticle","al":["Au@TiO2 core-shell nanostructures"],"ak":"metal-np","pr":[["Other","titania shell about 90 nm","reported by Bartosewicz B 2017"]],"r":[2244]},{"id":"hepatitis-b-virus-incomplete-capsid-90-subunit-3-mda","n":"Hepatitis B virus incomplete capsid (90-subunit, 3 MDa)","g":2,"sg":"partial capsid / capsid disassembly product","al":["incomplete hepatitis B virus capsids (3 MDa, 90-subunit complexes)"],"ak":"virus-ico","pr":[["Mass","about 3 MDa","reported by Lee LS 2017"]],"hs":{"ms":"about 3 MDa"},"ids":"taxon:10407","r":[2245]},{"id":"hexaamminecobalt-iii","n":"Hexaamminecobalt(III)","g":16,"sg":"metal complex cation","ak":"ion","ax":"|+3","pr":[["Charge","+3","reported by Gilardi A 2017"],["Mass","161.12 g/mol","PubChem CID 453369"],["Formula","CoH18N6+3","PubChem CID 453369"]],"hs":{"ms":"161.12 g/mol","ch":"+3"},"ids":"pubchem:453369","r":[2246]},{"id":"histone-h3-tail-residues-1-20","n":"Histone H3 tail (residues 1-20)","g":12,"sg":"histone tail peptide","al":["H3 histone tail peptide (residues 1-20)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","20 amino acids","reported by Kolmogorov M 2017"]],"hs":{"sz":"20 amino acids"},"r":[2247]},{"id":"histone-h3-2","n":"Histone H3.2","g":11,"sg":"histone","ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","136 amino acids","reported by Kolmogorov M 2017"]],"hs":{"sz":"136 amino acids"},"r":[2248]},{"id":"histone-h3-3","n":"Histone H3.3","g":11,"sg":"histone","ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","136 amino acids","reported by Kolmogorov M 2017"]],"hs":{"sz":"136 amino acids"},"r":[2249]},{"id":"histone-h4","n":"Histone H4","g":11,"sg":"histone","ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","103 amino acids","reported by Kolmogorov M 2017"]],"hs":{"sz":"103 amino acids"},"r":[2250]},{"id":"human-beta-2-microglobulin","n":"Human beta-2-microglobulin","g":11,"sg":"biomarker protein","al":["beta2-microglobulin"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","99 aa","reported by Huang G 2017"],["Mass","11.6 kDa","reported by Huang G 2017"],["Mass","11.7 kDa","computed from UniProt P61769, Beta-2-microglobulin 21 to 119; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterodimer"],["Isoelectric point","6.5","computed from UniProt P61769, Beta-2-microglobulin 21 to 119; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterodimer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-1.1 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P61769, Beta-2-microglobulin 21 to 119; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterodimer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","99 amino acids","computed from UniProt P61769, Beta-2-microglobulin 21 to 119; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterodimer"]],"hs":{"sz":"99 aa","ms":"11.6 kDa","ch":"-1.1 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P61769","szm":2.999e-09,"szs":"about 3 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2251]},{"id":"human-epidermal-growth-factor-egf","n":"Human epidermal growth factor (EGF)","g":11,"sg":"growth factor","ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","53 aa","reported by Huang G 2017"],["Mass","6.2 kDa","reported by Huang G 2017"],["Mass","6,222 Da","computed from UniProt P01133, Epidermal growth factor 971 to 1023"],["Isoelectric point","4.6","computed from UniProt P01133, Epidermal growth factor 971 to 1023, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-3.7 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P01133, Epidermal growth factor 971 to 1023, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","53 amino acids","computed from UniProt P01133, Epidermal growth factor 971 to 1023"]],"hs":{"sz":"53 aa","ms":"6.2 kDa","ch":"-3.7 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P01133 (precursor)","szm":2.428e-09,"szs":"about 2.43 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2252]},{"id":"human-skeletal-stem-cells","n":"Human skeletal stem cells","g":0,"sg":"stem cell","al":["unexpanded skeletal stem cells from human bone marrow"],"ak":"cell","pr":[["Size","mean diameter 9.0 um (unexpanded)","reported by Xavier M 2017"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean diameter 9.0 um (unexpanded)"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":9e-06,"szs":"9 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2253]},{"id":"influenza-a-virus-h1n1-a-pr-8-34","n":"Influenza A virus (H1N1 A/PR/8/34)","g":2,"sg":"orthomyxovirus (enveloped, spiked)","al":["influenza A virus H1N1 (A/PR/8/34, formalin-inactivated, egg-grown)","human influenza A virus H1N1 (A/PR/8/34), captured and released before counting"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Charge","zeta potential reported in the paper's Figure 2B (value shown only in the figure)","reported by Horiguchi Y 2017"],["Isoelectric point","4.0 to 4.5 for influenza A H1N1 (electrophoretic mobility in NaCl at ionic strength 0.2 to 10 mM)","Heffron J, Mayer BK 2021, Appl Environ Microbiol 87, doi:10.1128/AEM.02319-20"],["Other","strain not named in the table, so not confirmed for A/PR/8/34; data of Molodkina et al. 1986 tabulated in Heffron and Mayer 2021, Table 2","Heffron J, Mayer BK 2021, Appl Environ Microbiol 87, doi:10.1128/AEM.02319-20"]],"hs":{"ch":"zeta potential reported in the paper's Figure 2B (value shown only in the figure)"},"ids":"taxon:183764; taxon:11320","r":[2254,2255]},{"id":"isochrysis-zhanjiangensis","n":"Isochrysis zhanjiangensis","g":1,"sg":"haptophyte","ak":"flagellate","ids":"taxon:354139","r":[2256]},{"id":"kkkkkxxsxx-guest-host-x-ala","n":"KKKKKXXSXX guest-host, X = Ala","g":12,"sg":"guest-host peptide","al":["guest-host peptide KKKKKXXSXX with X = Ala"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"KKKKKXXSXX (X = Ala at guest sites)","r":[2257]},{"id":"kkkkkxxsxx-guest-host-x-d-l-trp","n":"KKKKKXXSXX guest-host, X = D,L-Trp","g":12,"sg":"guest-host peptide","al":["guest-host Trp peptide with mixed D,L-Trp"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"KKKKKXXSXX (X = D,L-Trp)","r":[2258]},{"id":"kkkkkxxsxx-guest-host-x-d-trp","n":"KKKKKXXSXX guest-host, X = D-Trp","g":12,"sg":"guest-host peptide","al":["guest-host Trp peptide with D-Trp (stereochemistry variant)"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"KKKKKXXSXX (X = D-Trp)","r":[2259]},{"id":"kkkkkxxsxx-guest-host-x-leu","n":"KKKKKXXSXX guest-host, X = Leu","g":12,"sg":"guest-host peptide","al":["guest-host peptide KKKKKXXSXX with X = Leu"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"KKKKKXXSXX (X = Leu at guest sites)","r":[2260]},{"id":"kkkkkxxsxx-guest-host-x-phe","n":"KKKKKXXSXX guest-host, X = Phe","g":12,"sg":"guest-host peptide","al":["guest-host peptide KKKKKXXSXX with X = Phe"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"KKKKKXXSXX (X = Phe at guest sites)","r":[2261]},{"id":"kkkkkxxsxx-guest-host-x-thr","n":"KKKKKXXSXX guest-host, X = Thr","g":12,"sg":"guest-host peptide","al":["guest-host peptide KKKKKXXSXX with X = Thr"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"KKKKKXXSXX (X = Thr at guest sites)","r":[2262]},{"id":"kkkkkxxsxx-guest-host-x-trp","n":"KKKKKXXSXX guest-host, X = Trp","g":12,"sg":"guest-host peptide","al":["guest-host peptide KKKKKXXSXX with X = Trp"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"KKKKKXXSXX (X = Trp at guest sites)","r":[2263]},{"id":"kkkkkxxsxx-guest-host-x-tyr","n":"KKKKKXXSXX guest-host, X = Tyr","g":12,"sg":"guest-host peptide","al":["guest-host peptide KKKKKXXSXX with X = Tyr"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"KKKKKXXSXX (X = Tyr at guest sites)","r":[2264]},{"id":"l-lactate-dehydrogenase","n":"L-lactate dehydrogenase","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","al":["L-lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH)"],"ak":"protein","r":[2265]},{"id":"l-tryptophan","n":"L-tryptophan","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid","al":["tryptophan (W)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","204.22 g/mol","PubChem CID 6305"],["Formula","C11H12N2O2","PubChem CID 6305"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6305, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.78 nm","ms":"204.22 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6305","szm":7.773e-10,"szs":"about 0.78 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2266,2267,2268]},{"id":"leishmania-amazonensis","n":"Leishmania amazonensis","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (trypanosomatid)","al":["Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes","Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes"],"ak":"trypanosome","pr":[["Size","promastigotes elongate and slender, about 10 to 12 um long; amastigotes spherical to ovoid, 1 to 5 um long and 1 to 2 um wide","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Leishmaniasis page, last reviewed June 5, 2024"],["Other","genus-level values","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Leishmaniasis page, last reviewed June 5, 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"promastigotes elongate and slender, about 10 to 12 um long; amastigotes spherical to ovoid, 1 to 5 um long and 1 to 2 um wide"},"ids":"taxon:5659","szm":1.2e-05,"szs":"12 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2269,2270]},{"id":"leishmania-major","n":"Leishmania major","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (trypanosomatid)","al":["Leishmania major promastigotes"],"ak":"trypanosome","pr":[["Size","promastigotes elongate and slender, about 10 to 12 um long; amastigotes spherical to ovoid, 1 to 5 um long and 1 to 2 um wide","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Leishmaniasis page, last reviewed June 5, 2024"],["Other","genus-level values","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Leishmaniasis page, last reviewed June 5, 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"promastigotes elongate and slender, about 10 to 12 um long; amastigotes spherical to ovoid, 1 to 5 um long and 1 to 2 um wide"},"ids":"taxon:5664","szm":1.2e-05,"szs":"12 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2271,2272]},{"id":"lentiviral-vector-particles","n":"Lentiviral vector particles","g":2,"sg":"retroviral gene therapy vector (enveloped)","al":["pharmaceutical lentiviral vector particles (adherent and suspension processes)"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","about 100 nm (similar to exosomes, as stated in the paper)","reported by Heider S 2017"],["Zeta potential","low, roughly +/-5 mV (stated for enveloped viruses such as the lentiviral and herpesvirus particles used, as measured by DLS and RPS)","Heider S, Muzard J, Zaruba M, Metzner C 2017, Mol Biotechnol 59:251-259, doi:10.1007/s12033-017-0009-8 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"],["Other","general statement with a citation, not a reported measurement of these particles","Heider S, Muzard J, Zaruba M, Metzner C 2017, Mol Biotechnol 59:251-259, doi:10.1007/s12033-017-0009-8 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 100 nm (similar to exosomes, as stated in the paper)","ch":"zeta low, roughly +/-5 mV (stated for enveloped viruses such as the lentiviral and herpesvirus particles used, as measured by DLS and RPS)"},"ids":"taxon:11676","szm":1e-07,"szs":"100 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2273,2274]},{"id":"magnetospirillum-sp-15-1","n":"Magnetospirillum sp. 15-1","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (spirillum, toluene-degrading)","al":["Magnetospirillum sp. strain 15-1"],"ak":"spiral","pr":[["Size","spiral cells 3 to 7 um long","Meyer-Cifuentes I, Martinez-Lavanchy PM, Marin-Cevada V, et al. 2017, PLoS One 12:e0174750, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174750 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"],["Other","motile","Meyer-Cifuentes I, Martinez-Lavanchy PM, Marin-Cevada V, et al. 2017, PLoS One 12:e0174750, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174750 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"spiral cells 3 to 7 um long"},"szm":7e-06,"szs":"7 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2275]},{"id":"marine-sediment-sortable-silt-odp-site-1063-bermuda-rise","n":"Marine sediment sortable silt (ODP Site 1063, Bermuda Rise)","g":5,"sg":"marine sediment","al":["Terrigenous sortable silt at ODP Site 1063 (33.69 N, 57.62 W, 4584 m, Bermuda Rise) across Termination 2"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","arithmetic mean of 10 to 63 um silt; replicate s.d. +/- 0.23 um","reported by Deaney EL 2017"]],"hs":{"sz":"arithmetic mean of 10 to 63 um silt; replicate s.d. +/- 0.23 um"},"szm":6.3e-05,"szs":"63 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2276]},{"id":"marmoset-mesenchymal-stromal-cells","n":"Marmoset mesenchymal stromal cells","g":0,"sg":"stem cell","al":["multipotent stromal cells from amnion and bone marrow of the common marmoset"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9483","r":[2277]},{"id":"microgels-oligo-ethylene-glycol-methacrylate-cross-linker-fr","n":"Microgels, oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (cross-linker free)","g":4,"sg":"microgel","al":["oligo(ethylene glycol)-sidechain microgels made without cross-linker at 75 and 80 C"],"ak":"gel","r":[2278]},{"id":"monoraphidium-neglectum","n":"Monoraphidium neglectum","g":1,"sg":"green alga (oleaginous)","ak":"alga","ids":"taxon:145388","r":[2279]},{"id":"neurotensin","n":"Neurotensin","g":12,"sg":"neuropeptide","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","1,672.9 g/mol","PubChem CID 25077406"],["Formula","C78H121N21O20","PubChem CID 25077406"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 25077406, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.57 nm","ms":"1,672.9 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:25077406","szm":1.567e-09,"szs":"about 1.57 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2280]},{"id":"omethoate","n":"Omethoate","g":15,"sg":"organophosphate pesticide","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","213.19 g/mol","PubChem CID 14210"],["Formula","C5H12NO4PS","PubChem CID 14210"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 14210, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.79 nm","ms":"213.19 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:14210","szm":7.886e-10,"szs":"about 0.79 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2281]},{"id":"pamam-dendrimer-generation-1","n":"PAMAM dendrimer generation 1","g":14,"sg":"dendrimer","al":["generation 1 PAMAM dendrimers"],"ak":"dendrimer","r":[2282]},{"id":"phaeocystis-antarctica","n":"Phaeocystis antarctica","g":1,"sg":"haptophyte (polar)","ak":"flagellate","pr":[["Size","cell biovolume 120 (strain CCMP 1871) um3","Kremer CT, Thomas MK, Litchman E 2017, Limnol Oceanogr 62:1658-1670, doi:10.1002/lno.10523 (supporting information 3, isolate table, bv = log10 biovolume in um3)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell biovolume 120 (strain CCMP 1871) um3"},"ids":"taxon:33657","r":[2283]},{"id":"pollen-ranunculus-kuepferi","n":"Pollen, Ranunculus kuepferi","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["Ranunculus kuepferi pollen"],"ak":"pollen","pr":[["Size","well-developed, viable pollen larger than 27 um in diameter; particles above 33 um were mostly bloated pollen or debris (volumetric particle counts)","Schinkel CCF, Kirchheimer B, Dullinger S, Geelen D, De Storme N, Horandl E 2017, Plant Syst Evol 303:1093-1108, doi:10.1007/s00606-017-1435-6 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"well-developed, viable pollen larger than 27 um in diameter; particles above 33 um were mostly bloated pollen or debris (volumetric particle counts)"},"ids":"taxon:286921","szm":3.3e-05,"szs":"33 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2284]},{"id":"poly-l-arginine-short-oligomers","n":"Poly-L-arginine (short oligomers)","g":12,"sg":"cationic homopeptide","al":["short poly-arginines"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2285]},{"id":"raphidocelis-subcapitata","n":"Raphidocelis subcapitata","g":1,"sg":"green alga","al":["Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata","Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Selenastrum capricornutum)"],"ak":"alga","pr":[["Size","average cell diameter about 4.4 to 5.0 um in control culture (4.92 to 5.00 um at 48 h, about 4.4 um at 96 h)","Yamagishi T, Yamaguchi H, Suzuki S, Horie Y, Tatarazako N 2017, PLoS One 12:e0171259, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171259 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"],["Other","named Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata in the paper","Yamagishi T, Yamaguchi H, Suzuki S, Horie Y, Tatarazako N 2017, PLoS One 12:e0171259, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171259 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"average cell diameter about 4.4 to 5.0 um in control culture (4.92 to 5.00 um at 48 h, about 4.4 um at 96 h)"},"ids":"taxon:307507","szm":5e-06,"szs":"5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2286,2287]},{"id":"rna-bacteriophage-t2-gene-32-mrna-pseudoknot-36-nt","n":"RNA bacteriophage T2 gene 32 mRNA pseudoknot (36 nt)","g":8,"sg":"RNA pseudoknot","al":["36-nt H-type pseudoknot from bacteriophage T2 gene 32 mRNA (and folding intermediates/mutants)"],"ak":"rna-long","pr":[["Size","36 nt","reported by Zhang X 2017"],["Mass","about 11.5 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -36 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"36 nt","ms":"about 11.5 kDa","ch":"about -36 e at pH 7"},"szm":2.16e-08,"szs":"about 21.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2288]},{"id":"rna-nanoring-nucleic-acid-nanoparticle","n":"RNA nanoring (nucleic acid nanoparticle)","g":10,"sg":"RNA nanostructure","al":["ring-shaped RNA nucleic acid nanoparticle (RNA ring)"],"ak":"origami","r":[2289]},{"id":"silicone-oil-emulsion-droplets-ophthalmic-tamponade","n":"Silicone oil emulsion droplets (ophthalmic tamponade)","g":6,"sg":"medical emulsion","al":["Emulsified silicone oil droplets (conventional and high-molecular-weight additive blends) used as retinal tamponade"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Size","Coulter results correlated with laser scattering from 1 to 30 um","reported by Chan YK 2017"]],"hs":{"sz":"Coulter results correlated with laser scattering from 1 to 30 um"},"szm":3e-05,"szs":"30 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2290]},{"id":"silver-titania-core-shell-nanoparticles-ag-tio2","n":"Silver-titania core-shell nanoparticles (Ag@TiO2)","g":4,"sg":"core-shell nanoparticle","al":["Ag@TiO2 core-shell nanostructures with sol-gel titania shells"],"ak":"metal-np","ax":"silver","pr":[["Other","titania shell about 40-70 nm","reported by Bartosewicz B 2017"]],"r":[2291]},{"id":"simian-virus-40-vp1-particles-on-poly-styrene-sulfonate","n":"Simian virus 40 VP1 particles on poly(styrene sulfonate)","g":2,"sg":"virus-like particle (polyomavirus VP1)","al":["SV40 VP1 particles assembled on poly(styrene sulfonate) (600-mer)"],"ak":"virus-ico","r":[2292]},{"id":"simian-virus-40-vp1-virus-like-particle-t-1-rna-templated","n":"Simian virus 40 VP1 virus-like particle (T=1, RNA-templated)","g":2,"sg":"virus-like particle (polyomavirus VP1)","al":["SV40 VP1 T = 1 virus-like particles assembled on 500 to 600 nt RNA"],"ak":"virus-ico","pr":[["Size","diameter about 22 nm (T = 1)","reported by Li C 2017"],["Isoelectric point","about 6.8 for the major VP1 protein (47 kDa; denatured protein, two-dimensional gel isoelectric focusing; minor forms pH 6.7 to 6.9)","O'Farrell PZ, Goodman HM 1976, Cell 9:289-298, doi:10.1016/0092-8674(76)90119-7"],["Other","protein value, not measured on assembled particles","O'Farrell PZ, Goodman HM 1976, Cell 9:289-298, doi:10.1016/0092-8674(76)90119-7"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter about 22 nm (T = 1)","ch":"pI about 6.8 for the major VP1 protein (47 kDa; denatured protein, two-dimensional gel isoelectric focusing; minor forms pH 6.7 to 6.9)"},"szm":2.2e-08,"szs":"22 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2293]},{"id":"sodium-dodecyl-sulfate-sds-micelles","n":"Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles","g":15,"sg":"surfactant micelle","al":["SDS micelles"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","288.38 g/mol","PubChem CID 3423265"],["Formula","C12H25NaO4S","PubChem CID 3423265"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 3423265, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.87 nm","ms":"288.38 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:3423265","szm":8.721e-10,"szs":"about 0.87 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2294]},{"id":"ssdna-16-nt-target-d16-wang-2017","n":"ssDNA 16-nt target D16 (Wang 2017)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["target DNA D16 (16 nt)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","16 nt","reported by Wang Y 2017"],["Mass","about 5,120 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"16 nt","ms":"about 5,120 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"szm":9.6e-09,"szs":"about 9.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2295]},{"id":"ssdna-30-nt-oligonucleotide-d30-wang-2017","n":"ssDNA 30-nt oligonucleotide D30 (Wang 2017)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["DNA D30 (30 nt)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","30 nt","reported by Wang Y 2017"],["Mass","about 9,600 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -30 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt","ms":"about 9,600 Da","ch":"about -30 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.8e-08,"szs":"about 18 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2296]},{"id":"ssdna-5-nt-oligonucleotide-d5-wang-2017","n":"ssDNA 5-nt oligonucleotide D5 (Wang 2017)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["DNA D5 (5 nt)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","5 nt","reported by Wang Y 2017"]],"hs":{"sz":"5 nt"},"r":[2297]},{"id":"ssdna-antisense-oligonucleotide-amplified-from-mirna-trigger","n":"ssDNA antisense oligonucleotide amplified from miRNA trigger (Hiratani 2017)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA antisense oligonucleotide","al":["antisense DNA oligonucleotide generated by isothermal amplification triggered by a miRNA"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2298]},{"id":"ssdna-output-strand-released-from-cocaine-aptamer-rauf-2017","n":"ssDNA output strand released from cocaine aptamer (Rauf 2017)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA reporter","al":["short output DNA displaced from the cocaine aptamer"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2299]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-about-3-kb","n":"ssDNA poly(dA) about 3 kb","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["3-kb single-stranded poly(dA) immobilized on a Si probe"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","about 3 kb","reported by Akahori R 2017"],["Mass","about 960 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -3,000 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 3 kb","ms":"about 960 kDa","ch":"about -3,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.8e-06,"szs":"about 1.8 µm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2300]},{"id":"ssdna-short-oligomer-with-5mc-yu-2017-sequence-not-in-abstra","n":"ssDNA short oligomer with 5mC (Yu 2017; sequence not in abstract)","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["oligomer containing methylated cytosine"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2301]},{"id":"ssdna-short-oligomer-with-c-yu-2017-control-sequence-not-in","n":"ssDNA short oligomer with C (Yu 2017 control; sequence not in abstract)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["oligomer containing unmethylated cytosine"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2302]},{"id":"ssdna-coated-polystyrene-nanoparticles","n":"ssDNA-coated polystyrene nanoparticles","g":4,"sg":"DNA-coated bead","al":["latex nanoparticles coated with low molecular weight ssDNA","polystyrene nanoparticles coated with ssDNA"],"ak":"bead","ax":"dna","r":[2303,2304]},{"id":"streptococcus-salivarius","n":"Streptococcus salivarius","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-positive coccus, chains)","ak":"strep","ax":"gp","pr":[["Size","ellipsoidal cells about 800 nm at the widest and 280 nm at the junctions (from simulation fitted to the pulses)","reported by Tsutsui M 2017"]],"hs":{"sz":"ellipsoidal cells about 800 nm at the widest and 280 nm at the junctions (from simulation fitted to the pulses)"},"ids":"taxon:1304","szm":8e-07,"szs":"800 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2305]},{"id":"thalassiosira-oceanica","n":"Thalassiosira oceanica","g":1,"sg":"diatom (open ocean)","ak":"diatom","ax":"centric","pr":[["Size","cell biovolume 70.7 (clone 13-1) um3","Kremer CT, Thomas MK, Litchman E 2017, Limnol Oceanogr 62:1658-1670, doi:10.1002/lno.10523 (supporting information 3, isolate table, bv = log10 biovolume in um3)"],["Size","cell volume 14 (strain CCMP 1005) um3","Edwards KF, Klausmeier CA, Litchman E 2015, Ecology 96:2311, doi:10.1890/14-2252.1 (Ecological Archives E096-202, Table 1 cell volume; primary source: Caperon J, Meyer J 1972, Deep-Sea Res 19:619-632)"],["Size","cell volume 102 (strain CCMP 1005) um3","Edwards KF, Klausmeier CA, Litchman E 2015, Ecology 96:2311, doi:10.1890/14-2252.1 (Ecological Archives E096-202, Table 1 cell volume; primary source: Eppley RW, Renger EH 1974, J Phycol 10:15-23)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell biovolume 70.7 (clone 13-1) um3"},"ids":"taxon:159749","r":[2306]},{"id":"titin-i27-domain","n":"Titin I27 domain","g":11,"sg":"immunoglobulin-like domain","al":["titin I27 domain (native and SDS-denatured)"],"ak":"antibody","pr":[["Mass","13 kDa","reported by Restrepo-Perez L 2017"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.1 nm","ms":"13 kDa"},"szm":3.104e-09,"szs":"about 3.1 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2307]},{"id":"ubc4-c116k-monoubiquitinated-at-k116-e2-ub","n":"Ubc4 C116K monoubiquitinated at K116 (E2*Ub)","g":11,"sg":"ubiquitinated protein","al":["Ubc4 C116K (E2*) monoubiquitinated on residue 116 (E2*Ub)"],"ak":"protein","r":[2308]},{"id":"ubc4-monoubiquitinated-e2ub","n":"Ubc4 monoubiquitinated (E2Ub)","g":11,"sg":"ubiquitinated protein","al":["monoubiquitinated Ubc4 (E2Ub), isomers at K35, K39, K121"],"ak":"protein","r":[2309]},{"id":"ubc4-polyubiquitinated-e2ub2","n":"Ubc4 polyubiquitinated (E2Ub2)","g":11,"sg":"ubiquitinated protein","al":["polyubiquitinated Ubc4 (mainly E2Ub2)"],"ak":"protein","r":[2310]},{"id":"ubc4-ubiquitin-conjugating-enzyme-s-cerevisiae","n":"Ubc4 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (S. cerevisiae)","g":11,"sg":"ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme","al":["Ubc4 (E2), unmodified"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","16.5 kDa","computed from UniProt P15731, Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 4 1 to 148"],["Isoelectric point","6.5","computed from UniProt P15731, Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 4 1 to 148, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-1.1 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P15731, Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 4 1 to 148, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","148 amino acids","computed from UniProt P15731, Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 4 1 to 148"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.36 nm","ms":"16.5 kDa","ch":"-1.1 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P15731","szm":3.357e-09,"szs":"about 3.36 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2311]},{"id":"ubiquitin-ubc4-n-terminal-fusion-ube2","n":"Ubiquitin-Ubc4 N-terminal fusion (UbE2)","g":11,"sg":"ubiquitin fusion protein","al":["UbE2, ubiquitin genetically fused to the Ubc4 N-terminus (isomer of E2*Ub)"],"ak":"protein","r":[2312]},{"id":"uranyl-uo2-2","n":"Uranyl UO2 2+","g":16,"sg":"actinide oxocation","al":["uranyl ion (UO2 2+)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"|+2","pr":[["Charge","+2","reported by Roozbahani GM 2017"],["Mass","270.03 g/mol","PubChem CID 14816"],["Formula","O2U+2","PubChem CID 14816"]],"hs":{"ms":"270.03 g/mol","ch":"+2"},"ids":"pubchem:14816","r":[2313]},{"id":"vesicular-stomatitis-virus-defective-interfering-particles","n":"Vesicular stomatitis virus defective interfering particles","g":2,"sg":"rhabdovirus defective particle (enveloped)","al":["vesicular stomatitis virus defective interfering particles (DIP and DIP-GFP stocks)"],"ak":"virus-bullet","ids":"taxon:11276","r":[2314]},{"id":"zein-maize","n":"Zein (maize)","g":11,"sg":"prolamin storage protein","al":["zeins (alcohol-soluble maize proteins)"],"ak":"protein","r":[2315]},{"id":"zika-virus-genome-cdna-amplicons-nanopore-sequencing","n":"Zika virus genome (cDNA amplicons, nanopore sequencing)","g":7,"sg":"viral cDNA amplicons","al":["Zika virus genomes from clinical samples (multiplex PCR amplicons)","Zika virus genomes from Brazil (mobile genomics laboratory)"],"ak":"dsdna","ids":"taxon:64320","r":[2316,2317]},{"id":"3-arm-star-poly-ethylene-glycol","n":"3-arm star poly(ethylene glycol)","g":14,"sg":"branched (star) PEG","ak":"polymer","pr":[["Mass","~1 kDa average (polydisperse)","reported by Talarimoghari M 2018"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.32 nm","ms":"~1 kDa average (polydisperse)"},"szm":1.32e-09,"szs":"about 1.32 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2318,2319]},{"id":"adenylate-kinase-adk","n":"Adenylate kinase (AdK)","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","al":["adenylate kinase (AdK), apo and Ap5A-bound"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","R_H 2.88 +/- 0.2 nm (apo), 2.19 +/- 0.2 nm (Ap5A) from nanopore data","reported by Hu R 2018"]],"hs":{"sz":"R_H 2.88 +/- 0.2 nm (apo), 2.19 +/- 0.2 nm (Ap5A) from nanopore data"},"szm":2.88e-09,"szs":"2.88 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2320]},{"id":"alginate","n":"Alginate","g":13,"sg":"polysaccharide (measured via hydrolysis fragments)","al":["sodium alginate","sodium alginate A1"],"ak":"sugar-chain","pr":[["Mass","Mn about 74 kDa (viscosity)","reported by Karawdeniya BI 2018"],["Mass","193.13 g/mol","PubChem CID 91666324"],["Formula","C6H9O7-","PubChem CID 91666324"],["Formal charge","-1","PubChem CID 91666324, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.76 nm","ms":"Mn about 74 kDa (viscosity)"},"ids":"pubchem:91666324","szm":7.63e-10,"szs":"about 0.76 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2321,2322]},{"id":"alpha-d-glucopyranose","n":"Alpha-D-glucopyranose","g":13,"sg":"monosaccharide ring isomer (anomer)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","180.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 79025"],["Formula","C6H12O6","PubChem CID 79025"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 79025, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"180.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:79025","szm":7.455e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2323]},{"id":"ampicilloic-acid-ampicillin-penicilloic-acid","n":"Ampicilloic acid (ampicillin penicilloic acid)","g":15,"sg":"beta-lactam degradation product","al":["penicilloic acid of ampicillin (basic-pH degradation product)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","367.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 6914605"],["Formula","C16H21N3O5S","PubChem CID 6914605"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6914605, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.95 nm","ms":"367.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6914605","szm":9.454e-10,"szs":"about 0.95 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2324]},{"id":"aptamer-functionalized-gold-nanoparticles-microcystin-lr-bou","n":"Aptamer-functionalized gold nanoparticles (microcystin-LR bound)","g":4,"sg":"aptamer-coated metal nanoparticle","al":["microcystin-LR-aptamer-gold nanoparticle species released from cDNA-AuNP networks"],"ak":"metal-np","r":[2325]},{"id":"bacteriophage-phix174","n":"Bacteriophage phiX174","g":2,"sg":"bacteriophage (icosahedral, Microviridae)","al":["bacteriophage phiX174 (untreated)"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Other","icosahedral, non-enveloped; ssDNA genome","reported by Nazari M 2018"],["Size","virion diameter about 30 nm (non-enveloped, T=1 icosahedron with 12 spikes)","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Sinsheimervirus factsheet"],["Other","capsid of 60 copies each of F, G and J proteins and 12 copies of H; genus Sinsheimervirus","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Sinsheimervirus factsheet"],["Isoelectric point","7.0 to 7.8 (chromatofocusing in NaCl plus buffer; 7 at ionic strength below 1 mM, 7.3 at 5 mM, 7.5 at 10 mM, 7.8 at 20 mM)","Heffron J, Mayer BK 2021, Appl Environ Microbiol 87, doi:10.1128/AEM.02319-20"],["Other","capsid outer radius 17 nm; data of Brorson et al. 2008 tabulated in Heffron and Mayer 2021, Table 2","Heffron J, Mayer BK 2021, Appl Environ Microbiol 87, doi:10.1128/AEM.02319-20"],["Isoelectric point","6.6 (as listed for the phiX174 used in soil-column transport studies)","Dowd SE, Pillai SD, Wang S, Corapcioglu MY 1998, Appl Environ Microbiol 64:405-410, doi:10.1128/aem.64.2.405-410.1998"]],"hs":{"sz":"virion diameter about 30 nm (non-enveloped, T=1 icosahedron with 12 spikes)","ch":"pI 7.0 to 7.8 (chromatofocusing in NaCl plus buffer; 7 at ionic strength below 1 mM, 7.3 at 5 mM, 7.5 at 10 mM, 7.8 at 20 mM)"},"ids":"taxon:10847","szm":3e-08,"szs":"30 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2326]},{"id":"bacteriophage-phix174-femtosecond-laser-inactivated","n":"Bacteriophage phiX174 (femtosecond-laser inactivated)","g":2,"sg":"bacteriophage (inactivated)","al":["bacteriophage phiX174 after femtosecond laser treatment"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","native virion diameter about 30 nm (non-enveloped, T=1 icosahedron)","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Sinsheimervirus factsheet"],["Other","value is for the untreated phiX174 virion (genus Sinsheimervirus)","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Sinsheimervirus factsheet"],["Isoelectric point","7.0 to 7.8 for native phiX174 (chromatofocusing, ionic strength below 1 to 20 mM)","Heffron J, Mayer BK 2021, Appl Environ Microbiol 87, doi:10.1128/AEM.02319-20"],["Other","value for untreated phiX174; data of Brorson et al. 2008 tabulated in Heffron and Mayer 2021, Table 2","Heffron J, Mayer BK 2021, Appl Environ Microbiol 87, doi:10.1128/AEM.02319-20"]],"hs":{"sz":"native virion diameter about 30 nm (non-enveloped, T=1 icosahedron)","ch":"pI 7.0 to 7.8 for native phiX174 (chromatofocusing, ionic strength below 1 to 20 mM)"},"ids":"taxon:10847","szm":3e-08,"szs":"30 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2327]},{"id":"bacteriophage-t4","n":"Bacteriophage T4","g":2,"sg":"bacteriophage (tailed, Myoviridae)","al":["bacteriophage T4 (coliphage tracer)","bacteriophage T4 (grown on E. coli, collected from the supernatant)"],"ak":"phage","pr":[["Size","prolate head 120 nm long and 86 nm wide (elongated icosahedron T=13 Q=21, 152 capsomers) on a contractile tail with 6 long terminal fibers","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Tequatrovirus factsheet"],["Other","non-enveloped head-tail phage; genus Tequatrovirus","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Tequatrovirus factsheet"],["Zeta potential","-11.1 +/- 0.49 mV (Zetasizer Nano ZEN 3600, 25 C; untreated control phage)","Grygorcewicz B, Rakoczy R, Roszak M, et al. 2022, Curr Issues Mol Biol 44:1316-1325, doi:10.3390/cimb44030088"],["Isoelectric point","3.97","Robertson K, Furukawa Y, Underwood A, Black L, Liu JL 2012, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 418:537-540, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.061"],["Zeta potential","about -25 mV at pH 7 (average about -27 mV at pH 7 to 8; laser Doppler velocimetry with pH titration)","Robertson K, Furukawa Y, Underwood A, Black L, Liu JL 2012, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 418:537-540, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.061"],["Other","values for tailless T4 capsid nanoparticles (heads), not whole phage; particle size about 125 nm by DLS","Robertson K, Furukawa Y, Underwood A, Black L, Liu JL 2012, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 418:537-540, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.061"],["Size","head 111 x 78 nm and tail 113 x 18 nm (catalase-crystal calibrated electron microscopy, 20 particles)","Ackermann HW, Krisch HM 1997, Arch Virol 142:2329-2345, PMID 9672598 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","BioNumbers BNID 104846; primary source Luftig RB 1968, J Ultrastruct Res 23:178-181","Ackermann HW, Krisch HM 1997, Arch Virol 142:2329-2345, PMID 9672598 (via BioNumbers)"]],"hs":{"sz":"prolate head 120 nm long and 86 nm wide (elongated icosahedron T=13 Q=21, 152 capsomers) on a contractile tail with 6 long terminal fibers","ch":"zeta -11.1 +/- 0.49 mV (Zetasizer Nano ZEN 3600, 25 C; untreated control phage)"},"ids":"taxon:10665","szm":1.2e-07,"szs":"120 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2328,2329]},{"id":"barstar-bacillus-amyloliquefaciens","n":"Barstar (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)","g":11,"sg":"protein inhibitor","al":["barstar (89-residue inhibitor of barnase)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","10.2 kDa","computed from UniProt P11540, Barstar 2 to 90"],["Isoelectric point","4.4","computed from UniProt P11540, Barstar 2 to 90, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-5.8 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P11540, Barstar 2 to 90, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","89 amino acids","computed from UniProt P11540, Barstar 2 to 90"]],"hs":{"sz":"2.86 nm","ms":"10.2 kDa","ch":"-5.8 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P11540","szm":2.864e-09,"szs":"about 2.86 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2330]},{"id":"beta-d-fructofuranose","n":"Beta-D-fructofuranose","g":13,"sg":"monosaccharide ring isomer","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","180.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 439709"],["Formula","C6H12O6","PubChem CID 439709"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 439709, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"180.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:439709","szm":7.455e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2331]},{"id":"beta-d-fructopyranose","n":"Beta-D-fructopyranose","g":13,"sg":"monosaccharide ring isomer","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","180.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 24310"],["Formula","C6H12O6","PubChem CID 24310"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 24310, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"180.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:24310","szm":7.455e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2332]},{"id":"beta-lactoglobulin-amyloid-aggregates","n":"Beta-Lactoglobulin amyloid aggregates","g":11,"sg":"amyloid aggregate","al":["beta-lactoglobulin amyloid fibrils (polymorphs)","beta-lactoglobulin amyloid aggregates (protofibrils, end-off aggregates)","beta-lactoglobulin variant A amyloid fibrils and native-state oligomers","beta-lactoglobulin aggregation"],"ak":"fibril","r":[2333,2334,2335,2336]},{"id":"botryococcus-braunii","n":"Botryococcus braunii","g":1,"sg":"green alga (colonial, hydrocarbon producer)","ak":"alga","pr":[["Size","cell biovolume 62.3 (strain UTEX 572) um3","Kremer CT, Thomas MK, Litchman E 2017, Limnol Oceanogr 62:1658-1670, doi:10.1002/lno.10523 (supporting information 3, isolate table, bv = log10 biovolume in um3)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell biovolume 62.3 (strain UTEX 572) um3"},"ids":"taxon:38881","r":[2337]},{"id":"bsa-coated-gold-nanoparticles","n":"BSA-coated gold nanoparticles","g":4,"sg":"protein-coated metal nanoparticle","al":["bovine serum albumin on gold nanoparticles, with and without resveratrol"],"ak":"metal-np","r":[2338]},{"id":"chlorella-sp-c-volutis","n":"Chlorella sp. (C. volutis)","g":1,"sg":"green alga","al":["Chlorella volutis"],"ak":"alga","pr":[["Size","spherical cells 2 to 8 um in diameter (average about 2 um)","Maw M, Pan X, Peng Z, Wang Y, Zhao L, Dai B, Wang J 2018, Micromachines 9:20, doi:10.3390/mi9010020 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"spherical cells 2 to 8 um in diameter (average about 2 um)"},"szm":8e-06,"szs":"8 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2339]},{"id":"chlorella-vulgaris","n":"Chlorella vulgaris","g":1,"sg":"green alga","ak":"alga","pr":[["Size","cell biovolume 79.5 um3","Kremer CT, Thomas MK, Litchman E 2017, Limnol Oceanogr 62:1658-1670, doi:10.1002/lno.10523 (supporting information 3, isolate table, bv = log10 biovolume in um3)"],["Other","species-level value for the listed C. vulgaris isolates","Kremer CT, Thomas MK, Litchman E 2017, Limnol Oceanogr 62:1658-1670, doi:10.1002/lno.10523 (supporting information 3, isolate table, bv = log10 biovolume in um3)"],["Size","cell volume 6.05 um3","Edwards KF, Klausmeier CA, Litchman E 2015, Ecology 96:2311, doi:10.1890/14-2252.1 (Ecological Archives E096-202, Table 1 cell volume; primary source: Grover JP 1989, Limnol Oceanogr 34:341-348)"],["Size","cell volume 27 um3","Edwards KF, Klausmeier CA, Litchman E 2015, Ecology 96:2311, doi:10.1890/14-2252.1 (Ecological Archives E096-202, Table 1 cell volume; primary source: Passarge J, Hol S, Escher M, Huisman J 2006, Ecol Monogr 76:57-72)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell biovolume 79.5 um3"},"ids":"taxon:3077","szm":5.335e-06,"szs":"about 5.33 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[2340,2341]},{"id":"chrysophyceae-unspecified","n":"Chrysophyceae (unspecified)","g":1,"sg":"golden alga","al":["Chrysophytes (Chrysophyceae)"],"ak":"alga","pr":[["Size","cells about 5 um","Maw M, Pan X, Peng Z, Wang Y, Zhao L, Dai B, Wang J 2018, Micromachines 9:20, doi:10.3390/mi9010020 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"],["Other","chrysophyte sample, species not named","Maw M, Pan X, Peng Z, Wang Y, Zhao L, Dai B, Wang J 2018, Micromachines 9:20, doi:10.3390/mi9010020 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cells about 5 um"},"szm":5e-06,"szs":"5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2342]},{"id":"complex-dcas9-bound-to-dsdna-1-kbp-sin","n":"Complex dCas9 bound to dsDNA 1 kbp (SiN)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-dCas9 complex","al":["CRISPR-dCas9 bound to a target site on 1 kbp dsDNA"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","1 kbp DNA","reported by Yang W 2018"]],"hs":{"sz":"1 kbp DNA"},"szm":3.4e-07,"szs":"about 340 nm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[2343]},{"id":"complex-gr-5-dnazyme-substrate-on-dna-tetrahedron-carrier","n":"Complex GR-5 DNAzyme-substrate on DNA tetrahedron carrier","g":10,"sg":"DNAzyme assembly","al":["GR-5 DNAzyme-substrate complex on a DNA tetrahedron carrier (before and after cleavage)"],"ak":"origami","r":[2344]},{"id":"complex-polypeptide-functionalized-10-mer-pna-with-complemen","n":"Complex polypeptide-functionalized 10-mer PNA with complementary DNA (Ciuca 2018)","g":10,"sg":"PNA-DNA duplex","al":["cationic polypeptide-functionalized 10-mer PNA hybridized to short complementary DNA"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2345]},{"id":"concanavalin-a","n":"Concanavalin A","g":11,"sg":"lectin","al":["concanavalin A (con.A)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Other","sphere-like","reported by Sha J 2018"]],"ids":"uniprot:P02866","r":[2346]},{"id":"d-glucose","n":"D-glucose","g":13,"sg":"monosaccharide","al":["glucose"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","180.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 5793"],["Formula","C6H12O6","PubChem CID 5793"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5793, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"180.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5793","szm":7.455e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2347,2348,2349]},{"id":"delftia-sp-lcw","n":"Delftia sp. LCW","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative rod, aromatic degrader)","ak":"rod","ax":"gn","r":[2350]},{"id":"dihydrofolate-reductase-chlamydia-muridarum","n":"Dihydrofolate reductase (Chlamydia muridarum)","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","al":["wild-type DHFR from Chlamydia muridarum"],"ak":"protein","r":[2351]},{"id":"dihydrofolate-reductase-e-coli-l28r","n":"Dihydrofolate reductase (E. coli) L28R","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","al":["E. coli DHFR mutant L28R"],"ak":"protein","r":[2352]},{"id":"dna-melamine-responsive-probe-sheng-2018","n":"DNA melamine-responsive probe (Sheng 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA probe","al":["DNA probe for melamine"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2353]},{"id":"dna-t-shaped-branched-duplex-50-bp-backbone-25-bp-branch","n":"DNA T-shaped branched duplex (50 bp backbone, 25 bp branch)","g":10,"sg":"branched DNA","al":["T-shaped DNA (50 bp duplex backbone with a 25 bp branch in the middle)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","50 bp backbone, 25 bp branch","reported by Karau P 2018"]],"hs":{"sz":"50 bp backbone, 25 bp branch"},"szm":1.7e-08,"szs":"about 17 nm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[2354]},{"id":"dna-y-shaped-branched-duplex-50-bp-backbone-25-bp-branch","n":"DNA Y-shaped branched duplex (50 bp backbone, 25 bp branch)","g":10,"sg":"branched DNA","al":["Y-shaped DNA (50 bp duplex backbone with a 25 bp branch)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","50 bp backbone, 25 bp branch","reported by Karau P 2018"]],"hs":{"sz":"50 bp backbone, 25 bp branch"},"szm":1.7e-08,"szs":"about 17 nm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[2355]},{"id":"dsdna-dioscorea-bacilliform-virus-genome","n":"dsDNA Dioscorea bacilliform virus genome","g":7,"sg":"badnavirus genome (plant virus)","al":["Dioscorea bacilliform virus genome (nanopore reads from infected water yam)"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2356]},{"id":"dsdna-human-genome-gm12878-na12878","n":"dsDNA human genome GM12878 (NA12878)","g":7,"sg":"human genomic DNA","al":["human GM12878 genomic DNA, including ultra-long reads"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","reads up to 882 kb; ultra-long N50 >100 kb","reported by Jain M 2018"],["Mass","about 573 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -1,764,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"reads up to 882 kb; ultra-long N50 >100 kb","ms":"about 573 MDa","ch":"about -1,764,000 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":0.0002999,"szs":"300 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[2357]},{"id":"dsdna-with-single-stranded-tail-cressiot-2018","n":"dsDNA with single-stranded tail (Cressiot 2018)","g":7,"sg":"partial duplex","al":["double-stranded DNA carrying a single-stranded tail"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2358]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-c4-2b-prostate-cancer-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (C4-2B prostate cancer cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes from CD63-GFP C4-2B prostate cancer cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2359]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-capan-1-pancreatic-cancer-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (Capan-1 pancreatic cancer cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs secreted by Capan-1 pancreatic cancer cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2360]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-pancreatic-juice","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human pancreatic juice)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs in human pancreatic juice (chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2361]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-huvec-endothelial-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (HUVEC endothelial cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs from h-TERT immortalized macrovascular HUVEC"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2362]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-scc2-oropharyngeal-carcinoma-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (SCC2 oropharyngeal carcinoma cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["small EVs from HPV-positive SCC2 oropharyngeal carcinoma cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2363]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-scc72-oropharyngeal-carcinoma-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (SCC72 oropharyngeal carcinoma cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["small EVs from HPV-negative SCC72 oropharyngeal carcinoma cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2364]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-scc89-oropharyngeal-carcinoma-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (SCC89 oropharyngeal carcinoma cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["small EVs from HPV-negative SCC89 oropharyngeal carcinoma cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2365]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-scc90-oropharyngeal-carcinoma-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (SCC90 oropharyngeal carcinoma cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["small EVs from HPV-positive SCC90 oropharyngeal carcinoma cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2366]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-staphylococcus-aureus","n":"Extracellular vesicles (Staphylococcus aureus)","g":3,"sg":"bacterial membrane vesicles","al":["EVs secreted by Staphylococcus aureus N305"],"ak":"vesicle","ax":"bacterial","r":[2367]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-time-microvascular-endothelial-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (TIME microvascular endothelial cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs from h-TERT immortalized microvascular TIME endothelial cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2368]},{"id":"gold-i-acetylenic-acid-catalytic-intermediates","n":"Gold(I)-acetylenic acid catalytic intermediates","g":15,"sg":"single-molecule reaction","al":["gold(I)-catalysed cyclisation of an acetylenic acid to an enol lactone"],"ak":"mol","r":[2369]},{"id":"h1299-cells","n":"H1299 cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human lung)","al":["H1299 lung carcinoma cells"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[2370]},{"id":"heparin","n":"Heparin","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan","al":["heparin polysaccharides (5, 11 and 16 kDa; dp18, dp38, dp55)","heparin (USP)","monodisperse heparin fragments and unfractionated heparin"],"ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","pr":[["Size","dp18, dp38, dp55 (5, 11, 16 kDa)","reported by Bayat P 2022"],["Mass","about 16 kDa","reported by Karawdeniya BI 2018"],["Charge","most negatively charge-dense biological molecule known","reported by Karawdeniya BI 2018"]],"hs":{"sz":"dp18, dp38, dp55 (5, 11, 16 kDa)","ms":"about 16 kDa","ch":"most negatively charge-dense biological molecule known"},"ids":"chebi:28304","szm":3.326e-09,"szs":"about 3.33 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2371,2372,2373,2374]},{"id":"human-tpx2-residues-1-43","n":"Human TPX2 (residues 1-43)","g":12,"sg":"protein fragment peptide","al":["TPX2 peptide (human TPX2 residues 1-43)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","49 residues (TPX2 1-43 plus tag remnants)","reported by Cressiot B 2018"],["Charge","pI 3.7, negative at pH 7.5","reported by Cressiot B 2018"]],"hs":{"sz":"49 residues (TPX2 1-43 plus tag remnants)","ch":"pI 3.7, negative at pH 7.5"},"r":[2375]},{"id":"humic-acids-with-polystyrene-microplastic-surrogates","n":"Humic acids (with polystyrene microplastic surrogates)","g":5,"sg":"natural organic matter","al":["humic acids passing a tunable pore during microplastic sizing"],"ak":"shard","r":[2376]},{"id":"hyaluronan-hyaluronic-acid","n":"Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid)","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan","al":["hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid, HA), synthetic quasi-monodisperse and polydisperse","long hyaluronic acid chains"],"ak":"sugar-chain","pr":[["Mass","54, 81, 130, 237, 545, 1076 and 2384 kDa (quasi-monodisperse standards)","reported by Rivas F 2018"]],"hs":{"sz":"17.6 nm","ms":"54, 81, 130, 237, 545, 1076 and 2384 kDa (quasi-monodisperse standards)"},"ids":"chebi:16336","szm":1.763e-08,"szs":"about 17.6 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2377,2378]},{"id":"hydrogen-nanobubbles-nabh4-hydrolysis","n":"Hydrogen nanobubbles (NaBH4 hydrolysis)","g":17,"sg":"gas bubble","al":["single hydrogen nanobubble generated by NaBH4 hydrolysis","H2 nanobubbles nucleated from NaBH4 and water"],"ak":"bubble","pr":[["Size","early-stage H2 nanobubbles are comparable in size to a sub-9 nm SiNx nanopore","Li Q, Ying YL, Hu YX, Liu SC, Long YT 2020, Electrophoresis 41:959-965, doi:10.1002/elps.201900305 (the analyte's own paper)"],["Other","nanobubble lifetime up to hundreds of milliseconds at low NaBH4; lifetime fell 250 times and generation frequency rose 38 times from 6 to 100 mM NaBH4","Li Q, Ying YL, Hu YX, Liu SC, Long YT 2020, Electrophoresis 41:959-965, doi:10.1002/elps.201900305 (the analyte's own paper)"]],"hs":{"sz":"early-stage H2 nanobubbles are comparable in size to a sub-9 nm SiNx nanopore"},"szm":9e-09,"szs":"9 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2379,2380]},{"id":"influenza-a-virus-h1n1","n":"Influenza A virus (H1N1)","g":2,"sg":"orthomyxovirus (enveloped, spherical)","al":["influenza A virus A(H1N1)"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","about 100 nm diameter","reported by Arima A 2018"],["Other","spherical capsid in an envelope with haemagglutinin and neuraminidase spikes; segmented ssRNA genome","reported by Arima A 2018"],["Isoelectric point","4.0 to 4.5 (electrophoretic mobility in NaCl: 4.5 at ionic strength 0.2 mM, 4.35 at 0.4 mM, 4.25 at 2 mM, 4 at 10 mM)","Heffron J, Mayer BK 2021, Appl Environ Microbiol 87, doi:10.1128/AEM.02319-20"],["Other","influenza A H1N1, strain not named in the table; capsid outer radius about 50 nm; data of Molodkina et al. 1986 tabulated in Heffron and Mayer 2021, Table 2","Heffron J, Mayer BK 2021, Appl Environ Microbiol 87, doi:10.1128/AEM.02319-20"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 100 nm diameter","ch":"pI 4.0 to 4.5 (electrophoretic mobility in NaCl: 4.5 at ionic strength 0.2 mM, 4.35 at 0.4 mM, 4.25 at 2 mM, 4 at 10 mM)"},"ids":"taxon:11320","szm":1e-07,"szs":"100 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2381]},{"id":"influenza-a-virus-h3n2","n":"Influenza A virus (H3N2)","g":2,"sg":"orthomyxovirus (enveloped, spherical)","al":["influenza A virus A(H3N2)","influenza A virus A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2), inactivated"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","about 100 nm diameter","reported by Arima A 2018"],["Other","spherical capsid in an envelope with haemagglutinin and neuraminidase spikes; segmented ssRNA genome","reported by Arima A 2018"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 100 nm diameter"},"ids":"taxon:11320","szm":1e-07,"szs":"100 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2382,2383]},{"id":"influenza-a-virus-bound-to-haemagglutinin-mimic-peptide","n":"Influenza A virus bound to haemagglutinin-mimic peptide","g":2,"sg":"virus-ligand complex","al":["influenza A virus bound to haemagglutinin-antibody-mimicking oligopeptides in the pore wall"],"ak":"virus-env","ids":"taxon:11320","r":[2384]},{"id":"influenza-b-virus","n":"Influenza B virus","g":2,"sg":"orthomyxovirus (enveloped, spherical)","al":["influenza B virus B/Malaysia/2506/04, inactivated"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","about 100 nm diameter","reported by Arima A 2018"],["Other","spherical capsid in an envelope with haemagglutinin and neuraminidase spikes; segmented ssRNA genome","reported by Arima A 2018"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 100 nm diameter"},"ids":"taxon:11520","szm":1e-07,"szs":"100 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2385,2386]},{"id":"k10-kkkkkkkkkk","n":"K10 (KKKKKKKKKK)","g":12,"sg":"cationic homopeptide","al":["lysine homopeptide K10 (and shorter lysine peptides from trypsin digestion)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,300 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","11.8","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+10.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.44 nm","ms":"1,300 Da","ch":"+10.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"KKKKKKKKKK","szm":1.441e-09,"szs":"about 1.44 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2387]},{"id":"l-asparagine","n":"L-asparagine","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid","al":["asparagine","asparagine (N)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","132.12 g/mol","PubChem CID 6267"],["Formula","C4H8N2O3","PubChem CID 6267"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6267, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.67 nm","ms":"132.12 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6267","szm":6.723e-10,"szs":"about 0.67 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2388,2389,2390]},{"id":"lipid-shelled-perflutren-microbubbles-definity","n":"Lipid-shelled perflutren microbubbles (Definity)","g":6,"sg":"ultrasound contrast agent","al":["Definity (perflutren lipid microspheres) ultrasound contrast agent at 25 C and 37 C"],"ak":"bubble","r":[2391]},{"id":"liposomes-commercial-drug-formulations","n":"Liposomes, commercial drug formulations","g":3,"sg":"liposome (drug product)","al":["commercially available liposome products"],"ak":"liposome","r":[2392]},{"id":"lna-dna-probe-5-ga-lna-g-cgcggcgttgccccccccccccccc-3-p4lg-ti","n":"LNA/DNA probe 5'-GA[LNA-G]CGCGGCGTTGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' (P4LG, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"LNA-modified DNA probe","al":["single-LNA probe P4LG with poly(dC) tail"],"ak":"ssdna","seq":"GA[LNA-G]CGCGGCGTTGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","r":[2393]},{"id":"lna-dna-probe-5-ggaattga-lna-g-cagcgttgccccccccccccccc-3-p1l","n":"LNA/DNA probe 5'-GGAATTGA[LNA-G]CAGCGTTGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' (P1LG, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"LNA-modified DNA probe","al":["single-LNA probe P1LG with poly(dC) tail"],"ak":"ssdna","seq":"GGAATTGA[LNA-G]CAGCGTTGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","r":[2394]},{"id":"lna-dna-probe-5-ggaattgc-lna-g-cgcggcgttgccccccccccccccc-3-p","n":"LNA/DNA probe 5'-GGAATTGC[LNA-G]CGCGGCGTTGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' (P3LG, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"LNA-modified DNA probe","al":["single-LNA probe P3LG with poly(dC) tail"],"ak":"ssdna","seq":"GGAATTGC[LNA-G]CGCGGCGTTGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","r":[2395]},{"id":"lna-dna-probe-5-ggattga-lna-g-aagcgttgccccccccccccccc-3-p2lg","n":"LNA/DNA probe 5'-GGATTGA[LNA-G]AAGCGTTGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' (P2LG, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"LNA-modified DNA probe","al":["single-LNA probe P2LG with poly(dC) tail"],"ak":"ssdna","seq":"GGATTGA[LNA-G]AAGCGTTGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","r":[2396]},{"id":"lna-dna-probe-5-tggagtg-lna-a-tggcgtagcccccccccccc-3-p7la-ti","n":"LNA/DNA probe 5'-TGGAGTG[LNA-A]TGGCGTAGCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' (P7LA, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"LNA-modified DNA probe","al":["single-LNA probe P7LA with poly(dC) tail"],"ak":"ssdna","seq":"TGGAGTG[LNA-A]TGGCGTAGCCCCCCCCCCCC","r":[2397]},{"id":"lna-dna-probe-5-tgtggaattga-lna-g-cagcgttggtgccccccccccccccc","n":"LNA/DNA probe 5'-TGTGGAATTGA[LNA-G]CAGCGTTGGTGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3' (P5LG, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"LNA-modified DNA probe","al":["single-LNA probe P5LG with poly(dC) tail"],"ak":"ssdna","seq":"TGTGGAATTGA[LNA-G]CAGCGTTGGTGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","r":[2398]},{"id":"lna-dna-probe-5-ttttgggc-lna-g-ggccaaacccccccccccc-3-p6lg-ti","n":"LNA/DNA probe 5'-TTTTGGGC[LNA-G]GGCCAAACCCCCCCCCCCC-3' (P6LG, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"LNA-modified DNA probe","al":["single-LNA probe P6LG with poly(dC) tail"],"ak":"ssdna","seq":"TTTTGGGC[LNA-G]GGCCAAACCCCCCCCCCCC","r":[2399]},{"id":"mdm2-linker-p53tad-fusion-mlp","n":"MDM2-linker-p53TAD fusion (MLP)","g":11,"sg":"engineered fusion protein","al":["MLP fusion protein (MDM2-linker-p53TAD), free and nutlin-3-bound"],"ak":"protein","r":[2400]},{"id":"melamine","n":"Melamine","g":15,"sg":"food adulterant","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","126.12 g/mol","PubChem CID 7955"],["Formula","C3H6N6","PubChem CID 7955"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 7955, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.66 nm","ms":"126.12 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:7955","szm":6.62e-10,"szs":"about 0.66 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2401]},{"id":"meso-tetrakis-4-sulfonatophenyl-porphyrin-tpps","n":"Meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS)","g":15,"sg":"anionic porphyrin","al":["5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","935 g/mol","PubChem CID 135398549"],["Formula","C44H30N4O12S4","PubChem CID 135398549"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 135398549, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.29 nm","ms":"935 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:135398549","szm":1.291e-09,"szs":"about 1.29 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2402]},{"id":"mesodinium-rubrum","n":"Mesodinium rubrum","g":1,"sg":"ciliate (mixotrophic)","ak":"ciliate","pr":[["Size","cell diameter 10 to 65 um (9 size classes)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","ciliate; biovolume 1278 to 113040 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell diameter 10 to 65 um (9 size classes)"},"ids":"taxon:704171","szm":6.5e-05,"szs":"65 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2403]},{"id":"mixture-trypsin-digest-of-r11-and-r12","n":"Mixture trypsin digest of R11 and R12","g":12,"sg":"protease digest","al":["tryptic fragments of R11 and R12 peptides"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2404]},{"id":"molecular-hopper-qing-et-al-2018","n":"Molecular hopper (Qing et al. 2018)","g":15,"sg":"molecular machine","al":["single molecular hopper moving along a track in a nanopore"],"ak":"mol","r":[2405]},{"id":"monodisperse-microbubbles-microfluidic-flow-focusing","n":"Monodisperse microbubbles (microfluidic flow-focusing)","g":17,"sg":"gas bubble","al":["monodisperse microbubbles produced in a flow-focusing microfluidic device"],"ak":"bubble","pr":[["Size","diameter 8-20 um","reported by Rickel JMR 2018"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 8-20 um"},"szm":2e-05,"szs":"20 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2406]},{"id":"oversulfated-chondroitin-sulfate-oscs","n":"Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS)","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan (contaminant)","ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","pr":[["Mass","about 17 kDa","reported by Karawdeniya BI 2018"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.39 nm","ms":"about 17 kDa"},"szm":3.394e-09,"szs":"about 3.39 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2407]},{"id":"pamam-dendrimer-generation-1-5-carboxylate","n":"PAMAM dendrimer generation 1.5 (carboxylate)","g":14,"sg":"dendrimer","al":["PAMAM-G1.5 dendrimers with sodium carboxylate surface groups"],"ak":"dendrimer","pr":[["Size","about 2.5 nm diameter","reported by Asandei A 2018"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 2.5 nm diameter"},"szm":2.5e-09,"szs":"2.5 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2408]},{"id":"pe4-ile6-patch-arg-glu-flanks-asandei-2018","n":"Pe4 (Ile6 patch, Arg/Glu flanks; Asandei 2018)","g":12,"sg":"engineered macro-dipole peptide","al":["peptide Pe4 with a six-isoleucine patch flanked by Arg and Glu segments"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2409]},{"id":"pe6-ser6-patch-arg-glu-flanks-asandei-2018","n":"Pe6 (Ser6 patch, Arg/Glu flanks; Asandei 2018)","g":12,"sg":"engineered macro-dipole peptide","al":["peptide Pe6 with a six-serine patch flanked by Arg and Glu segments"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2410]},{"id":"pipemidic-acid-polymer-nanoparticles","n":"Pipemidic acid polymer nanoparticles","g":6,"sg":"drug-polymer nanoparticle","al":["pipemidic acid nanoparticles made by drug-initiated polymerization and self-assembly"],"ak":"bead","r":[2411]},{"id":"prorocentrum-lima","n":"Prorocentrum lima","g":1,"sg":"dinoflagellate (benthic, toxic)","ak":"dino","pr":[["Size","cell 60 um long and 50 um wide, 28 um thick (flattened ellipsoid)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","biovolume 43960 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell 60 um long and 50 um wide, 28 um thick (flattened ellipsoid)"},"ids":"taxon:39448","szm":6e-05,"szs":"60 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2412]},{"id":"r10-rrrrrrrrrr","n":"R10 (RRRRRRRRRR)","g":12,"sg":"cationic homopeptide","al":["arginine homopeptide R10","arginine peptide R10"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,580 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.5","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+10.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.54 nm","ms":"1,580 Da","ch":"+10.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"RRRRRRRRRR","szm":1.537e-09,"szs":"about 1.54 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2413,2414]},{"id":"r11-rrrrrrrrrrr","n":"R11 (RRRRRRRRRRR)","g":12,"sg":"cationic homopeptide","al":["arginine peptide R11"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","11 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,736 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.5","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+11.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.59 nm","ms":"1,736 Da","ch":"+11.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"RRRRRRRRRRR","szm":1.586e-09,"szs":"about 1.59 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2415]},{"id":"r12-rrrrrrrrrrrr","n":"R12 (RRRRRRRRRRRR)","g":12,"sg":"cationic homopeptide","al":["arginine peptide R12"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","12 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,892 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.5","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+12.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.63 nm","ms":"1,892 Da","ch":"+12.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"RRRRRRRRRRRR","szm":1.633e-09,"szs":"about 1.63 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2416]},{"id":"r5-rrrrr","n":"R5 (RRRRR)","g":12,"sg":"cationic homopeptide","al":["arginine homopeptide R5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","5 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","799.0 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.1","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+5.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.22 nm","ms":"799.0 Da","ch":"+5.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"RRRRR","szm":1.225e-09,"szs":"about 1.22 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2417]},{"id":"r6-rrrrrr","n":"R6 (RRRRRR)","g":12,"sg":"cationic homopeptide","al":["arginine homopeptide R6"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","6 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","955.1 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+6.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.3 nm","ms":"955.1 Da","ch":"+6.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"RRRRRR","szm":1.3e-09,"szs":"about 1.3 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2418]},{"id":"r7-rrrrrrr","n":"R7 (RRRRRRR)","g":12,"sg":"cationic homopeptide","al":["arginine homopeptide R7"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","7 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,111 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+7.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.37 nm","ms":"1,111 Da","ch":"+7.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"RRRRRRR","szm":1.367e-09,"szs":"about 1.37 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2419]},{"id":"r8-rrrrrrrr","n":"R8 (RRRRRRRR)","g":12,"sg":"cationic homopeptide","al":["arginine homopeptide R8","arginine peptide R8"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,268 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+8.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.43 nm","ms":"1,268 Da","ch":"+8.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"RRRRRRRR","szm":1.429e-09,"szs":"about 1.43 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2420,2421]},{"id":"r9-rrrrrrrrr","n":"R9 (RRRRRRRRR)","g":12,"sg":"cationic homopeptide","al":["arginine homopeptide R9","arginine peptide R9"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","9 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,424 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.4","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+9.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.48 nm","ms":"1,424 Da","ch":"+9.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"RRRRRRRRR","szm":1.485e-09,"szs":"about 1.48 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2422,2423]},{"id":"rabies-lyssavirus-vaccine-particles","n":"Rabies lyssavirus (vaccine particles)","g":2,"sg":"rhabdovirus (enveloped, bullet-shaped)","al":["rabies virus (formulated vaccine)"],"ak":"virus-bullet","pr":[["Size","bullet-shaped virion 180 nm long and 75 nm wide (enveloped)","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Lyssavirus factsheet"],["Other","genus-level value for native virions: ViralZone Lyssavirus factsheet","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Lyssavirus factsheet"],["Isoelectric point","approaching neutrality for complete rabies virus; defective virus focuses between pH 3 and 4.7 (isoelectric focusing)","Atanasiu P, Perrin P, Favre S, Sisman J 1979, Ann Microbiol (Paris), PMID 475220"],["Other","Pasteur virus grown on BHK21 cells; not measured on vaccine particles","Atanasiu P, Perrin P, Favre S, Sisman J 1979, Ann Microbiol (Paris), PMID 475220"]],"hs":{"sz":"bullet-shaped virion 180 nm long and 75 nm wide (enveloped)","ch":"pI approaching neutrality for complete rabies virus; defective virus focuses between pH 3 and 4.7 (isoelectric focusing)"},"ids":"taxon:11292","szm":1.8e-07,"szs":"180 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2424]},{"id":"rna-autographa-californica-multiple-nucleopolyhedrovirus-tra","n":"RNA Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus transcriptome","g":8,"sg":"baculovirus transcripts (insect virus)","al":["Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus transcripts (cDNA, direct RNA and Cap-selected reads)"],"ak":"rna-long","ids":"taxon:46015","r":[2425]},{"id":"rna-influenza-a-virus-genome-a-pr-8-34-h1n1-direct-rna","n":"RNA influenza A virus genome (A/PR/8/34 H1N1, direct RNA)","g":8,"sg":"viral genomic RNA","al":["influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) negative-sense genomic RNA from infected egg allantoic fluid"],"ak":"rna-long","ids":"taxon:211044","r":[2426]},{"id":"rna-poly-a-4","n":"RNA poly(A)4","g":8,"sg":"RNA homopolymer","ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","4 nt","reported by Yang J 2018"],["Mass","1,255 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -3 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 nt","ms":"1,255 Da","ch":"about -3 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAA","szm":2.4e-09,"szs":"about 2.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2427]},{"id":"rna-poly-u-4","n":"RNA poly(U)4","g":8,"sg":"RNA homopolymer","ak":"ssrna","pr":[["Size","4 nt","reported by Yang J 2018"],["Mass","1,163 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -3 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 nt","ms":"1,163 Da","ch":"about -3 e at pH 7"},"seq":"UUUU","szm":2.4e-09,"szs":"about 2.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2428]},{"id":"rna-yam-chlorotic-necrosis-virus-genome","n":"RNA yam chlorotic necrosis virus genome","g":8,"sg":"macluravirus genome (plant virus)","al":["yam chlorotic necrosis virus genome (nanopore reads)"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[2429]},{"id":"rna-yam-mild-mosaic-virus-genome","n":"RNA yam mild mosaic virus genome","g":8,"sg":"potyvirus genome (plant virus)","al":["yam mild mosaic virus genome (nanopore reads)"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[2430]},{"id":"rrna-e-coli-16s","n":"rRNA E. coli 16S","g":8,"sg":"rRNA","al":["Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (full length, native)","Escherichia coli 16S rRNA read with nanolatches","Escherichia coli 16S rRNA bound by PNA-probe polystyrene bead conjugates"],"ak":"rna-long","pr":[["Size","~1.5 kb","reported by Smith AM 2019"],["Mass","about 480 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -1,500 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"~1.5 kb","ms":"about 480 kDa","ch":"about -1,500 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:562","szm":9e-07,"szs":"about 900 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2431,2432,2433]},{"id":"schizophyllum-commune","n":"Schizophyllum commune","g":1,"sg":"fungus (basidiomycete spores)","al":["Schizophyllum commune spores"],"ak":"spore","ids":"taxon:5334","r":[2434]},{"id":"series-recombinant-yeast-tubulin-with-human-isotype-c-termin","n":"Series recombinant yeast tubulin with human isotype C-terminal tails","g":11,"sg":"tubulin construct","al":["recombinant yeast alpha/beta-tubulin constructs carrying human alpha- and/or beta-tubulin isotype C-terminal tails (e.g. beta3)"],"ak":"complex","r":[2435]},{"id":"ssdna-5-abasic-aaaaaaaaaaaaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-(abasic)AAAAAAAAAAAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X14 (abasic site at position 14 from the 3' end)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","about 4,480 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"about 4,480 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"(abasic)AAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2436]},{"id":"ssdna-5-da-14-biotin-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-(dA)14-biotin-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["Biotin-3'-dA14 bound to streptavidin"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","14 nt + streptavidin","reported by Cao C 2018"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAA","r":[2437]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ttaggg-1-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-(TTAGGG)1-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["5'-(TTAGGG)1-3'"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","6 nt","reported by Liao DF 2018"],["Mass","1,847 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -5 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"6 nt","ms":"1,847 Da","ch":"about -5 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTAGGG","szm":3.6e-09,"szs":"about 3.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2438]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ttaggg-2-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-(TTAGGG)2-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["5'-(TTAGGG)2-3'"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","12 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","3,757 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -11 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"7.2 nm","ms":"3,757 Da","ch":"about -11 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTAGGGTTAGGG","szm":7.2e-09,"szs":"about 7.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2439]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ttaggg-3-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-(TTAGGG)3-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["5'-(TTAGGG)3-3'"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Length","18 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","5,666 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -17 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"10.8 nm","ms":"5,666 Da","ch":"about -17 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGG","szm":1.08e-08,"szs":"about 10.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2440]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ttaggg-4-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-(TTAGGG)4-3'","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex-forming DNA","al":["5'-(TTAGGG)4-3'"],"ak":"quad","pr":[["Length","24 nt","from the sequence"],["Mass","7,575 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -23 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"14.4 nm","ms":"7,575 Da","ch":"about -23 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGG","szm":1.44e-08,"szs":"about 14.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2441]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ttaggg-5-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-(TTAGGG)5-3'","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex-forming DNA","al":["5'-(TTAGGG)5-3'"],"ak":"quad","pr":[["Size","30 nt","reported by Liao DF 2018"],["Mass","9,484 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -29 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt","ms":"9,484 Da","ch":"about -29 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGG","szm":1.8e-08,"szs":"about 18 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2442]},{"id":"ssdna-5-a-abasic-aaaaaaaaaaaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-A(abasic)AAAAAAAAAAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X13 (abasic site at position 13 from the 3' end)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","about 4,480 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"about 4,480 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"A(abasic)AAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2443]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aa-abasic-aaaaaaaaaaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AA(abasic)AAAAAAAAAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X12 (abasic site at position 12 from the 3' end)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","about 4,480 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"about 4,480 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AA(abasic)AAAAAAAAAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2444]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaa-5mc-aaaaaaaaaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAA(5mC)AAAAAAAAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["dA14X11-5mC"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","about 4,480 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"about 4,480 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAA(5mC)AAAAAAAAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2445]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaa-8-oxog-aaaaaaaaaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAA(8-oxoG)AAAAAAAAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["dA14X11-8-oxoG"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","about 4,480 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"about 4,480 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAA(8-oxoG)AAAAAAAAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2446]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaa-abasic-aaaaaaaaaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAA(abasic)AAAAAAAAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X11 (abasic site at position 11 from the 3' end)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","about 4,480 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"about 4,480 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAA(abasic)AAAAAAAAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2447]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaaa-abasic-aaaaaaaaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAAA(abasic)AAAAAAAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X10 (abasic site at position 10 from the 3' end)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","about 4,480 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"about 4,480 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAA(abasic)AAAAAAAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2448]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaaaa-abasic-aaaaaaaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAAAA(abasic)AAAAAAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X9 (abasic site at position 9 from the 3' end)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","about 4,480 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"about 4,480 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAA(abasic)AAAAAAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2449]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaaaaa-abasic-aaaaaaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAAAAA(abasic)AAAAAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X8 (abasic site at position 8 from the 3' end)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","about 4,480 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"about 4,480 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAA(abasic)AAAAAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2450]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaaaaaa-abasic-aaaaaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAAAAAA(abasic)AAAAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X7 (abasic site at position 7 from the 3' end)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","about 4,480 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"about 4,480 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAA(abasic)AAAAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2451]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaaaaaaa-abasic-aaaaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAAAAAAA(abasic)AAAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X6 (abasic site at position 6 from the 3' end)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","about 4,480 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"about 4,480 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAA(abasic)AAAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2452]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaaaaaaaa-abasic-aaaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAAAAAAAA(abasic)AAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X5 (abasic site at position 5 from the 3' end)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","about 4,480 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"about 4,480 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAA(abasic)AAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2453]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaaaaaaaaa-abasic-aaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAAAAAAAAA(abasic)AAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X4 (abasic site at position 4 from the 3' end)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","about 4,480 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"about 4,480 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAA(abasic)AAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2454]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaaaaaaaaaa-abasic-aa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAAAAAAAAAA(abasic)AA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X3 (abasic site at position 3 from the 3' end)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","about 4,480 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"about 4,480 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAA(abasic)AA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2455]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaaaaaaaaaaa-abasic-a-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAAAAAAAAAAA(abasic)A-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X2 (abasic site at position 2 from the 3' end)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","about 4,480 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"about 4,480 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAA(abasic)A","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2456]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaaaaaaaaaaaa-abasic-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAAAAAAAAAAAA(abasic)-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X1 (abasic site at position 1 from the 3' end)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","about 4,480 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"about 4,480 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAA(abasic)","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2457]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaaaaaaaaacaaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAAAAAAAAACAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X4-C"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","4,299 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -13 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"4,299 Da","ch":"about -13 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAACAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2458]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaaaaaaaaagaaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAAAAAAAAAGAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X4-G"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","4,339 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -13 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"4,339 Da","ch":"about -13 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAGAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2459]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaaaaaaaaataaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAAAAAAAAATAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X4-T"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","4,314 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -13 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"4,314 Da","ch":"about -13 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAATAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2460]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaacaaaaaaaaaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAACAAAAAAAAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X11-C"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","4,299 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -13 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"4,299 Da","ch":"about -13 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAACAAAAAAAAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2461]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaagaaaaaaaaaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAAGAAAAAAAAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X11-G"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","4,339 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -13 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"4,339 Da","ch":"about -13 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAGAAAAAAAAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2462]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaataaaaaaaaaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAATAAAAAAAAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["dA14X11-T"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","4,314 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -13 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"4,314 Da","ch":"about -13 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAATAAAAAAAAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2463]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-da-14-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dA)14-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["Biotin-5'-dA14 bound to streptavidin"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","14 nt + streptavidin","reported by Cao C 2018"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAA","r":[2464]},{"id":"ssdna-5-caacgctgatcaattcc-3-target-t1a-tian-2018","n":"ssDNA 5'-CAACGCTGATCAATTCC-3' (target T1A, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target (measured as probe duplex)","al":["target T1A (non-O157 uidA target (A)), read as duplex with its G/A probe and single-LNA probe"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","17 nt","reported by Tian K 2018"],["Mass","5,114 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"17 nt","ms":"5,114 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CAACGCTGATCAATTCC","szm":1.02e-08,"szs":"about 10.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2465]},{"id":"ssdna-5-caacgctgctcaattcc-3-target-t1c-tian-2018","n":"ssDNA 5'-CAACGCTGCTCAATTCC-3' (target T1C, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target (measured as probe duplex)","al":["target T1C (E. coli O157 uidA target (+93 SNP C)), read as duplex with its G/A probe and single-LNA probe"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","17 nt","reported by Tian K 2018"],["Mass","5,090 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"17 nt","ms":"5,090 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CAACGCTGCTCAATTCC","szm":1.02e-08,"szs":"about 10.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2466]},{"id":"ssdna-5-caacgctggtcaattcc-3-target-t1g-tian-2018","n":"ssDNA 5'-CAACGCTGGTCAATTCC-3' (target T1G, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target (measured as probe duplex)","al":["target T1G (non-O157 uidA target (G)), read as duplex with its G/A probe and single-LNA probe"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","17 nt","reported by Tian K 2018"],["Mass","5,130 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"17 nt","ms":"5,130 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CAACGCTGGTCAATTCC","szm":1.02e-08,"szs":"about 10.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2467]},{"id":"ssdna-5-caacgctgttcaattcc-3-target-t1t-tian-2018","n":"ssDNA 5'-CAACGCTGTTCAATTCC-3' (target T1T, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target (measured as probe duplex)","al":["target T1T (non-O157 uidA target (T)), read as duplex with its G/A probe and single-LNA probe"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","17 nt","reported by Tian K 2018"],["Mass","5,105 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"17 nt","ms":"5,105 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CAACGCTGTTCAATTCC","szm":1.02e-08,"szs":"about 10.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2468]},{"id":"ssdna-5-caacgcttagcaattcc-3-target-t3a-tian-2018","n":"ssDNA 5'-CAACGCTTAGCAATTCC-3' (target T3A, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target (measured as probe duplex)","al":["target T3A (non-O157 target set 3), read as duplex with its G/A probe and single-LNA probe"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","17 nt","reported by Tian K 2018"],["Mass","5,114 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"17 nt","ms":"5,114 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CAACGCTTAGCAATTCC","szm":1.02e-08,"szs":"about 10.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2469]},{"id":"ssdna-5-caacgcttatc-3-target-t4a-tian-2018","n":"ssDNA 5'-CAACGCTTATC-3' (target T4A, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target (measured as probe duplex)","al":["target T4A (non-O157 target set 4), read as duplex with its G/A probe and single-LNA probe"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","11 nt","reported by Tian K 2018"],["Mass","3,276 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -10 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"11 nt","ms":"3,276 Da","ch":"about -10 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CAACGCTTATC","szm":6.6e-09,"szs":"about 6.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2470]},{"id":"ssdna-5-caacgcttatcaattcc-3-target-t2a-tian-2018","n":"ssDNA 5'-CAACGCTTATCAATTCC-3' (target T2A, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target (measured as probe duplex)","al":["target T2A (non-O157 target set 2), read as duplex with its G/A probe and single-LNA probe"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","17 nt","reported by Tian K 2018"],["Mass","5,089 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"17 nt","ms":"5,089 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CAACGCTTATCAATTCC","szm":1.02e-08,"szs":"about 10.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2471]},{"id":"ssdna-5-caacgcttcgcaattcc-3-target-t3c-tian-2018","n":"ssDNA 5'-CAACGCTTCGCAATTCC-3' (target T3C, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target (measured as probe duplex)","al":["target T3C (O157 uidA target set 3), read as duplex with its G/A probe and single-LNA probe"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","17 nt","reported by Tian K 2018"],["Mass","5,090 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"17 nt","ms":"5,090 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CAACGCTTCGCAATTCC","szm":1.02e-08,"szs":"about 10.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2472]},{"id":"ssdna-5-caacgcttctc-3-target-t4c-tian-2018","n":"ssDNA 5'-CAACGCTTCTC-3' (target T4C, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target (measured as probe duplex)","al":["target T4C (O157 uidA target set 4 (short)), read as duplex with its G/A probe and single-LNA probe"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","11 nt","reported by Tian K 2018"],["Mass","3,252 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -10 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"11 nt","ms":"3,252 Da","ch":"about -10 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CAACGCTTCTC","szm":6.6e-09,"szs":"about 6.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2473]},{"id":"ssdna-5-caacgcttctcaattcc-3-target-t2c-tian-2018","n":"ssDNA 5'-CAACGCTTCTCAATTCC-3' (target T2C, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target (measured as probe duplex)","al":["target T2C (O157 uidA target set 2), read as duplex with its G/A probe and single-LNA probe"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","17 nt","reported by Tian K 2018"],["Mass","5,065 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"17 nt","ms":"5,065 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CAACGCTTCTCAATTCC","szm":1.02e-08,"szs":"about 10.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2474]},{"id":"ssdna-5-caccaacgctgatcaattccaca-3-target-t5a-tian-2018","n":"ssDNA 5'-CACCAACGCTGATCAATTCCACA-3' (target T5A, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target (measured as probe duplex)","al":["target T5A (non-O157 target set 5), read as duplex with its G/A probe and single-LNA probe"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","23 nt","reported by Tian K 2018"],["Mass","6,922 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -22 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"23 nt","ms":"6,922 Da","ch":"about -22 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CACCAACGCTGATCAATTCCACA","szm":1.38e-08,"szs":"about 13.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2475]},{"id":"ssdna-5-caccaacgctgctcaattccaca-3-target-t5c-tian-2018","n":"ssDNA 5'-CACCAACGCTGCTCAATTCCACA-3' (target T5C, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target (measured as probe duplex)","al":["target T5C (O157 uidA target set 5 (long)), read as duplex with its G/A probe and single-LNA probe"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","23 nt","reported by Tian K 2018"],["Mass","6,898 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -22 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"23 nt","ms":"6,898 Da","ch":"about -22 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CACCAACGCTGCTCAATTCCACA","szm":1.38e-08,"szs":"about 13.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2476]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ctacgcatcagctcca-3-target-t7t-tian-2018","n":"ssDNA 5'-CTACGCATCAGCTCCA-3' (target T7T, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target (measured as probe duplex)","al":["target T7T (KRAS G12D mutant target), read as duplex with its G/A probe and single-LNA probe"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","16 nt","reported by Tian K 2018"],["Mass","4,786 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -15 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"16 nt","ms":"4,786 Da","ch":"about -15 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTACGCATCAGCTCCA","szm":9.6e-09,"szs":"about 9.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2477]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ctacgccaccagctcca-3-target-t7c-tian-2018","n":"ssDNA 5'-CTACGCCACCAGCTCCA-3' (target T7C, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target (measured as probe duplex)","al":["target T7C (KRAS wild-type target), read as duplex with its G/A probe and single-LNA probe"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","17 nt","reported by Tian K 2018"],["Mass","5,060 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"17 nt","ms":"5,060 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CTACGCCACCAGCTCCA","szm":1.02e-08,"szs":"about 10.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2478]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gtttggccagcccaaaa-3-target-t6a-tian-2018","n":"ssDNA 5'-GTTTGGCCAGCCCAAAA-3' (target T6A, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target (measured as probe duplex)","al":["target T6A (EGFR wild-type target), read as duplex with its G/A probe and single-LNA probe"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","17 nt","reported by Tian K 2018"],["Mass","5,179 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"17 nt","ms":"5,179 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GTTTGGCCAGCCCAAAA","szm":1.02e-08,"szs":"about 10.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2479]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gtttggcccgcccaaaa-3-target-t6c-tian-2018","n":"ssDNA 5'-GTTTGGCCCGCCCAAAA-3' (target T6C, Tian 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target (measured as probe duplex)","al":["target T6C (EGFR L585R (as printed) mutant target), read as duplex with its G/A probe and single-LNA probe"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","17 nt","reported by Tian K 2018"],["Mass","5,155 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"17 nt","ms":"5,155 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GTTTGGCCCGCCCAAAA","szm":1.02e-08,"szs":"about 10.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2480]},{"id":"ssdna-azobenzene-modified-oligonucleotide-azo-odn-cis-isomer","n":"ssDNA azobenzene-modified oligonucleotide (Azo-ODN) cis isomer (Hu 2018)","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["azobenzene-modified oligonucleotide (Azo-ODN), cis isomer"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2481]},{"id":"ssdna-azobenzene-modified-oligonucleotide-azo-odn-trans-isom","n":"ssDNA azobenzene-modified oligonucleotide (Azo-ODN) trans isomer (Hu 2018)","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["azobenzene-modified oligonucleotide (Azo-ODN), trans isomer"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2482]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpins-complementary-to-b-thuringiensis-hd-73-spore","n":"ssDNA hairpins complementary to B. thuringiensis HD-73 spore aptamers (Park 2018)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin probe","al":["DNA hairpins complementary to B. thuringiensis spore aptamers, free and hybridized"],"ak":"hairpin","r":[2483]},{"id":"ssdna-output-strand-from-hogg1-cleavage-of-8-oxog-substrate","n":"ssDNA output strand from hOGG1 cleavage of 8-oxoG substrate (Shang 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA reporter","al":["output DNA released by hOGG1 cleavage at 8-oxoG"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2484]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-10","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)10","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dA10"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","10 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","3,070 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -9 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"10 nt","ms":"3,070 Da","ch":"about -9 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAA","szm":6e-09,"szs":"about 6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2485]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-11","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)11","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dA11"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","11 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","3,383 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -10 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"11 nt","ms":"3,383 Da","ch":"about -10 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAA","szm":6.6e-09,"szs":"about 6.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2486]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-12","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)12","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dA12"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","12 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","3,697 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -11 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"12 nt","ms":"3,697 Da","ch":"about -11 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":7.2e-09,"szs":"about 7.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2487]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-13","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)13","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dA13"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","13 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","4,010 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -12 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"13 nt","ms":"4,010 Da","ch":"about -12 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":7.8e-09,"szs":"about 7.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2488]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-14","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)14","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dA14"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","4,323 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -13 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"4,323 Da","ch":"about -13 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2489]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-15","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)15","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dA15"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","15 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","4,636 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -14 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"15 nt","ms":"4,636 Da","ch":"about -14 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":9e-09,"szs":"about 9 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2490]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-16","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)16","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dA16"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","16 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","4,949 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -15 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"16 nt","ms":"4,949 Da","ch":"about -15 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":9.6e-09,"szs":"about 9.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2491]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-17","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)17","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dA17"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","17 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","5,263 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"17 nt","ms":"5,263 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":1.02e-08,"szs":"about 10.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2492]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-18","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)18","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dA18"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","18 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","5,576 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -17 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"18 nt","ms":"5,576 Da","ch":"about -17 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":1.08e-08,"szs":"about 10.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2493]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-19","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)19","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dA19"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","19 nt","reported by Cao C 2018"],["Mass","5,889 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -18 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"19 nt","ms":"5,889 Da","ch":"about -18 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":1.14e-08,"szs":"about 11.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2494]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-4","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)4","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dA4","(dA)4"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","4 nt","reported by Wang YQ 2018"],["Mass","1,191 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -3 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 nt","ms":"1,191 Da","ch":"about -3 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAA","szm":2.4e-09,"szs":"about 2.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2495,2496,2497,2498,2499]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dg-alkaline-cscl-g-quadruplex-disrupted","n":"ssDNA poly(dG) (alkaline CsCl, G-quadruplex disrupted)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["poly(dG) single-stranded homopolymer kept unfolded in alkaline CsCl"],"ak":"quad","r":[2500]},{"id":"ssdna-short-strands-captured-by-clya-nomidis-2018","n":"ssDNA short strands captured by ClyA (Nomidis 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["short single-stranded DNA captured by engineered ClyA"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2501]},{"id":"ssdna-stem-probe-with-host-guest-label-released-from-triplex","n":"ssDNA stem probe with host-guest label released from triplex molecular beacon (Guo 2018)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-supramolecular conjugate","al":["host-guest-labeled stem DNA probe released from a triplex molecular beacon"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2502]},{"id":"ssdna-triblock-copolymer-of-three-homopolymer-blocks-goto-20","n":"ssDNA triblock copolymer of three homopolymer blocks (Goto 2018)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA block copolymer","al":["triblock DNA copolymer of three nucleotides"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2503]},{"id":"teleaulax-amphioxeia","n":"Teleaulax amphioxeia","g":1,"sg":"cryptophyte","ak":"flagellate","pr":[["Size","cells 4 to 8 um wide and 8 to 16 um long (cone plus half sphere, 3 size classes)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","cryptophyte; biovolume 60 to 224 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cells 4 to 8 um wide and 8 to 16 um long (cone plus half sphere, 3 size classes)"},"ids":"taxon:77931","szm":1.6e-05,"szs":"16 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2504]},{"id":"tetraselmis-subcordiformis","n":"Tetraselmis subcordiformis","g":1,"sg":"green alga (prasinophyte flagellate)","al":["Platymonas subcordiformis"],"ak":"flagellate","pr":[["Size","cells about 12 to 21 um (named Platymonas subcordiformis)","Maw M, Pan X, Peng Z, Wang Y, Zhao L, Dai B, Wang J 2018, Micromachines 9:20, doi:10.3390/mi9010020 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cells about 12 to 21 um (named Platymonas subcordiformis)"},"ids":"taxon:3161","szm":2.1e-05,"szs":"21 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2505]},{"id":"th4","n":"Th4+","g":16,"sg":"actinide ion","ak":"ion","ax":"Th|+4","pr":[["Charge","+4","reported by Roozbahani GM 2018"],["Mass","232.04 Da (thorium)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+4 e","from the ion's formula"]],"hs":{"ms":"232.04 Da (thorium)","ch":"+4"},"r":[2506]},{"id":"toluene-emulsion-droplets-attoliter","n":"Toluene emulsion droplets (attoliter)","g":4,"sg":"emulsion droplet","al":["single attoliter toluene droplets"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Size","attoliter volume","reported by Gunderson CG 2018"],["Mass","92.14 g/mol","PubChem CID 1140"],["Formula","C7H8","PubChem CID 1140"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 1140, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"attoliter volume","ms":"92.14 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:1140","r":[2507]},{"id":"vascular-endothelial-growth-factor-a-vegf165","n":"Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF165)","g":11,"sg":"growth factor","al":["recombinant VEGF165 (monomer, dimer, higher oligomers; plasmin fragments)","VEGF-A isoform VEGF-165 (cysteine-tagged, denatured)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","43.6 kDa","computed from UniProt P15692, Vascular endothelial growth factor A, long form 1 to 395; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"],["Isoelectric point","9.2","computed from UniProt P15692, Vascular endothelial growth factor A, long form 1 to 395; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+19.4 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P15692, Vascular endothelial growth factor A, long form 1 to 395; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","395 amino acids","computed from UniProt P15692, Vascular endothelial growth factor A, long form 1 to 395; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.65 nm","ms":"43.6 kDa","ch":"+19.4 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P15692","szm":4.646e-09,"szs":"about 4.65 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2508,2509]},{"id":"40-mer-with-central-cysteine-flamma-496-labeled","n":"40-mer with central cysteine (Flamma 496-labeled)","g":12,"sg":"synthetic peptide","al":["about 40-residue peptide with one central cysteine, Flamma 496-labeled"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","about 40 amino acids, about 5 kDa","reported by Yu JS 2019"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 40 amino acids, about 5 kDa"},"r":[2510]},{"id":"40-mer-with-cysteines-at-both-ends-flamma-496-labeled","n":"40-mer with cysteines at both ends (Flamma 496-labeled)","g":12,"sg":"synthetic peptide","al":["about 40-residue peptide with cysteines at both ends, Flamma 496-labeled"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","about 40 amino acids, about 5 kDa","reported by Yu JS 2019"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 40 amino acids, about 5 kDa"},"r":[2511]},{"id":"40-mer-with-terminal-cysteine-flamma-496-labeled","n":"40-mer with terminal cysteine (Flamma 496-labeled)","g":12,"sg":"synthetic peptide","al":["about 40-residue peptide with one cysteine at one end, Flamma 496-labeled"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","about 40 amino acids, about 5 kDa","reported by Yu JS 2019"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 40 amino acids, about 5 kDa"},"r":[2512]},{"id":"asn1-val5-angiotensin-ii","n":"[Asn1,Val5]-angiotensin II","g":12,"sg":"angiotensin peptide","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","volume 1.248 nm3","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Mass","1031.2 g/mol","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,031 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","9.4","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.2 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume 1.248 nm3","ms":"1031.2 g/mol","ch":"+1.2 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"NRVYVHPF","szm":1.334e-09,"szs":"about 1.33 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2513]},{"id":"ile7-angiotensin-iii","n":"[Ile7]-angiotensin III","g":12,"sg":"angiotensin peptide","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","volume 1.085 nm3","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Mass","897.1 g/mol","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Length","7 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","897.1 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","9.4","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.2 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume 1.085 nm3","ms":"897.1 g/mol","ch":"+1.2 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"RVYIHPI","szm":1.273e-09,"szs":"about 1.27 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2514]},{"id":"acoustic-cavitation-microbubbles-ultrasonicated-electrolyte","n":"Acoustic cavitation microbubbles (ultrasonicated electrolyte)","g":17,"sg":"gas bubble","al":["microbubbles produced by ultrasonication of electrolyte"],"ak":"bubble","r":[2515]},{"id":"aggregates-biopharmaceutical-submicron","n":"Aggregates (biopharmaceutical, submicron)","g":11,"sg":"protein aggregate","al":["stressed protein aggregates in biopharmaceutical samples"],"ak":"aggregate","r":[2516]},{"id":"alpha-synuclein-a30p-oligomers","n":"Alpha-Synuclein A30P oligomers","g":11,"sg":"amyloid oligomer","ak":"fibril","r":[2517]},{"id":"alpha-synuclein-e46k-oligomers","n":"Alpha-Synuclein E46K oligomers","g":11,"sg":"amyloid oligomer","ak":"fibril","r":[2518]},{"id":"amyloid-beta-1-42-aggregates","n":"Amyloid-beta(1-42) aggregates","g":11,"sg":"amyloid aggregate","al":["amyloid-beta 1-42 oligomers and aggregates","Abeta1-42 oligomers and aggregates","Abeta(1-42) assemblies with and without pyrimethanil"],"ak":"fibril","r":[2519,2520]},{"id":"angiotensin-1-9","n":"Angiotensin 1-9","g":12,"sg":"angiotensin peptide","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","volume 1.431 nm3","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Mass","1183.3 g/mol","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Length","9 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,183 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","7.7","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+0.5 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume 1.431 nm3","ms":"1183.3 g/mol","ch":"+0.5 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DRVYIHPFH","szm":1.396e-09,"szs":"about 1.4 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2521]},{"id":"angiotensin-a","n":"Angiotensin A","g":12,"sg":"angiotensin peptide","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","volume 1.212 nm3","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Mass","1002.2 g/mol","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,002 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","9.4","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.2 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume 1.212 nm3","ms":"1002.2 g/mol","ch":"+1.2 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"ARVYIHPF","szm":1.321e-09,"szs":"about 1.32 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2522]},{"id":"angiotensin-ii-4-8-yihpf","n":"Angiotensin II 4-8 (YIHPF)","g":12,"sg":"angiotensin peptide","al":["angiotensin 4-8"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","volume 0.818 nm3","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Mass","675.8 g/mol","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Length","5 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","675.8 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","7.5","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+0.2 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume 0.818 nm3","ms":"675.8 g/mol","ch":"+0.2 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"YIHPF","szm":1.158e-09,"szs":"about 1.16 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2523]},{"id":"angiotensin-iii","n":"Angiotensin III","g":12,"sg":"angiotensin peptide","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","volume 1.127 nm3","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Mass","931.1 g/mol","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Length","7 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","931.1 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","9.4","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.2 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume 1.127 nm3","ms":"931.1 g/mol","ch":"+1.2 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"RVYIHPF","szm":1.289e-09,"szs":"about 1.29 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2524]},{"id":"angiotensin-iv","n":"Angiotensin IV","g":12,"sg":"angiotensin peptide","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","volume 0.938 nm3","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Mass","774.9 g/mol","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Length","6 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","774.9 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","7.5","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+0.2 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume 0.938 nm3","ms":"774.9 g/mol","ch":"+0.2 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"VYIHPF","szm":1.212e-09,"szs":"about 1.21 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2525]},{"id":"angiotensinogen-1-14","n":"Angiotensinogen 1-14","g":12,"sg":"angiotensin peptide","al":["pre-angiotensinogen 1-14"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","1758.9 g/mol","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Charge","+3.45 (pH 4.5)","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Length","14 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,760 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","7.8","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+0.7 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.59 nm","ms":"1758.9 g/mol","ch":"+3.45 (pH 4.5)"},"seq":"DRVYIHPFHLVIHN","szm":1.594e-09,"szs":"about 1.59 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2526]},{"id":"c-myc-410-419-eqkliseedl","n":"C-Myc 410-419 (EQKLISEEDL)","g":12,"sg":"epitope tag peptide","al":["c-Myc 410-419"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","volume 1.456 nm3","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Mass","1203.3 g/mol","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Charge","-1.19 (pH 4.5), +0.36 (pH 3.8)","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,203 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","3.8","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-3.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume 1.456 nm3","ms":"1203.3 g/mol","ch":"-1.19 (pH 4.5), +0.36 (pH 3.8)"},"seq":"EQKLISEEDL","szm":1.404e-09,"szs":"about 1.4 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2527]},{"id":"cd2","n":"Cd2+","g":16,"sg":"divalent metal ion","ak":"ion","ax":"Cd|+2","pr":[["Charge","+2","reported by Wang S 2019"],["Mass","112.41 Da (cadmium)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+2 e","from the ion's formula"],["Formula","Cd+2","PubChem CID 31193"]],"hs":{"ms":"112.41 Da (cadmium)","ch":"+2"},"ids":"pubchem:31193","r":[2528]},{"id":"cell-magnetic-bead-complexes-bead-labeled-t-lymphocytes","n":"Cell-magnetic bead complexes (bead-labeled T lymphocytes)","g":0,"sg":"bead-labeled cell","al":["magnetic bead-labeled T lymphocytes and cancer cells"],"ak":"lymphocyte","r":[2529]},{"id":"cell-penetrating-poly-disulfide-s-dithiolane-ring-opening","n":"Cell-penetrating poly(disulfide)s (dithiolane ring-opening)","g":14,"sg":"single-molecule polymerization","al":["cell-penetrating poly(disulfide)s growing from dithiolanes"],"ak":"grain","r":[2530]},{"id":"chondroitin-sulfate","n":"Chondroitin sulfate","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan","al":["chondroitin sulfate (monodisperse fragments)"],"ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","pr":[["Mass","463.37 g/mol","PubChem CID 24766"],["Formula","C13H21NO15S","PubChem CID 24766"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 24766, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.02 nm","ms":"463.37 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:24766","szm":1.021e-09,"szs":"about 1.02 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2531]},{"id":"complex-chelerythrine-with-hairpin-dna","n":"Complex chelerythrine with hairpin DNA","g":10,"sg":"DNA-small molecule complex","al":["hairpin DNA-chelerythrine complexes"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2532]},{"id":"complex-dna-tetrahedron-bound-to-linear-dsdna","n":"Complex DNA tetrahedron bound to linear dsDNA","g":10,"sg":"DNA nanostructure","al":["TDN bound to a linear DNA molecule"],"ak":"origami","r":[2533]},{"id":"complex-dna-tetrahedron-probe-with-short-target-oligonucleot","n":"Complex DNA tetrahedron probe with short target oligonucleotide","g":10,"sg":"DNA nanostructure probe","al":["DNA tetrahedron probe deformed by a captured short (about 20 nt) target oligonucleotide"],"ak":"origami","r":[2534]},{"id":"complex-dsdna-with-site-specific-dcas9-barcodes-multiplexed","n":"Complex dsDNA with site-specific dCas9 barcodes (multiplexed)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-dCas9 complex","al":["dsDNA decorated with site-specific dCas9 barcodes"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[2535]},{"id":"complex-flagellar-filament-salmonella-typhimurium","n":"Complex flagellar filament (Salmonella typhimurium)","g":11,"sg":"protein filament","al":["Salmonella typhimurium flagellar filaments (pristine and Cy3-tagged)"],"ak":"fibril","r":[2536]},{"id":"corona-coated-gold-nanoparticles","n":"Corona-coated gold nanoparticles","g":4,"sg":"protein-coated metal nanoparticle","al":["gold nanoparticles with coronas of mainly-alpha, mainly-beta and mixed proteins"],"ak":"metal-np","r":[2537]},{"id":"corynebacterium-glutamicum","n":"Corynebacterium glutamicum","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-positive, coryneform)","ak":"rod","ax":"gp","pr":[["Size","rod 0.7 to 1 um in diameter and 1 to 3 um long","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Other","Gram-positive rod","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"]],"hs":{"sz":"rod 0.7 to 1 um in diameter and 1 to 3 um long"},"ids":"taxon:1718","szm":3e-06,"szs":"3 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2538]},{"id":"cucurbituril-host-guest-complexes-on-guest-tagged-dna","n":"Cucurbituril host-guest complexes on guest-tagged DNA","g":10,"sg":"DNA-macrocycle complex","al":["cucurbituril host-guest complexes on guest-modified DNA"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2539]},{"id":"d54-egfrviii-cells","n":"D54 EGFRvIII cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human glioblastoma)","al":["D54 EGFRvIII glioblastoma cells"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[2540]},{"id":"dna-carrier-with-g-quadruplex-structures","n":"DNA carrier with G-quadruplex structures","g":10,"sg":"DNA carrier with secondary structure","al":["G-quadruplex structural variants attached to designed DNA carriers"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[2541]},{"id":"dna-carrier-with-hairpin-data-bits-chen-2019-data-storage","n":"DNA carrier with hairpin data bits (Chen 2019 data storage)","g":10,"sg":"DNA data storage construct","al":["DNA carrier with attached short DNA hairpins encoding bits (up to 112 hairpins, 114 bp apart)"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[2542]},{"id":"dna-multi-arm-star-short-branched-nanostructure","n":"DNA multi-arm star (short branched nanostructure)","g":10,"sg":"branched DNA","al":["short multi-arm DNA stars"],"ak":"origami","r":[2543]},{"id":"dna-multiarm-concatemer","n":"DNA multiarm concatemer","g":10,"sg":"branched DNA","al":["multiarm DNA concatemers"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2544]},{"id":"dna-nanoswitch-looped-vs-linear-conformations","n":"DNA nanoswitch (looped vs linear conformations)","g":10,"sg":"DNA nanoswitch","al":["DNA origami-style molecular nanoswitches (open and closed conformations)"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2545]},{"id":"dna-tetrahedron-tetrahedral-dna-nanostructure","n":"DNA tetrahedron (tetrahedral DNA nanostructure)","g":10,"sg":"DNA nanostructure","al":["tetrahedral DNA nanostructures (TDNs) of different sizes"],"ak":"origami","r":[2546]},{"id":"dna-with-5-bromodeoxyuridine-brdu-labelled-yeast-genomic-dna","n":"DNA with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU-labelled yeast genomic DNA)","g":7,"sg":"nucleotide-analog-labelled DNA","al":["5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporated into S. cerevisiae genomic DNA (D-NAscent)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","reads of 20-160 kb","reported by Muller CA 2019"],["Mass","about 51.2 MDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -160,000 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"reads of 20-160 kb","ms":"about 51.2 MDa","ch":"about -160,000 e at pH 7"},"szm":9.6e-05,"szs":"about 96 µm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2547]},{"id":"dna-with-n6-methyladenine-microbial-reference-materials-mcal","n":"DNA with N6-methyladenine (microbial reference materials, mCaller)","g":7,"sg":"methylated DNA","al":["N6-methyladenine in eight microbial reference genomes"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2548]},{"id":"dna-peptide-conjugate-probe-with-n-terminal-phe-for-cucurbit","n":"DNA-peptide conjugate probe with N-terminal Phe for cucurbit[7]uril (Liu 2019)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-peptide conjugate","al":["DNA hybrid probe bearing a phenylalanine-containing peptide (with or without cucurbit[7]uril)"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2549]},{"id":"dsdna-human-genomic-dna-ultralong-over-300-kbp","n":"dsDNA human genomic DNA (ultralong, over 300 kbp)","g":7,"sg":"genomic DNA","al":["ultralong (300+ kbp) human genomic DNA"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","over 300 kbp","reported by Zrehen A 2019"],["Mass","about 195 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -600,000 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"over 300 kbp","ms":"about 195 MDa","ch":"about -600,000 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":0.000102,"szs":"102 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[2550]},{"id":"dynorphin-a","n":"Dynorphin A","g":12,"sg":"opioid peptide","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","volume 2.599 nm3","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Mass","2147.5 g/mol","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Charge","+4.48 (pH 4.5)","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Length","17 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","2,148 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","11.6","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+4.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume 2.599 nm3","ms":"2147.5 g/mol","ch":"+4.48 (pH 4.5)"},"seq":"YGGFLRRIRPKLKWDNQ","szm":1.703e-09,"szs":"about 1.7 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2551]},{"id":"echogenic-liposomes-loaded-with-octafluoropropane-and-rt-pa","n":"Echogenic liposomes loaded with octafluoropropane and rt-PA (OFP t-ELIP)","g":3,"sg":"echogenic liposome","al":["Octafluoropropane and rt-PA loaded echogenic liposomes (OFP t-ELIP)"],"ak":"liposome","r":[2552]},{"id":"eeeeeeeeeecgsgsgskgsrrrrrrrrrr-unlabeled","n":"EEEEEEEEEECGSGSGSKGSRRRRRRRRRR (unlabeled)","g":12,"sg":"chemically labeled model peptide","al":["model peptide with Cys11, unlabeled"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","30 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","3,679 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","8.5","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"2.04 nm","ms":"3,679 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"EEEEEEEEEECGSGSGSKGSRRRRRRRRRR","szm":2.038e-09,"szs":"about 2.04 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2553]},{"id":"eeeeeeeeeecgsgsgskgsrrrrrrrrrr-3polya-cys11","n":"EEEEEEEEEECGSGSGSKGSRRRRRRRRRR 3polyA-Cys11","g":12,"sg":"chemically labeled model peptide","al":["model peptide labeled at Cys11 with 3polyA oligonucleotide (1275 Da)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2554]},{"id":"eeeeeeeeeecgsgsgskgsrrrrrrrrrr-alexa633-cys11","n":"EEEEEEEEEECGSGSGSKGSRRRRRRRRRR Alexa633-Cys11","g":12,"sg":"chemically labeled model peptide","al":["model peptide labeled at Cys11 with Alexa633 (1089 Da)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2555]},{"id":"eeeeeeeeeecgsgsgskgsrrrrrrrrrr-fluorescein-cys11","n":"EEEEEEEEEECGSGSGSKGSRRRRRRRRRR fluorescein-Cys11","g":12,"sg":"chemically labeled model peptide","al":["model peptide labeled at Cys11 with fluorescein (427 Da)"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"EEEEEEEEEE[C-fluorescein]GSGSGSKGSRRRRRRRRRR","r":[2556]},{"id":"eeeeeeeeeecgsgsgskgsrrrrrrrrrr-his6-cys11","n":"EEEEEEEEEECGSGSGSKGSRRRRRRRRRR His6-Cys11","g":12,"sg":"chemically labeled model peptide","al":["model peptide labeled at Cys11 with His6 tag (992 Da)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2557]},{"id":"eeeeeeeeeecgsgsgskgsrrrrrrrrrr-peg11-biotin-cys11","n":"EEEEEEEEEECGSGSGSKGSRRRRRRRRRR PEG11-biotin-Cys11","g":12,"sg":"chemically labeled model peptide","al":["model peptide labeled at Cys11 with PEG11-biotin (922 Da)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2558]},{"id":"eeeeeeeeeecgsgsgskgsrrrrrrrrrr-texas-red-cys11","n":"EEEEEEEEEECGSGSGSKGSRRRRRRRRRR Texas Red-Cys11","g":12,"sg":"chemically labeled model peptide","al":["model peptide labeled at Cys11 with Texas Red (728 Da)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2559]},{"id":"eeeeeeeeeesgsgcgskgsrrrrrrrrrr","n":"EEEEEEEEEESGSGCGSKGSRRRRRRRRRR","g":12,"sg":"chemically labeled model peptide","al":["model peptide variant with Cys15 (label position test)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","30 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","3,679 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","8.5","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"2.04 nm","ms":"3,679 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"EEEEEEEEEESGSGCGSKGSRRRRRRRRRR","szm":2.038e-09,"szs":"about 2.04 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2560]},{"id":"eeeeeeeeeesgsgsgskgcrrrrrrrrrr","n":"EEEEEEEEEESGSGSGSKGCRRRRRRRRRR","g":12,"sg":"chemically labeled model peptide","al":["model peptide variant with Cys20 (label position test)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","30 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","3,679 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","8.5","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"2.04 nm","ms":"3,679 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"EEEEEEEEEESGSGSGSKGCRRRRRRRRRR","szm":2.038e-09,"szs":"about 2.04 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2561]},{"id":"eeeeeeeeeesgsgsgskgsrrrrrrrrrr-unmodified","n":"EEEEEEEEEESGSGSGSKGSRRRRRRRRRR (unmodified)","g":12,"sg":"model peptide PTM variant","al":["model peptide E10-SGSGSGSKGS-R10, unmodified (Ser11)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","30 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","3,663 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","9.7","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"2.03 nm","ms":"3,663 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"EEEEEEEEEESGSGSGSKGSRRRRRRRRRR","szm":2.035e-09,"szs":"about 2.03 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2562]},{"id":"eeeeeeeeeesgsgsgskgsrrrrrrrrrr-o-glcnac-ser11","n":"EEEEEEEEEESGSGSGSKGSRRRRRRRRRR O-GlcNAc-Ser11","g":12,"sg":"model peptide PTM variant","al":["model peptide O-GlcNAc glycosylated at Ser11"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"EEEEEEEEEES(O-GlcNAc)GSGSGSKGSRRRRRRRRRR","r":[2563]},{"id":"eeeeeeeeeesgsgsgskgsrrrrrrrrrr-phospho-ser11","n":"EEEEEEEEEESGSGSGSKGSRRRRRRRRRR phospho-Ser11","g":12,"sg":"model peptide PTM variant","al":["model peptide phosphorylated at Ser11"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"EEEEEEEEEE(pS)GSGSGSKGSRRRRRRRRRR","r":[2564]},{"id":"endomorphin-1","n":"Endomorphin-1","g":12,"sg":"opioid peptide","al":["endomorphin I"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","volume 0.741 nm3","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Mass","610.7 g/mol","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Length","4 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","611.7 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","6.1","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume 0.741 nm3","ms":"610.7 g/mol","ch":"-0.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"YPWF","szm":1.121e-09,"szs":"about 1.12 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2565]},{"id":"enoxaparin-low-molecular-weight-heparin","n":"Enoxaparin (low molecular weight heparin)","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan drug mixture","ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[2566,2567]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-bovine-milk","n":"Extracellular vesicles (bovine milk)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes isolated from raw bovine milk (acidification vs ultracentrifugation)","EVs from bovine milk","bovine milk-derived exosomes"],"ak":"vesicle","pr":[["Size","60-160 nm resolved","reported by Young TW 2023"],["Charge","zeta about -8 +/- 1 mV","reported by Young TW 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"60-160 nm resolved","ch":"zeta about -8 +/- 1 mV"},"szm":1.6e-07,"szs":"160 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2568,2569,2570]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-amniotic-fluid-mesenchymal-stem","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes from banked human amniotic fluid MSCs"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2571]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-bone-marrow-mesenchymal-stem-ce","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes from banked human bone marrow MSCs"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2572]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-embryonic-stem-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human embryonic stem cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes from human embryonic stem cells (ESC-Exos)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2573]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-malignant-ascites-ovarian-cancer","n":"Extracellular vesicles (malignant ascites, ovarian 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from rat bone marrow endothelial progenitor cells (EPC-Exos)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2577]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-schistosoma-japonicum","n":"Extracellular vesicles (Schistosoma japonicum)","g":3,"sg":"parasite extracellular vesicles","al":["Schistosoma japonicum EVs (SjEVs)"],"ak":"vesicle","pr":[["Size","100-400 nm by qNano","reported by Liu J 2019"]],"hs":{"sz":"100-400 nm by qNano"},"szm":4e-07,"szs":"400 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2578]},{"id":"eyqeyqeyq-eyq3","n":"EYQEYQEYQ (EYQ3)","g":12,"sg":"anionic model peptide","al":["EYQ3 peptide"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","9 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,279 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","3.5","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-3.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.43 nm","ms":"1,279 Da","ch":"-3.0 e at pH 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2009)","r":[2585,2586]},{"id":"gold-nanoclusters-p-mercaptobenzoic-acid-capped","n":"Gold nanoclusters (p-mercaptobenzoic acid-capped)","g":4,"sg":"thiolate-protected metal cluster","al":["p-mercaptobenzoic acid-capped gold nanoclusters"],"ak":"cluster","r":[2587]},{"id":"gold-nanoclusters-thiolated-peg7-capped","n":"Gold nanoclusters (thiolated PEG7-capped)","g":4,"sg":"thiolate-protected metal cluster","al":["thiolated PEG7-capped gold nanoclusters"],"ak":"cluster","r":[2588]},{"id":"gold-nanoclusters-tiopronin-capped","n":"Gold nanoclusters (tiopronin-capped)","g":4,"sg":"thiolate-protected metal cluster","al":["tiopronin-capped gold nanoclusters"],"ak":"cluster","r":[2589]},{"id":"gold-nanoclusters-thiolate-capped","n":"Gold nanoclusters, thiolate-capped","g":4,"sg":"metal nanocluster","al":["thiolate-capped gold nanoclusters (p-mercaptobenzoic acid, tiopronin, thiolated PEG7 ligands)"],"ak":"cluster","r":[2590]},{"id":"gold-silica-core-shell-nanoparticles-au-sio2","n":"Gold-silica core-shell nanoparticles (Au@SiO2)","g":4,"sg":"core-shell nanoparticle","al":["monodisperse Au@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles (about 83.5 nm)"],"ak":"metal-np","pr":[["Size","83.5 +/- 6.5 nm","reported by Zhou Y 2019"]],"hs":{"sz":"83.5 +/- 6.5 nm"},"szm":8.35e-08,"szs":"83.5 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2591]},{"id":"green-fluorescent-protein-gfp","n":"Green fluorescent protein (GFP)","g":11,"sg":"fluorescent protein","ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","cylinder 4.2 nm long, 3 nm diameter","reported by Diederichs T 2019"]],"hs":{"sz":"cylinder 4.2 nm long, 3 nm diameter"},"szm":4.2e-09,"szs":"4.2 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2592]},{"id":"hepatitis-b-virus-aberrant-capsid-particles-hap-cpam-induced","n":"Hepatitis B virus aberrant capsid particles (HAP CpAM-induced)","g":2,"sg":"aberrant capsid assembly product (drug-induced)","al":["aberrant hepatitis B virus capsid particles induced by HAP-TAMRA (defective spheres, ellipsoids, bacilliform cylinders)"],"ak":"virus-ico","pr":[["Size","DLS mean diameter 40, 50 and 80 nm for assembly in 1000, 300 and 80 mM NaCl","reported by Kondylis P 2019"]],"hs":{"sz":"DLS mean diameter 40, 50 and 80 nm for assembly in 1000, 300 and 80 mM NaCl"},"ids":"taxon:10407","szm":8e-08,"szs":"80 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2593]},{"id":"hepatitis-b-virus-incomplete-capsids-phenylpropenamide-induc","n":"Hepatitis B virus incomplete capsids (phenylpropenamide-induced)","g":2,"sg":"capsid assembly intermediate (drug-induced)","al":["incomplete hepatitis B virus capsid particles formed with phenylpropenamides B-21 and AT-130"],"ak":"virus-ico","ids":"taxon:10407","r":[2594]},{"id":"hiv-1-pseudovirus-immature-protease-deleted","n":"HIV-1 pseudovirus (immature, protease-deleted)","g":2,"sg":"retrovirus pseudotype (enveloped)","ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","about 100 nm diameter","reported by Darvish A 2019"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 100 nm diameter"},"ids":"taxon:11676","szm":1e-07,"szs":"100 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2595]},{"id":"hiv-1-pseudovirus-mature","n":"HIV-1 pseudovirus (mature)","g":2,"sg":"retrovirus pseudotype (enveloped)","al":["HIV-1 pseudovirus, mature (HIV-1 BaL.01 Env, NL4-3 R- E- Luc+)"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","about 100 nm diameter","reported by Darvish A 2019"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 100 nm diameter"},"ids":"taxon:11676","szm":1e-07,"szs":"100 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2596]},{"id":"hiv-1-tat-47-57-ygrkkrrqrrr","n":"HIV-1 Tat 47-57 (YGRKKRRQRRR)","g":12,"sg":"cell-penetrating peptide","al":["HIV-1 Tat (47-57)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","11 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,560 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","12.8","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+8.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.53 nm","ms":"1,560 Da","ch":"+8.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"YGRKKRRQRRR","szm":1.531e-09,"szs":"about 1.53 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2597]},{"id":"human-caspase-7","n":"Human caspase-7","g":11,"sg":"protease","al":["caspase-7 (activity in E. coli cell lysates)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","31.1 kDa","computed from UniProt P55210, Caspase-7 subunit p20 24 to 198 + Caspase-7 subunit p11 207 to 303"],["Isoelectric point","8.3","computed from UniProt P55210, Caspase-7 subunit p20 24 to 198 + Caspase-7 subunit p11 207 to 303, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+6.4 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P55210, Caspase-7 subunit p20 24 to 198 + Caspase-7 subunit p11 207 to 303, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","272 amino acids","computed from UniProt P55210, Caspase-7 subunit p20 24 to 198 + Caspase-7 subunit p11 207 to 303"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.15 nm","ms":"31.1 kDa","ch":"+6.4 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P55210","szm":4.149e-09,"szs":"about 4.15 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2598]},{"id":"human-glioblastoma-patient-tumor-cells","n":"Human glioblastoma patient tumor cells","g":0,"sg":"primary tumor cell","al":["cells from brain tumor (glioblastoma) patient samples"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[2599]},{"id":"human-serum-transferrin-apo","n":"Human serum transferrin (apo)","g":11,"sg":"iron transport glycoprotein","al":["apo human serum transferrin (Fe(III)-free)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","75.2 kDa","computed from UniProt P02787, Serotransferrin 20 to 698"],["Isoelectric point","7.0","computed from UniProt P02787, Serotransferrin 20 to 698, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+0.4 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P02787, Serotransferrin 20 to 698, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","679 amino acids","computed from UniProt P02787, Serotransferrin 20 to 698"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.57 nm","ms":"75.2 kDa","ch":"+0.4 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P02787","szm":5.571e-09,"szs":"about 5.57 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2600]},{"id":"human-serum-transferrin-holo","n":"Human serum transferrin (holo)","g":11,"sg":"iron transport glycoprotein","al":["holo human serum transferrin","holo human serum transferrin (Fe(III)-rich)","holo human serum transferrin (holo-hSTf)","transferrin","holo human serum transferrin (hSTf)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","molecular radius about 3.1 nm (nanopore), literature 3.25 nm","reported by Saharia J 2020"],["Mass","75.2 kDa","computed from UniProt P02787, Serotransferrin 20 to 698"],["Isoelectric point","7.0","computed from UniProt P02787, Serotransferrin 20 to 698, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+0.4 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P02787, Serotransferrin 20 to 698, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","679 amino acids","computed from UniProt P02787, Serotransferrin 20 to 698"]],"hs":{"sz":"molecular radius about 3.1 nm (nanopore), literature 3.25 nm","ms":"75.2 kDa","ch":"+0.4 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P02787","szm":3.25e-09,"szs":"3.25 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2601,2602,2603,2604,2605]},{"id":"hybrid-liposome-poloxamer-nanoparticles","n":"Hybrid liposome/poloxamer nanoparticles","g":3,"sg":"hybrid lipid-polymer particle","al":["hybrid liposome/poloxamer nanoparticles (HLPin)"],"ak":"liposome","r":[2606]},{"id":"ice-core-dust-renland-ice-cap-recap-east-greenland","n":"Ice core dust (Renland ice cap RECAP, East Greenland)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Mineral dust in the RECAP ice core (Renland ice cap, East Greenland), glacial and Holocene"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","size distributions from about 0.9 to 10.5 um; small fraction 1.25 to 2.9 um and large fraction 8.13 to 10.5 um compared","reported by Simonsen MF 2019"]],"hs":{"sz":"size distributions from about 0.9 to 10.5 um; small fraction 1.25 to 2.9 um and large fraction 8.13 to 10.5 um compared"},"szm":1.05e-05,"szs":"10.5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2607]},{"id":"influenza-a-virus-h1n1-bound-to-sialic-acid-gold-nanoparticl","n":"Influenza A virus (H1N1) bound to sialic-acid gold nanoparticles","g":2,"sg":"virus-nanoparticle complex","al":["influenza A virus (H1N1 subtype) bound to sialic-acid gold nanoparticles"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","80 to 120 nm diameter","reported by Horiguchi Y 2019"]],"hs":{"sz":"80 to 120 nm diameter"},"ids":"taxon:11320","szm":1.2e-07,"szs":"120 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2608]},{"id":"influenza-virus-in-human-saliva-multipore-feed-through-detec","n":"Influenza virus in human saliva (multipore feed-through detection)","g":2,"sg":"orthomyxovirus (enveloped, spherical)","al":["influenza virus in human saliva"],"ak":"virus-env","ids":"taxon:11320","r":[2609]},{"id":"insect-cells-baculovirus-expression-system","n":"Insect cells (baculovirus expression system)","g":0,"sg":"cultured insect cells","al":["insect cells of the baculovirus expression system (infected cultures)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","r":[2610]},{"id":"isochrysis-galbana","n":"Isochrysis galbana","g":1,"sg":"haptophyte","al":["Isochrysis galbana clone t-ISO"],"ak":"flagellate","pr":[["Size","cell biovolume 36.5 um3","Kremer CT, Thomas MK, Litchman E 2017, Limnol Oceanogr 62:1658-1670, doi:10.1002/lno.10523 (supporting information 3, isolate table, bv = log10 biovolume in um3)"],["Other","species-level value for the listed isolates (including T-ISO and CCMP1323)","Kremer CT, Thomas MK, Litchman E 2017, Limnol Oceanogr 62:1658-1670, doi:10.1002/lno.10523 (supporting information 3, isolate table, bv = log10 biovolume in um3)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell biovolume 36.5 um3"},"ids":"taxon:37099","szm":4.116e-06,"szs":"about 4.12 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[2611]},{"id":"l-homocysteine","n":"L-homocysteine","g":15,"sg":"biothiol","al":["L-homocysteine condensing irreversibly with a tethered 2-cyanobenzothiazole"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","135.19 g/mol","PubChem CID 91552"],["Formula","C4H9NO2S","PubChem CID 91552"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 91552, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.68 nm","ms":"135.19 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:91552","szm":6.775e-10,"szs":"about 0.68 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2612,2613,2614]},{"id":"large-oncosomes-du145-prostate-cancer-cells","n":"Large oncosomes (DU145 prostate cancer cells)","g":3,"sg":"large oncosomes","al":["large oncosomes from DU145R80 and DU145 prostate cancer cells (integrin alpha-V)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2615]},{"id":"leu-enkephalin","n":"Leu-enkephalin","g":12,"sg":"opioid peptide","al":["leucine enkephalin","leucine enkephalin in CytK K128F"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","volume 0.673 nm3","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Mass","555.6 g/mol","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Length","5 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","555.6 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","6.1","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume 0.673 nm3","ms":"555.6 g/mol","ch":"-0.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"YGGFL","szm":1.085e-09,"szs":"about 1.09 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2616,2617]},{"id":"lipid-shelled-microbubbles-xenon-loaded","n":"Lipid-shelled microbubbles, xenon-loaded","g":17,"sg":"microbubble (gas delivery)","al":["lipid-shelled microbubbles loaded with xenon, or xenon plus octafluoropropane (9:1)"],"ak":"bubble","pr":[["Other","Xe dose 113.1 (Xe-MB) and 145.6 (Xe-OFP-MB) ul per mg lipid","reported by Shekhar H 2019"]],"r":[2618]},{"id":"marine-sediment-sortable-silt-core-ps67-182-1-eastern-antarc","n":"Marine sediment sortable silt (core PS67/182-1, eastern Antarctic Peninsula)","g":5,"sg":"marine sediment","al":["Sortable silt in core PS67/182-1 off the eastern Antarctic Peninsula, since the 1700s"],"ak":"grain","r":[2619]},{"id":"met-enkephalin","n":"Met-enkephalin","g":12,"sg":"opioid peptide","al":["Met5 enkephalin"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","volume 0.695 nm3","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Mass","573.7 g/mol","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Length","5 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","573.7 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","6.1","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume 0.695 nm3","ms":"573.7 g/mol","ch":"-0.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"YGGFM","szm":1.097e-09,"szs":"about 1.1 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2620,2621]},{"id":"microcystin-lr","n":"Microcystin-LR","g":15,"sg":"cyclic heptapeptide cyanotoxin","al":["microcystin MC-LR"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","995.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 445434"],["Formula","C49H74N10O12","PubChem CID 445434"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 445434, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.32 nm","ms":"995.2 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:445434","szm":1.318e-09,"szs":"about 1.32 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2622,2623]},{"id":"microcystin-rr","n":"Microcystin-RR","g":15,"sg":"cyclic heptapeptide cyanotoxin","al":["microcystin MC-RR"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","1,038.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 6438357"],["Formula","C49H75N13O12","PubChem CID 6438357"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6438357, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.34 nm","ms":"1,038.2 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6438357","szm":1.337e-09,"szs":"about 1.34 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2624,2625]},{"id":"microcystin-yr","n":"Microcystin-YR","g":15,"sg":"cyclic heptapeptide cyanotoxin","al":["microcystin MC-YR"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","1,045.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 6437088"],["Formula","C52H72N10O13","PubChem CID 6437088"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6437088, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.34 nm","ms":"1,045.2 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6437088","szm":1.34e-09,"szs":"about 1.34 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2626,2627]},{"id":"nalpha-benzoyl-l-arginine","n":"Nalpha-benzoyl-L-arginine","g":15,"sg":"amino acid derivative","al":["Nalpha-benzoyl-L-arginine (product of BAEE hydrolysis)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","278.31 g/mol","PubChem CID 97369"],["Formula","C13H18N4O3","PubChem CID 97369"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 97369, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.86 nm","ms":"278.31 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:97369","szm":8.618e-10,"szs":"about 0.86 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2628]},{"id":"nlp-3-66-75-yfdslagqsl","n":"NLP-3 (66-75) YFDSLAGQSL","g":12,"sg":"neuropeptide fragment","al":["neuropeptide-like protein 3 fragment NLP-3 (66-75)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","volume 1.331 nm3","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Mass","1099.2 g/mol","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Charge","-0.52 (pH 4.5)","reported by Huang G 2019"],["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,100 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","3.7","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"volume 1.331 nm3","ms":"1099.2 g/mol","ch":"-0.52 (pH 4.5)"},"seq":"YFDSLAGQSL","szm":1.363e-09,"szs":"about 1.36 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2629]},{"id":"organic-pollutant-emulsions-in-simulated-road-runoff","n":"Organic pollutant emulsions in simulated road runoff","g":5,"sg":"pollutant emulsions","al":["Micro-sized organic pollutant emulsions (PAHs, alkylphenols and ethoxylates, phthalates, diesel oil) in simulated road runoff, with and without humic acid and iron colloids"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Size","most particles 30 to 660 nm (by DLS and NTA); a smaller portion (< 28%) micro-sized, measured with the Coulter Counter","reported by Markiewicz A 2019"]],"hs":{"sz":"most particles 30 to 660 nm (by DLS and NTA); a smaller portion (< 28%) micro-sized, measured with the Coulter Counter"},"szm":6.6e-07,"szs":"660 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2630]},{"id":"phytoglycogen-nanoparticles","n":"Phytoglycogen nanoparticles","g":13,"sg":"branched polysaccharide nanoparticle","ak":"sugar-chain","pr":[["Size","about 35 nm diameter","reported by Lenart WR 2019"],["Other","highly branched polysaccharide core holding more than 200% of its dry mass in water","reported by Lenart WR 2019"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 35 nm diameter"},"szm":3.5e-08,"szs":"35 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2631]},{"id":"pna-functionalized-fe3o4-au-core-shell-nanoparticles-mirna-b","n":"PNA-functionalized Fe3O4-Au core-shell nanoparticles (miRNA-bound)","g":4,"sg":"functionalized magnetic nanoparticle","al":["PNA-functionalized Fe3O4-Au core-shell nanoparticles with bound microRNA"],"ak":"bead","r":[2632]},{"id":"pollen-brassica-nigra","n":"Pollen, Brassica nigra","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["Brassica nigra pollen"],"ak":"pollen","pr":[["Size","particles of 20 to 30 um selected as pollen from the particle size distribution","Rusman Q, Poelman EH, Nowrin F, Polder G, Lucas-Barbosa D 2019, Plant Cell Environ 42:1882-1896, doi:10.1111/pce.13520 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"particles of 20 to 30 um selected as pollen from the particle size distribution"},"ids":"taxon:3710","szm":3e-05,"szs":"30 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2633]},{"id":"pollen-helianthemum-apenninum","n":"Pollen, Helianthemum apenninum","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["Helianthemum apenninum subsp. estevei and subsp. apenninum pollen"],"ak":"pollen","ids":"taxon:482940","r":[2634]},{"id":"pollen-helianthemum-cinereum","n":"Pollen, Helianthemum cinereum","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["Helianthemum cinereum subsp. rotundifolium pollen"],"ak":"pollen","ids":"taxon:1336677","r":[2635]},{"id":"pollen-helianthemum-pannosum","n":"Pollen, Helianthemum pannosum","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["Helianthemum pannosum pollen"],"ak":"pollen","ids":"taxon:2020772","r":[2636]},{"id":"poly-styrenesulfonate-pss","n":"Poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS)","g":14,"sg":"anionic polyelectrolyte","al":["sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) (NaPSS)"],"ak":"polymer","r":[2637]},{"id":"ralstonia-pickettii","n":"Ralstonia pickettii","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative rod, oligotrophic)","ak":"rod","ax":"gn","pr":[["Size","rod 0.5 to 0.6 um in diameter and 1.5 to 3 um long","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Other","Gram-negative rod","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"]],"hs":{"sz":"rod 0.5 to 0.6 um in diameter and 1.5 to 3 um long"},"ids":"taxon:329","szm":3e-06,"szs":"3 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2638]},{"id":"rna-chikungunya-virus-genome-direct-rna","n":"RNA chikungunya virus genome (direct RNA)","g":8,"sg":"viral genomic RNA","al":["Chikungunya virus (CHIKV, strain 181/25) genomic RNA"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[2639]},{"id":"rna-herpes-simplex-virus-1-transcriptome-direct-rna","n":"RNA herpes simplex virus 1 transcriptome (direct RNA)","g":8,"sg":"viral mRNA","al":["herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) polyadenylated transcripts in infected primary cells"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[2640]},{"id":"rna-human-coronavirus-229e-genome-27-3-kb-direct-rna","n":"RNA human coronavirus 229E genome (27.3 kb, direct RNA)","g":8,"sg":"viral genomic RNA","al":["human coronavirus 229E genomic and subgenomic RNAs from infected cells"],"ak":"rna-long","pr":[["Size","27.3 kb genome; longest read ~26 kb","reported by Viehweger A 2019"],["Mass","about 8.74 MDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -27,300 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"27.3 kb genome; longest read ~26 kb","ms":"about 8.74 MDa","ch":"about -27,300 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:11137","szm":1.638e-05,"szs":"about 16.4 µm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2641]},{"id":"rna-human-poly-a-transcriptome-gm12878","n":"RNA human poly(A) transcriptome (GM12878)","g":8,"sg":"native RNA","al":["human GM12878 poly(A) RNA (native)"],"ak":"rna-long","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[2642]},{"id":"rna-mayaro-virus-genome-direct-rna","n":"RNA Mayaro virus genome (direct RNA)","g":8,"sg":"viral genomic RNA","al":["Mayaro virus (MAYV) genomic RNA"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[2643]},{"id":"rna-oropouche-virus-genome-segments-direct-rna","n":"RNA Oropouche virus genome segments (direct RNA)","g":8,"sg":"viral genomic RNA","al":["Oropouche virus (OROV) segmented negative-sense RNA"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[2644]},{"id":"rna-synthetic-transcripts-with-n6-methyladenosine-m6a-epinan","n":"RNA synthetic transcripts with N6-methyladenosine (m6A; EpiNano set)","g":8,"sg":"modified RNA","al":["synthetic RNAs with and without N6-methyladenosine, and yeast mRNA (EpiNano)"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[2645]},{"id":"rna-venezuelan-equine-encephalitis-virus-genome-direct-rna","n":"RNA Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus genome (direct RNA)","g":8,"sg":"viral genomic RNA","al":["Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) genomic and subgenomic RNA"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[2646]},{"id":"rna-vesicular-stomatitis-indiana-virus-genome-direct-rna","n":"RNA vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus genome (direct RNA)","g":8,"sg":"viral genomic RNA","al":["vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSV) negative-sense RNA"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[2647]},{"id":"rna-zika-virus-genome-direct-rna","n":"RNA Zika virus genome (direct RNA)","g":8,"sg":"viral genomic RNA","al":["Zika virus (ZIKV, two strains) genomic RNA"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[2648]},{"id":"sacc-83-cells","n":"SACC-83 cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human)","al":["SACC-83 salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma cells (low metastatic)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[2649]},{"id":"sacc-lm-cells","n":"SACC-LM cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human)","al":["SACC-LM salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma cells (high metastatic)"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[2650]},{"id":"series-dhfr-charge-variants-e-coli-dhfr-willems-2019","n":"Series DHFR charge variants (E. coli DHFR, Willems 2019)","g":11,"sg":"engineered enzyme","al":["DHFR charge-engineered variants including DHFR4S (positively charged C-terminal tag)"],"ak":"protein","r":[2651]},{"id":"silver-nanoparticles","n":"Silver nanoparticles","g":4,"sg":"metal nanoparticle","al":["spherical silver nanoparticles","40 nm silver nanoparticles"],"ak":"metal-np","ax":"silver","pr":[["Size","diameter 40 nm","reported by Han C 2019"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 40 nm"},"szm":4e-08,"szs":"40 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2652,2653]},{"id":"snow-dust-saharan-dust-on-alpine-snowpack","n":"Snow dust (Saharan dust on Alpine snowpack)","g":5,"sg":"snow dust","al":["Saharan mineral dust deposited on Alpine snow at Torgnon (2160 m, Aosta Valley, Italy), 2013 to 2016"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","2 to 60 um equivalent spherical diameter in 400 channels","reported by Di Mauro B 2019"]],"hs":{"sz":"2 to 60 um equivalent spherical diameter in 400 channels"},"szm":6e-05,"szs":"60 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2654]},{"id":"ssdna-102-nt-oligonucleotide-ssdna-102-hu-2019","n":"ssDNA 102-nt oligonucleotide ssDNA_102 (Hu 2019)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["ssDNA_102 (102-nt ssDNA)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","102 nt","reported by Hu ZL 2019"],["Mass","about 32.6 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -102 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"102 nt","ms":"about 32.6 kDa","ch":"about -102 e at pH 7"},"szm":6.12e-08,"szs":"about 61.2 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2655]},{"id":"ssdna-15-nt-targets-with-polycationic-peptide-pna-probes-mer","n":"ssDNA 15-nt targets with polycationic peptide-PNA probes (Mereuta 2019)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA target","al":["15-nt ssDNA targets (matched and mismatched) hybridized with polycationic peptide-functionalized PNA"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2656]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaaa-3-phosphate","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAAA-3'-phosphate","g":7,"sg":"phosphorylated ssDNA","al":["poly(dA)4-3'-P"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","4 nt","reported by Ying YL 2019"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 nt"},"seq":"AAAA-3'-phosphate","r":[2657]},{"id":"ssdna-5-aaaaa-3-phosphate","n":"ssDNA 5'-AAAAA-3'-phosphate","g":7,"sg":"phosphorylated ssDNA","al":["poly(dA)5-3'-P"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","5 nt","reported by Ying YL 2019"]],"hs":{"sz":"5 nt"},"seq":"AAAAA-3'-phosphate","r":[2658]},{"id":"ssdna-5-gaaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-GAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["5'-GAAA-3'"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","4 nt","reported by Wei ZX 2019"],["Mass","1,207 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -3 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 nt","ms":"1,207 Da","ch":"about -3 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GAAA","szm":2.4e-09,"szs":"about 2.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2659]},{"id":"ssdna-azide-and-alkyne-modified-preprobes-liu-2019","n":"ssDNA azide- and alkyne-modified preprobes (Liu 2019)","g":7,"sg":"chemically modified ssDNA","al":["azide-modified and alkyne-modified ssDNA preprobes"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2660]},{"id":"ssdna-c-rich-quadruplex-i-motif","n":"ssDNA C-rich quadruplex (i-motif)","g":7,"sg":"structured ssDNA","al":["C-rich quadruplex single-stranded DNA (i-motif)"],"ak":"quad","r":[2661]},{"id":"ssdna-cassava-mosaic-begomovirus-genome","n":"ssDNA cassava mosaic begomovirus genome","g":7,"sg":"begomovirus genome (plant virus)","al":["cassava mosaic begomovirus genomes (African cassava mosaic virus and East African cassava mosaic virus)"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2662]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpins-with-varied-loop-bases-liu-2019-series","n":"ssDNA hairpins with varied loop bases (Liu 2019 series)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["hairpin DNAs with different loop bases"],"ak":"hairpin","r":[2663]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-40","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)40","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["dA40"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Hu ZL 2019"],["Mass","12.5 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"12.5 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2664]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-5","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)5","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["poly(dA)5 (5'-AAAAA-3')"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","5 nt","reported by Ying YL 2019"],["Mass","1,504 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -4 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"5 nt","ms":"1,504 Da","ch":"about -4 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAA","szm":3e-09,"szs":"about 3 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2665]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dg-20","n":"ssDNA poly(dG)20","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["20-nt poly(dG) homopolymer (G tetramers sieved out by a tiny pore)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","20 nt","reported by Si W 2019"],["Mass","6,522 Da","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -19 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"20 nt","ms":"6,522 Da","ch":"about -19 e at pH 7"},"seq":"G20","szm":1.2e-08,"szs":"about 12 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2666]},{"id":"synechococcus-bacillaris","n":"Synechococcus bacillaris","g":1,"sg":"cyanobacterium (marine picoplankton)","ak":"rod","ax":"cyano","r":[2667]},{"id":"tetrachloroaurate-iii-aucl4","n":"Tetrachloroaurate(III) [AuCl4]-","g":16,"sg":"polyatomic metal complex anion","al":["tetrachloroaurate(III) [AuCl4]- (from HAuCl4)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"|","pr":[["Mass","338.8 g/mol","PubChem CID 27128"],["Formula","AuCl4-","PubChem CID 27128"],["Formal charge","-1","PubChem CID 27128, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"ms":"338.8 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:27128","r":[2668,2669]},{"id":"toxoplasma-gondii","n":"Toxoplasma gondii","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (apicomplexan)","al":["Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites"],"ak":"oocyst","pr":[["Size","tachyzoites about 4 to 8 um long and 2 to 3 um wide; tissue cysts 5 to 50 um in diameter; mature oocysts 10 to 12 um in diameter","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Toxoplasmosis page, last reviewed May 5, 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"tachyzoites about 4 to 8 um long and 2 to 3 um wide; tissue cysts 5 to 50 um in diameter; mature oocysts 10 to 12 um in diameter"},"ids":"taxon:5811","szm":5e-05,"szs":"50 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2670]},{"id":"trypsin","n":"Trypsin","g":11,"sg":"protease","al":["trypsin translocating through a DNA nanopore"],"ak":"protein","r":[2671,2672,2673]},{"id":"u251-cells","n":"U251 cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human glioblastoma)","al":["U251 glioblastoma cells"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[2674]},{"id":"u87-cells","n":"U87 cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human glioblastoma)","al":["U87 glioblastoma cells"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","diameter 12 to 14 um (U87 glioblastoma; Scepter 2.0 handheld counter, Scepter sensor technology)","EMD Millipore, Introducing Scepter 2.0 Cell Counter (product brochure), as entered in BioNumbers BNID 108941"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 12 to 14 um (U87 glioblastoma; Scepter 2.0 handheld counter, Scepter sensor technology)"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":1.4e-05,"szs":"14 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2675]},{"id":"white-sturgeon-erythrocytes","n":"White sturgeon erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"nucleated erythrocyte (fish)","al":["white sturgeon erythrocyte nuclei (8N, 10N and 12N fish)"],"ak":"rbc-nuc","ids":"taxon:7904","r":[2676]},{"id":"xenon-loaded-lipid-shelled-microbubbles","n":"Xenon-loaded lipid-shelled microbubbles","g":6,"sg":"therapeutic microbubbles","al":["Lipid-shelled microbubbles loaded with xenon (Xe-MB) or xenon plus octafluoropropane 9:1 (Xe-OFP-MB)"],"ak":"bubble","pr":[["Other","total Xe dose 113.1 +/- 13.5 (Xe-MB) and 145.6 +/- 25.5 (Xe-OFP-MB) ul per mg lipid","reported by Shekhar H 2019"]],"r":[2677]},{"id":"xna-fana-poly-a-homopolymer-streptavidin","n":"XNA FANA poly(A) homopolymer + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"xeno nucleic acid (XNA)","al":["FANA polyA homopolymer (3'-biotin, streptavidin-tethered)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2678]},{"id":"xna-fana-poly-c-homopolymer-streptavidin","n":"XNA FANA poly(C) homopolymer + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"xeno nucleic acid (XNA)","al":["FANA polyC homopolymer (3'-biotin, streptavidin-tethered)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2679]},{"id":"xna-fana-poly-u-homopolymer-streptavidin","n":"XNA FANA poly(U) homopolymer + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"xeno nucleic acid (XNA)","al":["FANA polyU homopolymer (3'-biotin, streptavidin-tethered)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2680]},{"id":"xna-fana-strand-ligated-to-dna-drive-strand-nipss-template","n":"XNA FANA strand ligated to DNA drive strand (NIPSS template)","g":10,"sg":"xeno nucleic acid (XNA)","al":["FANA template ligated to a DNA drive strand (NIPSS)"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2681]},{"id":"2-cyanobenzothiazole-cbt","n":"2-cyanobenzothiazole (CBT)","g":15,"sg":"single-molecule reaction","al":["2-cyanobenzothiazole reacting with thiols and aminothiols"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","160.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 638560"],["Formula","C8H4N2S","PubChem CID 638560"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 638560, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.72 nm","ms":"160.2 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:638560","szm":7.169e-10,"szs":"about 0.72 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2682]},{"id":"2-mercaptoethanol","n":"2-mercaptoethanol","g":15,"sg":"single-molecule reaction (thiol)","al":["2-mercaptoethanol reacting reversibly with a tethered 2-cyanobenzothiazole"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","78.14 g/mol","PubChem CID 1567"],["Formula","C2H6OS","PubChem CID 1567"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 1567, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.56 nm","ms":"78.14 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:1567","szm":5.643e-10,"szs":"about 0.56 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2683]},{"id":"actin-g-actin","n":"Actin (G-actin)","g":11,"sg":"cytoskeletal protein","al":["G-actin monomer"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","42 kDa","reported by Wang X 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.59 nm","ms":"42 kDa"},"szm":4.588e-09,"szs":"about 4.59 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2684]},{"id":"actin-dimer-drug-induced","n":"Actin dimer (drug-induced)","g":11,"sg":"cytoskeletal protein complex","al":["drug-induced actin dimer"],"ak":"multimer","r":[2685]},{"id":"actin-filaments-f-actin","n":"Actin filaments (F-actin)","g":11,"sg":"protein filament","al":["F-actin filaments (up to 200 subunits)"],"ak":"fibril","pr":[["Size","5-9 nm diameter filament, 37 nm helical repeat","reported by Wang X 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"5-9 nm diameter filament, 37 nm helical repeat"},"szm":3.7e-08,"szs":"37 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2686]},{"id":"adeno-associated-virus-capsid-empty-aav9","n":"Adeno-associated virus capsid, empty (AAV9)","g":2,"sg":"viral vector (parvovirus capsid)","al":["empty adeno-associated virus capsids (AAVempty)"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","about 25 nm diameter","reported by Karawdeniya BI 2020"],["Other","non-enveloped icosahedral capsid of 60 VP1/VP2/VP3 subunits; ssDNA genome","reported by Karawdeniya BI 2020"],["Isoelectric point","7.40 to 8.80 (empty AAV9 capsids, imaged capillary isoelectric focusing fractions; empty capsids span a wider pI range, 1.40 pH units, and sit higher than full capsids)","Wu J, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Heger CD 2025, Anal Chem 97:17132-17140, doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03104"],["Other","sequence-based theoretical pI of AAV capsid proteins about 6.0 to 6.5 (same paper)","Wu J, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Heger CD 2025, Anal Chem 97:17132-17140, doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03104"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 25 nm diameter","ch":"pI 7.40 to 8.80 (empty AAV9 capsids, imaged capillary isoelectric focusing fractions; empty capsids span a wider pI range, 1.40 pH units, and sit higher than full capsids)"},"ids":"taxon:235455","szm":2.5e-08,"szs":"25 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2687]},{"id":"adeno-associated-virus-with-self-complementary-dsdna-genome","n":"Adeno-associated virus with self-complementary dsDNA genome (AAV9)","g":2,"sg":"viral vector (parvovirus capsid)","al":["adeno-associated virus carrying double-stranded (self-complementary) DNA (AAVdsDNA)"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","about 25 nm diameter","reported by Karawdeniya BI 2020"],["Other","non-enveloped icosahedral capsid of 60 VP1/VP2/VP3 subunits; ssDNA genome","reported by Karawdeniya BI 2020"],["Isoelectric point","7.40 to 8.50 for genome-filled AAV9 (CMV-GFP vector) and 7.40 to 8.80 for empty AAV9 capsids (imaged capillary isoelectric focusing fractions)","Wu J, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Heger CD 2025, Anal Chem 97:17132-17140, doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03104"],["Other","measured on a different AAV9 preparation than the resistive pulse study; full capsids span 1.10 pH units, empty 1.40","Wu J, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Heger CD 2025, Anal Chem 97:17132-17140, doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03104"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 25 nm diameter","ch":"pI 7.40 to 8.50 for genome-filled AAV9 (CMV-GFP vector) and 7.40 to 8.80 for empty AAV9 capsids (imaged capillary isoelectric focusing fractions)"},"ids":"taxon:235455","szm":2.5e-08,"szs":"25 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2688]},{"id":"adeno-associated-virus-with-single-stranded-dna-genome-aav9","n":"Adeno-associated virus with single-stranded DNA genome (AAV9)","g":2,"sg":"viral vector (parvovirus capsid)","al":["adeno-associated virus carrying single-stranded DNA (AAVssDNA)"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","about 25 nm diameter","reported by Karawdeniya BI 2020"],["Other","non-enveloped icosahedral capsid of 60 VP1/VP2/VP3 subunits; ssDNA genome","reported by Karawdeniya BI 2020"],["Isoelectric point","7.40 to 8.50 for genome-filled AAV9 (CMV-GFP vector) and 7.40 to 8.80 for empty AAV9 capsids (imaged capillary isoelectric focusing fractions)","Wu J, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Heger CD 2025, Anal Chem 97:17132-17140, doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03104"],["Other","measured on a different AAV9 preparation than the resistive pulse study; full capsids span 1.10 pH units, empty 1.40","Wu J, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Heger CD 2025, Anal Chem 97:17132-17140, doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03104"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 25 nm diameter","ch":"pI 7.40 to 8.50 for genome-filled AAV9 (CMV-GFP vector) and 7.40 to 8.80 for empty AAV9 capsids (imaged capillary isoelectric focusing fractions)"},"ids":"taxon:235455","szm":2.5e-08,"szs":"25 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2689]},{"id":"alpha-synuclein-amyloid-fibrils","n":"Alpha-Synuclein amyloid fibrils","g":11,"sg":"amyloid aggregate","al":["alpha-synuclein seeded assemblies (WT and A53T seeds)"],"ak":"fibril","pr":[["Mass","14.5 kDa","computed from UniProt P37840, Alpha-synuclein 1 to 140; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"],["Isoelectric point","4.4","computed from UniProt P37840, Alpha-synuclein 1 to 140; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-8.8 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P37840, Alpha-synuclein 1 to 140; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","140 amino acids","computed from UniProt P37840, Alpha-synuclein 1 to 140; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.22 nm","ms":"14.5 kDa","ch":"-8.8 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P37840","szm":3.216e-09,"szs":"about 3.22 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2690,2691]},{"id":"alpha-synuclein-c-terminal-alexa-fluor-488-adduct-position-a","n":"Alpha-synuclein C-terminal Alexa Fluor 488 adduct (position A, Hoogerheide 2020)","g":11,"sg":"intrinsically disordered protein","al":["alpha-synuclein labelled with divalent Alexa Fluor 488 at C-terminal position 1 (PTM mimic)"],"ak":"protein","r":[2692]},{"id":"alpha-synuclein-c-terminal-alexa-fluor-488-adduct-position-b","n":"Alpha-synuclein C-terminal Alexa Fluor 488 adduct (position B, Hoogerheide 2020)","g":11,"sg":"intrinsically disordered protein","al":["alpha-synuclein labelled with divalent Alexa Fluor 488 at C-terminal position 2"],"ak":"protein","r":[2693]},{"id":"arabidopsis-thaliana-protoplasts","n":"Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts","g":0,"sg":"plant protoplast","al":["protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana"],"ak":"protoplast","ids":"taxon:3702","r":[2694]},{"id":"arrrrrrr-ar7","n":"ARRRRRRR (AR7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["AR7 (alanine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,182 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+7.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.4 nm","ms":"1,182 Da","ch":"+7.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"ARRRRRRR","szm":1.396e-09,"szs":"about 1.4 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2695]},{"id":"azd2811-polymeric-nanoparticles","n":"AZD2811 polymeric nanoparticles","g":6,"sg":"drug-loaded polymer nanoparticle","al":["AZD2811 nanoparticles (four manufacturing batches)"],"ak":"bead","r":[2696]},{"id":"black-cottonwood-populus-trichocarpa-protoplasts","n":"Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) protoplasts","g":0,"sg":"plant protoplast","al":["protoplasts of Populus trichocarpa"],"ak":"protoplast","ids":"taxon:3694","r":[2697]},{"id":"btuf-vitamin-b12-binding-protein-e-coli","n":"BtuF vitamin B12-binding protein (E. coli)","g":11,"sg":"substrate-binding protein","al":["BtuF vitamin B12-binding protein"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","28.0 kDa","reported by Zernia S 2020"],["Charge","0","reported by Zernia S 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.01 nm","ms":"28.0 kDa","ch":"0"},"szm":4.008e-09,"szs":"about 4.01 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2698]},{"id":"chromaffin-vesicles-bovine-adrenal","n":"Chromaffin vesicles (bovine adrenal)","g":3,"sg":"secretory vesicle","al":["freshly isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin vesicles (transmitter vesicles)"],"ak":"vesicle","pr":[["Size","median radius 216 nm","reported by Zhang XW 2020"],["Other","median 2.64e6 catecholamine molecules per vesicle, about 0.101 M","reported by Zhang XW 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"median radius 216 nm"},"szm":2.16e-07,"szs":"216 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2699]},{"id":"complex-dna-pna-duplex-dragomir-2020","n":"Complex DNA-PNA duplex (Dragomir 2020)","g":10,"sg":"PNA-DNA duplex","al":["DNA-PNA duplex"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2700]},{"id":"complex-maltose-binding-protein-with-reducing-sugar-anomers","n":"Complex maltose-binding protein with reducing sugar anomers","g":11,"sg":"protein-ligand complex","al":["maltose-binding protein bound to reducing saccharides (anomeric isomers)"],"ak":"complex","r":[2701]},{"id":"complex-pna-probe-with-target-ssdna-read-via-gold-nanopartic","n":"Complex PNA probe with target ssDNA read via gold nanoparticle blockades (Mereuta 2020)","g":10,"sg":"PNA-DNA duplex","al":["PNA-DNA duplexes reported by aggregation of citrate gold nanoparticles near the pore"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2702]},{"id":"complex-polyarginine-pna-with-dna-dragomir-2020","n":"Complex polyarginine-PNA with DNA (Dragomir 2020)","g":10,"sg":"PNA-DNA duplex","al":["polyarginine-conjugated DNA-PNA duplex"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2703]},{"id":"coronavirus-species-not-named-in-the-sources-read","n":"Coronavirus (species not named in the sources read)","g":2,"sg":"coronavirus (enveloped)","al":["coronavirus"],"ak":"virus-corona","pr":[["Size","virion diameter about 120 nm (enveloped, spherical)","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Betacoronavirus factsheet"],["Other","ViralZone gives about 120 nm for both Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Betacoronavirus factsheet"]],"hs":{"sz":"virion diameter about 120 nm (enveloped, spherical)"},"szm":1.2e-07,"szs":"120 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2704]},{"id":"crrrrrrr-cr7","n":"CRRRRRRR (CR7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["CR7 (cysteine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,214 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","12.9","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+6.9 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.41 nm","ms":"1,214 Da","ch":"+6.9 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"CRRRRRRR","szm":1.408e-09,"szs":"about 1.41 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2705]},{"id":"cyanocobalamin-vitamin-b12","n":"Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)","g":15,"sg":"vitamin","al":["cyanocobalamin (via BtuF)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","1,355.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 166596686"],["Formula","C63H88CoN14O14P","PubChem CID 166596686"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 166596686, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.46 nm","ms":"1,355.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:166596686","szm":1.461e-09,"szs":"about 1.46 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2706]},{"id":"cys-gly-cysteinylglycine","n":"Cys-Gly (cysteinylglycine)","g":12,"sg":"single-molecule reaction (aminothiol)","al":["dipeptide Cys-Gly condensing irreversibly with a tethered 2-cyanobenzothiazole"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2707]},{"id":"dinophysis-acuta","n":"Dinophysis acuta","g":1,"sg":"dinoflagellate (toxic)","ak":"dino","pr":[["Size","cells 55 to 85 um long and 41 to 62 um wide (flattened ellipsoid, 5 size classes)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","biovolume 33644 to 117214 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cells 55 to 85 um long and 41 to 62 um wide (flattened ellipsoid, 5 size classes)"},"ids":"taxon:150597","szm":8.5e-05,"szs":"85 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2708]},{"id":"dna-5-p-tgaggctacaatctgctgaggtcatctgagc-cldu-gaggacaattgacgc","n":"DNA 5'-p-TGAGGCTACAATCTGCTGAGGTCATCTGAGC(CldU)GAGGACAATTGACGCTGAGGTCGTGGCAAGC-3'","g":7,"sg":"nucleotide-analog-labelled DNA","al":["synthetic template with a single CldU (5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","63 nt","reported by Georgieva D 2020"],["Mass","about 20.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -63 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"63 nt","ms":"about 20.2 kDa","ch":"about -63 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TGAGGCTACAATCTGCTGAGGTCATCTGAGC(CldU)GAGGACAATTGACGCTGAGGTCGTGGCAAGC","szm":3.78e-08,"szs":"about 37.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2709]},{"id":"dna-5-p-tgaggctacaatctgctgaggtcatctgagc-edu-gaggacaattgacgct","n":"DNA 5'-p-TGAGGCTACAATCTGCTGAGGTCATCTGAGC(EdU)GAGGACAATTGACGCTGAGGTCGTGGCAAGC-3'","g":7,"sg":"nucleotide-analog-labelled DNA","al":["synthetic template with a single EdU (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","63 nt","reported by Georgieva D 2020"],["Mass","about 20.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -63 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"63 nt","ms":"about 20.2 kDa","ch":"about -63 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TGAGGCTACAATCTGCTGAGGTCATCTGAGC(EdU)GAGGACAATTGACGCTGAGGTCGTGGCAAGC","szm":3.78e-08,"szs":"about 37.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2710]},{"id":"dna-5-p-tgaggctacaatctgctgaggtcatctgagc-idu-gaggacaattgacgct","n":"DNA 5'-p-TGAGGCTACAATCTGCTGAGGTCATCTGAGC(IdU)GAGGACAATTGACGCTGAGGTCGTGGCAAGC-3'","g":7,"sg":"nucleotide-analog-labelled DNA","al":["synthetic template with a single IdU (5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","63 nt","reported by Georgieva D 2020"],["Mass","about 20.2 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -63 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"63 nt","ms":"about 20.2 kDa","ch":"about -63 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TGAGGCTACAATCTGCTGAGGTCATCTGAGC(IdU)GAGGACAATTGACGCTGAGGTCGTGGCAAGC","szm":3.78e-08,"szs":"about 37.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2711]},{"id":"dna-nanostructure-probe-sets-for-short-targets-beamish-2020","n":"DNA nanostructure probe sets for short targets (Beamish 2020)","g":10,"sg":"DNA nanostructure probe","al":["nanostructured DNA probe sets for short nucleic acid targets (three designs)"],"ak":"origami","r":[2712]},{"id":"dna-origami-nanoplate-about-60-x-54-nm","n":"DNA origami nanoplate (about 60 x 54 nm)","g":10,"sg":"DNA origami","al":["DNA origami nanoplates (about 60 x 54 nm)"],"ak":"origami","pr":[["Size","about 60 x 54 nm","reported by Zhu L 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 60 x 54 nm"},"szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"54 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2713]},{"id":"dna-telomeric-g-quadruplex-intermolecular","n":"DNA telomeric G-quadruplex (intermolecular)","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex","al":["intermolecular telomeric G-quadruplex"],"ak":"quad","r":[2714]},{"id":"dna-triplex-and-complex-assemblies-with-poly-dc-30-tails-she","n":"DNA triplex and complex assemblies with poly(dC)30 tails (Sheng 2020)","g":10,"sg":"DNA triplex assembly","al":["poly(dC)30-tailed DNA triplex and higher-order assemblies (including unnatural bases or small-molecule binding)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2715]},{"id":"dna-with-edu-biotin-click-adduct-biotin-du","n":"DNA with EdU-biotin click adduct (biotin-dU)","g":7,"sg":"nucleotide-analog-labelled DNA","al":["EdU clicked to biotin azide (biotin-dU adduct) in synthetic DNA"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2716]},{"id":"drrrrrrr-dr7","n":"DRRRRRRR (DR7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["DR7 (aspartate linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,226 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","12.9","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+6.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.41 nm","ms":"1,226 Da","ch":"+6.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DRRRRRRR","szm":1.413e-09,"szs":"about 1.41 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2717]},{"id":"dsdna-assembly-with-poly-dc-30-tails-sheng-2020","n":"dsDNA assembly with poly(dC)30 tails (Sheng 2020)","g":10,"sg":"DNA assembly","al":["poly(dC)30-tailed DNA duplex assemblies"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2718]},{"id":"dsdna-brucella-abortus-phage-ef4-genome","n":"dsDNA Brucella abortus phage EF4 genome","g":7,"sg":"bacteriophage genome","al":["Brucella abortus phage EF4 genome"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2719]},{"id":"dsdna-escherichia-coli-genomic-dna-csgg-csgf-test","n":"dsDNA Escherichia coli genomic DNA (CsgG:CsgF test)","g":7,"sg":"bacterial genomic DNA","al":["Escherichia coli genomic DNA and homopolymer test strands read with a CsgG:CsgF dual-constriction pore"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2720]},{"id":"dsdna-human-genome-chm13-telomere-to-telomere","n":"dsDNA human genome CHM13 (telomere-to-telomere)","g":7,"sg":"human genomic DNA","al":["human CHM13 (complete hydatidiform mole) genomic DNA: complete X chromosome","human CHM13 genomic DNA: complete 3.055 Gb genome (T2T-CHM13)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","3.055 billion bp","reported by Nurk S 2022"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.055 billion bp"},"ids":"taxon:9606","r":[2721,2722]},{"id":"echogenic-exosomes","n":"Echogenic exosomes","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles (ultrasound contrast)","al":["echogenic exosomes (reconstituted from dry powder)"],"ak":"vesicle","pr":[["Size","96 +/- 26 nm (qNano), 101 +/- 14 nm (DLS)","reported by Osborn J 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"96 +/- 26 nm (qNano), 101 +/- 14 nm (DLS)"},"szm":1.01e-07,"szs":"101 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2723]},{"id":"emulsion-droplets-electrohydrodynamically-produced-microflui","n":"Emulsion droplets (electrohydrodynamically produced, microfluidic)","g":17,"sg":"emulsion droplet","al":["emulsion droplets made by electrohydrodynamic Rayleigh instability"],"ak":"droplet","pr":[["Size","radius 5-10 um","reported by Lee SJ 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"radius 5-10 um"},"szm":1e-05,"szs":"10 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2724]},{"id":"errrrrrr-er7","n":"ERRRRRRR (ER7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["ER7 (glutamate linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,240 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","12.9","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+6.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.42 nm","ms":"1,240 Da","ch":"+6.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"ERRRRRRR","szm":1.418e-09,"szs":"about 1.42 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2725]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-a549-lung-adenocarcinoma-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosome-enriched EVs from A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2726]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-fasciola-hepatica","n":"Extracellular vesicles (Fasciola hepatica)","g":3,"sg":"parasite extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs released by Fasciola hepatica adult flukes (with and without triclabendazole)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2727]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-h1975-lung-adenocarcinoma-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (H1975 lung adenocarcinoma cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosome-enriched EVs from H1975 lung adenocarcinoma cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2728]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-h1993-lung-adenocarcinoma-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (H1993 lung adenocarcinoma cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosome-enriched EVs from H1993 lung adenocarcinoma cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2729]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-neutrophils","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human neutrophils)","g":3,"sg":"microvesicles","al":["microvesicles from stimulated human peripheral blood neutrophils (NMVs)"],"ak":"vesicle","pr":[["Size","TRPS mode 280 +/- 16.6 nm","reported by Gomez I 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"TRPS mode 280 +/- 16.6 nm"},"szm":2.8e-07,"szs":"280 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2730]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-umbilical-cord-mesenchymal-stem","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes from CCR2-overexpressing and control human umbilical cord MSCs"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2731]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-lactobacillus-plantarum","n":"Extracellular vesicles (Lactobacillus plantarum)","g":3,"sg":"bacterial membrane vesicles","al":["Lactobacillus plantarum-derived EVs (LEVs)"],"ak":"vesicle","ax":"bacterial","r":[2732]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-mouse-plasma","n":"Extracellular vesicles (mouse plasma)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs affinity-selected from plasma of mice exposed to ionizing radiation","small EVs from mouse blood plasma (secretion and clearance study)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2733,2734]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-rat-plasma","n":"Extracellular vesicles (rat plasma)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["plasma small EVs from hypertensive and normotensive rats"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2735]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-schistosoma-haematobium","n":"Extracellular vesicles (Schistosoma haematobium)","g":3,"sg":"parasite extracellular vesicles","al":["Schistosoma haematobium EVs (density gradient fractions and 15k pellet)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2736]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-tomato-root-exudate","n":"Extracellular vesicles (tomato root exudate)","g":3,"sg":"plant extracellular vesicles","al":["small EVs released by roots of hydroponically grown tomato plants"],"ak":"vesicle","pr":[["Size","50-100 nm","reported by De Palma M 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"50-100 nm"},"szm":1e-07,"szs":"100 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2737]},{"id":"frrrrrrr-fr7","n":"FRRRRRRR (FR7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["FR7 (phenylalanine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,259 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+7.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.43 nm","ms":"1,259 Da","ch":"+7.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"FRRRRRRR","szm":1.425e-09,"szs":"about 1.43 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2738]},{"id":"glucose-galactose-binding-protein-ggbp","n":"Glucose/galactose-binding protein (GGBP)","g":11,"sg":"substrate-binding protein","al":["GGBP glucose/galactose-binding protein"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","34.3 kDa","reported by Zernia S 2020"],["Charge","-6","reported by Zernia S 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.29 nm","ms":"34.3 kDa","ch":"-6"},"szm":4.289e-09,"szs":"about 4.29 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2739]},{"id":"grrrrrrr-gr7","n":"GRRRRRRR (GR7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["GR7 (glycine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,168 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+7.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.39 nm","ms":"1,168 Da","ch":"+7.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"GRRRRRRR","szm":1.39e-09,"szs":"about 1.39 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2740]},{"id":"hiv-1-protease","n":"HIV-1 protease","g":11,"sg":"viral enzyme","al":["HIV-1 protease (HIV-1 PR)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","4.2 x 2.4 x 2.4 nm","reported by Zhang Y 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.2 x 2.4 x 2.4 nm"},"szm":2.4e-09,"szs":"2.4 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2741]},{"id":"hoefavidin-dimeric-avidin","n":"Hoefavidin (dimeric avidin)","g":11,"sg":"biotin-binding protein","ak":"multimer","pr":[["Mass","30.8 kDa","reported by Zernia S 2020"],["Charge","-12","reported by Zernia S 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.14 nm","ms":"30.8 kDa","ch":"-12"},"szm":4.138e-09,"szs":"about 4.14 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2742]},{"id":"hrrrrrrr-hr7","n":"HRRRRRRR (HR7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["HR7 (histidine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,248 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+7.2 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.42 nm","ms":"1,248 Da","ch":"+7.2 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"HRRRRRRR","szm":1.421e-09,"szs":"about 1.42 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2743]},{"id":"human-adenovirus","n":"Human adenovirus","g":2,"sg":"adenovirus (non-enveloped, icosahedral)","ak":"virus-corona","pr":[["Size","capsid diameter about 90 nm (non-enveloped, pseudo T=25 icosahedron, with fibers protruding from the 12 vertex pentons)","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Mastadenovirus factsheet"],["Other","capsid shell of 720 hexon subunits (240 trimers); genus Mastadenovirus","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Mastadenovirus factsheet"],["Size","hydrated diameter 142 +/- 8 nm (dynamic light scattering, no surfactant)","Loey M, Da Hora GCA, Weidhaas J 2025, FEMS Microbes 6, doi:10.1093/femsmc/xtaf011"],["Isoelectric point","3.8 (human adenovirus from ATCC; zeta potential versus pH 3 to 9 in 0.1 M ionic strength buffers, no surfactant)","Loey M, Da Hora GCA, Weidhaas J 2025, FEMS Microbes 6, doi:10.1093/femsmc/xtaf011"]],"hs":{"sz":"capsid diameter about 90 nm (non-enveloped, pseudo T=25 icosahedron, with fibers protruding from the 12 vertex pentons)","ch":"pI 3.8 (human adenovirus from ATCC; zeta potential versus pH 3 to 9 in 0.1 M ionic strength buffers, no surfactant)"},"ids":"taxon:10535","szm":1.42e-07,"szs":"142 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2744]},{"id":"human-dermal-fibroblasts","n":"Human dermal fibroblasts","g":0,"sg":"fibroblast","al":["human dermal fibroblast cells"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Charge","zeta potential measured per cell (differs significantly from HeLa)","reported by Ni L 2020"]],"hs":{"ch":"zeta potential measured per cell (differs significantly from HeLa)"},"ids":"taxon:9606","r":[2745]},{"id":"human-respiratory-syncytial-virus","n":"Human respiratory syncytial virus","g":2,"sg":"pneumovirus (enveloped)","ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","virion diameter from about 150 nm (enveloped, spherical)","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Orthopneumovirus factsheet"],["Other","genus-level value: ViralZone Orthopneumovirus factsheet","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Orthopneumovirus factsheet"]],"hs":{"sz":"virion diameter from about 150 nm (enveloped, spherical)"},"ids":"taxon:11250","szm":1.5e-07,"szs":"150 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2746]},{"id":"human-serotransferrin","n":"Human serotransferrin","g":11,"sg":"plasma protein","al":["human transferrin (HTr)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","76-81 kDa","reported by Huang G 2020"],["Mass","75.2 kDa","computed from UniProt P02787, Serotransferrin 20 to 698"],["Isoelectric point","7.0","computed from UniProt P02787, Serotransferrin 20 to 698, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+0.4 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P02787, Serotransferrin 20 to 698, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","679 amino acids","computed from UniProt P02787, Serotransferrin 20 to 698"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.57 nm","ms":"76-81 kDa","ch":"+0.4 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P02787","szm":5.571e-09,"szs":"about 5.57 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2747]},{"id":"human-serum-albumin-hsa","n":"Human serum albumin (HSA)","g":11,"sg":"serum albumin","al":["human serum albumin (HSA), synthetic and serum-derived"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","66.5 kDa","reported by Huang G 2020"],["Charge","pI 4.7","reported by Huang G 2020"],["Isoelectric point","5.8","computed from UniProt P02768, Albumin 25 to 609, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-12.2 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P02768, Albumin 25 to 609, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","585 amino acids","computed from UniProt P02768, Albumin 25 to 609"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.35 nm","ms":"66.5 kDa","ch":"pI 4.7"},"ids":"uniprot:P02768","szm":5.347e-09,"szs":"about 5.35 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2748,2749,2750]},{"id":"human-umbilical-vein-endothelial-cells-huvec","n":"Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)","g":0,"sg":"endothelial cell","al":["human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)"],"ak":"cell","pr":[["Charge","zeta potential measured per cell (differs significantly from HeLa)","reported by Ni L 2020"],["Size","diameter 14 to 15 um (Scepter 2.0 handheld counter, Scepter sensor technology)","EMD Millipore, Introducing Scepter 2.0 Cell Counter (product brochure), as entered in BioNumbers BNID 108923"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 14 to 15 um (Scepter 2.0 handheld counter, Scepter sensor technology)","ch":"zeta potential measured per cell (differs significantly from HeLa)"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":1.5e-05,"szs":"15 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2751]},{"id":"ibpa-myo-inositol-binding-protein","n":"IbpA myo-inositol-binding protein","g":11,"sg":"substrate-binding protein","ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","31.8 kDa","reported by Zernia S 2020"],["Charge","-2","reported by Zernia S 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.18 nm","ms":"31.8 kDa","ch":"-2"},"szm":4.182e-09,"szs":"about 4.18 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2752]},{"id":"igg-tcep-reduced-fragments","n":"IgG (TCEP-reduced fragments)","g":11,"sg":"antibody fragments","al":["IgG cleaved into polypeptide fragments by TCEP reduction"],"ak":"antibody","r":[2753]},{"id":"igm-tcep-reduced-fragments","n":"IgM (TCEP-reduced fragments)","g":11,"sg":"antibody fragments","al":["IgM cleaved into polypeptide fragments by TCEP reduction"],"ak":"antibody","r":[2754]},{"id":"irrrrrrr-ir7","n":"IRRRRRRR (IR7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["IR7 (isoleucine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,224 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+7.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.41 nm","ms":"1,224 Da","ch":"+7.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"IRRRRRRR","szm":1.412e-09,"szs":"about 1.41 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2755]},{"id":"krrrrrrr-kr7","n":"KRRRRRRR (KR7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["KR7 (lysine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,240 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+8.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.42 nm","ms":"1,240 Da","ch":"+8.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"KRRRRRRR","szm":1.418e-09,"szs":"about 1.42 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2756]},{"id":"l-cysteine-methyl-ester","n":"L-cysteine methyl ester","g":15,"sg":"single-molecule reaction (aminothiol)","al":["L-cysteine methyl ester condensing irreversibly with a tethered 2-cyanobenzothiazole"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","135.19 g/mol","PubChem CID 29145"],["Formula","C4H9NO2S","PubChem CID 29145"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 29145, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.68 nm","ms":"135.19 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:29145","szm":6.775e-10,"szs":"about 0.68 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2757]},{"id":"l-glutamine","n":"L-glutamine","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid","al":["glutamine (via SBD2)","glutamine (Q)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","146.14 g/mol","PubChem CID 5961"],["Formula","C5H10N2O3","PubChem CID 5961"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5961, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.7 nm","ms":"146.14 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5961","szm":6.953e-10,"szs":"about 0.7 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2758,2759,2760]},{"id":"l-leucine","n":"L-leucine","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid","al":["leucine (via LBP)","leucine (L)","leucine (Leu)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","131.18 Da","reported by Wang F 2023"],["Mass","131.17 g/mol","PubChem CID 6106"],["Formula","C6H13NO2","PubChem CID 6106"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6106, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.67 nm","ms":"131.18 Da"},"ids":"pubchem:6106","szm":6.707e-10,"szs":"about 0.67 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2761,2762,2763,2764]},{"id":"lactococcus-lactis","n":"Lactococcus lactis","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (lactic acid)","ak":"strep","ax":"gp","pr":[["Size","cell length 0.5 to 1.5 um (coccus; no diameter listed)","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Other","Gram-positive coccus","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell length 0.5 to 1.5 um (coccus; no diameter listed)"},"ids":"taxon:1358","szm":1.5e-06,"szs":"1.5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2765]},{"id":"leucine-binding-protein-lbp","n":"Leucine-binding protein (LBP)","g":11,"sg":"substrate-binding protein","al":["LBP leucine-binding protein"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","38.0 kDa","reported by Zernia S 2020"],["Charge","-9","reported by Zernia S 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.44 nm","ms":"38.0 kDa","ch":"-9"},"szm":4.438e-09,"szs":"about 4.44 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2766]},{"id":"lipid-shelled-perfluoropropane-microbubbles","n":"Lipid-shelled perfluoropropane microbubbles","g":17,"sg":"ultrasound contrast microbubble","al":["lipid shell-stabilized perfluoropropane microbubbles"],"ak":"bubble","r":[2767]},{"id":"lrrrrrrr-lr7","n":"LRRRRRRR (LR7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["LR7 (leucine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,224 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+7.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.41 nm","ms":"1,224 Da","ch":"+7.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"LRRRRRRR","szm":1.412e-09,"szs":"about 1.41 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2768]},{"id":"macrophage-phagosomes-and-lysosomes","n":"Macrophage phagosomes and lysosomes","g":0,"sg":"organelle (endolysosomal vesicle)","al":["intracellular vesicles (phagosomes, lysosomes and/or phagolysosomes) inside a RAW 264.7 macrophage"],"ak":"monocyte","ids":"taxon:10090","r":[2769]},{"id":"maltodextrin","n":"Maltodextrin","g":13,"sg":"glucose polymer (starch hydrolysate)","ak":"sugar-chain","r":[2770]},{"id":"maltose","n":"Maltose","g":13,"sg":"disaccharide","al":["maltose (via MBP)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","342.3 g/mol","PubChem CID 439186"],["Formula","C12H22O11","PubChem CID 439186"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 439186, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.92 nm","ms":"342.3 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:439186","szm":9.234e-10,"szs":"about 0.92 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2771,2772]},{"id":"mammalian-orthoreovirus","n":"Mammalian orthoreovirus","g":2,"sg":"reovirus (non-enveloped, double-shelled)","al":["reovirus (amplified in L929 cells)"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","virion diameter about 80 nm (non-enveloped, icosahedral, double capsid; outer capsid T=13)","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Orthoreovirus factsheet"],["Other","genus-level value: ViralZone Orthoreovirus factsheet","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Orthoreovirus factsheet"],["Isoelectric point","3.9 (reovirus)","Floyd R, Sharp DG 1979, Appl Environ Microbiol 38:395-401, doi:10.1128/aem.38.3.395-401.1979"],["Isoelectric point","3.8 (mammalian orthoreovirus 3, electrophoretic mobility in NaCl at ionic strength 1, 10 and 100 mM)","Heffron J, Mayer BK 2021, Appl Environ Microbiol 87, doi:10.1128/AEM.02319-20"],["Other","capsid outer radius 43 nm; data of Taylor and Bosmann 1981 tabulated in Heffron and Mayer 2021, Table 2","Heffron J, Mayer BK 2021, Appl Environ Microbiol 87, doi:10.1128/AEM.02319-20"]],"hs":{"sz":"virion diameter about 80 nm (non-enveloped, icosahedral, double capsid; outer capsid T=13)","ch":"pI 3.9 (reovirus)"},"ids":"taxon:351073","szm":8e-08,"szs":"80 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2773]},{"id":"marine-shelf-sediment-fine-fraction-ligurian-sea","n":"Marine shelf sediment fine fraction (Ligurian Sea)","g":5,"sg":"marine sediment","al":["Fine fraction (< 63 um) of continental shelf surface sediments, Ligurian Sea (Italy), near stream inputs"],"ak":"clay","pr":[["Size","clay, fine, medium and coarse silt percentages of the < 63 um fraction","reported by Cutroneo L 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"clay, fine, medium and coarse silt percentages of the < 63 um fraction"},"szm":6.3e-05,"szs":"63 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2774]},{"id":"marine-suspended-particulate-matter-arctic-ocean","n":"Marine suspended particulate matter (Arctic Ocean)","g":5,"sg":"marine seston","al":["Suspended particles in Arctic Ocean seawater (168 samples at 87 sites, surface to near-bottom)"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","0.7 to 120 um volume-equivalent diameter, 256 log bins per aperture","reported by Runyan H 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.7 to 120 um volume-equivalent diameter, 256 log bins per aperture"},"szm":0.00012,"szs":"120 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2775]},{"id":"metal-organic-framework-nanoparticles-hkust-1","n":"Metal-organic framework nanoparticles (HKUST-1)","g":4,"sg":"MOF nanocrystal","al":["HKUST-1 metal-organic framework nanoparticles forming at the pipette tip"],"ak":"crystal","r":[2776]},{"id":"microplastics-shed-from-plastic-tea-bags","n":"Microplastics shed from plastic tea bags","g":14,"sg":"microplastic","al":["Microplastic particles shed from plastic tea bags","microplastics shed from tea bags"],"ak":"shard","pr":[["Size","sensor range 2 to 30 um","reported by Pollard M 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"sensor range 2 to 30 um"},"szm":3e-05,"szs":"30 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2777]},{"id":"mrrrrrrr-mr7","n":"MRRRRRRR (MR7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["MR7 (methionine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,243 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+7.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.42 nm","ms":"1,243 Da","ch":"+7.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"MRRRRRRR","szm":1.419e-09,"szs":"about 1.42 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2778]},{"id":"n-acetyl-l-cysteine","n":"N-acetyl-L-cysteine","g":15,"sg":"single-molecule reaction (thiol)","al":["N-acetyl-L-cysteine reacting reversibly with a tethered 2-cyanobenzothiazole"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","163.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 12035"],["Formula","C5H9NO3S","PubChem CID 12035"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 12035, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.72 nm","ms":"163.2 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:12035","szm":7.214e-10,"szs":"about 0.72 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2779]},{"id":"n-acetylneuraminic-acid-sialic-acid","n":"N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid)","g":13,"sg":"sialic acid","al":["sialic acid (via SiaP)","N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","309.27 g/mol","PubChem CID 439197"],["Formula","C11H19NO9","PubChem CID 439197"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 439197, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.89 nm","ms":"309.27 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:439197","szm":8.927e-10,"szs":"about 0.89 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2780,2781]},{"id":"nannochloropsis-oceanica","n":"Nannochloropsis oceanica","g":1,"sg":"eustigmatophyte (marine)","ak":"alga","pr":[["Size","cell diameter about 3.05 um at optimal temperature (3.00 to 3.31 um across temperatures)","Ferrer-Ledo N, Stegemuller L, Janssen M, Wijffels RH, Barbosa MJ 2023, Front Plant Sci 14, doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1078998 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell diameter about 3.05 um at optimal temperature (3.00 to 3.31 um across temperatures)"},"ids":"taxon:145522","szm":3.31e-06,"szs":"3.31 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2782,2783]},{"id":"nrrrrrrr-nr7","n":"NRRRRRRR (NR7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["NR7 (asparagine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,225 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+7.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.41 nm","ms":"1,225 Da","ch":"+7.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"NRRRRRRR","szm":1.413e-09,"szs":"about 1.41 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2784]},{"id":"ogataea-parapolymorpha","n":"Ogataea parapolymorpha","g":1,"sg":"yeast (methylotrophic, thermotolerant)","ak":"yeast","ids":"taxon:1005962","r":[2785]},{"id":"paecilomyces-variotii","n":"Paecilomyces variotii","g":1,"sg":"fungus (conidia, food spoilage)","al":["Paecilomyces variotii conidia"],"ak":"spore","pr":[["Other","ellipsoid asexual spores","reported by van den Brule T 2020"]],"ids":"taxon:264951","r":[2786]},{"id":"pnc1p-nicotinamidase-s-cerevisiae","n":"Pnc1p nicotinamidase (S. cerevisiae)","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","al":["Pnc1p nicotinamidase"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","26.1 kDa","reported by Zernia S 2020"],["Charge","-9","reported by Zernia S 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.92 nm","ms":"26.1 kDa","ch":"-9"},"szm":3.916e-09,"szs":"about 3.92 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2787]},{"id":"pnc1p-nicotinamidase-dipole-variant","n":"Pnc1p nicotinamidase dipole variant","g":11,"sg":"engineered enzyme","al":["Pnc1p with engineered surface dipole (Pnc1p_dipole)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","25.0 kDa","reported by Zernia S 2020"],["Charge","-6","reported by Zernia S 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.86 nm","ms":"25.0 kDa","ch":"-6"},"szm":3.86e-09,"szs":"about 3.86 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2788]},{"id":"pollen-arabidopsis-thaliana","n":"Pollen, Arabidopsis thaliana","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["Arabidopsis thaliana pollen"],"ak":"pollen","pr":[["Size","particles of 12.5 to 25 um estimated diameter counted as pollen (counter size window)","Tsuchimatsu T, Kakui H, Yamazaki M, et al. 2020, Nat Commun 11, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16679-7 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"particles of 12.5 to 25 um estimated diameter counted as pollen (counter size window)"},"ids":"taxon:3702","szm":2.5e-05,"szs":"25 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2789]},{"id":"pollen-cryptomeria-japonica-japanese-cedar","n":"Pollen, Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar)","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["Japanese cedar pollen (Cryptomeria japonica)"],"ak":"pollen","pr":[["Size","mean pollen diameter 34.59 um (clone Iwafune-9) and 31.79 um (clone Nishikanbara-1); about 26 to 40 um within a strobilus","Kakui H, Tsurisaki E, Sassa H, Moriguchi Y 2020, Plant Methods 16, doi:10.1186/s13007-020-00668-4 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"],["Other","CASY cell counter measurements","Kakui H, Tsurisaki E, Sassa H, Moriguchi Y 2020, Plant Methods 16, doi:10.1186/s13007-020-00668-4 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean pollen diameter 34.59 um (clone Iwafune-9) and 31.79 um (clone Nishikanbara-1); about 26 to 40 um within a strobilus"},"ids":"taxon:3369","szm":4e-05,"szs":"40 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2790]},{"id":"polysomes-mrna-with-multiple-ribosomes","n":"Polysomes (mRNA with multiple ribosomes)","g":10,"sg":"polysome","al":["polysomes (2-3 ribosomes and more than 7 ribosomes on mRNA)"],"ak":"ribosome","r":[2791]},{"id":"polysulfides-sx2-chain-lengths-differing-by-one-sulfur-cyclo","n":"Polysulfides Sx2- (chain lengths differing by one sulfur, cyclodextrin complexes)","g":16,"sg":"polysulfide anions","al":["aqueous sodium polysulfides of different chain lengths, as cyclodextrin complexes"],"ak":"ion","ax":"|","r":[2792]},{"id":"prrrrrrr-pr7","n":"PRRRRRRR (PR7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["PR7 (proline linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,208 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+7.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.41 nm","ms":"1,208 Da","ch":"+7.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"PRRRRRRR","szm":1.406e-09,"szs":"about 1.41 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2793]},{"id":"putrescine","n":"Putrescine","g":15,"sg":"biogenic amine","al":["putrescine (via SpuD)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","88.15 g/mol","PubChem CID 1045"],["Formula","C4H12N2","PubChem CID 1045"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 1045, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.59 nm","ms":"88.15 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:1045","szm":5.875e-10,"szs":"about 0.59 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2794,2795]},{"id":"qdddrqqqyeqyeq","n":"QDDDRQQQYEQYEQ","g":12,"sg":"model sequence-isomer peptide","al":["Q3YEQ2"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","14 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,873 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","3.6","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-4.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.63 nm","ms":"1,873 Da","ch":"-4.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"QDDDRQQQYEQYEQ","szm":1.627e-09,"szs":"about 1.63 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2796]},{"id":"qrrrrrrr-qr7","n":"QRRRRRRR (QR7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["QR7 (glutamine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,239 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+7.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.42 nm","ms":"1,239 Da","ch":"+7.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"QRRRRRRR","szm":1.418e-09,"szs":"about 1.42 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2797]},{"id":"rhizoclosmatium-globosum","n":"Rhizoclosmatium globosum","g":1,"sg":"fungus (chytrid zoospores)","al":["Rhizoclosmatium globosum JEL800 zoospores"],"ak":"spore","ids":"taxon:329046","r":[2798]},{"id":"ribosome-80s-drosophila-melanogaster","n":"Ribosome 80S (Drosophila melanogaster)","g":10,"sg":"ribosome (RNA-protein complex)","al":["80S ribosomes from Drosophila melanogaster cultured cells and ovaries"],"ak":"ribosome","ids":"taxon:7227","r":[2799]},{"id":"ribosome-80s-human-sh-sy5y-cells","n":"Ribosome 80S (human SH-SY5Y cells)","g":10,"sg":"ribosome (RNA-protein complex)","al":["80S ribosomes from human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells"],"ak":"ribosome","r":[2800]},{"id":"rna-arabidopsis-thaliana-poly-a-transcriptome-direct-rna","n":"RNA Arabidopsis thaliana poly(A) transcriptome (direct RNA)","g":8,"sg":"native RNA","al":["Arabidopsis thaliana native poly(A) RNA (seedlings and flowering stage), with m5C in mobile mRNAs"],"ak":"rna-long","ids":"taxon:3702","r":[2801]},{"id":"rna-homopolymers-in-ca2-flux-wang-2020-set","n":"RNA homopolymers in Ca2+ flux (Wang 2020 set)","g":8,"sg":"RNA homopolymer","al":["RNA homopolymers translocated in the presence of a Ca2+ flux"],"ak":"ssrna","r":[2802]},{"id":"rna-potato-leafroll-virus-genome","n":"RNA potato leafroll virus genome","g":8,"sg":"polerovirus genome (plant virus)","al":["potato leafroll virus genome (RNA, nanopore reads)"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[2803]},{"id":"rna-potato-virus-s-genome","n":"RNA potato virus S genome","g":8,"sg":"carlavirus genome (plant virus)","al":["potato virus S genome (RNA, nanopore reads)"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[2804]},{"id":"rna-potato-virus-x-genome","n":"RNA potato virus X genome","g":8,"sg":"potexvirus genome (plant virus)","al":["potato virus X genome (RNA, nanopore reads)"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[2805]},{"id":"rna-potato-virus-y-genome","n":"RNA potato virus Y genome","g":8,"sg":"potyvirus genome (plant virus)","al":["potato virus Y genome (RNA, nanopore reads from field and germplasm potato plants)"],"ak":"rna-long","pr":[["Size","about 9.7 kb, single-stranded positive-sense RNA","reported by Della Bartola M 2020"],["Mass","about 3.1 MDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -9,700 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 9.7 kb, single-stranded positive-sense RNA","ms":"about 3.1 MDa","ch":"about -9,700 e at pH 7"},"szm":5.82e-06,"szs":"about 5.82 µm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2806]},{"id":"rna-sars-cov-2-genome-and-subgenomic-rnas-direct-rna","n":"RNA SARS-CoV-2 genome and subgenomic RNAs (direct RNA)","g":8,"sg":"viral genomic RNA","al":["SARS-CoV-2 genomic and subgenomic RNAs from infected Vero cells"],"ak":"rna-long","ids":"taxon:2697049","r":[2807]},{"id":"sars-cov-2-genome-cdna-amplicons-nanopore-sequencing","n":"SARS-CoV-2 genome (cDNA amplicons, nanopore sequencing)","g":7,"sg":"viral cDNA amplicons","al":["SARS-CoV-2 cDNA amplicons from suspected COVID-19 patient samples (nanopore targeted sequencing)"],"ak":"dsdna","ids":"taxon:2697049","r":[2808]},{"id":"schizosaccharomyces-pombe","n":"Schizosaccharomyces pombe","g":1,"sg":"yeast (fission)","ak":"yeast-fission","pr":[["Size","cell diameter 3.74 +/- 0.15 um","Wu JQ, Pollard TD 2005, Science 310(5746), supporting material, PMID 16224022 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","rod-shaped fission yeast; BioNumbers BNID 102277","Wu JQ, Pollard TD 2005, Science 310(5746), supporting material, PMID 16224022 (via BioNumbers)"],["Size","haploid cell length at division 12 to 14 um","Fission yeast handbook, p. 2 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","BioNumbers BNID 100453","Fission yeast handbook, p. 2 (via BioNumbers)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell diameter 3.74 +/- 0.15 um"},"ids":"taxon:4896","szm":1.4e-05,"szs":"14 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2809]},{"id":"siap-sialic-acid-binding-protein","n":"SiaP sialic acid-binding protein","g":11,"sg":"substrate-binding protein","ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","35.2 kDa","reported by Zernia S 2020"],["Charge","-5","reported by Zernia S 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.33 nm","ms":"35.2 kDa","ch":"-5"},"szm":4.326e-09,"szs":"about 4.33 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2810]},{"id":"silver-nanocubes","n":"Silver nanocubes","g":4,"sg":"metal nanocube","al":["cubic silver nanoparticles"],"ak":"metal-np","ax":"silver","r":[2811]},{"id":"skeletonema-dohrnii","n":"Skeletonema dohrnii","g":1,"sg":"diatom (marine, chain-forming)","ak":"diatom","ax":"centric","ids":"taxon:267566","r":[2812]},{"id":"sodium-2-mercaptoethanesulfonate-mesna","n":"Sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNa)","g":15,"sg":"single-molecule reaction (thiol)","al":["sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNa) reacting reversibly with a tethered 2-cyanobenzothiazole"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","164.18 g/mol","PubChem CID 23662354"],["Formula","C2H5NaO3S2","PubChem CID 23662354"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 23662354, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.72 nm","ms":"164.18 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:23662354","szm":7.228e-10,"szs":"about 0.72 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2813]},{"id":"spud-putrescine-binding-protein","n":"SpuD putrescine-binding protein","g":11,"sg":"substrate-binding protein","ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","39.2 kDa","reported by Zernia S 2020"],["Charge","-3","reported by Zernia S 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.48 nm","ms":"39.2 kDa","ch":"-3"},"szm":4.484e-09,"szs":"about 4.48 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2814]},{"id":"spue-spermidine-binding-protein","n":"SpuE spermidine-binding protein","g":11,"sg":"substrate-binding protein","ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","38.8 kDa","reported by Zernia S 2020"],["Charge","-8","reported by Zernia S 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.47 nm","ms":"38.8 kDa","ch":"-8"},"szm":4.469e-09,"szs":"about 4.47 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2815]},{"id":"srrrrrrr-sr7","n":"SRRRRRRR (SR7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["SR7 (serine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,198 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+7.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.4 nm","ms":"1,198 Da","ch":"+7.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"SRRRRRRR","szm":1.402e-09,"szs":"about 1.4 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2816]},{"id":"ssdna-5-a-5mc-g-5mc-ga-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-A(5mC)G(5mC)GA-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["5'-AmCGmCGA-3'"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","6 nt","reported by Wang J 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"6 nt"},"seq":"A(5mC)G(5mC)GA","r":[2817]},{"id":"ssdna-5-a-5mc-ga-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-A(5mC)GA-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["5'-AmCGA-3'"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","4 nt","reported by Wang J 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 nt"},"seq":"A(5mC)GA","r":[2818]},{"id":"ssdna-5-a-5mc-gcga-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-A(5mC)GCGA-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["5'-AmCGCGA-3'"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","6 nt","reported by Wang J 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"6 nt"},"seq":"A(5mC)GCGA","r":[2819]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ac-8-oxog-a-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AC(8-oxoG)A-3'","g":7,"sg":"damaged ssDNA","al":["5'-ACoGA-3'"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","4 nt","reported by Wang J 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 nt"},"seq":"AC(8-oxoG)A","r":[2820]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ac-inosine-a-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AC(inosine)A-3'","g":7,"sg":"damaged ssDNA","al":["5'-ACIA-3'"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","4 nt","reported by Wang J 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 nt"},"seq":"AC(inosine)A","r":[2821]},{"id":"ssdna-5-acga-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-ACGA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["5'-ACGA-3'"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","4 nt","reported by Wang J 2020"],["Mass","1,183 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -3 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 nt","ms":"1,183 Da","ch":"about -3 e at pH 7"},"seq":"ACGA","szm":2.4e-09,"szs":"about 2.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2822]},{"id":"ssdna-5-acgcga-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-ACGCGA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["5'-ACGCGA-3'"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","6 nt","reported by Wang J 2020"],["Mass","1,801 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -5 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"6 nt","ms":"1,801 Da","ch":"about -5 e at pH 7"},"seq":"ACGCGA","szm":3.6e-09,"szs":"about 3.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2823]},{"id":"ssdna-5-agta-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-AGTA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["5'-AGTA-3'"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","4 nt","reported by Wang J 2020"],["Mass","1,198 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -3 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 nt","ms":"1,198 Da","ch":"about -3 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AGTA","szm":2.4e-09,"szs":"about 2.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2824]},{"id":"ssdna-5-cgta-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-CGTA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["5'-CGTA-3'"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","4 nt","reported by Wang J 2020"],["Mass","1,174 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -3 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 nt","ms":"1,174 Da","ch":"about -3 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CGTA","szm":2.4e-09,"szs":"about 2.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2825]},{"id":"ssdna-5-ggta-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-GGTA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["5'-GGTA-3'"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","4 nt","reported by Wang J 2020"],["Mass","1,214 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -3 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 nt","ms":"1,214 Da","ch":"about -3 e at pH 7"},"seq":"GGTA","szm":2.4e-09,"szs":"about 2.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2826]},{"id":"ssdna-5-tgta-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-TGTA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["5'-TGTA-3'"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","4 nt","reported by Wang J 2020"],["Mass","1,189 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -3 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 nt","ms":"1,189 Da","ch":"about -3 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TGTA","szm":2.4e-09,"szs":"about 2.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2827]},{"id":"ssdna-65-mer-standard-with-central-a-dnam-c-ledbetter-2020","n":"ssDNA 65-mer standard with central A(dNaM)C (Ledbetter 2020)","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["65-mer standard with central AXC site (X = dNaM)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","65 nt standards; sequences in SI Table S1 (not fetched)","reported by Ledbetter MP 2020"],["Mass","about 20.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -65 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"65 nt standards; sequences in SI Table S1 (not fetched)","ms":"about 20.8 kDa","ch":"about -65 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2828]},{"id":"ssdna-65-mer-standard-with-central-g-dnam-c-ledbetter-2020","n":"ssDNA 65-mer standard with central G(dNaM)C (Ledbetter 2020)","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["65-mer standard with central GXC site (X = dNaM)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","65 nt standards; sequences in SI Table S1 (not fetched)","reported by Ledbetter MP 2020"],["Mass","about 20.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -65 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"65 nt standards; sequences in SI Table S1 (not fetched)","ms":"about 20.8 kDa","ch":"about -65 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2829]},{"id":"ssdna-65-mer-standards-with-dtpt3-at-the-ubp-site-ledbetter","n":"ssDNA 65-mer standards with dTPT3 at the UBP site (Ledbetter 2020)","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["65-mer standards with dTPT3 at the UBP site (mutational derivatives)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","65 nt standards; sequences in SI Table S1 (not fetched)","reported by Ledbetter MP 2020"],["Mass","about 20.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -65 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"65 nt standards; sequences in SI Table S1 (not fetched)","ms":"about 20.8 kDa","ch":"about -65 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2830]},{"id":"ssdna-adeno-associated-virus-vector-genome-native-nanopore-s","n":"ssDNA adeno-associated virus vector genome (native, nanopore sequencing)","g":7,"sg":"AAV vector genome","al":["native adeno-associated virus vector single-stranded DNA genome (direct nanopore reads)"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2831]},{"id":"ssdna-bacteriophage-m13-genome-native-nanopore-sequencing","n":"ssDNA bacteriophage M13 genome (native, nanopore sequencing)","g":7,"sg":"phage ssDNA genome","al":["bacteriophage M13 single-stranded DNA genome (direct nanopore reads)"],"ak":"dsdna","ids":"taxon:10870","r":[2832]},{"id":"ssdna-circular-reporter-cas12a-trans-cleavage-assay","n":"ssDNA circular reporter (Cas12a trans-cleavage assay)","g":7,"sg":"circular ssDNA","al":["single-stranded circular DNA reporters (degraded by Cas12a trans-cleavage when HIV-1 DNA is present)"],"ak":"plasmid","r":[2833]},{"id":"ssdna-hairpin-probe-in-alpha-hl-nanospace-matsushita-2020","n":"ssDNA hairpin probe in alpha-HL nanospace (Matsushita 2020)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["hairpin DNA (hpDNA) inserted into and moving within the alpha-HL pore"],"ak":"hairpin","r":[2834]},{"id":"ssdna-tandem-telomeric-g-quadruplexes-1-3-units","n":"ssDNA tandem telomeric G-quadruplexes (1-3 units)","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex","al":["tandem telomeric G-quadruplexes (one, two and three G4 units)"],"ak":"quad","r":[2835]},{"id":"ssdna-telomeric-g-quadruplex-intramolecular","n":"ssDNA telomeric G-quadruplex (intramolecular)","g":7,"sg":"G-quadruplex","al":["intramolecular telomeric G-quadruplex"],"ak":"quad","r":[2836]},{"id":"tau-aggregates-heparin-induced","n":"Tau aggregates (heparin-induced)","g":11,"sg":"amyloid aggregate","al":["tau (wild type) monomers, oligomers and fibrils during heparin-induced aggregation"],"ak":"fibril","pr":[["Mass","78.8 kDa","computed from UniProt P10636, Microtubule-associated protein tau 2 to 758"],["Isoelectric point","6.7","computed from UniProt P10636, Microtubule-associated protein tau 2 to 758, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-3.2 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P10636, Microtubule-associated protein tau 2 to 758, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","757 amino acids","computed from UniProt P10636, Microtubule-associated protein tau 2 to 758"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.66 nm","ms":"78.8 kDa","ch":"-3.2 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P10636","szm":5.659e-09,"szs":"about 5.66 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2837]},{"id":"tau-p301l-aggregates-heparin-induced","n":"Tau P301L aggregates (heparin-induced)","g":11,"sg":"amyloid aggregate","al":["tau P301L mutant aggregates"],"ak":"fibril","r":[2838]},{"id":"tbpa-thiamine-binding-protein","n":"TbpA thiamine-binding protein","g":11,"sg":"substrate-binding protein","ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","36.5 kDa","reported by Zernia S 2020"],["Charge","-1","reported by Zernia S 2020"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.38 nm","ms":"36.5 kDa","ch":"-1"},"szm":4.379e-09,"szs":"about 4.38 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2839]},{"id":"thiamine-vitamin-b1","n":"Thiamine (vitamin B1)","g":15,"sg":"B vitamin","al":["thiamine (via TbpA)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","265.36 g/mol","PubChem CID 1130"],["Formula","C12H17N4OS+","PubChem CID 1130"],["Formal charge","+1","PubChem CID 1130, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.85 nm","ms":"265.36 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:1130","szm":8.482e-10,"szs":"about 0.85 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2840,2841]},{"id":"triplex-dna-nanoprobe-with-vegf-aptamer-and-mmp-9-peptide-gu","n":"Triplex DNA nanoprobe with VEGF aptamer and MMP-9 peptide (Guo 2020)","g":10,"sg":"DNA triplex-peptide nanoprobe","al":["triplex molecular beacon nanoprobe with VEGF aptamer loop and peptide-modified stem oligonucleotide"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[2842]},{"id":"trrrrrrr-tr7","n":"TRRRRRRR (TR7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["TR7 (threonine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,212 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+7.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.41 nm","ms":"1,212 Da","ch":"+7.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"TRRRRRRR","szm":1.408e-09,"szs":"about 1.41 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2843]},{"id":"u937-cells","n":"U937 cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human histiocytic lymphoma)","al":["U937 human lymphoma cells exposed to nanomaterials"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[2844]},{"id":"vrrrrrrr-vr7","n":"VRRRRRRR (VR7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["VR7 (valine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,210 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+7.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.41 nm","ms":"1,210 Da","ch":"+7.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"VRRRRRRR","szm":1.407e-09,"szs":"about 1.41 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2845]},{"id":"wrrrrrrr-wr7","n":"WRRRRRRR (WR7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["WR7 (tryptophan linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,298 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","13.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+7.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.44 nm","ms":"1,298 Da","ch":"+7.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"WRRRRRRR","szm":1.44e-09,"szs":"about 1.44 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2846]},{"id":"yeqyeqqdddrqqq","n":"YEQYEQQDDDRQQQ","g":12,"sg":"model sequence-isomer peptide","al":["YEQ2Q3"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","14 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,873 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","3.6","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-4.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.63 nm","ms":"1,873 Da","ch":"-4.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"YEQYEQQDDDRQQQ","szm":1.627e-09,"szs":"about 1.63 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2847]},{"id":"yrrrrrrr-yr7","n":"YRRRRRRR (YR7)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on polycationic carrier","al":["YR7 (tyrosine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,275 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","12.9","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+7.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.43 nm","ms":"1,275 Da","ch":"+7.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"YRRRRRRR","szm":1.431e-09,"szs":"about 1.43 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2848]},{"id":"4-o-methyl-d-glucurono-d-xylan-glucuronoxylan","n":"4-O-methyl-D-glucurono-D-xylan (glucuronoxylan)","g":13,"sg":"hemicellulose","al":["4-O-methyl-D-glucurono-D-xylan (meGX)"],"ak":"sugar-chain","r":[2849]},{"id":"alexandrium-pacificum","n":"Alexandrium pacificum","g":1,"sg":"dinoflagellate (toxic)","ak":"dino","ids":"taxon:1565494","r":[2850]},{"id":"amyloid-beta-fibrils","n":"Amyloid-beta fibrils","g":11,"sg":"amyloid fibril","al":["amyloid-beta fibrils of different lengths (EGCG-formed, sonicated)","amyloid-beta fibrils of different lengths (EGCG-derived, sonicated)"],"ak":"fibril","r":[2851,2852]},{"id":"arabinoxylan","n":"Arabinoxylan","g":13,"sg":"hemicellulose","al":["arabinoxylan (monocot)"],"ak":"sugar-chain","r":[2853]},{"id":"aspergillus-fumigatus","n":"Aspergillus fumigatus","g":1,"sg":"fungus (conidia)","al":["Aspergillus fumigatus conidia"],"ak":"spore","pr":[["Size","conidia 2 to 3 um wide","Keizer EM, Valdes ID, Forn-Cuni G, Klijn E, Meijer AH, Hillman F, Wosten HAB, de Cock H 2021, PLoS One 16:e0252948, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252948 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"],["Other","airborne asexual spores (stated with a citation in the introduction)","Keizer EM, Valdes ID, Forn-Cuni G, Klijn E, Meijer AH, Hillman F, Wosten HAB, de Cock H 2021, PLoS One 16:e0252948, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252948 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"conidia 2 to 3 um wide"},"ids":"taxon:746128","szm":3e-06,"szs":"3 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2854]},{"id":"bacterial-membrane-vesicles-bacteroides-fragilis","n":"Bacterial membrane vesicles (Bacteroides fragilis)","g":3,"sg":"bacterial membrane vesicles","al":["vesicles from Bacteroides fragilis culture supernatant"],"ak":"vesicle","ax":"bacterial","r":[2855]},{"id":"bacterial-membrane-vesicles-human-feces","n":"Bacterial membrane vesicles (human feces)","g":3,"sg":"bacterial membrane vesicles","al":["feces-derived bacterial membrane vesicles (Gram-positive and Gram-negative origin)"],"ak":"vesicle","ax":"bacterial","r":[2856]},{"id":"bigelowiella-natans","n":"Bigelowiella natans","g":1,"sg":"chlorarachniophyte","ak":"rod","ids":"taxon:227086","r":[2857]},{"id":"calmodulin-d129g","n":"Calmodulin D129G","g":11,"sg":"calcium-binding protein","al":["calmodulin D129G (disease-related mutant)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","16.6 kDa","computed from UniProt P0DP23, Calmodulin-1 2 to 149, with D129G; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"],["Isoelectric point","3.9","computed from UniProt P0DP23, Calmodulin-1 2 to 149, with D129G; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-22.7 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P0DP23, Calmodulin-1 2 to 149, with D129G; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","148 amino acids","computed from UniProt P0DP23, Calmodulin-1 2 to 149, with D129G; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotetramer"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.37 nm","ms":"16.6 kDa","ch":"-22.7 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P0DP23 (D129G)","szm":3.371e-09,"szs":"about 3.37 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2858]},{"id":"catechol","n":"Catechol","g":15,"sg":"1,2-diphenol","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","110.11 g/mol","PubChem CID 289"],["Formula","C6H6O2","PubChem CID 289"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 289, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.63 nm","ms":"110.11 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:289","szm":6.327e-10,"szs":"about 0.63 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2859]},{"id":"ccrf-cem-cells","n":"CCRF-CEM cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human T lymphoblast)","al":["CCRF-CEM T lymphoblastoid leukemia cells"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","diameter 9.8 +/- 1.0 um (light microscopy, 1.0x PBS); about 7% smaller in 0.5x PBS with glucose","Yokota K, Hashimoto M, Kajimoto K, Tanaka M, Murayama S, Tsutsui M, Nakajima Y, Taniguchi M, Kataoka M 2021, Biosensors 11:78, doi:10.3390/bios11030078 (the analyte's own resistive pulse paper)"],["Zeta potential","-12.0 +/- 0.6 mV in 1.0x PBS; -14.6 +/- 0.1 mV in 0.5x PBS with 2.77% glucose","Yokota K, Hashimoto M, Kajimoto K, Tanaka M, Murayama S, Tsutsui M, Nakajima Y, Taniguchi M, Kataoka M 2021, Biosensors 11:78, doi:10.3390/bios11030078 (the analyte's own resistive pulse paper)"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 9.8 +/- 1.0 um (light microscopy, 1.0x PBS); about 7% smaller in 0.5x PBS with glucose","ch":"zeta -12.0 +/- 0.6 mV in 1.0x PBS; -14.6 +/- 0.1 mV in 0.5x PBS with 2.77% glucose"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":9.8e-06,"szs":"9.8 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2860]},{"id":"chitosan-hexaose-glcn-6","n":"Chitosan hexaose (GlcN)6","g":13,"sg":"chitosan oligosaccharide","al":["chitosan hexaose (deacetylated chitohexaose, (GlcN)6)"],"ak":"sugar-chain","r":[2861]},{"id":"chlamydomonas-euryale","n":"Chlamydomonas euryale","g":1,"sg":"green alga","ak":"flagellate","ids":"taxon:1486919","r":[2862]},{"id":"complex-60-bp-duplex-isolated-from-m13mp18-with-monovalent-s","n":"Complex 60 bp duplex isolated from M13mp18 with monovalent streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"probe-target duplex complex","al":["60 bp probe:target duplex isolated from M13mp18 ssDNA, bound to monovalent streptavidin"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","60 bp","reported by Sethi K 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"60 bp"},"szm":2.04e-08,"szs":"about 20.4 nm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[2863]},{"id":"complex-adenine-with-adenine-riboswitch-aptamer-rna","n":"Complex adenine with adenine riboswitch aptamer RNA","g":10,"sg":"RNA-small molecule complex","al":["adenine-bound ARS folding intermediates"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[2864]},{"id":"complex-calmodulin-target-peptide","n":"Complex calmodulin-target peptide","g":11,"sg":"protein-peptide complex","al":["calmodulin bound to target peptide"],"ak":"complex","r":[2865]},{"id":"complex-cocaine-split-aptamer-dna-assembly-113-nt","n":"Complex cocaine split-aptamer DNA assembly (113 nt)","g":10,"sg":"aptamer-small molecule assembly","al":["cocaine-induced split aptamer assembly (113 nt Capt assembly)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","113 nt assembly","reported by Wu R 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"113 nt assembly"},"szm":6.78e-08,"szs":"about 67.8 nm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[2866]},{"id":"complex-mdm2-p53tad-peptide","n":"Complex MDM2-p53TAD peptide","g":11,"sg":"protein-peptide complex","al":["MDM2 bound to p53TAD peptide","MDM2 bound to p53-TAD"],"ak":"complex","r":[2867,2868]},{"id":"cyanothece-sp-atcc-51142","n":"Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142","g":1,"sg":"cyanobacterium (unicellular, nitrogen-fixing)","ak":"rod","ax":"cyano","r":[2869]},{"id":"cytochrome-c","n":"Cytochrome c","g":11,"sg":"heme protein","al":["cytochrome c (cyt c)","cytochrome c (cationic)","cytochrome c (multistate folding)"],"ak":"protein","r":[2870,2871,2872,2873]},{"id":"dekkera-anomala","n":"Dekkera anomala","g":1,"sg":"yeast (spoilage)","ak":"yeast","pr":[["Size","2.9 x 13.6 um, spindle-shaped","reported by Yokota K 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"2.9 x 13.6 um, spindle-shaped"},"szm":1.36e-05,"szs":"13.6 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2874]},{"id":"dekkera-bruxellensis","n":"Dekkera bruxellensis","g":1,"sg":"yeast (spoilage)","ak":"yeast","pr":[["Size","2.5 x 7.9 um, spindle-shaped","reported by Yokota K 2021"],["Charge","zeta -14.42 mV in 50 mM MES","reported by Yokota K 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"2.5 x 7.9 um, spindle-shaped","ch":"zeta -14.42 mV in 50 mM MES"},"szm":7.9e-06,"szs":"7.9 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2875]},{"id":"dichloroaurate-i-aucl2","n":"Dichloroaurate(I) [AuCl2]-","g":16,"sg":"polyatomic metal complex anion","ak":"ion","ax":"|","r":[2876]},{"id":"dna-carrier-with-multi-way-junction-barcodes-image-encoding","n":"DNA carrier with multi-way junction barcodes (image encoding)","g":10,"sg":"DNA data storage construct","al":["DNA carriers with attached DNA multi-way junctions of different sizes (multi-level barcodes)"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[2877]},{"id":"dna-hairpin-and-dumbbell-constructs-loops-7-25-nt-series-li","n":"DNA hairpin and dumbbell constructs, loops 7-25 nt (series, Li 2021)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin","al":["hairpin and dumbbell DNAs with varying stems, loops (7-25 nt) and toeholds"],"ak":"hairpin","pr":[["Mass","about 8,000 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -25 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"15 nm","ms":"about 8,000 Da","ch":"about -25 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.5e-08,"szs":"about 15 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2878]},{"id":"dna-origami-nunchaku-flexible-hinge-about-100-nm","n":"DNA origami nunchaku (flexible hinge, about 100 nm)","g":10,"sg":"DNA origami","al":["'nunchaku' DNA origami (about 100 nm) with tunable flexibility"],"ak":"origami","r":[2879]},{"id":"dna-with-n4-methylcytosine-bacterial-genomes-nanodisco","n":"DNA with N4-methylcytosine (bacterial genomes, nanodisco)","g":7,"sg":"methylated DNA","al":["bacterial and mouse gut microbiome DNA with 6mA, 4mC and 5mC (nanodisco)"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2880]},{"id":"dsdna-output-duplexes-of-a-dna-computed-hamiltonian-path-pro","n":"dsDNA output duplexes of a DNA-computed Hamiltonian path problem (Takiguchi 2021)","g":10,"sg":"DNA computing output duplex","al":["output DNA duplexes of a DNA-computed directed Hamiltonian path problem"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2881]},{"id":"elephant-leukocytes","n":"Elephant leukocytes","g":0,"sg":"leukocyte","al":["white blood cells of Asian and African elephants (heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils)"],"ak":"lymphocyte","ids":"taxon:9783; taxon:9785","r":[2882]},{"id":"elephant-platelets","n":"Elephant platelets","g":0,"sg":"platelet","al":["elephant platelets (comparatively small)"],"ak":"platelet","ids":"taxon:9783; taxon:9785","r":[2883]},{"id":"engineered-unstructured-substrate-s1-arg10-ser15-repeats-ssr","n":"Engineered unstructured substrate S1 (Arg10/Ser15 repeats, ssrA; Zhang 2021)","g":11,"sg":"engineered unfolded protein","al":["S1 unstructured substrate (123 aa: ssrA tag, four Ser15 stretches flanked by Arg10 and FYW)"],"ak":"protein","r":[2884]},{"id":"epinephrine","n":"Epinephrine","g":15,"sg":"catecholamine","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","183.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 5816"],["Formula","C9H13NO3","PubChem CID 5816"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5816, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"183.2 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5816","szm":7.497e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2885]},{"id":"ethylene-glycol","n":"Ethylene glycol","g":15,"sg":"diol","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","62.07 g/mol","PubChem CID 174"],["Formula","C2H6O2","PubChem CID 174"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 174, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.52 nm","ms":"62.07 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:174","szm":5.226e-10,"szs":"about 0.52 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2886]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-a375-melanoma-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (A375 melanoma cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["uPAR-expressing exosomes from A375 melanoma cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2887]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-acute-myeloid-leukemia-cell-lines","n":"Extracellular vesicles (acute myeloid leukemia cell lines)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs from AML cell lines HL-60, KG-1, OCI-AML3 and MOLM-14 (TFF and SEC enriched)"],"ak":"vesicle","pr":[["Size","peak about 80 nm","reported by Binder HM 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"peak about 80 nm"},"szm":8e-08,"szs":"80 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2888]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-hela-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (HeLa cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes secreted by HeLa cells (dopamine loading)","HeLa cell exosomes"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2889,2890]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human induced pluripotent stem cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs from human induced pluripotent stem cells under hypoxia and normoxia"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2891]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-m6-melanoma-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (M6 melanoma cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["uPAR-expressing exosomes from M6 melanoma cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2892]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-pc-3-prostate-cancer-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (PC-3 prostate cancer cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["particles in conditioned medium of PC3 prostate cancer cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2893]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-telocytes","n":"Extracellular vesicles (telocytes)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs isolated from telocytes"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2894]},{"id":"gamma-thrombin","n":"Gamma-thrombin","g":11,"sg":"serine protease (proteolysed form)","ak":"protein","r":[2895]},{"id":"gb1-beta-hairpin-protein-g-b1-41-56","n":"GB1 beta-hairpin (protein G B1 41-56)","g":12,"sg":"beta-hairpin peptide","al":["GB1 beta-hairpin peptide (protein G B1 residues 41-56), biotinylated and held by monovalent streptavidin"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","16 amino acids; cross-section about 2 x 3 nm","reported by Liu SC 2021"],["Length","16 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,864 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","3.7","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-3.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"16 amino acids; cross-section about 2 x 3 nm","ms":"1,864 Da","ch":"-3.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"GEWTYDDATKTFTVTE","szm":3e-09,"szs":"3 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2896]},{"id":"genomic-dna-from-a-single-lysed-cell-in-situ-detection","n":"Genomic DNA from a single lysed cell (in situ detection)","g":7,"sg":"genomic DNA","al":["genomic DNA released from a single lysed cell, detected in situ"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[2897]},{"id":"ggggfggggssggggssggsggc-ssdna-conjugate","n":"GGGGFGGGGSSGGGGSSGGSGGC (ssDNA conjugate)","g":12,"sg":"peptide-ssDNA conjugate","al":["GGGGFGGGGSSGGGGSSGGSGGC peptide conjugated to ssDNA"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","23 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,617 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","5.9","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.1 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.55 nm","ms":"1,617 Da","ch":"-0.1 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"GGGGFGGGGSSGGGGSSGGSGGC","szm":1.549e-09,"szs":"about 1.55 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2898]},{"id":"ggggsggggssggggssggsggc-ssdna-conjugate","n":"GGGGSGGGGSSGGGGSSGGSGGC (ssDNA conjugate)","g":12,"sg":"peptide-ssDNA conjugate","al":["GGGGSGGGGSSGGGGSSGGSGGC peptide conjugated to ssDNA"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","23 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,556 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","5.9","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.1 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.53 nm","ms":"1,556 Da","ch":"-0.1 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"GGGGSGGGGSSGGGGSSGGSGGC","szm":1.53e-09,"szs":"about 1.53 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2899]},{"id":"glycerol","n":"Glycerol","g":15,"sg":"polyol","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","92.09 g/mol","PubChem CID 753"],["Formula","C3H8O3","PubChem CID 753"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 753, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.6 nm","ms":"92.09 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:753","szm":5.961e-10,"szs":"about 0.6 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2900]},{"id":"gold-nanoclusters-m-mercaptobenzoic-acid-capped","n":"Gold nanoclusters (m-mercaptobenzoic acid-capped)","g":4,"sg":"thiolate-protected metal cluster","al":["meta-mercaptobenzoic acid-capped gold clusters"],"ak":"cluster","r":[2901]},{"id":"gold-nanoclusters-o-mercaptobenzoic-acid-capped","n":"Gold nanoclusters (o-mercaptobenzoic acid-capped)","g":4,"sg":"thiolate-protected metal cluster","al":["ortho-mercaptobenzoic acid-capped gold clusters"],"ak":"cluster","r":[2902]},{"id":"haloferax-volcanii","n":"Haloferax volcanii","g":1,"sg":"archaeon (halophile)","ak":"archaea","pr":[["Size","cell 1 to 2 um in diameter and 2 to 3 um long (listed shape: rod)","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Other","archaeon","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell 1 to 2 um in diameter and 2 to 3 um long (listed shape: rod)"},"ids":"taxon:2246","szm":3e-06,"szs":"3 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2903]},{"id":"heparan-sulfate-ns2s-idoa2s-glcns-about-40-disaccharides","n":"Heparan sulfate NS2S (IdoA2S-GlcNS, about 40 disaccharides)","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan (synthetic)","al":["synthetic heparan sulfate NS2S (IdoA2S-GlcNS)n"],"ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","pr":[["Size","about 40 disaccharide units","reported by Xia K 2021"],["Other","disulfated, 90% 2-O-sulfation","reported by Xia K 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 40 disaccharide units"},"r":[2904]},{"id":"heparan-sulfate-ns6s-glca-glcns6s-about-40-disaccharides","n":"Heparan sulfate NS6S (GlcA-GlcNS6S, about 40 disaccharides)","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan (synthetic)","al":["synthetic heparan sulfate NS6S (GlcA-GlcNS6S)n"],"ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","pr":[["Size","about 40 disaccharide units","reported by Xia K 2021"],["Other","disulfated, 86% 6-O-sulfation","reported by Xia K 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 40 disaccharide units"},"r":[2905]},{"id":"heparan-sulfate-ns6s2s-idoa2s-glcns6s-about-40-disaccharides","n":"Heparan sulfate NS6S2S (IdoA2S-GlcNS6S, about 40 disaccharides)","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan (synthetic)","al":["synthetic heparan sulfate NS6S2S (IdoA2S-GlcNS6S)n"],"ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","pr":[["Size","about 40 disaccharide units","reported by Xia K 2021"],["Other","trisulfated","reported by Xia K 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 40 disaccharide units"},"r":[2906]},{"id":"heparan-sulfate-nsh-glca-glcns-about-40-disaccharides","n":"Heparan sulfate NSH (GlcA-GlcNS, about 40 disaccharides)","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan (synthetic)","al":["synthetic heparan sulfate NSH (GlcA-GlcNS)n"],"ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","pr":[["Size","about 40 disaccharide units","reported by Xia K 2021"],["Other","monosulfated, 97% N-sulfated","reported by Xia K 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 40 disaccharide units"},"r":[2907]},{"id":"hepatitis-b-virus-holey-capsid-asymmetric-hexamer-patch-remo","n":"Hepatitis B virus holey capsid (asymmetric, hexamer patch removed)","g":2,"sg":"engineered capsid","al":["holey hepatitis B virus capsids (Cp150 capsids with the heterodimer hexamer patch removed)"],"ak":"virus-ico","ids":"taxon:10407","r":[2908]},{"id":"human-coronavirus-229e","n":"Human coronavirus 229E","g":2,"sg":"coronavirus (enveloped, spiked)","ak":"virus-corona","pr":[["Size","about 80 to 120 nm diameter (coronaviruses, as stated in the paper)","reported by Taniguchi M 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 80 to 120 nm diameter (coronaviruses, as stated in the paper)"},"ids":"taxon:11137","szm":1.2e-07,"szs":"120 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2909]},{"id":"hydrogen-peroxide","n":"Hydrogen peroxide","g":15,"sg":"oxidant","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","34.015 g/mol","PubChem CID 784"],["Formula","H2O2","PubChem CID 784"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 784, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.43 nm","ms":"34.015 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:784","szm":4.277e-10,"szs":"about 0.43 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2910]},{"id":"ice-core-dust-talos-dome-antarctica","n":"Ice core dust (Talos Dome, Antarctica)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Insoluble dust in the TALDICE (Talos Dome) ice core, 0 to 1620 m, including deep ice below 900 m"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","0.6 to 18 um spherical equivalent diameter (400 channels); surface samples log-normal with mode 1.8 to 2.2 um; deeper samples mode 2 to 4 um with coarse tails","reported by Baccolo G 2021"],["Other","mass from volume using density 2.5 g/cm3; jarosite (KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6) on particles in deep ice","reported by Baccolo G 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.6 to 18 um spherical equivalent diameter (400 channels); surface samples log-normal with mode 1.8 to 2.2 um; deeper samples mode 2 to 4 um with coarse tails"},"szm":1.8e-05,"szs":"18 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2911]},{"id":"isoprenaline","n":"Isoprenaline","g":15,"sg":"catecholamine drug","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","211.26 g/mol","PubChem CID 3779"],["Formula","C11H17NO3","PubChem CID 3779"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 3779, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.79 nm","ms":"211.26 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:3779","szm":7.862e-10,"szs":"about 0.79 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2912]},{"id":"karlodinium-veneficum","n":"Karlodinium veneficum","g":1,"sg":"dinoflagellate (mixotrophic, toxic)","al":["Karlodinium veneficum CCMP2936"],"ak":"dino","pr":[["Size","cell 10 um wide and 13 to 17 um long (rotational ellipsoid)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","biovolume 680 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell 10 um wide and 13 to 17 um long (rotational ellipsoid)"},"ids":"taxon:407301","szm":1.7e-05,"szs":"17 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2913]},{"id":"kemptide-lrraslg","n":"Kemptide (LRRASLG)","g":12,"sg":"kinase substrate peptide","al":["kemptide (PKA substrate peptide)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","7 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","771.9 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","12.5","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+2.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.21 nm","ms":"771.9 Da","ch":"+2.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"LRRASLG","szm":1.211e-09,"szs":"about 1.21 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2914]},{"id":"l-ascorbic-acid-vitamin-c","n":"L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C)","g":15,"sg":"vitamin","al":["vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","176.12 g/mol","PubChem CID 54670067"],["Formula","C6H8O6","PubChem CID 54670067"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 54670067, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.74 nm","ms":"176.12 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:54670067","szm":7.399e-10,"szs":"about 0.74 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2915]},{"id":"l-lactic-acid","n":"L-lactic acid","g":15,"sg":"alpha-hydroxy acid","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","90.08 g/mol","PubChem CID 107689"],["Formula","C3H6O3","PubChem CID 107689"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 107689, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.59 nm","ms":"90.08 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:107689","szm":5.917e-10,"szs":"about 0.59 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2916]},{"id":"lipid-nanovesicles-induced-by-surfactant-protein-c","n":"Lipid nanovesicles induced by surfactant protein C","g":3,"sg":"lipid vesicle","al":["small vesicles budded from phospholipid membranes by surfactant protein C oligomers"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2917]},{"id":"lipid-shelled-microbubbles-acoustofluidic-delivery-agent","n":"Lipid-shelled microbubbles (acoustofluidic delivery agent)","g":17,"sg":"microbubble","al":["microbubbles of a new acoustofluidic delivery agent (liposome-based), with Definity for comparison"],"ak":"bubble","r":[2918]},{"id":"magnetospirillum-magneticum","n":"Magnetospirillum magneticum","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (magnetotactic spirillum)","ak":"spiral","r":[2919]},{"id":"middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-cov","n":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)","g":2,"sg":"coronavirus (enveloped, spiked)","al":["MERS coronavirus"],"ak":"virus-corona","pr":[["Size","about 80 to 120 nm diameter (coronaviruses, as stated in the paper)","reported by Taniguchi M 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 80 to 120 nm diameter (coronaviruses, as stated in the paper)"},"ids":"taxon:1335626","szm":1.2e-07,"szs":"120 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2920]},{"id":"mixture-tryptic-digest-of-alpha-casein","n":"Mixture tryptic digest of alpha-casein","g":12,"sg":"tryptic digest peptide mixture","al":["tryptic digest of alpha casein (24.5 kDa)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2921]},{"id":"mixture-tryptic-digest-of-beta-casein","n":"Mixture tryptic digest of beta-casein","g":12,"sg":"tryptic digest peptide mixture","al":["tryptic digest of beta casein (25.1 kDa)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2922]},{"id":"mixture-tryptic-digest-of-bovine-serum-albumin","n":"Mixture tryptic digest of bovine serum albumin","g":12,"sg":"tryptic digest peptide mixture","al":["tryptic digest of bovine serum albumin (BSA, 66.5 kDa)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","66.4 kDa","computed from UniProt P02769, Albumin 25 to 607"],["Isoelectric point","5.7","computed from UniProt P02769, Albumin 25 to 607, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-13.9 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P02769, Albumin 25 to 607, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","583 amino acids","computed from UniProt P02769, Albumin 25 to 607"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.35 nm","ms":"66.4 kDa","ch":"-13.9 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P02769","szm":5.346e-09,"szs":"about 5.35 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2923]},{"id":"mixture-tryptic-digest-of-bovine-trypsin","n":"Mixture tryptic digest of bovine trypsin","g":12,"sg":"tryptic digest peptide mixture","al":["tryptic digest of bovine trypsin (23.3 kDa)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2924]},{"id":"mixture-tryptic-digest-of-cytochrome-c","n":"Mixture tryptic digest of cytochrome c","g":12,"sg":"tryptic digest peptide mixture","al":["tryptic digest of cytochrome C (12.4 kDa)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2925]},{"id":"mixture-tryptic-digest-of-dihydrofolate-reductase-dhfr","n":"Mixture tryptic digest of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)","g":12,"sg":"tryptic digest peptide mixture","al":["tryptic digest of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR, 19.1 kDa)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2926]},{"id":"mixture-tryptic-digest-of-elongation-factor-p-ef-p","n":"Mixture tryptic digest of elongation factor P (EF-P)","g":12,"sg":"tryptic digest peptide mixture","al":["tryptic digest of elongation factor P (EF-P, 21.0 kDa)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2927]},{"id":"mixture-tryptic-digest-of-hen-egg-white-lysozyme","n":"Mixture tryptic digest of hen egg-white lysozyme","g":12,"sg":"tryptic digest peptide mixture","al":["tryptic digest of hen (Gallus gallus) lysozyme, plus seven synthetic lysozyme tryptic peptides (500-1700 Da)","tryptic digest of hen lysozyme"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","14.3 kDa","computed from UniProt P00698, Lysozyme C 19 to 147"],["Isoelectric point","9.2","computed from UniProt P00698, Lysozyme C 19 to 147, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+8.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P00698, Lysozyme C 19 to 147, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","129 amino acids","computed from UniProt P00698, Lysozyme C 19 to 147"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.2 nm","ms":"14.3 kDa","ch":"+8.0 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P00698","szm":3.205e-09,"szs":"about 3.2 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2928,2929]},{"id":"mixture-tryptic-digest-of-hmw1-adhesin-c-terminal-part-hmw1c","n":"Mixture tryptic digest of HMW1 adhesin C-terminal part (HMW1ct)","g":12,"sg":"tryptic digest peptide mixture","al":["tryptic digest of C-terminal part of high molecular weight adhesin 1 (HMW1ct, 34.6 kDa)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2930]},{"id":"mixture-tryptic-digest-of-proteasome-activating-nucleotidase","n":"Mixture tryptic digest of proteasome-activating nucleotidase (PAN)","g":12,"sg":"tryptic digest peptide mixture","al":["tryptic digest of proteasome-activating nucleotidase (PAN, 49.6 kDa)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2931]},{"id":"monoclonal-antibody-aggregates-igg1-submicron","n":"Monoclonal antibody aggregates (IgG1, submicron)","g":11,"sg":"protein aggregate","al":["submicron particles in stir-stressed IgG1 monoclonal antibody formulation"],"ak":"antibody","pr":[["Size","distribution maximum near 250 nm","reported by Stelzl A 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"distribution maximum near 250 nm"},"szm":2.5e-07,"szs":"250 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2932]},{"id":"nad-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-oxidized","n":"NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized)","g":9,"sg":"dinucleotide cofactor","al":["NAD+"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","663.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 5892"],["Formula","C21H27N7O14P2","PubChem CID 5892"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5892, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.15 nm","ms":"663.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5892","szm":1.151e-09,"szs":"about 1.15 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2933]},{"id":"nadh-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-reduced","n":"NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced)","g":9,"sg":"dinucleotide cofactor","al":["NADH"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","665.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 439153"],["Formula","C21H29N7O14P2","PubChem CID 439153"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 439153, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.15 nm","ms":"665.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:439153","szm":1.152e-09,"szs":"about 1.15 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2934]},{"id":"nci-h1650-cells","n":"NCI-H1650 cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human lung)","al":["NCI-H1650 bronchioalveolar carcinoma cells"],"ak":"cell","pr":[["Size","diameter 12.5 +/- 2.5 um (light microscopy, 1.0x PBS)","Yokota K, Hashimoto M, Kajimoto K, Tanaka M, Murayama S, Tsutsui M, Nakajima Y, Taniguchi M, Kataoka M 2021, Biosensors 11:78, doi:10.3390/bios11030078 (the analyte's own resistive pulse paper)"],["Zeta potential","-10.1 +/- 0.7 mV in 1.0x PBS; -13.5 +/- 0.3 mV in 0.5x PBS with 2.77% glucose","Yokota K, Hashimoto M, Kajimoto K, Tanaka M, Murayama S, Tsutsui M, Nakajima Y, Taniguchi M, Kataoka M 2021, Biosensors 11:78, doi:10.3390/bios11030078 (the analyte's own resistive pulse paper)"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 12.5 +/- 2.5 um (light microscopy, 1.0x PBS)","ch":"zeta -10.1 +/- 0.7 mV in 1.0x PBS; -13.5 +/- 0.3 mV in 0.5x PBS with 2.77% glucose"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":1.25e-05,"szs":"12.5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2935]},{"id":"norepinephrine","n":"Norepinephrine","g":15,"sg":"catecholamine","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","169.18 g/mol","PubChem CID 439260"],["Formula","C8H11NO3","PubChem CID 439260"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 439260, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.73 nm","ms":"169.18 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:439260","szm":7.301e-10,"szs":"about 0.73 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2936]},{"id":"p53-transactivation-domain-p53tad","n":"P53 transactivation domain (p53TAD)","g":12,"sg":"intrinsically disordered peptide","al":["p53 transactivation domain (p53TAD) peptide"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2937,2938]},{"id":"p53tad-phospho-thr18","n":"P53TAD phospho-Thr18","g":12,"sg":"phosphopeptide","al":["p53TAD peptide phosphorylated at Thr18"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2939]},{"id":"pangolin-erythrocytes","n":"Pangolin erythrocytes","g":0,"sg":"erythrocyte","al":["Temminck's pangolin red blood cells (27 healthy animals)"],"ak":"rbc","pr":[["Size","MCV 59 to 72 fL (reference interval)","reported by Hooijberg EH 2021"],["Other","RBC 3.88 to 8.31 x 10^12/L; RDW 14.3 to 19.1%","reported by Hooijberg EH 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"MCV 59 to 72 fL (reference interval)"},"ids":"taxon:9973","szm":5.162e-06,"szs":"about 5.16 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[2940]},{"id":"pangolin-leukocytes","n":"Pangolin leukocytes","g":0,"sg":"leukocyte","al":["Temminck's pangolin white blood cells"],"ak":"granulocyte","ax":"eo","pr":[["Size","diameter in stained blood films: neutrophils 12 to 15 um, eosinophils 16 to 17 um, basophils 13 to 15 um, monocytes 14 to 18 um, lymphocytes 9 to 11 um","Hooijberg EH, Lourens K, Meyer LCR 2021, Front Vet Sci 8:654529, doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.654529 (the analyte's own paper)"],["Other","Temminck's pangolin (Smutsia temminckii); reference interval WBC 1.80 to 10.71 x 10^9/L","Hooijberg EH, Lourens K, Meyer LCR 2021, Front Vet Sci 8:654529, doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.654529 (the analyte's own paper)"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter in stained blood films: neutrophils 12 to 15 um, eosinophils 16 to 17 um, basophils 13 to 15 um, monocytes 14 to 18 um, lymphocytes 9 to 11 um"},"ids":"taxon:9973","szm":1.8e-05,"szs":"18 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2941]},{"id":"paraquat","n":"Paraquat","g":15,"sg":"herbicide (bipyridinium)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","186.25 g/mol","PubChem CID 15939"],["Formula","C12H14N2+2","PubChem CID 15939"],["Formal charge","+2","PubChem CID 15939, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"186.25 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:15939","szm":7.538e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2942]},{"id":"particulate-contamination-of-angiography-saline-gauze-and-co","n":"Particulate contamination of angiography saline (gauze and cotton fibres)","g":17,"sg":"medical particulate contamination","al":["Particles contaminating saline on an angiography supply table (bags, metal and plastic cups, bowls, guidewire sheaths, woven gauze, cotton towels)"],"ak":"fiber","r":[2943]},{"id":"peptide-dna-conjugate-d-e-rich-peptide-reference-brinkerhoff","n":"Peptide-DNA conjugate D/E-rich peptide reference (Brinkerhoff 2021)","g":12,"sg":"DNA-peptide conjugate","al":["DNA-peptide conjugate, reference D/E peptide"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2944]},{"id":"peptide-dna-conjugate-d-e-rich-peptide-single-g-substitution","n":"Peptide-DNA conjugate D/E-rich peptide single G substitution (Brinkerhoff 2021)","g":12,"sg":"DNA-peptide conjugate","al":["DNA-peptide conjugate with a single glycine substitution"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2945]},{"id":"peptide-dna-conjugate-d-e-rich-peptide-single-w-substitution","n":"Peptide-DNA conjugate D/E-rich peptide single W substitution (Brinkerhoff 2021)","g":12,"sg":"DNA-peptide conjugate","al":["DNA-peptide conjugate with a single tryptophan substitution"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2946]},{"id":"peptide-dna-conjugates-read-by-nipss-yan-2021","n":"Peptide-DNA conjugates read by NIPSS (Yan 2021)","g":12,"sg":"peptide-oligonucleotide conjugate","al":["peptide-oligonucleotide conjugates with N- or C-terminal conjugation"],"ak":"peptide","r":[2947]},{"id":"plant-extracellular-vesicles-panax-ginseng","n":"Plant extracellular vesicles (Panax ginseng)","g":3,"sg":"plant extracellular vesicles","al":["Panax ginseng-derived EVs (root and callus EVs)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[2948]},{"id":"pna-ac-k-11-gggggg-e-11-nh2-pn1-dragomir-2021","n":"PNA Ac-(K)11-GGGGGG-(E)11-NH2 (PN1, Dragomir 2021)","g":10,"sg":"PNA-peptide conjugate","al":["PN1: PNA Ac-(K)11-GGGGGG-(E)11-NH2 flanked by Lys and Glu tails"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"Ac-(K)11-GGGGGG-(E)11-NH2 (PNA bases 5' to 3' between the peptide tails)","r":[2949]},{"id":"pna-ac-k-8-aaaaaaaaaaaa-e-8-nh2-pn3-dragomir-2021","n":"PNA Ac-(K)8-AAAAAAAAAAAA-(E)8-NH2 (PN3, Dragomir 2021)","g":10,"sg":"PNA-peptide conjugate","al":["PN3: PNA Ac-(K)8-AAAAAAAAAAAA-(E)8-NH2 flanked by Lys and Glu tails"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"Ac-(K)8-AAAAAAAAAAAA-(E)8-NH2 (PNA bases 5' to 3' between the peptide tails)","r":[2950]},{"id":"pna-ac-k-8-cccccccccccc-e-8-nh2-pn4-dragomir-2021","n":"PNA Ac-(K)8-CCCCCCCCCCCC-(E)8-NH2 (PN4, Dragomir 2021)","g":10,"sg":"PNA-peptide conjugate","al":["PN4: PNA Ac-(K)8-CCCCCCCCCCCC-(E)8-NH2 flanked by Lys and Glu tails"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"Ac-(K)8-CCCCCCCCCCCC-(E)8-NH2 (PNA bases 5' to 3' between the peptide tails)","r":[2951]},{"id":"pna-ac-k-8-gggtttgggttt-e-8-nh2-pn5-dragomir-2021","n":"PNA Ac-(K)8-GGGTTTGGGTTT-(E)8-NH2 (PN5, Dragomir 2021)","g":10,"sg":"PNA-peptide conjugate","al":["PN5: PNA Ac-(K)8-GGGTTTGGGTTT-(E)8-NH2 flanked by Lys and Glu tails"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"Ac-(K)8-GGGTTTGGGTTT-(E)8-NH2 (PNA bases 5' to 3' between the peptide tails)","r":[2952]},{"id":"pna-ac-k-8-tttgggtttggg-e-8-nh2-pn6-dragomir-2021","n":"PNA Ac-(K)8-TTTGGGTTTGGG-(E)8-NH2 (PN6, Dragomir 2021)","g":10,"sg":"PNA-peptide conjugate","al":["PN6: PNA Ac-(K)8-TTTGGGTTTGGG-(E)8-NH2 flanked by Lys and Glu tails"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"Ac-(K)8-TTTGGGTTTGGG-(E)8-NH2 (PNA bases 5' to 3' between the peptide tails)","r":[2953]},{"id":"pna-ac-k-8-tttttttttttt-e-8-nh2-pn2-dragomir-2021","n":"PNA Ac-(K)8-TTTTTTTTTTTT-(E)8-NH2 (PN2, Dragomir 2021)","g":10,"sg":"PNA-peptide conjugate","al":["PN2: PNA Ac-(K)8-TTTTTTTTTTTT-(E)8-NH2 flanked by Lys and Glu tails"],"ak":"dsdna","seq":"Ac-(K)8-TTTTTTTTTTTT-(E)8-NH2 (PNA bases 5' to 3' between the peptide tails)","r":[2954]},{"id":"pollen-lonicera-etrusca","n":"Pollen, Lonicera etrusca","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["Lonicera etrusca pollen"],"ak":"pollen","ids":"taxon:245821","r":[2955]},{"id":"pollen-triticum-aestivum-wheat","n":"Pollen, Triticum aestivum (wheat)","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["wheat pollen (Triticum aestivum and tetraploid wheat)"],"ak":"pollen","pr":[["Size","average pollen size 49.0 +/- 0.4 um in hexaploid wheats (48.6 to 49.5 um by variety); 44.6 +/- 0.2 um in tetraploid wheats","Alabdullah AK, Moore G, Martin AC 2021, Biology 10:290, doi:10.3390/biology10040290 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"average pollen size 49.0 +/- 0.4 um in hexaploid wheats (48.6 to 49.5 um by variety); 44.6 +/- 0.2 um in tetraploid wheats"},"ids":"taxon:4565","szm":4.95e-05,"szs":"49.5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2956]},{"id":"polymeric-micelles-resveratrol-loaded","n":"Polymeric micelles, resveratrol-loaded","g":4,"sg":"polymeric micelle","al":["resveratrol-loaded polymeric micelles"],"ak":"grain","r":[2957]},{"id":"ptfe-polytetrafluoroethylene-powder-particles","n":"PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) powder particles","g":14,"sg":"polymer powders","al":["PTFE particles (hydrophobic test particles, wetting angle 157 degrees)"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Size","about 50 um (mode of the size distribution)","reported by Komarov SV 2021"],["Other","density 2150 kg/m3; non-wetting","reported by Komarov SV 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 50 um (mode of the size distribution)"},"szm":5e-05,"szs":"50 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2958]},{"id":"remdesivir","n":"Remdesivir","g":15,"sg":"nucleoside analogue drug","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","602.6 g/mol","PubChem CID 121304016"],["Formula","C27H35N6O8P","PubChem CID 121304016"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 121304016, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.11 nm","ms":"602.6 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:121304016","szm":1.115e-09,"szs":"about 1.11 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2959]},{"id":"remdesivir-triphosphate-gs-443902","n":"Remdesivir triphosphate (GS-443902)","g":15,"sg":"nucleotide analogue","al":["remdesivir triphosphate (active metabolite)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","531.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 56832906"],["Formula","C12H16N5O13P3","PubChem CID 56832906"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 56832906, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.07 nm","ms":"531.2 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:56832906","szm":1.069e-09,"szs":"about 1.07 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2960]},{"id":"rna-adenine-riboswitch-aptamer-domain-ars","n":"RNA adenine riboswitch aptamer domain (ARS)","g":8,"sg":"riboswitch aptamer","al":["adenine-sensing riboswitch aptamer domain (ARS)"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[2961]},{"id":"rna-hiv-1-subtype-b-conserved-sequence-probe-isolated-duplex","n":"RNA HIV-1 subtype B conserved sequence (probe-isolated duplex)","g":8,"sg":"viral RNA fragment","al":["conserved HIV-1 subtype B RNA sequence captured by a biotinylated DNA probe"],"ak":"dsdna","ax":"rna","r":[2962]},{"id":"rna-sirna-duplex-luciferase-blunt","n":"RNA siRNA duplex luciferase (blunt)","g":8,"sg":"siRNA duplex","al":["luciferase blunt siRNA (luciferase siRNA-a + -b)"],"ak":"dsdna","ax":"rna","pr":[["Size","21 bp","reported by Wang Y 2021"],["Mass","about 13.7 kDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -42 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"21 bp","ms":"about 13.7 kDa","ch":"about -42 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AGCAAUAGUUCACGCUGAAAG / CUUUCAGCGUGAACUAUUGCU","szm":7.14e-09,"szs":"7.14 nm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[2963]},{"id":"rna-sirna-duplex-sifoxa1-2-nt-3-overhangs","n":"RNA siRNA duplex siFoxA1 (2-nt 3' overhangs)","g":8,"sg":"siRNA duplex","al":["siFoxA1 overhanged siRNA (siFoxA1-a + siFoxA1-b)"],"ak":"dsdna","ax":"rna","pr":[["Size","21 nt strands","reported by Wang Y 2021"],["Mass","about 6,720 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -21 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"21 nt strands","ms":"about 6,720 Da","ch":"about -21 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CUUACGCUGAGUACUUCGAAA / UCGAAGUACUCAGCGUAAGUG","szm":1.26e-08,"szs":"about 12.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2964]},{"id":"rna-with-2-o-methylation-nm-native-yeast-rnas","n":"RNA with 2'-O-methylation (Nm; native yeast RNAs)","g":8,"sg":"modified RNA","al":["RNA 2'-O-methylated nucleotides (Nm) in native yeast RNA"],"ak":"ssrna","r":[2965]},{"id":"rna-with-pseudouridine-native-yeast-rnas-nanorms","n":"RNA with pseudouridine (native yeast RNAs, nanoRMS)","g":8,"sg":"modified RNA","al":["native yeast and human RNAs with pseudouridine and 2'-O-methylation (rRNA, mRNA, snRNA, snoRNA)"],"ak":"ssrna","r":[2966]},{"id":"rrna-e-coli-5s","n":"rRNA E. coli 5S","g":8,"sg":"rRNA","al":["E. coli 5S rRNA"],"ak":"rna-long","ids":"taxon:562","r":[2967]},{"id":"saccharomyces-pastorianus","n":"Saccharomyces pastorianus","g":1,"sg":"yeast (lager brewing)","ak":"yeast","pr":[["Size","5.6 x 6.9 um, round to ovoid","reported by Yokota K 2021"],["Charge","zeta -28.99 mV in 50 mM MES","reported by Yokota K 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.6 x 6.9 um, round to ovoid","ch":"zeta -28.99 mV in 50 mM MES"},"ids":"taxon:27292","szm":6.9e-06,"szs":"6.9 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2968]},{"id":"severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-sars-cov","n":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)","g":2,"sg":"coronavirus (enveloped, spiked)","al":["SARS coronavirus"],"ak":"virus-corona","pr":[["Size","about 80 to 120 nm diameter (coronaviruses, as stated in the paper)","reported by Taniguchi M 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 80 to 120 nm diameter (coronaviruses, as stated in the paper)"},"ids":"taxon:694009","szm":1.2e-07,"szs":"120 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2969]},{"id":"severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2-sars-cov-2","n":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","g":2,"sg":"coronavirus (enveloped, spiked)","al":["SARS-CoV-2","native SARS-CoV-2 virions (cell culture supernatant)","SARS-CoV-2, heat-inactivated","SARS-CoV-2 virions purified from saliva and nasopharyngeal swabs"],"ak":"virus-corona","pr":[["Size","about 80 to 120 nm diameter (coronaviruses, as stated in the paper)","reported by Taniguchi M 2021"],["Size","log-normal distribution, geometric mean 85.12 +/- 0.06 nm (envelope-equivalent diameter)","reported by Varga Z 2022"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 80 to 120 nm diameter (coronaviruses, as stated in the paper)"},"ids":"taxon:2697049","szm":1.2e-07,"szs":"120 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[2970,2971,2972,2973]},{"id":"solid-lipid-nanoparticles-phytostanol-ester","n":"Solid lipid nanoparticles (phytostanol ester)","g":3,"sg":"lipid nanoparticle","al":["phytostanol ester solid lipid nanoparticles"],"ak":"liposome","r":[2974]},{"id":"ssdna-5-5mc-aaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-(5mC)AAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"methylated ssDNA","al":["mC-A3 (5'-mCAAA-3')"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","4 nt","reported by Li MY 2021"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 nt"},"seq":"(5mC)AAA","r":[2975]},{"id":"ssdna-5-caaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-CAAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["C-A3 (5'-CAAA-3')"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","4 nt","reported by Li MY 2021"],["Mass","1,167 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -3 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"4 nt","ms":"1,167 Da","ch":"about -3 e at pH 7"},"seq":"CAAA","szm":2.4e-09,"szs":"about 2.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2976]},{"id":"ssdna-i-motif-sequences-with-c3-c10-tracts-xi-2021-series","n":"ssDNA i-motif sequences with C3-C10 tracts (Xi 2021 series)","g":7,"sg":"i-motif","al":["i-motif-forming sequences with C-tracts of 3 to 10 and varied loops (series)"],"ak":"quad","r":[2977]},{"id":"superfolder-gfp-r10-ssra","n":"Superfolder GFP-R10-ssrA","g":11,"sg":"fluorescent protein","al":["superfolder GFP with C-terminal Arg10 and ssrA tag"],"ak":"protein","r":[2978]},{"id":"tris-hydroxymethyl-aminomethane-tris","n":"Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (tris)","g":15,"sg":"buffer polyol amine","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","121.14 g/mol","PubChem CID 6503"],["Formula","C4H11NO3","PubChem CID 6503"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6503, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.65 nm","ms":"121.14 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6503","szm":6.531e-10,"szs":"about 0.65 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[2979]},{"id":"trna-e-coli-trna-ala-ggc","n":"tRNA E. coli tRNA-Ala (GGC)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["E. coli MRE600 tRNA_Ala_GGC"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","reported by Thomas NK 2021"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:562","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2980]},{"id":"trna-e-coli-trna-ala-vgc","n":"tRNA E. coli tRNA-Ala (VGC)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["E. coli MRE600 tRNA_Ala_VGC"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","reported by Thomas NK 2021"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:562","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2981]},{"id":"trna-e-coli-trna-arg-ccg","n":"tRNA E. coli tRNA-Arg (CCG)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["E. coli MRE600 tRNA_Arg_CCG"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","reported by Thomas NK 2021"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:562","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2982]},{"id":"trna-e-coli-trna-arg-ccu","n":"tRNA E. coli tRNA-Arg (CCU)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["E. coli MRE600 tRNA_Arg_CCU"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","reported by Thomas NK 2021"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:562","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2983]},{"id":"trna-e-coli-trna-arg-icg","n":"tRNA E. coli tRNA-Arg (ICG)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["E. coli MRE600 tRNA_Arg_ICG"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","reported by Thomas NK 2021"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:562","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2984]},{"id":"trna-e-coli-trna-arg-ucg","n":"tRNA E. coli tRNA-Arg (UCG)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["E. coli MRE600 tRNA_Arg_UCG"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","reported by Thomas NK 2021"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:562","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2985]},{"id":"trna-e-coli-trna-arg-ucu","n":"tRNA E. coli tRNA-Arg (UCU)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["E. coli MRE600 tRNA_Arg_UCU"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","reported by Thomas NK 2021"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:562","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2986]},{"id":"trna-e-coli-trna-asn-guu","n":"tRNA E. coli tRNA-Asn (GUU)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["E. coli MRE600 tRNA_Asn_GUU"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","reported by Thomas NK 2021"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:562","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2987]},{"id":"trna-e-coli-trna-asp-uc","n":"tRNA E. coli tRNA-Asp (⊄UC)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["E. coli MRE600 tRNA_Asp_⊄UC"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","reported by Thomas NK 2021"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:562","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2988]},{"id":"trna-e-coli-trna-cys-gca","n":"tRNA E. coli tRNA-Cys (GCA)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["E. coli MRE600 tRNA_Cys_GCA"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","reported by Thomas NK 2021"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:562","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2989]},{"id":"trna-e-coli-trna-fmet-synthetic-unmodified-transcript","n":"tRNA E. coli tRNA-fMet, synthetic unmodified transcript","g":8,"sg":"tRNA (synthetic, unmodified)","al":["synthetic (unmodified, in vitro) E. coli tRNAfMet"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:562","r":[2990]},{"id":"trna-e-coli-trna-gln-cug","n":"tRNA E. coli tRNA-Gln (CUG)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["E. coli MRE600 tRNA_Gln_CUG"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","reported by Thomas NK 2021"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:562","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2991]},{"id":"trna-e-coli-trna-gln-uug","n":"tRNA E. coli tRNA-Gln (UUG)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["E. coli MRE600 tRNA_Gln_UUG"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","reported by Thomas NK 2021"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:562","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2992]},{"id":"trna-e-coli-trna-glu-suc","n":"tRNA E. coli tRNA-Glu (SUC)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["E. coli MRE600 tRNA_Glu_SUC"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","reported by Thomas NK 2021"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","ms":"about 24.3 kDa","ch":"about -76 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:562","szm":4.56e-08,"szs":"about 45.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[2993]},{"id":"trna-e-coli-trna-gly-ccc","n":"tRNA E. coli tRNA-Gly (CCC)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["E. coli MRE600 tRNA_Gly_CCC"],"ak":"trna","pr":[["Size","~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","reported by Thomas NK 2021"],["Mass","about 24.3 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -76 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"~76 nt tRNA plus adapters","ms":"about 24.3 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5'-monophosphate","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleoside monophosphate","al":["N1-methyladenosine monophosphate (m1AMP)"],"ak":"mol","r":[3035]},{"id":"3-4-dihydroxymandelic-acid-dhma","n":"3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid (DHMA)","g":15,"sg":"catecholamine metabolite","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","184.15 g/mol","PubChem CID 85782"],["Formula","C8H8O5","PubChem CID 85782"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 85782, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"184.15 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:85782","szm":7.51e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3036]},{"id":"3-4-dihydroxyphenylacetic-acid-dopac","n":"3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)","g":15,"sg":"catecholamine metabolite","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","168.15 g/mol","PubChem CID 547"],["Formula","C8H8O4","PubChem CID 547"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 547, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.73 nm","ms":"168.15 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:547","szm":7.286e-10,"szs":"about 0.73 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3037]},{"id":"5-methylcytidine-5-monophosphate","n":"5-methylcytidine 5'-monophosphate","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleoside monophosphate","al":["5-methylcytidine monophosphate (m5CMP)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","337.22 g/mol","PubChem CID 192785"],["Formula","C10H16N3O8P","PubChem CID 192785"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 192785, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.92 nm","ms":"337.22 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:192785","szm":9.188e-10,"szs":"about 0.92 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3038]},{"id":"7-methylguanosine-5-monophosphate","n":"7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleoside monophosphate","al":["N7-methylguanosine monophosphate (m7GMP)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","378.26 g/mol","PubChem CID 135398701"],["Formula","C11H17N5O8P+","PubChem CID 135398701"],["Formal charge","+1","PubChem CID 135398701, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.95 nm","ms":"378.26 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:135398701","szm":9.546e-10,"szs":"about 0.95 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3039]},{"id":"abeta35-25d4","n":"Abeta35-25D4","g":12,"sg":"amyloid-beta derived peptide","al":["Abeta35-25D4 (reversed amyloid-beta 25-35 with four aspartates)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3040]},{"id":"aefnk-ef-p-25-29","n":"AEFNK (EF-P 25-29)","g":12,"sg":"protein digest peptide","al":["EF-P Lys-C peptide [4] AEFNK"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","608.3 Da","reported by Versloot RCA 2022"],["Length","5 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","607.7 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","6.4","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.12 nm","ms":"608.3 Da","ch":"-0.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"AEFNK","szm":1.118e-09,"szs":"about 1.12 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3041]},{"id":"allitol","n":"Allitol","g":13,"sg":"alditol (sugar alcohol)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","182.17 g/mol","PubChem CID 120700"],["Formula","C6H14O6","PubChem CID 120700"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 120700, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"182.17 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:120700","szm":7.483e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3042]},{"id":"alpha-lactalbumin-bovine","n":"Alpha-lactalbumin (bovine)","g":11,"sg":"milk protein","al":["alpha-lactalbumin from whey protein powder","alpha-lactalbumin (SDS-denatured)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","14.2 kDa","computed from UniProt P00711, Alpha-lactalbumin 20 to 142; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterodimer"],["Isoelectric point","4.6","computed from UniProt P00711, Alpha-lactalbumin 20 to 142; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterodimer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-6.5 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P00711, Alpha-lactalbumin 20 to 142; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterodimer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","123 amino acids","computed from UniProt P00711, Alpha-lactalbumin 20 to 142; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterodimer"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.2 nm","ms":"14.2 kDa","ch":"-6.5 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P00711","szm":3.195e-09,"szs":"about 3.2 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3043,3044]},{"id":"alpha-synuclein-a53t-aggregates","n":"Alpha-Synuclein A53T aggregates","g":11,"sg":"amyloid aggregate","al":["alpha-synuclein A53T seeds and amplified assemblies"],"ak":"fibril","r":[3045]},{"id":"amyloid-beta-1-42-e22delta-osaka-oligomers","n":"Amyloid-beta(1-42) E22delta (Osaka) oligomers","g":11,"sg":"amyloid oligomer","al":["Abeta(42)-E22delta (Osaka mutant) oligomers, with or without Abeta(42) WT monomers","Abeta42 (Osaka) non-fibril oligomers"],"ak":"fibril","pr":[["Size","smaller than 30 nm at all aggregation times","reported by Abrao-Nemeir I 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"smaller than 30 nm at all aggregation times"},"szm":3e-08,"szs":"30 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3046,3047]},{"id":"anvtlntag-unmodified","n":"ANVTLNTAG (unmodified)","g":12,"sg":"model glycopeptide scaffold","al":["9mer_unmod model peptide"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","9 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","859.9 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","6.1","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.26 nm","ms":"859.9 Da","ch":"-0.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"ANVTLNTAG","szm":1.255e-09,"szs":"about 1.26 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3048]},{"id":"anvtlntag-monoglucosylated-9mer-1glc","n":"ANVTLNTAG monoglucosylated (9mer_1Glc)","g":12,"sg":"glycopeptide","al":["9mer_1Glc, model peptide with one glucose"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"ANVTLNTAG (one Glc at the underlined site in the paper)","r":[3049]},{"id":"anvtlnttg-diglucosylated-9mer-2glc","n":"ANVTLNTTG diglucosylated (9mer_2Glc)","g":12,"sg":"glycopeptide","al":["9mer_2Glc, model peptide with two glucoses"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"ANVTLNTTG (two Glc)","r":[3050]},{"id":"apo-myoglobin","n":"Apo-myoglobin","g":11,"sg":"heme protein (apo)","ak":"protein","r":[3051]},{"id":"arabitol","n":"Arabitol","g":13,"sg":"alditol (sugar alcohol)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","152.15 g/mol","PubChem CID 94154"],["Formula","C5H12O5","PubChem CID 94154"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 94154, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.7 nm","ms":"152.15 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:94154","szm":7.047e-10,"szs":"about 0.7 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3052]},{"id":"beta-d-n4-hydroxycytidine-nhc","n":"Beta-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC)","g":15,"sg":"nucleoside analogue","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","259.22 g/mol","PubChem CID 197020"],["Formula","C9H13N3O6","PubChem CID 197020"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 197020, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.84 nm","ms":"259.22 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:197020","szm":8.416e-10,"szs":"about 0.84 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3053]},{"id":"beta-d-n4-hydroxycytidine-triphosphate-nhc-tp","n":"Beta-D-N4-hydroxycytidine triphosphate (NHC-TP)","g":15,"sg":"nucleotide analogue","al":["beta-D-N4-hydroxycytidine triphosphate"],"ak":"mol","r":[3054]},{"id":"carbonic-anhydrase","n":"Carbonic anhydrase","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","al":["carbonic anhydrase trapped in the NEOtrap","carbonic anhydrase (CA, SDS-denatured)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Size","259 amino acids","reported by Soni N 2022"],["Mass","28.9 kDa","reported by Soni N 2022"],["Mass","29 kDa","reported by Wen C 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"259 amino acids","ms":"28.9 kDa"},"szm":4.051e-09,"szs":"about 4.05 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3055,3056]},{"id":"carbonized-eggshell-powder","n":"Carbonized eggshell powder","g":6,"sg":"ashes and agricultural residues","al":["Carbonized eggshell powder (500 C, 4 h), ball milled"],"ak":"grain","ax":"dark","pr":[["Size","average particle size about 9.31 um","reported by Khan AH 2022"]],"hs":{"sz":"average particle size about 9.31 um"},"szm":9.31e-06,"szs":"9.31 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3057]},{"id":"carcinoembryonic-antigen-cea","n":"Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)","g":11,"sg":"glycoprotein cancer biomarker","ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","71.3 kDa","computed from UniProt P06731, Cell adhesion molecule CEACAM5 35 to 685; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"],["Isoelectric point","5.2","computed from UniProt P06731, Cell adhesion molecule CEACAM5 35 to 685; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-11.7 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P06731, Cell adhesion molecule CEACAM5 35 to 685; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","651 amino acids","computed from UniProt P06731, Cell adhesion molecule CEACAM5 35 to 685; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.47 nm","ms":"71.3 kDa","ch":"-11.7 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P06731","szm":5.474e-09,"szs":"about 5.47 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3058]},{"id":"chaetoceros-neogracilis","n":"Chaetoceros neogracilis","g":1,"sg":"diatom (polar)","ak":"diatom","ax":"centric","pr":[["Size","cells 3 to 10 um across and 5 to 10 um high (oval cylinder, 5 size classes)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","listed with synonym Chaetoceros gracilis; biovolume 34 to 458 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cells 3 to 10 um across and 5 to 10 um high (oval cylinder, 5 size classes)"},"ids":"taxon:240364","szm":1e-05,"szs":"10 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3059]},{"id":"chondroitin-sulfate-oligosaccharide-dp10","n":"Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide dp10","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide (sulfated)","ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3060]},{"id":"chondroitin-sulfate-oligosaccharide-dp12","n":"Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide dp12","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide (sulfated)","ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3061]},{"id":"chondroitin-sulfate-oligosaccharide-dp16","n":"Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide dp16","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide (sulfated)","ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3062]},{"id":"chondroitin-sulfate-oligosaccharide-dp20","n":"Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide dp20","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide (sulfated)","ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3063]},{"id":"chondroitin-sulfate-oligosaccharide-dp6","n":"Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide dp6","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide (sulfated)","ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3064]},{"id":"chondroitin-sulfate-oligosaccharide-dp8","n":"Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide dp8","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide (sulfated)","ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3065]},{"id":"coccolithus-braarudii","n":"Coccolithus braarudii","g":1,"sg":"coccolithophore","al":["Coccolithus braarudii RCC1198"],"ak":"cocco","ids":"taxon:221442","r":[3066]},{"id":"complex-alpha-synuclein-with-adenosine","n":"Complex alpha-synuclein with adenosine","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["alpha-synuclein bound to adenosine"],"ak":"complex","r":[3067]},{"id":"complex-alpha-synuclein-with-dpcpx","n":"Complex alpha-synuclein with DPCPX","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["alpha-synuclein bound to 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, A1 receptor antagonist)"],"ak":"complex","r":[3068]},{"id":"complex-alpha-synuclein-with-n6-cyclopentyladenosine-cpa","n":"Complex alpha-synuclein with N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA)","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["alpha-synuclein bound to N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA, A1 receptor agonist)"],"ak":"complex","r":[3069]},{"id":"complex-dna-polymerase-i-with-dna-substrate","n":"Complex DNA polymerase I with DNA substrate","g":10,"sg":"DNA-protein complex","al":["DNA polymerase I bound to a DNA substrate"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[3070]},{"id":"complex-hepatitis-b-e-antigen-with-anti-hbe-monoclonal-antib","n":"Complex hepatitis B e-antigen with anti-HBe monoclonal antibody","g":11,"sg":"antigen-antibody aggregate","al":["hepatitis B virus e-antigen (HBeAg) complexed with monoclonal anti-HBe antibody (aggregates)"],"ak":"antibody","r":[3071]},{"id":"complex-kanamycin-with-dna-aptamer","n":"Complex kanamycin with DNA aptamer","g":10,"sg":"aptamer-small molecule complex","al":["kanamycin-aptamer complex"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[3072]},{"id":"complex-poly-arg-pna-with-target-ssdna-ionic-strength-series","n":"Complex poly(Arg)-PNA with target ssDNA, ionic strength series (Asandei 2022)","g":10,"sg":"PNA-DNA duplex","al":["free poly(Arg)-PNAs and their duplexes with target ssDNA at different ionic strengths"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[3073]},{"id":"complex-poly-arg-tagged-pna-probes-with-complementary-ssdna","n":"Complex poly-Arg-tagged PNA probes with complementary ssDNA targets (Mereuta 2022 series)","g":10,"sg":"PNA-DNA duplex","al":["(poly-Arg)-PNA-cDNA duplexes with two overhangs (length-variable Arg tails)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[3074]},{"id":"ctp-cytidine-5-triphosphate","n":"CTP (cytidine 5'-triphosphate)","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleotide","al":["CTP"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","483.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 6176"],["Formula","C9H16N3O14P3","PubChem CID 6176"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6176, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.04 nm","ms":"483.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6176","szm":1.036e-09,"szs":"about 1.04 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3075]},{"id":"d-fructose","n":"D-fructose","g":13,"sg":"monosaccharide","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","180.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 2723872"],["Formula","C6H12O6","PubChem CID 2723872"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 2723872, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"180.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:2723872","szm":7.455e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3076]},{"id":"d-galactose","n":"D-galactose","g":13,"sg":"monosaccharide","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","180.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 6036"],["Formula","C6H12O6","PubChem CID 6036"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6036, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"180.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6036","szm":7.455e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3077,3078]},{"id":"d-mannose","n":"D-mannose","g":13,"sg":"monosaccharide","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","180.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 18950"],["Formula","C6H12O6","PubChem CID 18950"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 18950, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"180.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:18950","szm":7.455e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3079,3080]},{"id":"d-ribose","n":"D-ribose","g":13,"sg":"monosaccharide","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","150.13 g/mol","PubChem CID 10975657"],["Formula","C5H10O5","PubChem CID 10975657"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 10975657, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.7 nm","ms":"150.13 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:10975657","szm":7.016e-10,"szs":"about 0.7 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3081]},{"id":"d-sorbitol-d-glucitol","n":"D-sorbitol (D-glucitol)","g":13,"sg":"alditol (sugar alcohol)","al":["sorbitol (D-glucitol)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","182.17 g/mol","PubChem CID 5780"],["Formula","C6H14O6","PubChem CID 5780"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5780, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"182.17 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5780","szm":7.483e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3082]},{"id":"d-xylose","n":"D-xylose","g":13,"sg":"monosaccharide","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","150.13 g/mol","PubChem CID 135191"],["Formula","C5H10O5","PubChem CID 135191"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 135191, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.7 nm","ms":"150.13 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:135191","szm":7.016e-10,"szs":"about 0.7 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3083,3084]},{"id":"ddddarrrrr-d4ar5","n":"DDDDARRRRR (D4AR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4AR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,330 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","10.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.45 nm","ms":"1,330 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDARRRRR","szm":1.452e-09,"szs":"about 1.45 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3085]},{"id":"ddddcrrrrr-d4cr5","n":"DDDDCRRRRR (D4CR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4CR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,362 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","8.5","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+0.9 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.46 nm","ms":"1,362 Da","ch":"+0.9 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDCRRRRR","szm":1.463e-09,"szs":"about 1.46 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3086]},{"id":"dddddrrrrr-d4dr5","n":"DDDDDRRRRR (D4DR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4DR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,374 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","6.6","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.47 nm","ms":"1,374 Da","ch":"-0.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDDRRRRR","szm":1.468e-09,"szs":"about 1.47 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3087]},{"id":"dddderrrrr-d4er5","n":"DDDDERRRRR (D4ER5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4ER5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,388 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","6.6","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.47 nm","ms":"1,388 Da","ch":"-0.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDERRRRR","szm":1.473e-09,"szs":"about 1.47 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3088]},{"id":"ddddfrrrrr-d4fr5","n":"DDDDFRRRRR (D4FR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4FR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,406 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","10.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.48 nm","ms":"1,406 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDFRRRRR","szm":1.479e-09,"szs":"about 1.48 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3089]},{"id":"ddddgrrrrr-d4gr5","n":"DDDDGRRRRR (D4GR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4GR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,316 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","10.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.45 nm","ms":"1,316 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDGRRRRR","szm":1.447e-09,"szs":"about 1.45 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3090]},{"id":"ddddhrrrrr-d4hr5","n":"DDDDHRRRRR (D4HR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4HR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,396 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","10.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.2 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.48 nm","ms":"1,396 Da","ch":"+1.2 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDHRRRRR","szm":1.475e-09,"szs":"about 1.48 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3091]},{"id":"ddddirrrrr-d4ir5","n":"DDDDIRRRRR (D4IR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4IR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,372 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","10.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.47 nm","ms":"1,372 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDIRRRRR","szm":1.467e-09,"szs":"about 1.47 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3092]},{"id":"ddddkrrrrr-d4kr5","n":"DDDDKRRRRR (D4KR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4KR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,387 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","11.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+2.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.47 nm","ms":"1,387 Da","ch":"+2.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDKRRRRR","szm":1.472e-09,"szs":"about 1.47 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3093]},{"id":"ddddlrrrrr-d4lr5","n":"DDDDLRRRRR (D4LR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4LR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,372 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","10.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.47 nm","ms":"1,372 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDLRRRRR","szm":1.467e-09,"szs":"about 1.47 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3094]},{"id":"ddddmrrrrr-d4mr5","n":"DDDDMRRRRR (D4MR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4MR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,390 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","10.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.47 nm","ms":"1,390 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDMRRRRR","szm":1.473e-09,"szs":"about 1.47 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3095]},{"id":"ddddnrrrrr-d4nr5","n":"DDDDNRRRRR (D4NR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4NR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,373 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","10.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.47 nm","ms":"1,373 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDNRRRRR","szm":1.467e-09,"szs":"about 1.47 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3096]},{"id":"ddddprrrrr-d4pr5","n":"DDDDPRRRRR (D4PR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4PR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,356 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","10.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.46 nm","ms":"1,356 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDPRRRRR","szm":1.461e-09,"szs":"about 1.46 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3097]},{"id":"ddddqrrrrr-d4qr5","n":"DDDDQRRRRR (D4QR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4QR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,387 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","10.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.47 nm","ms":"1,387 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDQRRRRR","szm":1.472e-09,"szs":"about 1.47 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3098]},{"id":"ddddrrrrrr-d4rr5","n":"DDDDRRRRRR (D4RR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4RR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,415 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","11.8","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+2.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.48 nm","ms":"1,415 Da","ch":"+2.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDRRRRRR","szm":1.482e-09,"szs":"about 1.48 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3099]},{"id":"ddddsrrrrr-d4sr5","n":"DDDDSRRRRR (D4SR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4SR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,346 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","10.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.46 nm","ms":"1,346 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDSRRRRR","szm":1.458e-09,"szs":"about 1.46 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3100]},{"id":"ddddtrrrrr-d4tr5","n":"DDDDTRRRRR (D4TR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4TR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,360 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","10.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.46 nm","ms":"1,360 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDTRRRRR","szm":1.463e-09,"szs":"about 1.46 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3101]},{"id":"ddddvrrrrr-d4vr5","n":"DDDDVRRRRR (D4VR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4VR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,358 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","10.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.46 nm","ms":"1,358 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDVRRRRR","szm":1.462e-09,"szs":"about 1.46 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3102]},{"id":"ddddwrrrrr-d4wr5","n":"DDDDWRRRRR (D4WR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4WR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,446 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","10.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.49 nm","ms":"1,446 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDWRRRRR","szm":1.493e-09,"szs":"about 1.49 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3103]},{"id":"ddddyrrrrr-d4yr5","n":"DDDDYRRRRR (D4YR5)","g":12,"sg":"amino acid on bipolar peptide carrier","al":["bipolar peptide probe D4YR5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,422 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","9.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.48 nm","ms":"1,422 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DDDDYRRRRR","szm":1.485e-09,"szs":"about 1.48 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3104]},{"id":"dihydrouridine-5-monophosphate","n":"Dihydrouridine 5'-monophosphate","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleoside monophosphate","al":["dihydrouridine monophosphate"],"ak":"mol","r":[3105]},{"id":"dna-80-mer-xing-2022-dna-80","n":"DNA 80-mer (Xing 2022 DNA-80)","g":7,"sg":"oligonucleotide","al":["DNA-80 (short DNA)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","80 nt","reported by Xing XL 2022"],["Mass","about 25.6 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -80 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"80 nt","ms":"about 25.6 kDa","ch":"about -80 e at pH 7"},"szm":4.8e-08,"szs":"about 48 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3106]},{"id":"dna-origami-multi-tile-assembly-higher-order","n":"DNA origami multi-tile assembly (higher-order)","g":10,"sg":"DNA origami","al":["higher-order multi-tile DNA origami assemblies"],"ak":"origami","r":[3107]},{"id":"dna-origami-tile-monomer","n":"DNA origami tile (monomer)","g":10,"sg":"DNA origami","al":["single DNA origami tile (monomer)"],"ak":"origami","r":[3108]},{"id":"dna-polymerase-i-klenow-fragment","n":"DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment","g":11,"sg":"polymerase","al":["Klenow fragment (KF) of DNA polymerase I"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[3109]},{"id":"dna-with-phosphorothioate-backbone-modifications-gaac-gttc-m","n":"DNA with phosphorothioate backbone modifications (GAAC/GTTC motifs)","g":7,"sg":"backbone-modified DNA","al":["phosphorothioate (PT) backbone modifications in a synthetic-PT plasmid and Salmonella enterica genomes"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[3110]},{"id":"dsdna-calf-thymus-genomic-dna","n":"dsDNA calf thymus genomic DNA","g":7,"sg":"genomic DNA","al":["calf thymus DNA (long)"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[3111]},{"id":"dsdna-e-coli-genomic-fragments-with-sequence-motif-tags","n":"dsDNA E. coli genomic fragments with sequence-motif tags","g":10,"sg":"tagged genomic DNA","al":["Escherichia coli genomic DNA fragments with physical tags installed at sequence motifs"],"ak":"ssdna","ids":"taxon:562","r":[3112]},{"id":"dsdna-human-reference-gene-cdna-rt-product-van-kooten-2022","n":"dsDNA human reference gene cDNA (RT product, van Kooten 2022)","g":7,"sg":"cDNA","al":["dsDNA from reverse transcription of a human reference gene"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[3113]},{"id":"dsdna-monkeypox-virus-genome","n":"dsDNA monkeypox virus genome","g":7,"sg":"viral genomic DNA","al":["monkeypox virus DNA from a pustular lesion (Central African Republic)"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","196,956 bases assembled","reported by Vandenbogaert M 2022"],["Mass","about 128 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -393,912 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"196,956 bases assembled","ms":"about 128 MDa","ch":"about -393,912 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:10244","szm":6.697e-05,"szs":"67 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[3114]},{"id":"dsdna-sars-cov-2-target-gene-cdna-rt-product","n":"dsDNA SARS-CoV-2 target gene cDNA (RT product)","g":7,"sg":"cDNA","al":["dsDNA from reverse transcription of a SARS-CoV-2 target gene (all else enzymatically digested)"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[3115]},{"id":"environmental-dna-extracted-from-mars-analog-soils","n":"Environmental DNA extracted from Mars analog soils","g":7,"sg":"environmental genomic DNA","al":["DNA extracted from Mars analog soils"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[3116]},{"id":"erythritol","n":"Erythritol","g":13,"sg":"alditol (sugar alcohol)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","122.12 g/mol","PubChem CID 222285"],["Formula","C4H10O4","PubChem CID 222285"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 222285, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.65 nm","ms":"122.12 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:222285","szm":6.549e-10,"szs":"about 0.65 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3117]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-breast-cell-lines-single-cell-release","n":"Extracellular vesicles (breast cell lines, single-cell release)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs released by single nontransformed and cancerous breast cells (lines not named in abstract)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3118]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-sertoli-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human Sertoli cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs from human Sertoli cells (HSerCs)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3119]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-opisthorchis-viverrini","n":"Extracellular vesicles (Opisthorchis viverrini)","g":3,"sg":"parasite extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs secreted by the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini (tetraspanin knockdown and control)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3120]},{"id":"fesnfntqatnr-lysozyme-tryptic-peptide","n":"FESNFNTQATNR (lysozyme tryptic peptide)","g":12,"sg":"tryptic peptide","al":["lysozyme tryptic peptide Lys7 FESNFNTQATNR"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","12 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,428 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","6.4","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.49 nm","ms":"1,428 Da","ch":"-0.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"FESNFNTQATNR","szm":1.487e-09,"szs":"about 1.49 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3121]},{"id":"galactitol-dulcitol","n":"Galactitol (dulcitol)","g":13,"sg":"alditol (sugar alcohol)","al":["dulcitol (galactitol)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","182.17 g/mol","PubChem CID 11850"],["Formula","C6H14O6","PubChem CID 11850"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 11850, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"182.17 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:11850","szm":7.483e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3122]},{"id":"gephyrocapsa-oceanica","n":"Gephyrocapsa oceanica","g":1,"sg":"coccolithophore","al":["Gephyrocapsa oceanica RCC1314"],"ak":"cocco","pr":[["Size","cell biovolume 865 um3","Kremer CT, Thomas MK, Litchman E 2017, Limnol Oceanogr 62:1658-1670, doi:10.1002/lno.10523 (supporting information 3, isolate table, bv = log10 biovolume in um3)"],["Other","coccolithophore; species-level value for the listed strains","Kremer CT, Thomas MK, Litchman E 2017, Limnol Oceanogr 62:1658-1670, doi:10.1002/lno.10523 (supporting information 3, isolate table, bv = log10 biovolume in um3)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell biovolume 865 um3"},"ids":"taxon:38817","szm":1.182e-05,"szs":"about 11.8 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[3123]},{"id":"glycogen-phosphorylase-b","n":"Glycogen phosphorylase B","g":11,"sg":"enzyme","al":["phosphorylase B (SDS-denatured)"],"ak":"protein","r":[3124]},{"id":"gold-nanoplates","n":"Gold nanoplates","g":4,"sg":"metal nanoplate","al":["gold nanoplates (and coalescing Au nanosphere intermediates)"],"ak":"metal-np","r":[3125]},{"id":"gtdvqawir-lysozyme-tryptic-peptide","n":"GTDVQAWIR (lysozyme tryptic peptide)","g":12,"sg":"tryptic peptide","al":["lysozyme tryptic peptide Lys5 GTDVQAWIR"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","1046 Da","reported by Versloot RCA 2022"],["Length","9 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,045 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","6.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.34 nm","ms":"1046 Da","ch":"-0.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"GTDVQAWIR","szm":1.34e-09,"szs":"about 1.34 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3126]},{"id":"heparin-dp10-2-o-desulfated","n":"Heparin dp10, 2-O-desulfated","g":13,"sg":"regioselectively desulfated heparin oligosaccharide","al":["2-O-desulfated heparin dp10"],"ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3127]},{"id":"heparin-dp10-6-o-desulfated","n":"Heparin dp10, 6-O-desulfated","g":13,"sg":"regioselectively desulfated heparin oligosaccharide","al":["6-O-desulfated heparin dp10"],"ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3128]},{"id":"heparin-dp10-n-desulfated","n":"Heparin dp10, N-desulfated","g":13,"sg":"regioselectively desulfated heparin oligosaccharide","al":["N-desulfated heparin dp10"],"ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3129]},{"id":"heparin-dp10-n-desulfated-re-n-acetylated","n":"Heparin dp10, N-desulfated re-N-acetylated","g":13,"sg":"regioselectively desulfated heparin oligosaccharide","al":["N-desulfated re-N-acetylated heparin dp10"],"ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3130]},{"id":"heparin-oligosaccharide-dp10","n":"Heparin oligosaccharide dp10","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide (sulfated)","ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3131]},{"id":"heparin-oligosaccharide-dp16","n":"Heparin oligosaccharide dp16","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide (sulfated)","ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3132]},{"id":"heparin-oligosaccharide-dp20","n":"Heparin oligosaccharide dp20","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide (sulfated)","ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3133]},{"id":"heparin-oligosaccharide-dp4","n":"Heparin oligosaccharide dp4","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide (sulfated)","ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3134]},{"id":"heparin-oligosaccharide-dp6","n":"Heparin oligosaccharide dp6","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide (sulfated)","ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3135]},{"id":"heparosan-oligosaccharide-dp10","n":"Heparosan oligosaccharide dp10","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide (non-sulfated)","ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3136]},{"id":"heparosan-oligosaccharide-dp20","n":"Heparosan oligosaccharide dp20","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide (non-sulfated)","ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3137]},{"id":"heparosan-oligosaccharide-dp6","n":"Heparosan oligosaccharide dp6","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide (non-sulfated)","ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3138]},{"id":"hepatitis-b-virus-capsid-disassembly-intermediates-guhcl","n":"Hepatitis B virus capsid disassembly intermediates (GuHCl)","g":2,"sg":"capsid disassembly intermediate","al":["hepatitis B virus T = 4 capsids disassembling in guanidine hydrochloride"],"ak":"virus-ico","ids":"taxon:10407","r":[3139]},{"id":"holo-myoglobin","n":"Holo-myoglobin","g":11,"sg":"heme protein","ak":"protein","r":[3140]},{"id":"human-abl-kinase-domain","n":"Human Abl kinase domain","g":11,"sg":"protein kinase","al":["Abl kinase domain"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","123 kDa","computed from UniProt P00519, Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 1 to 1130"],["Isoelectric point","8.9","computed from UniProt P00519, Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 1 to 1130, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+19.4 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P00519, Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 1 to 1130, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","1130 amino acids","computed from UniProt P00519, Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 1 to 1130"]],"hs":{"sz":"6.56 nm","ms":"123 kDa","ch":"+19.4 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P00519 (kinase domain)","szm":6.562e-09,"szs":"about 6.56 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3141]},{"id":"human-abl-kinase-domain-g321v","n":"Human Abl kinase domain G321V","g":11,"sg":"protein kinase","al":["inactive Abl kinase mutant G321V"],"ak":"protein","r":[3142]},{"id":"human-bcl-xl","n":"Human Bcl-xL","g":11,"sg":"apoptosis regulator","al":["Bcl-xL (anti-apoptotic protein)","Bcl-xL binding to pore-tethered Bak-BH3 peptide"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","26 kDa","computed from UniProt Q07817, Bcl-2-like protein 1 1 to 233; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"],["Isoelectric point","4.6","computed from UniProt Q07817, Bcl-2-like protein 1 1 to 233; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-10.1 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt Q07817, Bcl-2-like protein 1 1 to 233; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","233 amino acids","computed from UniProt Q07817, Bcl-2-like protein 1 1 to 233; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.91 nm","ms":"26 kDa","ch":"-10.1 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:Q07817","szm":3.913e-09,"szs":"about 3.91 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3143,3144]},{"id":"human-c-reactive-protein-crp","n":"Human C-reactive protein (CRP)","g":11,"sg":"plasma protein","al":["pentameric C-reactive protein","human C-reactive protein (CRP), pentameric"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","125 kDa","reported by Straathof S 2023"],["Mass","23 kDa","computed from UniProt P02741, C-reactive protein 19 to 224; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homopentamer"],["Isoelectric point","5.0","computed from UniProt P02741, C-reactive protein 19 to 224; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homopentamer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-3.6 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P02741, C-reactive protein 19 to 224; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homopentamer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","206 amino acids","computed from UniProt P02741, C-reactive protein 19 to 224; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homopentamer"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.76 nm","ms":"125 kDa","ch":"-3.6 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P02741","szm":3.756e-09,"szs":"about 3.76 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3145,3146]},{"id":"human-haemoglobin-a-hba","n":"Human haemoglobin A (HbA)","g":11,"sg":"haemoglobin variant","al":["adult haemoglobin HbA"],"ak":"multimer","pr":[["Mass","64.5 kDa","reported by Huang G 2022"],["Charge","about -3.74 e at pH 7.5","reported by Huang G 2022"],["Mass","15.1 kDa (Hemoglobin subunit alpha)","computed from UniProt P69905, Hemoglobin subunit alpha 2 to 142; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterotetramer"],["Isoelectric point","9.1 (Hemoglobin subunit alpha)","computed from UniProt P69905, Hemoglobin subunit alpha 2 to 142; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+4.4 e at pH 7.0 (Hemoglobin subunit alpha)","computed from UniProt P69905, Hemoglobin subunit alpha 2 to 142; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","141 amino acids (Hemoglobin subunit alpha)","computed from UniProt P69905, Hemoglobin subunit alpha 2 to 142; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterotetramer"],["Mass","15.9 kDa (Hemoglobin subunit beta)","computed from UniProt P68871, Hemoglobin subunit beta 2 to 147; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterotetramer"],["Isoelectric point","7.3 (Hemoglobin subunit beta)","computed from UniProt P68871, Hemoglobin subunit beta 2 to 147; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+1.1 e at pH 7.0 (Hemoglobin subunit beta)","computed from UniProt P68871, Hemoglobin subunit beta 2 to 147; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","146 amino acids (Hemoglobin subunit beta)","computed from UniProt P68871, Hemoglobin subunit beta 2 to 147; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterotetramer"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.29 nm","ms":"64.5 kDa","ch":"about -3.74 e at pH 7.5"},"ids":"uniprot:P69905; uniprot:P68871","szm":5.294e-09,"szs":"about 5.29 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3147]},{"id":"human-haemoglobin-f-hbf","n":"Human haemoglobin F (HbF)","g":11,"sg":"haemoglobin variant","al":["foetal haemoglobin HbF"],"ak":"multimer","r":[3148]},{"id":"human-haemoglobin-s-hbs-beta-e6v","n":"Human haemoglobin S (HbS, beta E6V)","g":11,"sg":"haemoglobin variant","al":["sickle cell haemoglobin HbS (beta E6V)"],"ak":"multimer","pr":[["Mass","64.5 kDa","reported by Huang G 2022"],["Charge","about -1.74 e at pH 7.5","reported by Huang G 2022"],["Mass","15.1 kDa (Hemoglobin subunit alpha)","computed from UniProt P69905, Hemoglobin subunit alpha 2 to 142; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterotetramer"],["Isoelectric point","9.1 (Hemoglobin subunit alpha)","computed from UniProt P69905, Hemoglobin subunit alpha 2 to 142; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+4.4 e at pH 7.0 (Hemoglobin subunit alpha)","computed from UniProt P69905, Hemoglobin subunit alpha 2 to 142; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","141 amino acids (Hemoglobin subunit alpha)","computed from UniProt P69905, Hemoglobin subunit alpha 2 to 142; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterotetramer"],["Mass","15.8 kDa (Hemoglobin subunit beta)","computed from UniProt P68871, Hemoglobin subunit beta 2 to 147, with E6V; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterotetramer"],["Isoelectric point","7.8 (Hemoglobin subunit beta)","computed from UniProt P68871, Hemoglobin subunit beta 2 to 147, with E6V; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+2.1 e at pH 7.0 (Hemoglobin subunit beta)","computed from UniProt P68871, Hemoglobin subunit beta 2 to 147, with E6V; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterotetramer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","146 amino acids (Hemoglobin subunit beta)","computed from UniProt P68871, Hemoglobin subunit beta 2 to 147, with E6V; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterotetramer"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.29 nm","ms":"64.5 kDa","ch":"about -1.74 e at pH 7.5"},"ids":"uniprot:P69905; uniprot:P68871 (E6V)","szm":5.294e-09,"szs":"about 5.29 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3149]},{"id":"human-wdr5","n":"Human WDR5","g":11,"sg":"WD40 repeat protein hub","al":["WD40 repeat protein 5 (WDR5)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","36.5 kDa","computed from UniProt P61964, WD repeat-containing protein 5 2 to 334"],["Isoelectric point","8.4","computed from UniProt P61964, WD repeat-containing protein 5 2 to 334, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+6.6 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P61964, WD repeat-containing protein 5 2 to 334, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","333 amino acids","computed from UniProt P61964, WD repeat-containing protein 5 2 to 334"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.38 nm","ms":"36.5 kDa","ch":"+6.6 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P61964","szm":4.377e-09,"szs":"about 4.38 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3150]},{"id":"human-wdr5-weak-binding-mutant-mayse-2022","n":"Human WDR5 weak-binding mutant (Mayse 2022)","g":11,"sg":"WD40 repeat protein hub","al":["weakly binding WDR5 derivative"],"ak":"protein","r":[3151]},{"id":"iditol","n":"Iditol","g":13,"sg":"alditol (sugar alcohol)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","182.17 g/mol","PubChem CID 5460044"],["Formula","C6H14O6","PubChem CID 5460044"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5460044, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"182.17 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5460044","szm":7.483e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3152]},{"id":"immune-complex-extracellular-vesicles-captured-on-antibody-c","n":"Immune complex: extracellular vesicles captured on antibody-coated beads","g":4,"sg":"antibody-bead immune complex","al":["EVs specifically bound to antibody-coated colloids"],"ak":"bead","r":[3153]},{"id":"imp-inosine-5-monophosphate","n":"IMP (inosine 5'-monophosphate)","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleoside monophosphate","al":["inosine monophosphate (IMP)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","348.21 g/mol","PubChem CID 135398640"],["Formula","C10H13N4O8P","PubChem CID 135398640"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 135398640, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.93 nm","ms":"348.21 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:135398640","szm":9.287e-10,"szs":"about 0.93 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3154]},{"id":"influenza-a-virus-h1n1-at-a-sialyllactose-modified-pore","n":"Influenza A virus (H1N1) at a sialyllactose-modified pore","g":2,"sg":"virus-ligand interaction at a pore surface","al":["human influenza A virus (H1N1 subtype) at a sialyllactose-modified pore"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Isoelectric point","4.0 to 4.5 for influenza A H1N1 (electrophoretic mobility in NaCl at ionic strength 0.2 to 10 mM)","Heffron J, Mayer BK 2021, Appl Environ Microbiol 87, doi:10.1128/AEM.02319-20"],["Other","strain not named in the table; data of Molodkina et al. 1986 tabulated in Heffron and Mayer 2021, Table 2","Heffron J, Mayer BK 2021, Appl Environ Microbiol 87, doi:10.1128/AEM.02319-20"]],"hs":{"ch":"pI 4.0 to 4.5 for influenza A H1N1 (electrophoretic mobility in NaCl at ionic strength 0.2 to 10 mM)"},"ids":"taxon:11320","r":[3155]},{"id":"influenza-virus-like-particle-insect-cell-produced","n":"Influenza virus-like particle (insect-cell produced)","g":2,"sg":"virus-like particle (vaccine candidate)","al":["influenza virus-like particles (monovalent and pentavalent, H1 and H3)"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","90 to 115 nm (NTA) and 129 to 141 nm (TRPS)","Carvalho SB, Silva RJS, Sousa MFQ, Peixoto C, Roldao A, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM 2022, Front Bioeng Biotechnol 10, doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.805176"],["Zeta potential","average -20.4 mV (measured by TRPS at the process pH)","Carvalho SB, Silva RJS, Sousa MFQ, Peixoto C, Roldao A, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM 2022, Front Bioeng Biotechnol 10, doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.805176"],["Other","pleomorphic particles with hemagglutinin spikes on an M1 scaffold; values from the resistive pulse paper itself","Carvalho SB, Silva RJS, Sousa MFQ, Peixoto C, Roldao A, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM 2022, Front Bioeng Biotechnol 10, doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.805176"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 to 115 nm (NTA) and 129 to 141 nm (TRPS)","ch":"zeta average -20.4 mV (measured by TRPS at the process pH)"},"ids":"taxon:11320","szm":1.41e-07,"szs":"141 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3156]},{"id":"kanamycin","n":"Kanamycin","g":15,"sg":"aminoglycoside antibiotic","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","484.5 g/mol","PubChem CID 6032"],["Formula","C18H36N4O11","PubChem CID 6032"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6032, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.04 nm","ms":"484.5 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6032","szm":1.037e-09,"szs":"about 1.04 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3157]},{"id":"l-rhamnose","n":"L-rhamnose","g":13,"sg":"monosaccharide","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","164.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 25310"],["Formula","C6H12O5","PubChem CID 25310"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 25310, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.72 nm","ms":"164.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:25310","szm":7.228e-10,"szs":"about 0.72 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3158]},{"id":"l-sorbitol-l-glucitol","n":"L-sorbitol (L-glucitol)","g":13,"sg":"alditol (sugar alcohol)","al":["gulitol (L-sorbitol)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","182.17 g/mol","PubChem CID 82170"],["Formula","C6H14O6","PubChem CID 82170"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 82170, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"182.17 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:82170","szm":7.483e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3159]},{"id":"l-sorbose","n":"L-sorbose","g":13,"sg":"monosaccharide","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","180.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 439192"],["Formula","C6H12O6","PubChem CID 439192"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 439192, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"180.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:439192","szm":7.455e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3160]},{"id":"lambda-repressor-fragment-6-85-mutant-haa","n":"Lambda-repressor fragment 6-85 mutant HAA","g":11,"sg":"engineered fast-folding protein","al":["lambda-repressor mutant lambdaHAA"],"ak":"protein","r":[3161]},{"id":"lambda-repressor-fragment-6-85-mutant-n27c","n":"Lambda-repressor fragment 6-85 mutant N27C","g":11,"sg":"engineered fast-folding protein","al":["lambda-repressor mutant lambda N27C"],"ak":"protein","r":[3162]},{"id":"lambda-repressor-fragment-6-85-mutant-sa49g","n":"Lambda-repressor fragment 6-85 mutant sA49G","g":11,"sg":"engineered fast-folding protein","al":["lambda-repressor mutant lambda sA49G"],"ak":"protein","r":[3163]},{"id":"lepiildrk-ef-p-60-68","n":"LEPIILDRK (EF-P 60-68)","g":12,"sg":"protein digest peptide","al":["EF-P Lys-C peptide [2] LEPIILDRK"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","1096.7 Da","reported by Versloot RCA 2022"],["Length","9 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,096 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","6.5","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.36 nm","ms":"1096.7 Da","ch":"-0.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"LEPIILDRK","szm":1.361e-09,"szs":"about 1.36 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3164]},{"id":"listeria-monocytogenes","n":"Listeria monocytogenes","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-positive rod)","al":["Listeria monocytogenes CICC 21635"],"ak":"rod","ax":"gp","pr":[["Size","cell length 1.6 to 2.5 um","Rafelski SM, Theriot JA 2005, Biophys J 89:2146-2158, PMID 15980176 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","rod; BioNumbers BNID 106824","Rafelski SM, Theriot JA 2005, Biophys J 89:2146-2158, PMID 15980176 (via BioNumbers)"],["Zeta potential","-49.74 mV (untreated cells, before exposure to 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid)","Liu Y, Shi C, Zhang G, Zhan H, Liu B, Li C, Wang L, Wang H, et al. 2021, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 572:145-150, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.096"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell length 1.6 to 2.5 um","ch":"zeta -49.74 mV (untreated cells, before exposure to 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid)"},"ids":"taxon:1639","szm":2.5e-06,"szs":"2.5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3165]},{"id":"mannitol","n":"Mannitol","g":13,"sg":"alditol (sugar alcohol)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","182.17 g/mol","PubChem CID 6251"],["Formula","C6H14O6","PubChem CID 6251"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6251, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"182.17 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6251","szm":7.483e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3166]},{"id":"microplastics-from-pearl-farming-gear-cryo-ground-french-pol","n":"Microplastics from pearl-farming gear (cryo-ground, French Polynesia)","g":14,"sg":"microplastic","al":["Microplastics produced by cryogenic grinding and liquid sieving of plastic pearl-farming equipment from French Polynesian lagoons (target 20 to 60 um)"],"ak":"shard","pr":[["Size","20 to 60 um target fraction (about 17,000 to 28,000 MP per ug) but many smaller particles: 53 to 70% of counted particles near the 2 um Coulter cut-off; laser diffraction showed 80 to 90% below 1 um","reported by Gardon T 2022"]],"hs":{"sz":"20 to 60 um target fraction (about 17,000 to 28,000 MP per ug) but many smaller particles: 53 to 70% of counted particles near the 2 um Coulter cut-off; laser diffraction showed 80 to 90% below 1 um"},"szm":6e-05,"szs":"60 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3167]},{"id":"mirna-hsa-mir-30e","n":"miRNA hsa-miR-30e","g":8,"sg":"microRNA","al":["miR-30e (counted as its RCA product)"],"ak":"ssrna","r":[3168]},{"id":"mixtures-tryptic-digests-of-three-proteins-afshar-bakshloo-2","n":"Mixtures tryptic digests of three proteins (Afshar Bakshloo 2022)","g":12,"sg":"tryptic digest peptide mixture","al":["tryptic polypeptide fragments of three water-soluble proteins"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3169]},{"id":"molnupiravir","n":"Molnupiravir","g":15,"sg":"nucleoside analogue drug","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","329.31 g/mol","PubChem CID 145996610"],["Formula","C13H19N3O7","PubChem CID 145996610"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 145996610, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.91 nm","ms":"329.31 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:145996610","szm":9.115e-10,"szs":"about 0.91 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3170]},{"id":"monodisperse-microfluidic-microbubbles-ultrasound-contrast","n":"Monodisperse microfluidic microbubbles (ultrasound contrast)","g":6,"sg":"ultrasound contrast agent","al":["Monodisperse microbubbles made with a commercial microfluidic device (Solstice Pharmaceuticals)"],"ak":"bubble","r":[3171]},{"id":"n-acetyl-d-galactosamine","n":"N-acetyl-D-galactosamine","g":13,"sg":"monosaccharide","al":["N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","221.21 g/mol","PubChem CID 35717"],["Formula","C8H15NO6","PubChem CID 35717"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 35717, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.8 nm","ms":"221.21 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:35717","szm":7.983e-10,"szs":"about 0.8 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3172,3173]},{"id":"n6-methyladenosine-5-monophosphate","n":"N6-methyladenosine 5'-monophosphate","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleoside monophosphate","al":["N6-methyladenosine monophosphate (m6AMP)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","359.23 g/mol","PubChem CID 139036274"],["Formula","C11H14N5O7P-2","PubChem CID 139036274"],["Formal charge","-2","PubChem CID 139036274, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.94 nm","ms":"359.23 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:139036274","szm":9.383e-10,"szs":"about 0.94 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3174]},{"id":"nlltgagtetvfk-ef-p-43-55","n":"NLLTGAGTETVFK (EF-P 43-55)","g":12,"sg":"protein digest peptide","al":["EF-P Lys-C peptide [1] NLLTGAGTETVFK"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","1350.7 Da","reported by Versloot RCA 2022"],["Length","13 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,351 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","6.4","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.46 nm","ms":"1350.7 Da","ch":"-0.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"NLLTGAGTETVFK","szm":1.459e-09,"szs":"about 1.46 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3175]},{"id":"nucleosome-with-ubiquitinated-h2a-ubh2a","n":"Nucleosome with ubiquitinated H2A (ubH2A)","g":10,"sg":"nucleosome","al":["mononucleosome containing ubiquitinated histone H2A (ubH2A)"],"ak":"nucleosome","r":[3176]},{"id":"nucleosome-with-ubiquitinated-h2b-ubh2b","n":"Nucleosome with ubiquitinated H2B (ubH2B)","g":10,"sg":"nucleosome","al":["mononucleosome containing ubiquitinated histone H2B (ubH2B)"],"ak":"nucleosome","r":[3177]},{"id":"ochratoxin-a","n":"Ochratoxin A","g":15,"sg":"mycotoxin","al":["ochratoxin A (OTA)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","403.8 g/mol","PubChem CID 442530"],["Formula","C20H18ClNO6","PubChem CID 442530"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 442530, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.98 nm","ms":"403.8 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:442530","szm":9.757e-10,"szs":"about 0.98 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3178,3179]},{"id":"peo-b-pss-diblock-copolymer","n":"PEO-b-PSS diblock copolymer","g":14,"sg":"anionic diblock polyelectrolyte","al":["PEO-b-PSS (poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(styrenesulfonate))"],"ak":"polymer","r":[3180,3181]},{"id":"peo-b-pvbtma-diblock-copolymer","n":"PEO-b-PVBTMA diblock copolymer","g":14,"sg":"cationic diblock polyelectrolyte","al":["PEO-b-PVBTMA (poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(vinylbenzyl trimethylammonium))"],"ak":"polymer","r":[3182,3183]},{"id":"perfluorooctanoic-acid-pfoa","n":"Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)","g":15,"sg":"per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (C8)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","414.07 g/mol","PubChem CID 9554"],["Formula","C8HF15O2","PubChem CID 9554"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 9554, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.98 nm","ms":"414.07 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:9554","szm":9.839e-10,"szs":"about 0.98 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3184,3185]},{"id":"picochlorum-sp","n":"Picochlorum sp.","g":1,"sg":"green alga (picoplankton)","al":["Picochlorum sp. BPE23"],"ak":"alga","pr":[["Size","cell size 3 to 4 um; average cell volume rose from 10.6 to 13.76 um3 during the first 8 h of the light period","Barten R, Kleisman M, D'Ermo G, Nijveen H, Wijffels RH, Barbosa MJ 2022, Sci Rep 12, doi:10.1038/s41598-022-06954-6 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell size 3 to 4 um; average cell volume rose from 10.6 to 13.76 um3 during the first 8 h of the light period"},"szm":4e-06,"szs":"4 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3186]},{"id":"plant-exosome-like-nanovesicles-apple","n":"Plant exosome-like nanovesicles (apple)","g":3,"sg":"plant extracellular vesicles","al":["apple-derived nanovesicles (ADNVs)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3187]},{"id":"plant-exosome-like-nanovesicles-lemon","n":"Plant exosome-like nanovesicles (lemon)","g":3,"sg":"plant extracellular vesicles","al":["Citrus limon L.-derived nanovesicles"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3188]},{"id":"plasmodium-falciparum","n":"Plasmodium falciparum","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (apicomplexan, intraerythrocytic stage)","al":["Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites (saponin-isolated)"],"ak":"parasite","pr":[["Size","ring forms about 1/5 of the red cell diameter; gametocytes about 1.5 red cell diameters long; mature schizonts fill about 2/3 of the infected red cell (no micrometer values given)","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Malaria page, last reviewed December 13, 2024"],["Other","infected red cells usually not enlarged","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Malaria page, last reviewed December 13, 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"ring forms about 1/5 of the red cell diameter; gametocytes about 1.5 red cell diameters long; mature schizonts fill about 2/3 of the infected red cell (no micrometer values given)"},"ids":"taxon:5833","r":[3189,3190]},{"id":"pollen-solanum-elaeagnifolium","n":"Pollen, Solanum elaeagnifolium","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["Solanum elaeagnifolium pollen"],"ak":"pollen","pr":[["Size","viable pollen grains averaged about 24 to 25 um across the studied Solanum species; particles of 15 to 30 um were analysed","Vallejo-Marin M, Pereira Nunes CE, Russell AL 2022, Evolution 76:931-945, doi:10.1111/evo.14485 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"],["Other","value given for the studied species together","Vallejo-Marin M, Pereira Nunes CE, Russell AL 2022, Evolution 76:931-945, doi:10.1111/evo.14485 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"viable pollen grains averaged about 24 to 25 um across the studied Solanum species; particles of 15 to 30 um were analysed"},"ids":"taxon:115664","szm":3e-05,"szs":"30 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3191]},{"id":"pollen-solanum-sisymbriifolium","n":"Pollen, Solanum sisymbriifolium","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["Solanum sisymbriifolium pollen"],"ak":"pollen","pr":[["Size","viable pollen grains averaged about 24 to 25 um across the studied Solanum species; particles of 15 to 30 um were analysed","Vallejo-Marin M, Pereira Nunes CE, Russell AL 2022, Evolution 76:931-945, doi:10.1111/evo.14485 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"],["Other","value given for the studied species together","Vallejo-Marin M, Pereira Nunes CE, Russell AL 2022, Evolution 76:931-945, doi:10.1111/evo.14485 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"viable pollen grains averaged about 24 to 25 um across the studied Solanum species; particles of 15 to 30 um were analysed"},"ids":"taxon:205582","szm":3e-05,"szs":"30 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3192]},{"id":"pollen-vicia-faba-faba-bean","n":"Pollen, Vicia faba (faba bean)","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["faba bean pollen (Vicia faba)"],"ak":"pollen","pr":[["Size","mean pollen size 26.9 +/- 0.3 um across recombinant inbred lines (20.0 to 32.6 um); parents 22.4 +/- 0.5 um and 30.1 +/- 0.4 um; normal pollen peak 27 to 38 um","Aguilar-Benitez D, Casimiro-Soriguer I, Ferrandiz C, Torres AM 2022, BMC Plant Biol 22, doi:10.1186/s12870-022-03499-8 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"mean pollen size 26.9 +/- 0.3 um across recombinant inbred lines (20.0 to 32.6 um); parents 22.4 +/- 0.5 um and 30.1 +/- 0.4 um; normal pollen peak 27 to 38 um"},"ids":"taxon:3906","szm":3.8e-05,"szs":"38 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3193]},{"id":"polyethylene-and-polypropylene-microplastics-beach-collected","n":"Polyethylene and polypropylene microplastics (beach-collected, cryo-milled)","g":14,"sg":"microplastic","al":["Small microplastics (<125 um) cryo-milled from a polyethylene bottle and two polypropylene buckets collected on the Norwegian coast"],"ak":"shard","pr":[["Size","average 38.52 um (range 18.78 to 65.26 um)","reported by Monclus L 2022"]],"hs":{"sz":"average 38.52 um (range 18.78 to 65.26 um)"},"szm":6.526e-05,"szs":"65.3 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3194]},{"id":"polymer-spion-self-assembled-nanoparticles","n":"Polymer-SPION self-assembled nanoparticles","g":4,"sg":"magnetic polymer nanoparticle","al":["self-assembled polymer-SPION nanoparticles"],"ak":"bead","r":[3195]},{"id":"pseudouridine-5-monophosphate","n":"Pseudouridine 5'-monophosphate","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleoside monophosphate","al":["pseudouridine monophosphate"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","324.18 g/mol","PubChem CID 439424"],["Formula","C9H13N2O9P","PubChem CID 439424"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 439424, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.91 nm","ms":"324.18 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:439424","szm":9.068e-10,"szs":"about 0.91 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3196]},{"id":"ribitol-adonitol","n":"Ribitol (adonitol)","g":13,"sg":"alditol (sugar alcohol)","al":["adonitol (ribitol)"],"ak":"mol","r":[3197]},{"id":"rice-husk-ash-powder","n":"Rice husk ash powder","g":6,"sg":"ashes and agricultural residues","al":["Rice husk ash (RHA) powder, ball milled"],"ak":"grain","ax":"dark","pr":[["Size","average particle size 4.81 um","reported by Khan AH 2022"],["Other","more than 93% silica by EDS","reported by Khan AH 2022"]],"hs":{"sz":"average particle size 4.81 um"},"szm":4.81e-06,"szs":"4.81 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3198]},{"id":"rna-chikungunya-virus-genome-fragment-1-987-nt","n":"RNA chikungunya virus genome fragment 1,987 nt","g":8,"sg":"viral RNA fragment","al":["chikungunya virus 1,987 nt RNA fragment (natively refolded and co-transcriptionally folded)"],"ak":"rna-long","pr":[["Size","1,987 nt","reported by Chau C 2022"],["Mass","about 636 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -1,987 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"1,987 nt","ms":"about 636 kDa","ch":"about -1,987 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.192e-06,"szs":"about 1.19 µm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3199]},{"id":"rna-fiber-kissing-loop-assembled","n":"RNA fiber (kissing-loop assembled)","g":10,"sg":"RNA nanostructure","al":["RNA fibers assembled through HIV-like kissing-loop interactions"],"ak":"origami","r":[3200]},{"id":"rna-transcript-isoforms-as-rna-identifiers-artemis-circular","n":"RNA transcript isoforms as RNA identifiers (ARTEMIS; circular vs linear)","g":8,"sg":"mRNA isoform","al":["RNA transcript isoforms refolded into RNA identifiers carrying structural colours (circular and linear isoforms)"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[3201]},{"id":"rna-with-inosine-a-to-i-edited-transcripts","n":"RNA with inosine (A-to-I edited transcripts)","g":8,"sg":"modified RNA","al":["inosine (A-to-I edited sites) in human, mouse and Xenopus native transcriptomes"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[3202]},{"id":"sars-cov-2-spike-glycoprotein","n":"SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein","g":11,"sg":"viral glycoprotein","al":["SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SDS-denatured)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","140 kDa","computed from UniProt P0DTC2, Spike glycoprotein 14 to 1273; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotrimer"],["Isoelectric point","6.6","computed from UniProt P0DTC2, Spike glycoprotein 14 to 1273; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotrimer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-4.1 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P0DTC2, Spike glycoprotein 14 to 1273; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotrimer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","1260 amino acids","computed from UniProt P0DTC2, Spike glycoprotein 14 to 1273; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homotrimer"]],"hs":{"sz":"6.85 nm","ms":"140 kDa","ch":"-4.1 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P0DTC2","szm":6.85e-09,"szs":"about 6.85 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3203]},{"id":"sars-cov-2-virions-aptamer-selected-from-saliva","n":"SARS-CoV-2 virions, aptamer-selected from saliva","g":2,"sg":"coronavirus (enveloped, spiked)","al":["SARS-CoV-2 virions affinity-selected from saliva","SARS-CoV-2 viral particles affinity-selected from saliva"],"ak":"virus-corona","pr":[["Size","virion diameter about 120 nm (enveloped, spherical)","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Betacoronavirus factsheet"],["Other","genus-level value: ViralZone Betacoronavirus factsheet","ViralZone (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Betacoronavirus factsheet"]],"hs":{"sz":"virion diameter about 120 nm (enveloped, spherical)"},"ids":"taxon:2697049","szm":1.2e-07,"szs":"120 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3204,3205]},{"id":"sars-cov-2-virus-like-particle","n":"SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particle","g":2,"sg":"virus-like particle (vaccine candidate)","al":["SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles (S, E, M and N proteins)"],"ak":"virus-corona","ids":"taxon:2697049","r":[3206]},{"id":"scenedesmus-rubescens","n":"Scenedesmus rubescens","g":1,"sg":"green alga","al":["Scenedesmus rubescens SAG 5.95"],"ak":"alga","pr":[["Size","cells 2 to 12 um in diameter; mean diameter rose from about 4.0 to 5.6 um during cultivation","Sandmann M, Munzberg M, Bressel L, Reich O, Hass R 2022, BMC Res Notes 15, doi:10.1186/s13104-022-05943-2 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cells 2 to 12 um in diameter; mean diameter rose from about 4.0 to 5.6 um during cultivation"},"szm":1.2e-05,"szs":"12 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3207]},{"id":"scrambled-amyloid-beta-1-42","n":"Scrambled amyloid-beta(1-42)","g":12,"sg":"scrambled control peptide","al":["scrambled amyloid beta 42 (SAbeta1-42)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","42 amino acids","reported by Liu X 2022"],["Mass","4,514 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","5.4","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-2.3 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"42 amino acids","ms":"4,514 Da","ch":"-2.3 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"AIAEGDSHVLKEGAYMEIFDVQGHVFGGKIFRVVDLGSHNVA","szm":2.182e-09,"szs":"about 2.18 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3208]},{"id":"series-histone-h4-acetyl-lysine-positional-isomers-ensslen-2","n":"Series histone H4 acetyl-lysine positional isomers (Ensslen 2022)","g":12,"sg":"histone H4 PTM positional isomer","al":["human histone H4-derived peptides of identical mass with acetyl-lysine at different positions"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3209]},{"id":"series-histone-h4-methyl-lysine-positional-isomers-ensslen-2","n":"Series histone H4 methyl-lysine positional isomers (Ensslen 2022)","g":12,"sg":"histone H4 PTM positional isomer","al":["human histone H4-derived peptides of identical mass with methyl-lysine at different positions"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3210]},{"id":"sgr-rha-naavvk-rhamnosylated-ef-p-30-38","n":"SGR(Rha)NAAVVK rhamnosylated (EF-P 30-38)","g":12,"sg":"glycopeptide","al":["EF-P Lys-C peptide [3m] rhamnosylated at Arg32"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","1047.5 Da","reported by Versloot RCA 2022"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.34 nm","ms":"1047.5 Da"},"seq":"SGR{Rha}NAAVVK","szm":1.341e-09,"szs":"about 1.34 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3211]},{"id":"sgrnaavvk-ef-p-30-38","n":"SGRNAAVVK (EF-P 30-38)","g":12,"sg":"protein digest peptide","al":["EF-P Lys-C peptide [3] SGRNAAVVK"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","901.5 Da","reported by Versloot RCA 2022"],["Length","9 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","901.0 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","11.7","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+2.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.27 nm","ms":"901.5 Da","ch":"+2.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"SGRNAAVVK","szm":1.275e-09,"szs":"about 1.27 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3212]},{"id":"split-g-quadruplex-assembly-with-influenza-a-h1n1-target-seq","n":"Split G-quadruplex assembly with influenza A H1N1 target sequence (DNA carrier)","g":10,"sg":"DNA carrier with probe assembly","al":["influenza A H1N1 target sequence assembled into split G-quadruplex"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[3213]},{"id":"split-g-quadruplex-assembly-with-influenza-a-h5n1-target-seq","n":"Split G-quadruplex assembly with influenza A H5N1 target sequence (DNA carrier)","g":10,"sg":"DNA carrier with probe assembly","al":["influenza A H5N1 target sequence assembled into split G-quadruplex"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[3214]},{"id":"split-g-quadruplex-assembly-with-sars-cov-2-target-sequence","n":"Split G-quadruplex assembly with SARS-CoV-2 target sequence (DNA carrier)","g":10,"sg":"DNA carrier with probe assembly","al":["SARS-CoV-2 genome target sequences assembled into split G-quadruplexes on a DNA carrier"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[3215]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-12-5hmdc-act-dt-24-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)12-(5hmdC)ACT-(dT)24-3' + streptavidin","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["heterotetramer 2ACT (B2 = 5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine in ACT context)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Tabatabaei SK 2022"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"(dT)12-(5hmdC)ACT-(dT)24","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3216]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-12-a-5hmdc-ct-dt-24-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)12-A(5hmdC)CT-(dT)24-3' + streptavidin","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["heterotetramer A2CT (B2 = 5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine in ACT context)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Tabatabaei SK 2022"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"(dT)12-A(5hmdC)CT-(dT)24","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3217]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-12-ac-5hmdc-t-dt-24-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)12-AC(5hmdC)T-(dT)24-3' + streptavidin","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["heterotetramer AC2T (B2 = 5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine in ACT context)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Tabatabaei SK 2022"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"(dT)12-AC(5hmdC)T-(dT)24","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3218]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-12-act-5hmdc-dt-24-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)12-ACT(5hmdC)-(dT)24-3' + streptavidin","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["heterotetramer ACT2 (B2 = 5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine in ACT context)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Tabatabaei SK 2022"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"(dT)12-ACT(5hmdC)-(dT)24","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3219]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-12-1-2-dideoxyribose-abasic-4-dt-24-3-stre","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)12[1,2-dideoxyribose (abasic)]4(dT)24-3' + streptavidin","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["5'-biotin-(dT)12-[B7]4-(dT)24-3' with 1,2-dideoxyribose (abasic) homotetramer"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Tabatabaei SK 2022"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"(dT)12-(1,2-dideoxyribose (abasic))4-(dT)24","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3220]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-12-2-6-diaminopurine-2-deoxyriboside-4-dt","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)12[2,6-diaminopurine 2'-deoxyriboside]4(dT)24-3' + streptavidin","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["5'-biotin-(dT)12-[B1]4-(dT)24-3' with 2,6-diaminopurine 2'-deoxyriboside homotetramer"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Tabatabaei SK 2022"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"(dT)12-(2,6-diaminopurine 2'-deoxyriboside)4-(dT)24","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3221]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-12-5-hydroxybutynl-2-deoxyuridine-4-dt-24","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)12[5-hydroxybutynl-2'-deoxyuridine]4(dT)24-3' + streptavidin","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["5'-biotin-(dT)12-[B3]4-(dT)24-3' with 5-hydroxybutynl-2'-deoxyuridine homotetramer"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Tabatabaei SK 2022"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"(dT)12-(5-hydroxybutynl-2'-deoxyuridine)4-(dT)24","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3222]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-12-5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine-4-dt-24-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)12[5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine]4(dT)24-3' + streptavidin","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["5'-biotin-(dT)12-[B2]4-(dT)24-3' with 5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine homotetramer"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Tabatabaei SK 2022"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"(dT)12-(5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine)4-(dT)24","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3223]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-12-5-nitroindole-2-deoxyriboside-4-dt-24-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)12[5-nitroindole-2'-deoxyriboside]4(dT)24-3' + streptavidin","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["5'-biotin-(dT)12-[B4]4-(dT)24-3' with 5-nitroindole-2'-deoxyriboside homotetramer"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Tabatabaei SK 2022"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"(dT)12-(5-nitroindole-2'-deoxyriboside)4-(dT)24","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3224]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-12-5-octadiynyldeoxyuridine-4-dt-24-3-stre","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)12[5-octadiynyldeoxyuridine]4(dT)24-3' + streptavidin","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["5'-biotin-(dT)12-[B6]4-(dT)24-3' with 5-octadiynyldeoxyuridine homotetramer"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Tabatabaei SK 2022"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"(dT)12-(5-octadiynyldeoxyuridine)4-(dT)24","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3225]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-12-deoxyuridine-4-dt-24-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)12[deoxyuridine]4(dT)24-3' + streptavidin","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["5'-biotin-(dT)12-[B5]4-(dT)24-3' with deoxyuridine homotetramer"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Tabatabaei SK 2022"],["Mass","about 12.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -40 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"about 12.8 kDa","ch":"about -40 e at pH 7"},"seq":"(dT)12-(deoxyuridine)4-(dT)24","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3226]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-12aaaa-dt-24-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)12AAAA(dT)24-3' + streptavidin","g":7,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["5'-biotin-(dT)12-AAAA-(dT)24-3' (streptavidin-anchored)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Tabatabaei SK 2022"],["Mass","12.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"12.1 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTTTTTTTTTTTAAAATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3227]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-12cccc-dt-24-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)12CCCC(dT)24-3' + streptavidin","g":7,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["5'-biotin-(dT)12-CCCC-(dT)24-3' (streptavidin-anchored)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Tabatabaei SK 2022"],["Mass","12 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"12 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3228]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-12gggg-dt-24-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)12GGGG(dT)24-3' + streptavidin","g":7,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["5'-biotin-(dT)12-GGGG-(dT)24-3' (streptavidin-anchored)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Tabatabaei SK 2022"],["Mass","12.2 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"12.2 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTTTTTTTTTTTGGGGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3229]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-12tttt-dt-24-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)12TTTT(dT)24-3' + streptavidin","g":7,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["5'-biotin-(dT)12-TTTT-(dT)24-3' (streptavidin-anchored)"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","40 nt","reported by Tabatabaei SK 2022"],["Mass","12.1 kDa","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -39 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 nt","ms":"12.1 kDa","ch":"about -39 e at pH 7"},"seq":"TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT","szm":2.4e-08,"szs":"about 24 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3230]},{"id":"ssdna-analogues-of-mirna-sequences-yang-2022-dna-nanopore","n":"ssDNA analogues of miRNA sequences (Yang 2022 DNA nanopore)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["DNA analogues of miRNA sequences (short oligonucleotides)"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[3231]},{"id":"ssdna-kanamycin-aptamer-shi-2022","n":"ssDNA kanamycin aptamer (Shi 2022)","g":7,"sg":"DNA aptamer hairpin","al":["native kanamycin aptamer (hairpin without added tail)"],"ak":"hairpin","r":[3232]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-da-6","n":"ssDNA poly(dA)6","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","6 nt","reported by Xing XL 2022"],["Mass","1,817 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -5 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"6 nt","ms":"1,817 Da","ch":"about -5 e at pH 7"},"seq":"AAAAAA","szm":3.6e-09,"szs":"about 3.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3233]},{"id":"ssdna-probe-released-from-ochratoxin-a-aptamer-li-2022","n":"ssDNA probe released from ochratoxin A aptamer (Li 2022)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA reporter","al":["probe ssDNA released from immobilized OTA aptamer"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[3234]},{"id":"ssdna-released-from-dnazyme-cleaved-hairpin-substrate-tian-2","n":"ssDNA released from DNAzyme-cleaved hairpin substrate (Tian 2022)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA reporter","al":["ssDNA product released from hairpin substrate by Zn2+-DNAzyme walker cleavage at rA"],"ak":"hairpin","r":[3235]},{"id":"ssdna-sars-cov-2-30-mer-target-aunp-sandwich-zhang-2022","n":"ssDNA SARS-CoV-2 30-mer target (AuNP sandwich, Zhang 2022)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-nanoparticle sandwich","al":["30-mer ssDNA from the SARS-CoV-2 sequence, sandwiched by a gold-nanoparticle probe and a free probe"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","30 nt","reported by Zhang Y 2022"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt"},"seq":"GGGGTGCATTTCGCTGATTTTGGGGTCCAT","r":[3236]},{"id":"ssdna-with-hexacyclen-modified-nucleobase-streptavidin-immob","n":"ssDNA with hexacyclen-modified nucleobase, streptavidin-immobilized (Hu 2022)","g":7,"sg":"chemically modified ssDNA immobilized","al":["hexacyclen-modified ssDNA immobilized by biotin-streptavidin"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[3237]},{"id":"starch-granules-brachypodium-distachyon-seed","n":"Starch granules (Brachypodium distachyon seed)","g":6,"sg":"starch granules","al":["Starch granules from mature seeds of Brachypodium distachyon (wild type and ptst2 mutant with compound granules)"],"ak":"starch","pr":[["Size","lower limit of resolution 0.6 um; Bdptst2 seeds had a higher proportion of small granules","reported by Watson-Lazowski A 2022"]],"hs":{"sz":"lower limit of resolution 0.6 um; Bdptst2 seeds had a higher proportion of small granules"},"ids":"taxon:15368","szm":6e-07,"szs":"600 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3238]},{"id":"streptomyces-venezuelae","n":"Streptomyces venezuelae","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (actinomycete spores)","al":["Streptomyces venezuelae spores"],"ak":"spore","pr":[["Size","hyphal compartments about 20 to 30 um long (average spacing of cross-walls in wild type)","Bush MJ, Gallagher KA, Chandra G, Findlay KC, Schlimpert S 2022, Nat Commun 13, doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27638-1 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"],["Other","filamentous; size given is compartment length","Bush MJ, Gallagher KA, Chandra G, Findlay KC, Schlimpert S 2022, Nat Commun 13, doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27638-1 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"hyphal compartments about 20 to 30 um long (average spacing of cross-walls in wild type)"},"ids":"taxon:54571","szm":3e-05,"szs":"30 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3239]},{"id":"talitol","n":"Talitol","g":13,"sg":"alditol (sugar alcohol)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","182.17 g/mol","PubChem CID 151263"],["Formula","C6H14O6","PubChem CID 151263"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 151263, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"182.17 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:151263","szm":7.483e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3240]},{"id":"tau-segment-huo-2022-monoacetylated","n":"Tau segment (Huo 2022), monoacetylated","g":12,"sg":"tau peptide PTM variant","al":["tau segment peptide, monoacetylated (Pep-Ac)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3241]},{"id":"tau-segment-huo-2022-monophosphorylated","n":"Tau segment (Huo 2022), monophosphorylated","g":12,"sg":"tau peptide PTM variant","al":["tau segment peptide, monophosphorylated (Pep-P)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3242]},{"id":"tau-segment-huo-2022-phosphorylated-and-acetylated","n":"Tau segment (Huo 2022), phosphorylated and acetylated","g":12,"sg":"tau peptide PTM variant","al":["tau segment peptide, phosphorylated and acetylated (Pep-P-Ac)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3243]},{"id":"tau-segment-huo-2022-unmodified","n":"Tau segment (Huo 2022), unmodified","g":12,"sg":"tau peptide PTM variant","al":["tau segment peptide, unmodified (Pep)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3244]},{"id":"threitol","n":"Threitol","g":13,"sg":"alditol (sugar alcohol)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","122.12 g/mol","PubChem CID 169019"],["Formula","C4H10O4","PubChem CID 169019"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 169019, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.65 nm","ms":"122.12 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:169019","szm":6.549e-10,"szs":"about 0.65 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3245]},{"id":"tisochrysis-lutea","n":"Tisochrysis lutea","g":1,"sg":"haptophyte","ak":"flagellate","pr":[["Size","critical minimum cell volume for division (sizer) about 56.2 +/- 0.6 um3","Pageault L, Charrier A, Saint-Jean B, Bougaran G, Mairet F, Stachowski-Haberkorn S 2024, Cells 13:1925, doi:10.3390/cells13221925"],["Other","from cell size distributions measured every 4 h","Pageault L, Charrier A, Saint-Jean B, Bougaran G, Mairet F, Stachowski-Haberkorn S 2024, Cells 13:1925, doi:10.3390/cells13221925"]],"hs":{"sz":"critical minimum cell volume for division (sizer) about 56.2 +/- 0.6 um3"},"ids":"taxon:1321669","szm":1.046e-06,"szs":"about 1.05 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[3246]},{"id":"utp-uridine-5-triphosphate","n":"UTP (uridine 5'-triphosphate)","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleotide","al":["UTP"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","484.14 g/mol","PubChem CID 6133"],["Formula","C9H15N2O15P3","PubChem CID 6133"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6133, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.04 nm","ms":"484.14 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6133","szm":1.036e-09,"szs":"about 1.04 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3247]},{"id":"vanillylmandelic-acid-vma","n":"Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)","g":15,"sg":"catecholamine metabolite","al":["3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","198.17 g/mol","PubChem CID 1245"],["Formula","C9H10O5","PubChem CID 1245"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 1245, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.77 nm","ms":"198.17 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:1245","szm":7.696e-10,"szs":"about 0.77 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3248]},{"id":"wwc-cam-ndgr-lysozyme-tryptic-peptide","n":"WWC(cam)NDGR (lysozyme tryptic peptide)","g":12,"sg":"tryptic peptide","al":["lysozyme tryptic peptide Lys4 WWCmNDGR (carbamidomethyl Cys)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","993 Da","reported by Versloot RCA 2022"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.32 nm","ms":"993 Da"},"seq":"WWC(carbamidomethyl)NDGR","szm":1.317e-09,"szs":"about 1.32 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3249]},{"id":"xylitol","n":"Xylitol","g":13,"sg":"alditol (sugar alcohol)","ak":"mol","r":[3250]},{"id":"2r-3r-2-3-butanediol","n":"(2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol","g":15,"sg":"diol","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","90.12 g/mol","PubChem CID 225936"],["Formula","C4H10O2","PubChem CID 225936"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 225936, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.59 nm","ms":"90.12 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:225936","szm":5.918e-10,"szs":"about 0.59 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3251]},{"id":"1-2-propanediol","n":"1,2-propanediol","g":15,"sg":"diol","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","76.09 g/mol","PubChem CID 1030"],["Formula","C3H8O2","PubChem CID 1030"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 1030, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.56 nm","ms":"76.09 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:1030","szm":5.593e-10,"szs":"about 0.56 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3252]},{"id":"16s-rrna-target-sequence-e-coli-dh5alpha-dumbbell-nanoswitch","n":"16S rRNA target sequence E. coli DH5alpha (dumbbell nanoswitch)","g":10,"sg":"probe-target assembly","al":["16S rRNA target sequence of Escherichia coli DH5alpha"],"ak":"dna-carrier","ids":"taxon:562","r":[3253]},{"id":"16s-rrna-target-sequence-e-coli-o104-h4-dumbbell-nanoswitch","n":"16S rRNA target sequence E. coli O104:H4 (dumbbell nanoswitch)","g":10,"sg":"probe-target assembly","al":["16S rRNA target sequence of Escherichia coli O104:H4"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[3254]},{"id":"16s-rrna-target-sequence-salmonella-dumbbell-nanoswitch","n":"16S rRNA target sequence Salmonella (dumbbell nanoswitch)","g":10,"sg":"probe-target assembly","al":["16S rRNA target sequence of Salmonella"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[3255]},{"id":"2-trimethylammonium-ethyl-methanethiosulfonate-mtset","n":"2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl methanethiosulfonate (MTSET)","g":15,"sg":"thiol-reactive reagent","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","278.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 107933"],["Formula","C6H16BrNO2S2","PubChem CID 107933"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 107933, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.86 nm","ms":"278.2 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:107933","szm":8.617e-10,"szs":"about 0.86 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3256]},{"id":"ala2-leu-enkephalin-yagfl","n":"[Ala2]-Leu-enkephalin (YAGFL)","g":12,"sg":"opioid peptide stereoisomer","al":["[Ala2]-leucine enkephalin (YAGFL)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","5 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","569.7 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","6.1","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.09 nm","ms":"569.7 Da","ch":"-0.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"YAGFL","szm":1.094e-09,"szs":"about 1.09 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3257]},{"id":"d-leu5-enkephalin","n":"[D-Leu5]-enkephalin","g":12,"sg":"opioid peptide stereoisomer","ak":"peptide","seq":"YGGF(D-L)","r":[3258]},{"id":"acinetobacter-baumannii","n":"Acinetobacter baumannii","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative coccobacillus)","ak":"rod","ax":"gp","pr":[["Zeta potential","-29.8 +/- 0.8 mV (clinical isolate GE5114) and -19.2 +/- 0.8 mV (colistin-resistant ATCC BAA-2885); washed cells in 0.05X PBS pH 7.2, Anton Paar Litesizer 500","Peketi ASK, Svl SKK, P KK, Rangineni J, Veeraraghavan B, Bulagonda EP 2026, Sci Rep 16, doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38958-x"]],"hs":{"ch":"zeta -29.8 +/- 0.8 mV (clinical isolate GE5114) and -19.2 +/- 0.8 mV (colistin-resistant ATCC BAA-2885); washed cells in 0.05X PBS pH 7.2, Anton Paar Litesizer 500"},"ids":"taxon:470","r":[3259]},{"id":"adeno-associated-virus-aggregates-drug-product","n":"Adeno-associated virus aggregates (drug product)","g":2,"sg":"viral vector aggregate","al":["recombinant adeno-associated virus drug product: monomers and submicron aggregates"],"ak":"virus-ico","pr":[["Size","measured between 250 and 2000 nm","reported by Hiemenz C 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"measured between 250 and 2000 nm"},"ids":"taxon:235455","szm":2e-06,"szs":"2 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3260]},{"id":"adenosine","n":"Adenosine","g":9,"sg":"ribonucleoside","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","267.24 g/mol","PubChem CID 60961"],["Formula","C10H13N5O4","PubChem CID 60961"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 60961, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.85 nm","ms":"267.24 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:60961","szm":8.502e-10,"szs":"about 0.85 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3261]},{"id":"adenosine-triphosphate-atp","n":"Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)","g":9,"sg":"nucleoside triphosphate","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","507 Da","reported by Khatri S 2023"],["Mass","507.18 g/mol","PubChem CID 5957"],["Formula","C10H16N5O13P3","PubChem CID 5957"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5957, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.05 nm","ms":"507 Da"},"ids":"pubchem:5957","szm":1.053e-09,"szs":"about 1.05 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3262]},{"id":"adp-glucose","n":"ADP-glucose","g":13,"sg":"nucleotide sugar","al":["adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADP-Glc)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","589.3 g/mol","PubChem CID 16500"],["Formula","C16H25N5O15P2","PubChem CID 16500"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 16500, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.11 nm","ms":"589.3 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:16500","szm":1.107e-09,"szs":"about 1.11 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3263]},{"id":"aflatoxin-b1","n":"Aflatoxin B1","g":15,"sg":"mycotoxin","al":["aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","312.27 g/mol","PubChem CID 186907"],["Formula","C17H12O6","PubChem CID 186907"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 186907, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.9 nm","ms":"312.27 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:186907","szm":8.955e-10,"szs":"about 0.9 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3264]},{"id":"akashiwo-sanguinea","n":"Akashiwo sanguinea","g":1,"sg":"dinoflagellate","ak":"dino","pr":[["Size","cells 35 to 65 um wide and 50 to 90 um long (flattened ellipsoid, 6 size classes)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","biovolume 16027 to 93971 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cells 35 to 65 um wide and 50 to 90 um long (flattened ellipsoid, 6 size classes)"},"ids":"taxon:143672","szm":9e-05,"szs":"90 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3265]},{"id":"alpha-1-antitrypsin-aat","n":"Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT)","g":11,"sg":"serpin (disease biomarker)","ak":"protein","pr":[["Other","single-protein volume 253 nm3 (nanopore), close to hydrodynamic volume","reported by Salehirozveh M 2023"],["Mass","44.3 kDa","computed from UniProt P01009, Alpha-1-antitrypsin 25 to 418"],["Isoelectric point","5.3","computed from UniProt P01009, Alpha-1-antitrypsin 25 to 418, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-11.9 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P01009, Alpha-1-antitrypsin 25 to 418, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","394 amino acids","computed from UniProt P01009, Alpha-1-antitrypsin 25 to 418"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.67 nm","ms":"44.3 kDa","ch":"-11.9 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P01009","szm":4.671e-09,"szs":"about 4.67 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3266]},{"id":"amyloid-beta-1-42-fibrils-egcg-induced","n":"Amyloid-beta(1-42) fibrils (EGCG-induced)","g":11,"sg":"amyloid aggregate","al":["Abeta42-EGCG fibrils (85 to 250 nm long, sonicated)"],"ak":"fibril","pr":[["Size","length 85-250 nm","reported by Abrao-Nemeir I 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"length 85-250 nm"},"szm":2.5e-07,"szs":"250 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3267]},{"id":"anti-flag-igg-antibodies-monoclonal-and-polyclonal","n":"Anti-FLAG IgG antibodies (monoclonal and polyclonal)","g":11,"sg":"antibody","al":["anti-FLAG IgG antibodies (several monoclonal clones and polyclonal)"],"ak":"antibody","r":[3268]},{"id":"apoferritin","n":"Apoferritin","g":11,"sg":"iron storage protein cage","al":["apo-ferritin (iron-free shell)"],"ak":"cage","r":[3269]},{"id":"asian-mineral-dust-reference-material-nies-crm-no-30-gobi-ko","n":"Asian mineral dust reference material (NIES CRM No. 30, Gobi Kosa dust)","g":5,"sg":"mineral dust reference material","al":["NIES certified reference material No. 30 'Gobi Kosa dust' (southern Gobi Desert, Mongolia)"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","water-insoluble particles counted over about 1.4 to 160 um","reported by Nishita-Hara C 2023"],["Other","specific surface area estimated from number-size distributions assuming spheres and quartz density 2.65 g/cm3","reported by Nishita-Hara C 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"water-insoluble particles counted over about 1.4 to 160 um"},"szm":0.00016,"szs":"160 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3270]},{"id":"atrial-natriuretic-peptide-anp-human","n":"Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP, human)","g":12,"sg":"natriuretic peptide","al":["atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Charge","+4 under experimental conditions","reported by Zhang S 2023"],["Mass","3,082 Da","computed from UniProt P01160, Atrial natriuretic peptide 124 to 151; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"],["Isoelectric point","10.9","computed from UniProt P01160, Atrial natriuretic peptide 124 to 151; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+3.9 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P01160, Atrial natriuretic peptide 124 to 151; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","28 amino acids","computed from UniProt P01160, Atrial natriuretic peptide 124 to 151; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.92 nm","ms":"3,082 Da","ch":"+4 under experimental conditions"},"ids":"uniprot:P01160 (precursor)","szm":1.921e-09,"szs":"about 1.92 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3271]},{"id":"brain-natriuretic-peptide-bnp-32-human","n":"Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP-32, human)","g":12,"sg":"natriuretic peptide","al":["brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Charge","+6 under experimental conditions","reported by Zhang S 2023"],["Mass","9,770 Da","computed from UniProt P16860, Brain natriuretic peptide 32 103 to 134 + BNP(3-32) 105 to 134 + BNP(5-32) 107 to 134"],["Isoelectric point","11.6","computed from UniProt P16860, Brain natriuretic peptide 32 103 to 134 + BNP(3-32) 105 to 134 + BNP(5-32) 107 to 134, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+17.5 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P16860, Brain natriuretic peptide 32 103 to 134 + BNP(3-32) 105 to 134 + BNP(5-32) 107 to 134, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","90 amino acids","computed from UniProt P16860, Brain natriuretic peptide 32 103 to 134 + BNP(3-32) 105 to 134 + BNP(5-32) 107 to 134"]],"hs":{"sz":"2.82 nm","ms":"9,770 Da","ch":"+6 under experimental conditions"},"ids":"uniprot:P16860 (precursor)","szm":2.822e-09,"szs":"about 2.82 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3272]},{"id":"burkholderia-cepacia","n":"Burkholderia cepacia","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative rod)","ak":"rod","ax":"gn","ids":"taxon:292","r":[3273]},{"id":"c-type-natriuretic-peptide-cnp-human","n":"C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP, human)","g":12,"sg":"natriuretic peptide","al":["C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)","C-type natriuretic peptide"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Charge","+2 under experimental conditions","reported by Zhang S 2023"],["Mass","11 kDa","computed from UniProt P23582, CNP-53 74 to 126 + CNP-29 98 to 126 + CNP-22 105 to 126"],["Isoelectric point","10.5","computed from UniProt P23582, CNP-53 74 to 126 + CNP-29 98 to 126 + CNP-22 105 to 126, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+15.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P23582, CNP-53 74 to 126 + CNP-29 98 to 126 + CNP-22 105 to 126, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","104 amino acids","computed from UniProt P23582, CNP-53 74 to 126 + CNP-29 98 to 126 + CNP-22 105 to 126"]],"hs":{"sz":"2.94 nm","ms":"11 kDa","ch":"+2 under experimental conditions"},"ids":"uniprot:P23582 (precursor)","szm":2.935e-09,"szs":"about 2.94 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3274,3275]},{"id":"chitosan-nanoparticles","n":"Chitosan nanoparticles","g":4,"sg":"polymer nanoparticle","al":["chitosan nanoparticles made by ionic gelation and homogenization"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","95-219 nm depending on conditions","reported by Van Bavel N 2023"],["Charge","zeta about +20 mV","reported by Van Bavel N 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"95-219 nm depending on conditions","ch":"zeta about +20 mV"},"szm":2.19e-07,"szs":"219 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3276]},{"id":"clpp-caseinolytic-protease-p","n":"ClpP (caseinolytic protease P)","g":11,"sg":"protease complex","al":["ClpP protease trapped in the NEOtrap"],"ak":"complex","pr":[["Mass","340 kDa","reported by Wen C 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"9.21 nm","ms":"340 kDa"},"szm":9.213e-09,"szs":"about 9.21 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3277]},{"id":"commercial-microbubble-contrast-agent-lumason","n":"Commercial microbubble contrast agent (Lumason)","g":6,"sg":"ultrasound contrast agent","al":["Lumason microbubbles (commercial ultrasound contrast agent), size-fractionated and diluted"],"ak":"bubble","pr":[["Size","hollow microbubbles; microbubbles > 10 um rare","reported by Koo B 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"hollow microbubbles; microbubbles > 10 um rare"},"szm":1e-05,"szs":"10 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3278]},{"id":"complex-bcl-xl-abt-737","n":"Complex Bcl-xL-ABT-737","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["Bcl-xL bound to the drug ABT-737"],"ak":"complex","r":[3279]},{"id":"complex-bcl-xl-bak-bh3-peptide","n":"Complex Bcl-xL-Bak BH3 peptide","g":11,"sg":"protein-peptide complex","al":["Bcl-xL bound to Bak-BH3 peptide"],"ak":"complex","r":[3280]},{"id":"cyclotella-sp","n":"Cyclotella sp.","g":1,"sg":"diatom (centric)","ak":"diatom","ax":"centric","r":[3281]},{"id":"dadle-d-ala2-d-leu5-enkephalin","n":"DADLE ([D-Ala2,D-Leu5]-enkephalin)","g":12,"sg":"opioid peptide stereoisomer","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","569 Da","reported by Abraham Versloot RC 2023"],["Mass","569.6 g/mol","PubChem CID 6917707"],["Formula","C29H39N5O7","PubChem CID 6917707"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6917707, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.09 nm","ms":"569 Da"},"seq":"Y(D-A)GF(D-L)","ids":"pubchem:6917707","szm":1.094e-09,"szs":"about 1.09 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3282]},{"id":"dcas9-catalytically-inactive-cas9","n":"dCas9 (catalytically inactive Cas9)","g":11,"sg":"CRISPR protein","al":["catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9) trapped in the NEOtrap"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","160 kDa","reported by Wen C 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"7.17 nm","ms":"160 kDa"},"szm":7.166e-09,"szs":"about 7.17 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3283]},{"id":"deoxycytidine-triphosphate-dctp","n":"Deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP)","g":9,"sg":"deoxynucleoside triphosphate","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","467 Da","reported by Khatri S 2023"],["Mass","467.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 65091"],["Formula","C9H16N3O13P3","PubChem CID 65091"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 65091, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.02 nm","ms":"467 Da"},"ids":"pubchem:65091","szm":1.024e-09,"szs":"about 1.02 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3284]},{"id":"desert-dust-reference-material-tengger-desert-crm-cj-2-simul","n":"Desert dust reference material (Tengger Desert, CRM CJ-2 Simulated Asian Mineral Dust)","g":5,"sg":"mineral dust reference material","al":["Certified reference material CJ-2 'Simulated Asian Mineral Dust' (Tengger Desert, China)"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","water-insoluble particles counted over about 1.4 to 160 um","reported by Nishita-Hara C 2023"],["Other","specific surface area estimated from number-size distributions assuming spheres and quartz density 2.65 g/cm3","reported by Nishita-Hara C 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"water-insoluble particles counted over about 1.4 to 160 um"},"szm":0.00016,"szs":"160 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3285]},{"id":"dna-aptamer-dopamine-binding-chingarande-2023","n":"DNA aptamer dopamine-binding (Chingarande 2023)","g":7,"sg":"aptamer","al":["dopamine-binding DNA aptamer"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[3286]},{"id":"dna-aptamer-serotonin-binding-chingarande-2023","n":"DNA aptamer serotonin-binding (Chingarande 2023)","g":7,"sg":"aptamer","al":["serotonin-binding DNA aptamer"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[3287]},{"id":"dna-carrier-from-sticky-ended-dna-concatenation-length-tunab","n":"DNA carrier from sticky-ended DNA concatenation (length-tunable)","g":10,"sg":"designed DNA carrier","al":["length-tunable DNA carriers built from sticky-ended DNA molecules"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[3288]},{"id":"dna-catenane-linked-circular-dsdna","n":"DNA catenane (linked circular dsDNA)","g":10,"sg":"DNA topology","al":["topologically linked circular DNA catenanes (prepared with restriction enzymes)"],"ak":"knot","r":[3289]},{"id":"dna-dumbbell-nanoswitch-carrier","n":"DNA dumbbell nanoswitch carrier","g":10,"sg":"DNA nanoswitch","al":["DNA dumbbell nanoswitch carriers (open and closed states)"],"ak":"dna-carrier","r":[3290]},{"id":"dna-nanobait-five-site-respiratory-virus-panel","n":"DNA nanobait (five-site respiratory virus panel)","g":10,"sg":"DNA nanostructure probe","al":["DNA nanobait with five virus-specific sites"],"ak":"origami","r":[3291]},{"id":"dna-with-12-letter-expanded-alphabet-single-xna-bases-b-s-p","n":"DNA with 12-letter expanded alphabet (single XNA bases B, S, P, Z, X, K, J, V)","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["DNA containing single XNA bases (B, S, P, Z, X, K, J, V) up to 12-letter DNA, made by XNA tailing and ligation"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[3292]},{"id":"dna-functionalized-silver-nanoparticles-with-bound-target-dn","n":"DNA-functionalized silver nanoparticles (with bound target DNA)","g":4,"sg":"DNA-coated metal nanoparticle","al":["silver nanoparticles bound to probe and target DNA"],"ak":"metal-np","ax":"silver","r":[3293]},{"id":"dna-oxaliplatin-adducts-li-2023","n":"DNA-oxaliplatin adducts (Li 2023)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-platinum drug adduct","al":["DNA-oxaliplatin adducts"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[3294]},{"id":"dopamine","n":"Dopamine","g":15,"sg":"catecholamine","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","153.18 g/mol","PubChem CID 681"],["Formula","C8H11NO2","PubChem CID 681"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 681, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.71 nm","ms":"153.18 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:681","szm":7.063e-10,"szs":"about 0.71 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3295]},{"id":"enterobacter-cloacae","n":"Enterobacter cloacae","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative rod)","ak":"rod","ax":"gn","ids":"taxon:550","r":[3296]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicle-enveloped-adeno-associated-virus-ev-aa","n":"Extracellular vesicle-enveloped adeno-associated virus (EV-AAV)","g":2,"sg":"viral vector inside a lipid vesicle","al":["extracellular vesicle-enveloped adeno-associated virus (EV-AAV, serotypes 6 and 9)","extracellular vesicle-enveloped adeno-associated virus 6 (EV-AAV6)"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","about 110 nm (EV-AAV particles in SEC fractions 3 and 4); free AAV capsids about 20 nm by TEM and by single-particle imaging","reported by Li X 2023"],["Size","mean diameter about 65 nm for both EV and EV-AAV6; the EV-AAV6 distribution ran out to 200 nm, against 160 nm for AAV-free EVs","reported by Kwak G 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 110 nm (EV-AAV particles in SEC fractions 3 and 4); free AAV capsids about 20 nm by TEM and by single-particle imaging"},"szm":2e-07,"szs":"200 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3297,3298]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-mda-mb-231-breast-cancer-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes from MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3299]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-mda-mb-468-breast-cancer-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs derived from MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer cells"],"ak":"vesicle","pr":[["Size","60-160 nm resolved","reported by Young TW 2023"],["Charge","zeta about -4 +/- 1 mV","reported by Young TW 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"60-160 nm resolved","ch":"zeta about -4 +/- 1 mV"},"szm":1.6e-07,"szs":"160 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3300]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-pc12-pheochromocytoma-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (PC12 pheochromocytoma cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["dopamine-containing exosomes secreted by PC12 cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3301]},{"id":"fumonisin-b1","n":"Fumonisin B1","g":15,"sg":"mycotoxin","al":["fumonisin B1 (FB1)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","721.8 g/mol","PubChem CID 2733487"],["Formula","C34H59NO15","PubChem CID 2733487"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 2733487, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.18 nm","ms":"721.8 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:2733487","szm":1.184e-09,"szs":"about 1.18 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3302]},{"id":"gdp-mannose","n":"GDP-mannose","g":13,"sg":"nucleotide sugar","al":["guanosine diphosphate mannose (GDP-Man)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","605.3 g/mol","PubChem CID 135398627"],["Formula","C16H25N5O16P2","PubChem CID 135398627"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 135398627, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.12 nm","ms":"605.3 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:135398627","szm":1.117e-09,"szs":"about 1.12 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3303]},{"id":"gfp-d10-gfp-with-asp10-tail","n":"GFP-D10 (GFP with Asp10 tail)","g":11,"sg":"tagged unfolded protein","al":["green fluorescent protein with deca-aspartate tail (GFP-D10)"],"ak":"complex","r":[3304]},{"id":"glycine","n":"Glycine","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid","al":["glycine (G)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","75.07 g/mol","PubChem CID 750"],["Formula","C2H5NO2","PubChem CID 750"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 750, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.56 nm","ms":"75.07 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:750","szm":5.568e-10,"szs":"about 0.56 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3305,3306]},{"id":"glycolipid-lipopolysaccharide-lps-bacterial","n":"Glycolipid lipopolysaccharide (LPS, bacterial)","g":13,"sg":"lipopolysaccharide","al":["lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from distinct gram-negative bacteria and serotypes"],"ak":"sugar-chain","r":[3307]},{"id":"glycylglycine-gly-gly","n":"Glycylglycine (Gly-Gly)","g":12,"sg":"dipeptide","al":["Gly-Gly (GG)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","2 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","132.1 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","6.1","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Formula","C4H8N2O3","PubChem CID 11163"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 11163, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.67 nm","ms":"132.1 Da","ch":"-0.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"GG","ids":"pubchem:11163","szm":6.723e-10,"szs":"about 0.67 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3308]},{"id":"guanosine-triphosphate-gtp","n":"Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)","g":9,"sg":"nucleoside triphosphate","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","523 Da","reported by Khatri S 2023"],["Mass","523.18 g/mol","PubChem CID 135398633"],["Formula","C10H16N5O14P3","PubChem CID 135398633"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 135398633, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.06 nm","ms":"523 Da"},"ids":"pubchem:135398633","szm":1.064e-09,"szs":"about 1.06 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3309]},{"id":"hepatitis-b-virus-cp150-v124c-vlp-bodipy-labeled-metastable","n":"Hepatitis B virus Cp150-V124C VLP (BoDIPY-labeled, metastable)","g":2,"sg":"engineered virus-like particle","al":["BoDIPY-FL labeled HBV Cp150-V124C virus-like particles (metastable)"],"ak":"virus-ico","ids":"taxon:10407","r":[3310]},{"id":"hnrnp-derived-cao-2023-methylated-arginine","n":"hnRNP-derived (Cao 2023), methylated arginine","g":12,"sg":"arginine-methylated peptide","al":["hnRNP-derived peptide with methylated arginine"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3311]},{"id":"hnrnp-derived-cao-2023-unmethylated-arginine","n":"hnRNP-derived (Cao 2023), unmethylated arginine","g":12,"sg":"arginine-methylated peptide","al":["hnRNP-derived peptide, unmethylated"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3312]},{"id":"human-egfr-ectodomain","n":"Human EGFR ectodomain","g":11,"sg":"receptor tyrosine kinase ectodomain","al":["epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ectodomain"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","132 kDa","computed from UniProt P00533, Epidermal growth factor receptor 25 to 1210; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterodimer"],["Isoelectric point","6.6","computed from UniProt P00533, Epidermal growth factor receptor 25 to 1210; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterodimer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-8.3 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P00533, Epidermal growth factor receptor 25 to 1210; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterodimer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","1186 amino acids","computed from UniProt P00533, Epidermal growth factor receptor 25 to 1210; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a heterodimer"]],"hs":{"sz":"6.72 nm","ms":"132 kDa","ch":"-8.3 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P00533 (extracellular domain)","szm":6.721e-09,"szs":"about 6.72 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3313]},{"id":"human-sumo1","n":"Human SUMO1","g":11,"sg":"ubiquitin-like protein","al":["human small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 (hSUMO1)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","11 kDa","computed from UniProt P63165, Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 2 to 97"],["Isoelectric point","5.0","computed from UniProt P63165, Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 2 to 97, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-4.3 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P63165, Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 2 to 97, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","96 amino acids","computed from UniProt P63165, Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 2 to 97"]],"hs":{"sz":"2.94 nm","ms":"11 kDa","ch":"-4.3 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P63165","szm":2.936e-09,"szs":"about 2.94 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3314]},{"id":"human-transferrin-receptor-1-tfr","n":"Human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR)","g":11,"sg":"membrane receptor (soluble form)","al":["human transferrin receptor protein (TfR), monomer and dimer"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","84.9 kDa","computed from UniProt P02786, Transferrin receptor protein 1 1 to 760; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"],["Isoelectric point","6.6","computed from UniProt P02786, Transferrin receptor protein 1 1 to 760; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-3.1 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P02786, Transferrin receptor protein 1 1 to 760; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","760 amino acids","computed from UniProt P02786, Transferrin receptor protein 1 1 to 760; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.8 nm","ms":"84.9 kDa","ch":"-3.1 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P02786","szm":5.801e-09,"szs":"about 5.8 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3315]},{"id":"ice-core-dust-south-pole-spicecore","n":"Ice core dust (South Pole, SPICEcore)","g":5,"sg":"ice core dust","al":["Insoluble microparticles in the South Pole Ice Core (SPC14, SPICEcore), 50 to 16 ka"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","300 size bins from 1.1 to 30 um; glacial particles non-spherical, which biases laser sensor volumes relative to Coulter counter volumes","reported by Chesler A 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"300 size bins from 1.1 to 30 um; glacial particles non-spherical, which biases laser sensor volumes relative to Coulter counter volumes"},"szm":3e-05,"szs":"30 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3316]},{"id":"l-alanine","n":"L-alanine","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid","al":["alanine (A)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","89.09 g/mol","PubChem CID 5950"],["Formula","C3H7NO2","PubChem CID 5950"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5950, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.59 nm","ms":"89.09 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5950","szm":5.895e-10,"szs":"about 0.59 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3317,3318]},{"id":"l-arginine","n":"L-arginine","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid","al":["arginine (R)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Charge","positive at pH 7.8 (paper)","reported by Wang F 2023"],["Mass","174.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 6322"],["Formula","C6H14N4O2","PubChem CID 6322"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6322, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.74 nm","ms":"174.2 g/mol","ch":"positive at pH 7.8 (paper)"},"ids":"pubchem:6322","szm":7.372e-10,"szs":"about 0.74 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3319,3320]},{"id":"l-glutamic-acid","n":"L-glutamic acid","g":12,"sg":"proteinogenic amino acid","al":["glutamic acid (E)","glutamic acid (Glu)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","147.13 Da","reported by Wang F 2023"],["Charge","negative at pH 7.8 (as stated in paper)","reported by Wang F 2023"],["Mass","147.13 g/mol","PubChem CID 33032"],["Formula","C5H9NO4","PubChem CID 33032"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 33032, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.7 nm","ms":"147.13 Da","ch":"negative at pH 7.8 (as stated in paper)"},"ids":"pubchem:33032","szm":6.969e-10,"szs":"about 0.7 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3321,3322,3323]},{"id":"l-histidine","n":"L-histidine","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid","al":["histidine (H)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","155.15 Da","reported by Wang F 2023"],["Charge","negative at pH 7.8 (as stated in paper)","reported by Wang F 2023"],["Mass","155.15 g/mol","PubChem CID 6274"],["Formula","C6H9N3O2","PubChem CID 6274"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6274, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.71 nm","ms":"155.15 Da","ch":"negative at pH 7.8 (as stated in paper)"},"ids":"pubchem:6274","szm":7.093e-10,"szs":"about 0.71 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3324,3325]},{"id":"l-isoleucine","n":"L-isoleucine","g":12,"sg":"proteinogenic amino acid","al":["isoleucine (I)","isoleucine (Ile)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","131.18 Da","reported by Wang F 2023"],["Mass","131.17 g/mol","PubChem CID 6306"],["Formula","C6H13NO2","PubChem CID 6306"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6306, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.67 nm","ms":"131.18 Da"},"ids":"pubchem:6306","szm":6.707e-10,"szs":"about 0.67 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3326,3327,3328]},{"id":"l-lysine","n":"L-lysine","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid","al":["lysine (K)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","146.19 Da","reported by Wang F 2023"],["Charge","positive at pH 7.8 (paper)","reported by Wang F 2023"],["Mass","146.19 g/mol","PubChem CID 5962"],["Formula","C6H14N2O2","PubChem CID 5962"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5962, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.7 nm","ms":"146.19 Da","ch":"positive at pH 7.8 (paper)"},"ids":"pubchem:5962","szm":6.954e-10,"szs":"about 0.7 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3329,3330]},{"id":"l-methionine","n":"L-methionine","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid","al":["methionine (M)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","149.21 Da","reported by Wang F 2023"],["Mass","149.21 g/mol","PubChem CID 6137"],["Formula","C5H11NO2S","PubChem CID 6137"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6137, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.7 nm","ms":"149.21 Da"},"ids":"pubchem:6137","szm":7.001e-10,"szs":"about 0.7 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3331,3332]},{"id":"l-proline","n":"L-proline","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid","al":["proline (P)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","115.13 g/mol","PubChem CID 145742"],["Formula","C5H9NO2","PubChem CID 145742"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 145742, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.64 nm","ms":"115.13 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:145742","szm":6.422e-10,"szs":"about 0.64 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3333,3334]},{"id":"l-serine","n":"L-serine","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid","al":["serine (S)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","105.09 g/mol","PubChem CID 5951"],["Formula","C3H7NO3","PubChem CID 5951"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5951, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.62 nm","ms":"105.09 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5951","szm":6.229e-10,"szs":"about 0.62 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3335,3336]},{"id":"l-threonine","n":"L-threonine","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid","al":["threonine (T)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","119.12 g/mol","PubChem CID 6288"],["Formula","C4H9NO3","PubChem CID 6288"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6288, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.65 nm","ms":"119.12 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6288","szm":6.495e-10,"szs":"about 0.65 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3337,3338]},{"id":"l-valine","n":"L-valine","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid","al":["valine (V)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","117.15 g/mol","PubChem CID 6287"],["Formula","C5H11NO2","PubChem CID 6287"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6287, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.65 nm","ms":"117.15 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6287","szm":6.459e-10,"szs":"about 0.65 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3339,3340]},{"id":"loess-china-loess-plateau-crm-cj-1","n":"Loess (China Loess Plateau, CRM CJ-1)","g":5,"sg":"mineral dust reference material","al":["Certified reference material CJ-1 'China Loess' (Chinese Loess Plateau)"],"ak":"bead","pr":[["Size","water-insoluble particles counted over about 1.4 to 160 um","reported by Nishita-Hara C 2023"],["Other","specific surface area estimated from number-size distributions assuming spheres and quartz density 2.65 g/cm3","reported by Nishita-Hara C 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"water-insoluble particles counted over about 1.4 to 160 um"},"szm":0.00016,"szs":"160 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3341]},{"id":"mbp-d10-e-coli-mbp-with-asp10-tail","n":"MBP-D10 (E. coli MBP with Asp10 tail)","g":11,"sg":"tagged unfolded protein","al":["maltose-binding protein with C-terminal deca-aspartate tail (MBP-D10)"],"ak":"complex","r":[3342]},{"id":"metal-organic-cage-supramolecular-coordination-cage","n":"Metal-organic cage (supramolecular coordination cage)","g":15,"sg":"supramolecular coordination cage","al":["metal-organic cage"],"ak":"mol","r":[3343]},{"id":"microperoxidase-11-mp-11","n":"Microperoxidase-11 (MP-11)","g":12,"sg":"heme peptide","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","11 amino acids, Rh 0.65 nm","reported by Khatri S 2023"],["Charge","negatively charged","reported by Khatri S 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"11 amino acids, Rh 0.65 nm","ch":"negatively charged"},"szm":6.5e-10,"szs":"0.65 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3344]},{"id":"morganella-morganii","n":"Morganella morganii","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative rod)","ak":"rod","ax":"gn","ids":"taxon:582","r":[3345]},{"id":"nisin","n":"Nisin","g":12,"sg":"lantibiotic peptide","al":["nisin (cationic antimicrobial peptide)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","3.4 kDa","reported by Khatri S 2023"],["Mass","3,354.1 g/mol","PubChem CID 16129667"],["Formula","C143H230N42O37S7","PubChem CID 16129667"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 16129667, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.98 nm","ms":"3.4 kDa"},"ids":"pubchem:16129667","szm":1.976e-09,"szs":"about 1.98 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3346]},{"id":"outer-membrane-vesicles-acinetobacter-baumannii","n":"Outer membrane vesicles (Acinetobacter baumannii)","g":3,"sg":"outer membrane vesicles","al":["outer membrane vesicles from Acinetobacter baumannii under normoxia and hypoxia (AbOMVs)"],"ak":"vesicle","ax":"bacterial","r":[3347]},{"id":"pollen-arabidopsis-arenicola","n":"Pollen, Arabidopsis arenicola","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["Arabidopsis arenicola pollen"],"ak":"pollen","pr":[["Size","pollen size distribution with peaks near 10 um and 20 um; grains larger than 15 um (the 20 um peak) scored as viable; counting range 8 to 40 um","Perrier A, Willi Y 2022, J Evol Biol 36:121-130, doi:10.1111/jeb.14122 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"],["Other","values reported for the two species studied together","Perrier A, Willi Y 2022, J Evol Biol 36:121-130, doi:10.1111/jeb.14122 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"pollen size distribution with peaks near 10 um and 20 um; grains larger than 15 um (the 20 um peak) scored as viable; counting range 8 to 40 um"},"ids":"taxon:347883","szm":4e-05,"szs":"40 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3348]},{"id":"pollen-arabidopsis-lyrata","n":"Pollen, Arabidopsis lyrata","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. lyrata pollen"],"ak":"pollen","pr":[["Size","pollen size distribution with peaks near 10 um and 20 um; grains larger than 15 um (the 20 um peak) scored as viable; counting range 8 to 40 um","Perrier A, Willi Y 2022, J Evol Biol 36:121-130, doi:10.1111/jeb.14122 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"],["Other","values reported for the two species studied together","Perrier A, Willi Y 2022, J Evol Biol 36:121-130, doi:10.1111/jeb.14122 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"pollen size distribution with peaks near 10 um and 20 um; grains larger than 15 um (the 20 um peak) scored as viable; counting range 8 to 40 um"},"ids":"taxon:59689","szm":4e-05,"szs":"40 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3349]},{"id":"pollen-salix-phylicifolia","n":"Pollen, Salix phylicifolia","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["Salix phylicifolia pollen"],"ak":"pollen","ids":"taxon:470269","r":[3350]},{"id":"pollen-solanum-lycopersicum-tomato","n":"Pollen, Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["tomato pollen (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro Tom)","tomato pollen from MiMe (clonal gamete) and wild type plants"],"ak":"pollen","pr":[["Size","pollen size roughly Gaussian between 20 and 30 um with a peak near 26 um (control, 20 C)","Schindfessel C, De Storme N, Trinh HK, Geelen D 2023, Front Plant Sci 14, doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1210092 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"pollen size roughly Gaussian between 20 and 30 um with a peak near 26 um (control, 20 C)"},"ids":"taxon:4081","szm":3e-05,"szs":"30 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3351,3352]},{"id":"polyethylene-nanoplastics","n":"Polyethylene nanoplastics","g":5,"sg":"nanoplastic","al":["polydisperse polyethylene nanoplastics (PE1, SINTEF)"],"ak":"shard","pr":[["Size","TEM mean 145 nm (d10 68, d90 205 nm); TRPS mean 568 nm because of agglomeration in electrolyte","reported by Huber MJ 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"TEM mean 145 nm (d10 68, d90 205 nm); TRPS mean 568 nm because of agglomeration in electrolyte"},"szm":5.68e-07,"szs":"568 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3353]},{"id":"proteus-mirabilis","n":"Proteus mirabilis","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative rod)","ak":"rod","ax":"gn","ids":"taxon:584","r":[3354]},{"id":"ribavirin","n":"Ribavirin","g":15,"sg":"nucleoside analogue drug","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","244.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 37542"],["Formula","C8H12N4O5","PubChem CID 37542"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 37542, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.83 nm","ms":"244.2 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:37542","szm":8.251e-10,"szs":"about 0.83 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3355]},{"id":"rna-aptamer-theophylline-riboswitch-chingarande-2023","n":"RNA aptamer theophylline riboswitch (Chingarande 2023)","g":8,"sg":"aptamer","al":["theophylline riboswitch RNA aptamer"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[3356]},{"id":"rna-influenza-a-target-sequence-nanobait","n":"RNA influenza A target sequence (nanobait)","g":8,"sg":"viral RNA 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sequence"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[3361]},{"id":"rna-sars-cov-2-beta-b-1-351-variant-target-nanobait","n":"RNA SARS-CoV-2 Beta B.1.351 variant target (nanobait)","g":8,"sg":"viral RNA fragment","al":["SARS-CoV-2 Beta (B.1.351) variant target sequence"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[3362]},{"id":"rna-sars-cov-2-delta-b-1-617-variant-target-nanobait","n":"RNA SARS-CoV-2 Delta B.1.617 variant target (nanobait)","g":8,"sg":"viral RNA fragment","al":["SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617) variant target sequence"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[3363]},{"id":"rna-sars-cov-2-target-sequence-nanobait","n":"RNA SARS-CoV-2 target sequence (nanobait)","g":8,"sg":"viral RNA fragment","al":["SARS-CoV-2 RNA target sequence"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[3364]},{"id":"rna-with-n1-methylpseudouridine-m1psi-in-vitro-transcripts","n":"RNA with N1-methylpseudouridine (m1Psi; in vitro transcripts)","g":8,"sg":"modified RNA","al":["RNA containing N1-methylpseudouridine (m1Psi) in >100 five-nucleotide 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nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"65 nt","ms":"about 20.8 kDa","ch":"about -65 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3370]},{"id":"ssdna-65-mer-pseudorandom-template-with-single-c-substitutio","n":"ssDNA 65-mer pseudorandom template with single C substitution (hachimoji library, Thomas 2023)","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["65-mer pseudorandom template with single C at the variable site"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","65 nt","reported by Thomas CA 2023"],["Mass","about 20.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -65 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"65 nt","ms":"about 20.8 kDa","ch":"about -65 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3371]},{"id":"ssdna-65-mer-pseudorandom-template-with-single-g-substitutio","n":"ssDNA 65-mer pseudorandom template with single G substitution (hachimoji library, Thomas 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nt","ms":"about 20.8 kDa","ch":"about -65 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3373]},{"id":"ssdna-65-mer-pseudorandom-template-with-single-s-substitutio","n":"ssDNA 65-mer pseudorandom template with single S substitution (hachimoji library, Thomas 2023)","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["65-mer pseudorandom template with single S at the variable site"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","65 nt","reported by Thomas CA 2023"],["Mass","about 20.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -65 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"65 nt","ms":"about 20.8 kDa","ch":"about -65 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3374]},{"id":"ssdna-65-mer-pseudorandom-template-with-single-t-substitutio","n":"ssDNA 65-mer pseudorandom template with single T substitution (hachimoji library, Thomas 2023)","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["65-mer pseudorandom template with single T at the variable site"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","65 nt","reported by Thomas CA 2023"],["Mass","about 20.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -65 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"65 nt","ms":"about 20.8 kDa","ch":"about -65 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3375]},{"id":"ssdna-65-mer-pseudorandom-template-with-single-z-substitutio","n":"ssDNA 65-mer pseudorandom template with single Z substitution (hachimoji library, Thomas 2023)","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["65-mer pseudorandom template with single Z at the variable site"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","65 nt","reported by Thomas CA 2023"],["Mass","about 20.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -65 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"65 nt","ms":"about 20.8 kDa","ch":"about -65 e at pH 7"},"szm":3.9e-08,"szs":"about 39 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3376]},{"id":"ssdna-counted-and-extracted-through-alpha-hl-nanopore-filter","n":"ssDNA counted and extracted through alpha-HL nanopore filter (Tada 2023)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["DNA molecules counted while translocating from one droplet to the other"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[3377]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-10","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)10","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["PolyC10 oligonucleotide"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","10 nt","reported by Yang L 2023"],["Mass","2,830 Da","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -9 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"10 nt","ms":"2,830 Da","ch":"about -9 e at pH 7"},"seq":"C10","szm":6e-09,"szs":"about 6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3378]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-14","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)14","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["PolyC14 oligonucleotide"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","14 nt","reported by Yang L 2023"],["Mass","3,987 Da","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -13 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"14 nt","ms":"3,987 Da","ch":"about -13 e at pH 7"},"seq":"C14","szm":8.4e-09,"szs":"about 8.4 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3379]},{"id":"ssdna-poly-dc-20","n":"ssDNA poly(dC)20","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["PolyC20 oligonucleotide"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","20 nt","reported by Yang L 2023"],["Mass","5,722 Da","computed for a homopolymer with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -19 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"20 nt","ms":"5,722 Da","ch":"about -19 e at pH 7"},"seq":"C20","szm":1.2e-08,"szs":"about 12 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3380]},{"id":"ssdna-template-with-16-nt-poly-a-region-hachimoji-set-thomas","n":"ssDNA template with 16-nt poly(A) region (hachimoji set, Thomas 2023)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["hachimoji ssDNA template with a 16-nt homopolymer A region"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","16 nt homopolymer region in template","reported by Thomas CA 2023"],["Mass","about 5,120 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"16 nt homopolymer region in template","ms":"about 5,120 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"szm":9.6e-09,"szs":"about 9.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3381]},{"id":"ssdna-template-with-16-nt-poly-b-region-hachimoji-set-thomas","n":"ssDNA template with 16-nt poly(B) region (hachimoji set, Thomas 2023)","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["hachimoji ssDNA template with a 16-nt homopolymer B region"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","16 nt homopolymer region in template","reported by Thomas CA 2023"],["Mass","about 5,120 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"16 nt homopolymer region in template","ms":"about 5,120 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"szm":9.6e-09,"szs":"about 9.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3382]},{"id":"ssdna-template-with-16-nt-poly-c-region-hachimoji-set-thomas","n":"ssDNA template with 16-nt poly(C) region (hachimoji set, Thomas 2023)","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA homopolymer","al":["hachimoji ssDNA template with a 16-nt homopolymer C region"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","16 nt homopolymer region in template","reported by Thomas CA 2023"],["Mass","about 5,120 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"16 nt homopolymer region in template","ms":"about 5,120 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"szm":9.6e-09,"szs":"about 9.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3383]},{"id":"ssdna-template-with-16-nt-poly-p-region-hachimoji-set-thomas","n":"ssDNA template with 16-nt poly(P) region (hachimoji set, Thomas 2023)","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["hachimoji ssDNA template with a 16-nt homopolymer P region"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","16 nt homopolymer region in template","reported by Thomas CA 2023"],["Mass","about 5,120 Da","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -16 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"16 nt homopolymer region in template","ms":"about 5,120 Da","ch":"about -16 e at pH 7"},"szm":9.6e-09,"szs":"about 9.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3384]},{"id":"ssdna-template-with-16-nt-poly-s-region-hachimoji-set-thomas","n":"ssDNA template with 16-nt poly(S) region (hachimoji set, Thomas 2023)","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["hachimoji ssDNA template with a 16-nt homopolymer S region"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","16 nt 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5'-ZZSSPPBBZZSSPPBB-3'"],"ak":"ssdna","seq":"region: ZZSSPPBBZZSSPPBB","r":[3388]},{"id":"ssdna-template-with-hachimoji-region-5-zzzzssssppppbbbb-3-th","n":"ssDNA template with hachimoji region 5'-ZZZZSSSSPPPPBBBB-3' (Thomas 2023)","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["template with region 5'-ZZZZSSSSPPPPBBBB-3'"],"ak":"ssdna","seq":"region: ZZZZSSSSPPPPBBBB","r":[3389]},{"id":"starch-amylose-amylopectin","n":"Starch (amylose/amylopectin)","g":13,"sg":"storage polysaccharide","al":["starch (amylose and amylopectin) dissolved in BmimCl"],"ak":"sugar-chain","r":[3390]},{"id":"streptomyces-coelicolor","n":"Streptomyces coelicolor","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (actinomycete spores)","al":["Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) spores"],"ak":"spore","ids":"taxon:1902","r":[3391]},{"id":"sugar-adenosine-diphosphate-glucose-adp-glc","n":"Sugar adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADP-Glc)","g":9,"sg":"nucleotide sugar","al":["adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADP-Glc)"],"ak":"mol","r":[3392]},{"id":"sugar-guanosine-diphosphate-mannose-gdp-man","n":"Sugar guanosine diphosphate mannose (GDP-Man)","g":9,"sg":"nucleotide sugar","al":["guanosine diphosphate mannose (GDP-Man)"],"ak":"mol","r":[3393]},{"id":"sugar-uridine-diphosphate-glucose-udp-glc","n":"Sugar uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-Glc)","g":9,"sg":"nucleotide sugar","al":["uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-Glc)"],"ak":"mol","r":[3394]},{"id":"sugar-uridine-diphosphate-glucuronic-acid-udp-glca","n":"Sugar uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA)","g":9,"sg":"nucleotide sugar","al":["uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA)"],"ak":"mol","r":[3395]},{"id":"sugar-uridine-diphosphate-n-acetylglucosamine-udp-glcnac","n":"Sugar uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc)","g":9,"sg":"nucleotide sugar","al":["uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc)"],"ak":"mol","r":[3396]},{"id":"tetrahymena-thermophila","n":"Tetrahymena thermophila","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (ciliate)","ak":"ciliate","pr":[["Size","average cell volume 15000 um3","Seyfert HM, Hipke H, Schmidt W 1984, J Cell Sci 67:203-215, PMID 6205007 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","BioNumbers BNID 114967","Seyfert HM, Hipke H, Schmidt W 1984, J Cell Sci 67:203-215, PMID 6205007 (via BioNumbers)"]],"hs":{"sz":"average cell volume 15000 um3"},"ids":"taxon:5911","szm":3.06e-05,"szs":"about 30.6 µm, the diameter of a sphere with the reported volume","r":[3397,3398]},{"id":"thioredoxin-linker-concatemer-dimer","n":"Thioredoxin-linker concatemer dimer","g":11,"sg":"thioredoxin polyprotein","al":["Trx-linker dimer (28 kDa)"],"ak":"multimer","r":[3399]},{"id":"thioredoxin-linker-concatemer-hexamer","n":"Thioredoxin-linker concatemer hexamer","g":11,"sg":"thioredoxin polyprotein","al":["Trx-linker hexamer (83 kDa)"],"ak":"protein","r":[3400]},{"id":"thioredoxin-linker-concatemer-octamer","n":"Thioredoxin-linker concatemer octamer","g":11,"sg":"thioredoxin polyprotein","al":["Trx-linker octamer (no C-terminal linker)"],"ak":"protein","r":[3401]},{"id":"thioredoxin-linker-concatemer-tetramer","n":"Thioredoxin-linker concatemer tetramer","g":11,"sg":"thioredoxin polyprotein","al":["Trx-linker tetramer (55 kDa)"],"ak":"multimer","r":[3402]},{"id":"thioredoxin-linker-nonamer-glutathionyl-c16-16c-gsh","n":"Thioredoxin-linker nonamer glutathionyl-C16 (16C-GSH)","g":11,"sg":"S-glutathionylated polyprotein","al":["Trx-linker nonamer S-glutathionylated at cysteine 16C"],"ak":"protein","r":[3403]},{"id":"thioredoxin-linker-nonamer-glutathionyl-c26-26c-gsh","n":"Thioredoxin-linker nonamer glutathionyl-C26 (26C-GSH)","g":11,"sg":"S-glutathionylated polyprotein","al":["Trx-linker nonamer S-glutathionylated at cysteine 26C"],"ak":"protein","r":[3404]},{"id":"thioredoxin-linker-nonamer-glyco-c16-16c-sln","n":"Thioredoxin-linker nonamer glyco-C16 (16C-SLN)","g":11,"sg":"glycosylated polyprotein","al":["Trx-linker nonamer glycosylated at cysteine 16C (16C-SLN)"],"ak":"protein","r":[3405]},{"id":"thioredoxin-linker-nonamer-glyco-c26-26c-sln","n":"Thioredoxin-linker nonamer glyco-C26 (26C-SLN)","g":11,"sg":"glycosylated polyprotein","al":["Trx-linker nonamer glycosylated at cysteine 26C (26C-SLN)"],"ak":"protein","r":[3406]},{"id":"thioredoxin-linker-nonamer-phospho-s14-14s-p","n":"Thioredoxin-linker nonamer phospho-S14 (14S-P)","g":11,"sg":"phosphorylated polyprotein","al":["Trx-linker nonamer phosphorylated at serine 14S (linker)"],"ak":"protein","r":[3407]},{"id":"thioredoxin-linker-nonamer-phospho-s24-24s-p","n":"Thioredoxin-linker nonamer phospho-S24 (24S-P)","g":11,"sg":"phosphorylated polyprotein","al":["Trx-linker nonamer phosphorylated at serine 24S"],"ak":"protein","r":[3408]},{"id":"thymidine-triphosphate-dttp","n":"Thymidine triphosphate (dTTP)","g":9,"sg":"deoxynucleoside triphosphate","al":["dTTP"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","482.17 g/mol","PubChem CID 64968"],["Formula","C10H17N2O14P3","PubChem CID 64968"],["Formal 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0.76 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3410]},{"id":"tunnel-construction-drill-and-blast-rock-particles-norway","n":"Tunnel construction drill-and-blast rock particles (Norway)","g":5,"sg":"construction rock particles","al":["Rock particles from drilling and blasting during tunnel construction at five Norwegian sites, compared with naturally eroded river particles"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","61 to 91% of particles < 63 um","reported by Forsman E 2023"],["Other","granite-gneiss terrain; 8 to 15% more elongated than naturally eroded particles, similar angularity","reported by Forsman E 2023"]],"hs":{"sz":"61 to 91% of particles < 63 um"},"szm":6.3e-05,"szs":"63 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3411]},{"id":"udp-glucose","n":"UDP-glucose","g":13,"sg":"nucleotide sugar","al":["uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-Glc)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","566.3 g/mol","PubChem CID 8629"],["Formula","C15H24N2O17P2","PubChem CID 8629"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 8629, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.09 nm","ms":"566.3 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:8629","szm":1.092e-09,"szs":"about 1.09 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3412]},{"id":"udp-glucuronic-acid","n":"UDP-glucuronic acid","g":13,"sg":"nucleotide sugar","al":["uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","580.28 g/mol","PubChem CID 17473"],["Formula","C15H22N2O18P2","PubChem CID 17473"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 17473, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.1 nm","ms":"580.28 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:17473","szm":1.101e-09,"szs":"about 1.1 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3413]},{"id":"udp-n-acetylglucosamine","n":"UDP-N-acetylglucosamine","g":13,"sg":"nucleotide sugar","al":["uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","607.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 445675"],["Formula","C17H27N3O17P2","PubChem CID 445675"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 445675, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.12 nm","ms":"607.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:445675","szm":1.118e-09,"szs":"about 1.12 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3414]},{"id":"2r-3s-isocitric-acid","n":"(2R,3S)-isocitric acid","g":15,"sg":"alpha-hydroxy acid","ak":"mol","r":[3415]},{"id":"r-duloxetine","n":"(R)-duloxetine","g":15,"sg":"drug enantiomer","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","297.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 10334821"],["Formula","C18H19NOS","PubChem CID 10334821"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 10334821, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.88 nm","ms":"297.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:10334821","szm":8.811e-10,"szs":"about 0.88 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3416]},{"id":"s-duloxetine","n":"(S)-duloxetine","g":15,"sg":"drug enantiomer (active drug)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","297.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 60835"],["Formula","C18H19NOS","PubChem CID 60835"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 60835, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.88 nm","ms":"297.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:60835","szm":8.811e-10,"szs":"about 0.88 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3417]},{"id":"2-hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin","n":"2-hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin","g":13,"sg":"cyclodextrin derivative","al":["2-hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin (HP-gamma-CD)"],"ak":"mol","ax":"ring","r":[3418]},{"id":"3-3-5-triiodo-l-thyronine-reverse-t3","n":"3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine (reverse T3)","g":15,"sg":"thyroid hormone","al":["3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine (rT3)","reverse triiodothyronine (rT3)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","650.97 g/mol","PubChem CID 644280"],["Formula","C15H12I3NO4","PubChem CID 644280"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 644280, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.14 nm","ms":"650.97 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:644280","szm":1.144e-09,"szs":"about 1.14 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3419,3420]},{"id":"3-3-5-triiodo-l-thyronine-t3","n":"3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3)","g":15,"sg":"thyroid hormone","al":["triiodothyronine (T3)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","650.97 g/mol","PubChem CID 5920"],["Formula","C15H12I3NO4","PubChem CID 5920"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5920, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.14 nm","ms":"650.97 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5920","szm":1.144e-09,"szs":"about 1.14 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3421,3422]},{"id":"3-3-diiodo-l-thyronine-3-3-t2","n":"3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,3'-T2)","g":15,"sg":"thyroid hormone","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","525.08 g/mol","PubChem CID 107564"],["Formula","C15H13I2NO4","PubChem CID 107564"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 107564, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.06 nm","ms":"525.08 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:107564","szm":1.065e-09,"szs":"about 1.06 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3423]},{"id":"3-5-diiodo-l-thyronine-3-5-t2","n":"3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2)","g":15,"sg":"thyroid hormone","al":["3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","525.08 g/mol","PubChem CID 92859"],["Formula","C15H13I2NO4","PubChem CID 92859"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 92859, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.06 nm","ms":"525.08 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:92859","szm":1.065e-09,"szs":"about 1.06 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3424,3425]},{"id":"acetohydroxamic-acid","n":"Acetohydroxamic acid","g":15,"sg":"hydroxamic acid","al":["acetohydroxamic acid (AHA)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","75.07 g/mol","PubChem CID 1990"],["Formula","C2H5NO2","PubChem CID 1990"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 1990, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.56 nm","ms":"75.07 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:1990","szm":5.568e-10,"szs":"about 0.56 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3426]},{"id":"adeno-associated-virus-vectors-genome-length-series","n":"Adeno-associated virus vectors, genome-length series","g":2,"sg":"viral vector (parvovirus capsid)","al":["adeno-associated virus vectors with genomes of different length"],"ak":"virus-ico","pr":[["Isoelectric point","7.40 to 8.50 for genome-filled AAV9 (CMV-GFP vector) and 7.40 to 8.80 for empty AAV9 capsids (imaged capillary isoelectric focusing fractions)","Wu J, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Heger CD 2025, Anal Chem 97:17132-17140, doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03104"],["Other","measured on a different AAV9 preparation than the resistive pulse study; full capsids span 1.10 pH units, empty 1.40","Wu J, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Heger CD 2025, Anal Chem 97:17132-17140, doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03104"]],"hs":{"ch":"pI 7.40 to 8.50 for genome-filled AAV9 (CMV-GFP vector) and 7.40 to 8.80 for empty AAV9 capsids (imaged capillary isoelectric focusing fractions)"},"ids":"taxon:235455","r":[3427]},{"id":"alexandrium-pseudogonyaulax","n":"Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax","g":1,"sg":"dinoflagellate (toxic)","ak":"dino","pr":[["Size","cells 30 to 50 um wide and 30 to 60 um long (rotational ellipsoid, 2 size classes)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","biovolume 22438 to 64942 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cells 30 to 50 um wide and 30 to 60 um long (rotational ellipsoid, 2 size classes)"},"ids":"taxon:65670","szm":6e-05,"szs":"60 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3428]},{"id":"alpha-synuclein-124-140","n":"Alpha-synuclein 124-140","g":12,"sg":"alpha-synuclein C-terminal peptide PTM variant","al":["alpha-syn124-140, unmodified"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","17 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","2,008 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","3.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-6.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.67 nm","ms":"2,008 Da","ch":"-6.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"AYEMPSEEGYQDYEPEA","szm":1.665e-09,"szs":"about 1.67 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3429]},{"id":"alpha-synuclein-124-140-ny125","n":"Alpha-synuclein 124-140 nY125","g":12,"sg":"alpha-synuclein C-terminal peptide PTM variant","al":["alpha-syn124-140 nitro-Y125"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"A(nY)EMPSEEGYQDYEPEA","r":[3430]},{"id":"alpha-synuclein-124-140-ny125-ny133-ny136","n":"Alpha-synuclein 124-140 nY125 nY133 nY136","g":12,"sg":"alpha-synuclein C-terminal peptide PTM variant","al":["alpha-syn124-140 nitro-Y125/Y133/Y136"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"A(nY)EMPSEEG(nY)QD(nY)EPEA","r":[3431]},{"id":"alpha-synuclein-124-140-ny125-ps129","n":"Alpha-synuclein 124-140 nY125 pS129","g":12,"sg":"alpha-synuclein C-terminal peptide PTM variant","al":["alpha-syn124-140 nitro-Y125 phospho-S129"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"A(nY)EMP(pS)EEGYQDYEPEA","r":[3432]},{"id":"alpha-synuclein-124-140-ny136","n":"Alpha-synuclein 124-140 nY136","g":12,"sg":"alpha-synuclein C-terminal peptide PTM variant","al":["alpha-syn124-140 nitro-Y136"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"AYEMPSEEGYQD(nY)EPEA","r":[3433]},{"id":"alpha-synuclein-124-140-oxm127","n":"Alpha-synuclein 124-140 oxM127","g":12,"sg":"alpha-synuclein C-terminal peptide PTM variant","al":["alpha-syn124-140 with oxidized Met127"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"AYE(oxM)PSEEGYQDYEPEA","r":[3434]},{"id":"alpha-synuclein-124-140-ps129","n":"Alpha-synuclein 124-140 pS129","g":12,"sg":"alpha-synuclein C-terminal peptide PTM variant","al":["alpha-syn124-140 phospho-S129"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"AYEMP(pS)EEGYQDYEPEA","r":[3435]},{"id":"alpha-synuclein-124-140-py125","n":"Alpha-synuclein 124-140 pY125","g":12,"sg":"alpha-synuclein C-terminal peptide PTM variant","al":["alpha-syn124-140 phospho-Y125"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"A(pY)EMPSEEGYQDYEPEA","r":[3436]},{"id":"alpha-synuclein-124-140-py125-ps129","n":"Alpha-synuclein 124-140 pY125 pS129","g":12,"sg":"alpha-synuclein C-terminal peptide PTM variant","al":["alpha-syn124-140 phospho-Y125 phospho-S129"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"A(pY)EMP(pS)EEGYQDYEPEA","r":[3437]},{"id":"angiopep-2","n":"Angiopep-2","g":12,"sg":"brain-targeting peptide","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","2,301.5 g/mol","PubChem CID 134687501"],["Formula","C104H149N29O31","PubChem CID 134687501"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 134687501, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.74 nm","ms":"2,301.5 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:134687501","szm":1.743e-09,"szs":"about 1.74 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3438]},{"id":"arginine-vasopressin-l-avp","n":"Arginine vasopressin (L-AVP)","g":12,"sg":"peptide hormone enantiomer","al":["L-arginine vasopressin (L-AVP)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","9 amino acids","reported by Cai Y 2026"],["Mass","1,084.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 644077"],["Formula","C46H65N15O12S2","PubChem CID 644077"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 644077, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"9 amino acids","ms":"1,084.2 g/mol"},"seq":"CYFQNCPRG-NH2 (Cys1-Cys6 disulfide)","ids":"pubchem:644077","szm":1.356e-09,"szs":"about 1.36 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3439,3440]},{"id":"arginine-vasopressin-enantiomer-d-avp","n":"Arginine vasopressin enantiomer (D-AVP)","g":12,"sg":"peptide hormone enantiomer","al":["D-arginine vasopressin (D-AVP, enantiomer)"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"all-D CYFQNCPRG-NH2","r":[3441]},{"id":"auxenochlorella-protothecoides","n":"Auxenochlorella protothecoides","g":1,"sg":"green alga","al":["Auxenochlorella protothecoides AS-1"],"ak":"alga","pr":[["Size","most cells 3 to 5 um in diameter; large (mother) cells 6 to 10 um; daughter cells 2 to 6 um (Coulter counter, strain AS-1)","Chen H, Sosa A, Chen F 2024, Microorganisms 12:835, doi:10.3390/microorganisms12040835 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"most cells 3 to 5 um in diameter; large (mother) cells 6 to 10 um; daughter cells 2 to 6 um (Coulter counter, strain AS-1)"},"ids":"taxon:3075","szm":1e-05,"szs":"10 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3442]},{"id":"bcar3-immunopeptide-lkeptrdmi","n":"BCAR3 immunopeptide LKEPTRDMI","g":12,"sg":"immunopeptide-DNA conjugate (phospho variants)","al":["BCAR3 immunopeptide (neoantigen) conjugate"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"LKEPTRDMI (written C to N terminus in the paper)","r":[3443]},{"id":"bcar3-immunopeptide-phospho-thr-lkep-pt-rdmi","n":"BCAR3 immunopeptide phospho-Thr (LKEP[pT]RDMI)","g":12,"sg":"immunopeptide-DNA conjugate (phospho variants)","al":["pBCAR3, BCAR3 with phosphothreonine"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"LKEP(pT)RDMI (written C to N terminus)","r":[3444]},{"id":"beta-catenin-immunopeptide-agshigsdly","n":"Beta-catenin immunopeptide AGSHIGSDLY","g":12,"sg":"immunopeptide-DNA conjugate (phospho variants)","al":["betaCAT immunopeptide, unphosphorylated"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,019 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","5.3","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.8 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.33 nm","ms":"1,019 Da","ch":"-0.8 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"AGSHIGSDLY","szm":1.328e-09,"szs":"about 1.33 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3445]},{"id":"beta-catenin-immunopeptide-agshigsdly-ps1","n":"Beta-catenin immunopeptide AGSHIGSDLY pS1","g":12,"sg":"immunopeptide-DNA conjugate (phospho variants)","al":["betaCAT with phosphoserine pS1"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3446]},{"id":"beta-catenin-immunopeptide-agshigsdly-ps1-ps2","n":"Beta-catenin immunopeptide AGSHIGSDLY pS1 pS2","g":12,"sg":"immunopeptide-DNA conjugate (phospho variants)","al":["betaCAT with both serines phosphorylated"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3447]},{"id":"beta-catenin-immunopeptide-agshigsdly-ps2","n":"Beta-catenin immunopeptide AGSHIGSDLY pS2","g":12,"sg":"immunopeptide-DNA conjugate (phospho variants)","al":["betaCAT with phosphoserine pS2"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3448]},{"id":"cadmium-cystine-crystals-enantiomeric-excess-dependent","n":"Cadmium-cystine crystals (enantiomeric excess dependent)","g":15,"sg":"metal-amino acid crystal","al":["Cd-cystine crystals formed from racemic and L-cystine"],"ak":"mol","r":[3449]},{"id":"caffeic-acid","n":"Caffeic acid","g":15,"sg":"phenolic acid (catechol)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","180.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 689043"],["Formula","C9H8O4","PubChem CID 689043"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 689043, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"180.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:689043","szm":7.455e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3450]},{"id":"citric-acid","n":"Citric acid","g":15,"sg":"alpha-hydroxy acid","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","192.12 g/mol","PubChem CID 311"],["Formula","C6H8O7","PubChem CID 311"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 311, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.76 nm","ms":"192.12 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:311","szm":7.617e-10,"szs":"about 0.76 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3451]},{"id":"cl","n":"Cl-","g":16,"sg":"halide anion","al":["chloride anion"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Cl|-1","pr":[["Charge","-1","reported by Reany O 2024"],["Mass","35.45 Da (chlorine)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","-1 e","from the ion's formula"],["Formula","Cl-","PubChem CID 312"]],"hs":{"ms":"35.45 Da (chlorine)","ch":"-1"},"ids":"pubchem:312","r":[3452]},{"id":"complex-bacteriophage-t4-gp32-with-16-nt-ssdna","n":"Complex bacteriophage T4 gp32 with 16-nt ssDNA","g":10,"sg":"DNA-protein complex","al":["ssDNA-gp32 (T4 single-stranded DNA binding protein) complex"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[3453]},{"id":"complex-dcas9-rnp-with-barcoded-dna-nanostructure-mismatch-p","n":"Complex dCas9 RNP with barcoded DNA nanostructure (mismatch panel)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-dCas9 complex","al":["dCas9 ribonucleoprotein bound to barcoded linear DNA nanostructures carrying matched or mismatched target sites"],"ak":"origami","r":[3454]},{"id":"complex-fkbp12-rapamycin","n":"Complex FKBP12-rapamycin","g":11,"sg":"protein-drug complex","al":["FKBP12-rapamycin binary complex"],"ak":"complex","r":[3455]},{"id":"complex-fkbp12-rapamycin-mtor-frb-domain","n":"Complex FKBP12-rapamycin-mTOR FRB domain","g":11,"sg":"ternary protein complex","al":["FKBP12-rapamycin-FRB (mTOR FKBP12-rapamycin-binding domain) ternary complex"],"ak":"complex","r":[3456]},{"id":"complex-glycans-di-to-decasaccharides-class","n":"Complex glycans di- to decasaccharides (class)","g":13,"sg":"oligosaccharides (class record)","al":["complex glycans from disaccharide to decasaccharide with different glycosidic linkages"],"ak":"sugar-chain","r":[3457]},{"id":"complex-heparin-fgf-1","n":"Complex heparin/FGF-1","g":11,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan-protein complex","al":["heparin-FGF-1 complex"],"ak":"complex","r":[3458]},{"id":"complex-naphthyridine-dimer-with-gg-mismatch-dna-duplex-lyu","n":"Complex naphthyridine dimer with GG-mismatch DNA duplex (Lyu 2024)","g":10,"sg":"DNA duplex-ligand complex","al":["DNA duplexes with a GG mismatch bound by naphthyridine dimer (ND)"],"ak":"dna-protein","r":[3459]},{"id":"cyanidioschyzon-merolae","n":"Cyanidioschyzon merolae","g":1,"sg":"red alga (extremophile)","al":["Cyanidioschyzon merolae 10D"],"ak":"alga","ids":"taxon:45157","r":[3460]},{"id":"cytochrome-p450-bm3-cyp102a1","n":"Cytochrome P450 BM3 (CYP102A1)","g":11,"sg":"monooxygenase enzyme","al":["cytochrome P450 BM3 (single entrapped molecule)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","118 kDa","computed from UniProt P14779, Bifunctional cytochrome P450/NADPH--P450 reductase 1 to 1049"],["Isoelectric point","5.0","computed from UniProt P14779, Bifunctional cytochrome P450/NADPH--P450 reductase 1 to 1049, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-34.4 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P14779, Bifunctional cytochrome P450/NADPH--P450 reductase 1 to 1049, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","1049 amino acids","computed from UniProt P14779, Bifunctional cytochrome P450/NADPH--P450 reductase 1 to 1049"]],"hs":{"sz":"6.47 nm","ms":"118 kDa","ch":"-34.4 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P14779","szm":6.47e-09,"szs":"about 6.47 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3461]},{"id":"d-glucuronic-acid","n":"D-glucuronic acid","g":13,"sg":"monosaccharide","al":["D-glucuronic acid (GlcA)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","194.14 g/mol","PubChem CID 94715"],["Formula","C6H10O7","PubChem CID 94715"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 94715, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.76 nm","ms":"194.14 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:94715","szm":7.643e-10,"szs":"about 0.76 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3462]},{"id":"d-malic-acid","n":"D-malic acid","g":15,"sg":"alpha-hydroxy acid","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","134.09 g/mol","PubChem CID 92824"],["Formula","C4H6O5","PubChem CID 92824"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 92824, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.68 nm","ms":"134.09 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:92824","szm":6.756e-10,"szs":"about 0.68 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3463]},{"id":"designed-r10-headed-peptide-wei-2024","n":"Designed R10-headed peptide (Wei 2024)","g":12,"sg":"synthetic peptide","al":["designed peptide with 10 arginines at the head"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3464]},{"id":"diethylenetriamine-penta-methylene-phosphonic-acid-dtpmpa","n":"Diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMPA)","g":15,"sg":"phosphonate chelator","al":["diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMPA, ligand probe)"],"ak":"mol","r":[3465]},{"id":"dna-aptamer-atp-binding-zhang-2024-dna-nanochannel","n":"DNA aptamer ATP-binding (Zhang 2024 DNA nanochannel)","g":7,"sg":"aptamer","al":["ATP aptamer translocating through a lumen with sequence-specific overhangs"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[3466]},{"id":"dsdna-ace2-coding-sequence-alam-2024","n":"dsDNA ACE2 coding sequence (Alam 2024)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA coding sequence","al":["double-stranded polynucleotide encoding human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[3467]},{"id":"dsdna-sars-cov-2-n-gene-coding-sequence-alam-2024","n":"dsDNA SARS-CoV-2 N gene coding sequence (Alam 2024)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA coding sequence","al":["double-stranded polynucleotide encoding the SARS-CoV-2 N protein"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[3468]},{"id":"dsdna-sars-cov-2-rbd-coding-sequence-alam-2024","n":"dsDNA SARS-CoV-2 RBD coding sequence (Alam 2024)","g":7,"sg":"dsDNA coding sequence","al":["double-stranded polynucleotide encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD)"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[3469]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-aspc-1-pancreatic-cancer-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes derived from AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3470]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-canine-adipose-derived-stem-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (canine adipose-derived stem cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes from canine adipose-derived stem cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3471]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-endothelial-cells-shear-stressed","n":"Extracellular vesicles (endothelial cells, shear-stressed)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["large and small EVs from endothelial cells exposed to low or high shear stress"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3472]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-exhaled-breath-condensate","n":"Extracellular vesicles (exhaled breath condensate)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs purified from human exhaled breath condensate"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3473]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-hct116-colorectal-cancer-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (HCT116 colorectal cancer cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes derived from HCT116 colorectal cancer cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3474]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-hepg2-hepatocellular-carcinoma-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["exosomes derived from HepG2 hepatoma cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3475]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-brain-tissue-postmortem","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human brain tissue, postmortem)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs isolated from postmortem human brain tissue"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3476]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-cervicovaginal-fluid","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human cervicovaginal fluid)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["cervico-vaginal fluid EVs from cervical brushes and vaginal swabs"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3477]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-milk","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human milk)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["human milk EVs (HMEVs)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3478]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-infant-digestive-fluid","n":"Extracellular vesicles (infant digestive fluid)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs from human milk-fed infant digestive fluid (digesta EVs, dEVs)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3479]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-peritoneal-dialysis-effluent","n":"Extracellular vesicles (peritoneal dialysis effluent)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs in peritoneal dialysis effluent of patients (PDE-EVs)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3480]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-stem-cells-from-the-apical-papilla","n":"Extracellular vesicles (stem cells from the apical papilla)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["small EVs from untreated and LPS-treated stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP-sEVs)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3481]},{"id":"fe3","n":"Fe3+","g":16,"sg":"trivalent metal ion","ak":"ion","ax":"Fe|+3","pr":[["Charge","+3","reported by Arora P 2024"],["Mass","55.845 Da (iron)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+3 e","from the ion's formula"],["Formula","Fe+3","PubChem CID 29936"]],"hs":{"ms":"55.845 Da (iron)","ch":"+3"},"ids":"pubchem:29936","r":[3482]},{"id":"fibroblast-growth-factor-1-fgf-1","n":"Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1)","g":11,"sg":"growth factor","ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","15.8 kDa","computed from UniProt P05230, Fibroblast growth factor 1 16 to 155; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"],["Isoelectric point","8.1","computed from UniProt P05230, Fibroblast growth factor 1 16 to 155; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+2.1 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P05230, Fibroblast growth factor 1 16 to 155; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","140 amino acids","computed from UniProt P05230, Fibroblast growth factor 1 16 to 155; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.31 nm","ms":"15.8 kDa","ch":"+2.1 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P05230","szm":3.315e-09,"szs":"about 3.31 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3483]},{"id":"gas-nanobubbles-single-digit-nm-bulk","n":"Gas nanobubbles (single-digit nm, bulk)","g":17,"sg":"nanobubble","al":["single-digit nanometer nanobubbles","single-digit nanometre nanobubbles"],"ak":"bubble","r":[3484,3485]},{"id":"gold-nanostars","n":"Gold nanostars","g":4,"sg":"metal nanostar","al":["anisotropic gold nanostars with varying degrees of branching"],"ak":"metal-np","r":[3486]},{"id":"gyrodinium-dominans","n":"Gyrodinium dominans","g":1,"sg":"dinoflagellate (heterotrophic grazer)","al":["Gyrodinium dominans ICM-ZOO-GD001"],"ak":"dino","pr":[["Size","cell 40 um long and 25 um wide (flattened ellipsoid)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","heterotrophic dinoflagellate; biovolume 8766 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell 40 um long and 25 um wide (flattened ellipsoid)"},"ids":"taxon:285985","szm":4e-05,"szs":"40 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3487]},{"id":"hepatitis-a-virus","n":"Hepatitis A virus","g":2,"sg":"picornavirus (naked, icosahedral)","al":["hepatitis A virus (whole virions, immunocaptured from plasma)"],"ak":"virus-ico","pr":[["Size","capsid about 30 nm in diameter","reported by Jankelow A 2024"],["Other","RNA virus; capsid built from a single polyprotein cleaved into three structural proteins","reported by Jankelow A 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"capsid about 30 nm in diameter"},"ids":"taxon:12092","szm":3e-08,"szs":"30 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3488]},{"id":"hexafluoropropylene-oxide-dimer-acid-genx","n":"Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX)","g":15,"sg":"per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance","al":["GenX (HFPO-DA)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","330.05 g/mol","PubChem CID 114481"],["Formula","C6HF11O3","PubChem CID 114481"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 114481, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.91 nm","ms":"330.05 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:114481","szm":9.122e-10,"szs":"about 0.91 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3489]},{"id":"hexakis-6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-cyclodextrin","n":"Hexakis(6-amino-6-deoxy)-alpha-cyclodextrin","g":13,"sg":"cyclic oligosaccharide (cationic)","al":["hexakis(6-amino-6-deoxy)-alpha-cyclodextrin (am6alphaCD)"],"ak":"mol","ax":"ring","r":[3490]},{"id":"histatin-5","n":"Histatin-5","g":12,"sg":"antimicrobial salivary peptide","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","3,036.3 g/mol","PubChem CID 146161025"],["Formula","C133H195N51O33","PubChem CID 146161025"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 146161025, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.91 nm","ms":"3,036.3 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:146161025","szm":1.911e-09,"szs":"about 1.91 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3491]},{"id":"human-circulating-tumor-cells-patient-blood","n":"Human circulating tumor cells (patient blood)","g":0,"sg":"circulating tumor cell","al":["circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood of breast, colorectal and lung cancer patients"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[3492]},{"id":"human-fkbp12","n":"Human FKBP12","g":11,"sg":"immunophilin","al":["FKBP12"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","11.8 kDa","computed from UniProt P62942, Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A 2 to 108"],["Isoelectric point","8.5","computed from UniProt P62942, Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A 2 to 108, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+1.7 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P62942, Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A 2 to 108, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","107 amino acids","computed from UniProt P62942, Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A 2 to 108"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.01 nm","ms":"11.8 kDa","ch":"+1.7 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P62942","szm":3.007e-09,"szs":"about 3.01 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3493]},{"id":"human-papillomavirus-16-l1-virus-like-particle","n":"Human papillomavirus 16 L1 virus-like particle","g":2,"sg":"virus-like particle (vaccine antigen)","al":["HPV16 L1 virus-like particles (reassembled from L1 pentamers)","HPV16 L1 T = 7 virus-like particles (72 pentamers)"],"ak":"virus-ico","pr":[["Size","diameter about 20 to 70 nm (T = 7 native capsid about 50 nm)","reported by Patterson A 2024"],["Mass","about 21 MDa (20.40 MDa by CD-MS; expected 20.23 MDa)","reported by Klein SM 2025"],["Isoelectric point","about 6.4 and about 7.5 (two batch populations of intact HPV16 VLPs, imaged capillary isoelectric focusing; disassembly and reassembly restored the lower pI)","Boclinville A, Vandevenne M, Pressia A, Thelen N, Thiry M, Jacobs N, Brans A, Fillet M, Servais AC 2026, Anal Chim Acta, doi:10.1016/j.aca.2025.344904"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter about 20 to 70 nm (T = 7 native capsid about 50 nm)","ms":"about 21 MDa (20.40 MDa by CD-MS; expected 20.23 MDa)","ch":"pI about 6.4 and about 7.5 (two batch populations of intact HPV16 VLPs, imaged capillary isoelectric focusing; disassembly and reassembly restored the lower pI)"},"ids":"taxon:333760","szm":7e-08,"szs":"70 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3494,3495]},{"id":"human-parvovirus-b19-virus-like-particle","n":"Human parvovirus B19 virus-like particle","g":2,"sg":"parvovirus VLP (naked, icosahedral)","al":["human parvovirus B19 virus-like particles"],"ak":"virus-ico","pr":[["Size","capsid about 28 nm in diameter","reported by Jankelow A 2024"],["Other","capsid of VP1 and VP2, with VP2 about 95 percent of the shell","reported by Jankelow A 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"capsid about 28 nm in diameter"},"ids":"taxon:10798","szm":2.8e-08,"szs":"28 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3496]},{"id":"inclusions-in-molten-zinc-hot-dip-galvanizing-bath","n":"Inclusions in molten zinc (hot-dip galvanizing bath)","g":6,"sg":"metal inclusions","al":["Inclusions (zinc slag) in molten zinc during hot-dip galvanizing at 500 C, plus validation in liquid gallium (90 C) and aluminium melt (800 C)"],"ak":"grain","ax":"gray","pr":[["Size","detection limit 21 um in zinc at 500 C; real-time size and number distributions","reported by Wu Y 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"detection limit 21 um in zinc at 500 C; real-time size and number distributions"},"szm":2.1e-05,"szs":"21 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3497]},{"id":"influenza-matrix-protein-virus-like-particle-displaying-huma","n":"Influenza matrix-protein virus-like particle displaying human ABCA4","g":2,"sg":"enveloped VLP, insect-cell produced","al":["enveloped virus-like particles with an influenza matrix protein core displaying human ABCA4"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","single peak with mean diameter 93 nm","reported by Cevik S 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"single peak with mean diameter 93 nm"},"ids":"uniprot:P78363","szm":9.3e-08,"szs":"93 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3498]},{"id":"isomaltulose-palatinose","n":"Isomaltulose (palatinose)","g":13,"sg":"disaccharide (glucosyl-fructose isomer)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","342.3 g/mol","PubChem CID 83686"],["Formula","C12H22O11","PubChem CID 83686"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 83686, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.92 nm","ms":"342.3 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:83686","szm":9.234e-10,"szs":"about 0.92 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3499]},{"id":"k562-cells","n":"K562 cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human CML)","al":["K562 leukemia cells"],"ak":"lymphocyte","pr":[["Size","cell size 17 um (as listed from Table 2)","Henslee BE, Morss A, Hu X, Lafyatis GP, Lee LJ 2011, Anal Chem 83:3998-4003, doi:10.1021/ac1019649, Table 2, as entered in BioNumbers BNID 107559"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell size 17 um (as listed from Table 2)"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":1.7e-05,"szs":"17 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3500]},{"id":"karlodinium-armiger","n":"Karlodinium armiger","g":1,"sg":"dinoflagellate (mixotrophic grazer)","al":["Karlodinium armiger ICM-ZOO-KA001"],"ak":"dino","pr":[["Size","approximate body length of the cell about 20 um","Guell-Bujons Q, Zanoli M, Tuval I, Calbet A, Simo R 2024, ISME J 18, doi:10.1093/ismejo/wrae130 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"approximate body length of the cell about 20 um"},"ids":"taxon:342588","szm":2e-05,"szs":"20 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3501]},{"id":"klebsiella-oxytoca","n":"Klebsiella oxytoca","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative rod, nitrogen-fixing)","ak":"rod","ax":"gn","ids":"taxon:571","r":[3502]},{"id":"l-fucose","n":"L-fucose","g":13,"sg":"monosaccharide","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","164.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 17106"],["Formula","C6H12O5","PubChem CID 17106"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 17106, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.72 nm","ms":"164.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:17106","szm":7.228e-10,"szs":"about 0.72 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3503]},{"id":"l-malic-acid","n":"L-malic acid","g":15,"sg":"alpha-hydroxy acid","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","134.09 g/mol","PubChem CID 222656"],["Formula","C4H6O5","PubChem CID 222656"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 222656, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.68 nm","ms":"134.09 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:222656","szm":6.756e-10,"szs":"about 0.68 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3504]},{"id":"l-tartaric-acid","n":"L-tartaric acid","g":15,"sg":"alpha-hydroxy acid","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","150.09 g/mol","PubChem CID 444305"],["Formula","C4H6O6","PubChem CID 444305"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 444305, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.7 nm","ms":"150.09 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:444305","szm":7.015e-10,"szs":"about 0.7 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3505]},{"id":"l-thyroxine-t4","n":"L-thyroxine (T4)","g":15,"sg":"thyroid hormone","al":["thyroxine (T4)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","776.87 g/mol","PubChem CID 5819"],["Formula","C15H11I4NO4","PubChem CID 5819"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5819, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.21 nm","ms":"776.87 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5819","szm":1.213e-09,"szs":"about 1.21 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3506,3507]},{"id":"lactiplantibacillus-plantarum","n":"Lactiplantibacillus plantarum","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (lactic acid)","ak":"strep","ax":"gp","pr":[["Size","straight rods with rounded ends, 0.9 to 1.2 um by 3 to 8 um, single, in pairs or short chains","Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, species description (Lactobacillus plantarum, file gbm00604), text as extracted in the bacteria-archaea-traits repository of Madin JS et al. 2020, Sci Data 7"],["Other","nonmotile; described under the former name Lactobacillus plantarum","Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, species description (Lactobacillus plantarum, file gbm00604), text as extracted in the bacteria-archaea-traits repository of Madin JS et al. 2020, Sci Data 7"]],"hs":{"sz":"straight rods with rounded ends, 0.9 to 1.2 um by 3 to 8 um, single, in pairs or short chains"},"ids":"taxon:1590","szm":8e-06,"szs":"8 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3508]},{"id":"lactose","n":"Lactose","g":13,"sg":"disaccharide","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","342.3 g/mol","PubChem CID 6134"],["Formula","C12H22O11","PubChem CID 6134"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6134, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.92 nm","ms":"342.3 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6134","szm":9.234e-10,"szs":"about 0.92 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3509]},{"id":"leishmania-mexicana","n":"Leishmania mexicana","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (trypanosomatid)","ak":"trypanosome","pr":[["Size","promastigotes elongate and slender, about 10 to 12 um long; amastigotes spherical to ovoid, 1 to 5 um long and 1 to 2 um wide","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Leishmaniasis page, last reviewed June 5, 2024"],["Other","genus-level values","CDC DPDx (Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern), Leishmaniasis page, last reviewed June 5, 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"promastigotes elongate and slender, about 10 to 12 um long; amastigotes spherical to ovoid, 1 to 5 um long and 1 to 2 um wide"},"ids":"taxon:5665","szm":1.2e-05,"szs":"12 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3510]},{"id":"lithospermic-acid","n":"Lithospermic acid","g":15,"sg":"phenolic acid (catechol)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","538.5 g/mol","PubChem CID 6441498"],["Formula","C27H22O12","PubChem CID 6441498"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6441498, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.07 nm","ms":"538.5 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6441498","szm":1.074e-09,"szs":"about 1.07 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3511]},{"id":"marine-bottom-sediment-disaggregated-inorganic-grains-salmon","n":"Marine bottom sediment, disaggregated inorganic grains (salmon aquaculture sites, Canada)","g":5,"sg":"marine sediment","al":["Disaggregated inorganic grain size (DIGS) of bottom sediment near open-cage salmon aquaculture sites, Atlantic Canada"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","Coulter Counter range 1 to 296 um with three apertures; floc fraction derived from DIGS","reported by Milligan TG 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"Coulter Counter range 1 to 296 um with three apertures; floc fraction derived from DIGS"},"szm":0.000296,"szs":"296 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3512]},{"id":"marine-sediment-lithogenic-silt-fractions-core-md20-3591-off","n":"Marine sediment lithogenic silt fractions (core MD20-3591, off South Africa)","g":5,"sg":"marine sediment","al":["Lithogenic (decarbonated) silt fractions 2 to 10 um and 10 to 63 um separated by centrifuge from marine core MD20-3591 (36.73 S, 22.15 E, 2464 m, off South Africa)"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","over 90% of grains within 2 to 10 um and over 70% within 10 to 63 um after separation","reported by Pryor EJ 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"over 90% of grains within 2 to 10 um and over 70% within 10 to 63 um after separation"},"szm":6.3e-05,"szs":"63 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3513]},{"id":"marine-sediment-sortable-silt-western-atlantic-boundary-core","n":"Marine sediment sortable silt (western Atlantic boundary cores)","g":5,"sg":"marine sediment","al":["Terrigenous sortable silt in western Atlantic boundary cores between 55 N and 5 S (Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene)"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","procedural error +/- 0.32 um","reported by Wharton JH 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"procedural error +/- 0.32 um"},"szm":3.2e-07,"szs":"320 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3514]},{"id":"n-acetyl-d-glucosamine-glcnac","n":"N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc)","g":13,"sg":"monosaccharide","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","221.21 g/mol","PubChem CID 439174"],["Formula","C8H15NO6","PubChem CID 439174"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 439174, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.8 nm","ms":"221.21 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:439174","szm":7.983e-10,"szs":"about 0.8 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3515]},{"id":"n-acetylamantadine","n":"N-acetylamantadine","g":15,"sg":"drug metabolite","al":["acetylamantadine"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","193.28 g/mol","PubChem CID 64153"],["Formula","C12H19NO","PubChem CID 64153"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 64153, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.76 nm","ms":"193.28 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:64153","szm":7.632e-10,"szs":"about 0.76 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3516]},{"id":"n4-beta-n-acetyl-d-glucosaminyl-l-asparagine","n":"N4-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine","g":12,"sg":"modified amino acid (glycosylated)","al":["N4-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-asparagine (GlcNAc-N)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","335.31 g/mol","PubChem CID 123826"],["Formula","C12H21N3O8","PubChem CID 123826"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 123826, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.92 nm","ms":"335.31 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:123826","szm":9.17e-10,"szs":"about 0.92 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3517]},{"id":"neochlorogenic-acid","n":"Neochlorogenic acid","g":15,"sg":"1,2-diphenol","al":["neochlorogenic acid (3-CQA)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","354.31 g/mol","PubChem CID 5280633"],["Formula","C16H18O9","PubChem CID 5280633"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5280633, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.93 nm","ms":"354.31 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5280633","szm":9.34e-10,"szs":"about 0.93 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3518]},{"id":"neutral-oligosaccharides-r-binaphthyl-tagged-class","n":"Neutral oligosaccharides, R-binaphthyl tagged (class)","g":13,"sg":"derivatized oligosaccharides (class record)","al":["R-binaphthyl-tagged neutral di-, tri- and tetrasaccharides (six disaccharide isomers plus linkage isomers)"],"ak":"sugar-chain","r":[3519]},{"id":"nicotinamide-vitamin-b3","n":"Nicotinamide (vitamin B3)","g":15,"sg":"B vitamin","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","122.12 g/mol","PubChem CID 936"],["Formula","C6H6N2O","PubChem CID 936"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 936, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.65 nm","ms":"122.12 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:936","szm":6.549e-10,"szs":"about 0.65 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3520]},{"id":"nicotinic-acid-vitamin-b3","n":"Nicotinic acid (vitamin B3)","g":15,"sg":"B vitamin","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","123.11 g/mol","PubChem CID 938"],["Formula","C6H5NO2","PubChem CID 938"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 938, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.66 nm","ms":"123.11 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:938","szm":6.567e-10,"szs":"about 0.66 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3521]},{"id":"o-acetyl-l-threonine","n":"O-acetyl-L-threonine","g":12,"sg":"modified amino acid (PTM)","al":["O-acetyl-threonine (Ac-T)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","161.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 16718064"],["Formula","C6H11NO4","PubChem CID 16718064"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 16718064, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.72 nm","ms":"161.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:16718064","szm":7.183e-10,"szs":"about 0.72 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3522]},{"id":"o-phospho-l-serine","n":"O-phospho-L-serine","g":12,"sg":"modified amino acid (PTM)","al":["O-phosphoserine (P-S)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","185.07 g/mol","PubChem CID 68841"],["Formula","C3H8NO6P","PubChem CID 68841"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 68841, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.75 nm","ms":"185.07 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:68841","szm":7.522e-10,"szs":"about 0.75 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3523]},{"id":"outer-membrane-vesicles-escherichia-coli","n":"Outer membrane vesicles (Escherichia coli)","g":3,"sg":"outer membrane vesicles","al":["engineered outer membrane vesicles displaying antigen 43 beta-domain variants (Escherichia coli)"],"ak":"vesicle","ax":"bacterial","pr":[["Size","about 240 nm","reported by Ahn G 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 240 nm"},"szm":2.4e-07,"szs":"240 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3524]},{"id":"pantothenic-acid-vitamin-b5","n":"Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)","g":15,"sg":"B vitamin","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","219.23 g/mol","PubChem CID 6613"],["Formula","C9H17NO5","PubChem CID 6613"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6613, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.8 nm","ms":"219.23 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6613","szm":7.959e-10,"szs":"about 0.8 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3525]},{"id":"pastor-strand-phospho-ser-lrrapslg-site","n":"PASTOR strand phospho-Ser (LRRApSLG site)","g":11,"sg":"phosphorylated synthetic protein","al":["PASTOR strand with phosphorylated PKA site (LRRASLG)"],"ak":"protein","r":[3526]},{"id":"pastor-dtitin-fusion","n":"PASTOR-dTitin fusion","g":11,"sg":"synthetic protein strand (PASTOR)","al":["PASTOR-dTitin (destabilized titin domain variant)"],"ak":"protein","r":[3527]},{"id":"pastor-titin-i27-v15p-fusion","n":"PASTOR-titin I27 V15P fusion","g":11,"sg":"synthetic protein strand (PASTOR)","al":["PASTOR-titin, folded titin I27 V15P domain inserted in the strand"],"ak":"protein","r":[3528]},{"id":"perfluorobutanesulfonic-acid-pfbs","n":"Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS)","g":15,"sg":"per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (C4)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","300.1 g/mol","PubChem CID 67815"],["Formula","C4HF9O3S","PubChem CID 67815"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 67815, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.88 nm","ms":"300.1 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:67815","szm":8.837e-10,"szs":"about 0.88 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3529]},{"id":"perfluorobutanoic-acid-pfba","n":"Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA)","g":15,"sg":"per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (C4)","al":["heptafluorobutyric acid (PFBA)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","214.04 g/mol","PubChem CID 9777"],["Formula","C4HF7O2","PubChem CID 9777"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 9777, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.79 nm","ms":"214.04 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:9777","szm":7.896e-10,"szs":"about 0.79 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3530]},{"id":"perfluoroheptanoic-acid-pfhpa","n":"Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA)","g":15,"sg":"per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (C7)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","364.06 g/mol","PubChem CID 67818"],["Formula","C7HF13O2","PubChem CID 67818"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 67818, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.94 nm","ms":"364.06 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:67818","szm":9.425e-10,"szs":"about 0.94 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3531]},{"id":"perfluorohexanesulfonic-acid-pfhxs","n":"Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS)","g":15,"sg":"per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (C6)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","400.12 g/mol","PubChem CID 67734"],["Formula","C6HF13O3S","PubChem CID 67734"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 67734, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.97 nm","ms":"400.12 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:67734","szm":9.727e-10,"szs":"about 0.97 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3532]},{"id":"perfluorohexanoic-acid-pfhxa","n":"Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA)","g":15,"sg":"per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (C6)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","314.05 g/mol","PubChem CID 67542"],["Formula","C6HF11O2","PubChem CID 67542"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 67542, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.9 nm","ms":"314.05 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:67542","szm":8.972e-10,"szs":"about 0.9 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3533]},{"id":"perfluorononanoic-acid-pfna","n":"Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)","g":15,"sg":"per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (C9)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","464.08 g/mol","PubChem CID 67821"],["Formula","C9HF17O2","PubChem CID 67821"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 67821, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.02 nm","ms":"464.08 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:67821","szm":1.022e-09,"szs":"about 1.02 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3534]},{"id":"perfluorooctanesulfonic-acid-pfos","n":"Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS)","g":15,"sg":"per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (C8)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","500.13 g/mol","PubChem CID 74483"],["Formula","C8HF17O3S","PubChem CID 74483"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 74483, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.05 nm","ms":"500.13 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:74483","szm":1.048e-09,"szs":"about 1.05 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3535]},{"id":"perfluoropentanoic-acid-pfpea","n":"Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA)","g":15,"sg":"per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (C5)","al":["perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPA)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","264.05 g/mol","PubChem CID 75921"],["Formula","C5HF9O2","PubChem CID 75921"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 75921, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.85 nm","ms":"264.05 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:75921","szm":8.468e-10,"szs":"about 0.85 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3536]},{"id":"pollen-brassica-napus","n":"Pollen, Brassica napus","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["Brassica napus pollen"],"ak":"pollen","ids":"taxon:3708","r":[3537]},{"id":"protocatechualdehyde","n":"Protocatechualdehyde","g":15,"sg":"phenolic acid (catechol)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","138.12 g/mol","PubChem CID 8768"],["Formula","C7H6O3","PubChem CID 8768"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 8768, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.68 nm","ms":"138.12 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:8768","szm":6.823e-10,"szs":"about 0.68 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3538]},{"id":"protocatechuic-acid","n":"Protocatechuic acid","g":15,"sg":"phenolic acid (catechol)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","154.12 g/mol","PubChem CID 72"],["Formula","C7H6O4","PubChem CID 72"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 72, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.71 nm","ms":"154.12 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:72","szm":7.077e-10,"szs":"about 0.71 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3539]},{"id":"pyridoxal-vitamin-b6","n":"Pyridoxal (vitamin B6)","g":15,"sg":"B vitamin","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","167.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 1050"],["Formula","C8H9NO3","PubChem CID 1050"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 1050, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.73 nm","ms":"167.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:1050","szm":7.271e-10,"szs":"about 0.73 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3540]},{"id":"pyridoxamine-vitamin-b6","n":"Pyridoxamine (vitamin B6)","g":15,"sg":"B vitamin","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","168.19 g/mol","PubChem CID 1052"],["Formula","C8H12N2O2","PubChem CID 1052"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 1052, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.73 nm","ms":"168.19 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:1052","szm":7.286e-10,"szs":"about 0.73 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3541]},{"id":"pyridoxine-vitamin-b6","n":"Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)","g":15,"sg":"B vitamin","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","169.18 g/mol","PubChem CID 1054"],["Formula","C8H11NO3","PubChem CID 1054"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 1054, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.73 nm","ms":"169.18 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:1054","szm":7.301e-10,"szs":"about 0.73 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3542]},{"id":"rna-bacteriophage-ms2-genome-3-569-nt-restructured-with-dna","n":"RNA bacteriophage MS2 genome (3,569 nt) restructured with DNA staples","g":8,"sg":"viral RNA genome","al":["bacteriophage MS2 genomic RNA (3,569 nt) restructured with DNA staples into a '101' barcode after urea denaturation"],"ak":"rna-long","pr":[["Size","3,569 nt","reported by Platnich CM 2024"],["Mass","about 1.14 MDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -3,569 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"3,569 nt","ms":"about 1.14 MDa","ch":"about -3,569 e at pH 7"},"ids":"taxon:12022","szm":2.141e-06,"szs":"about 2.14 µm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3543]},{"id":"rna-sars-cov-2-genomic-rna-biofluid-extracts","n":"RNA SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA (biofluid extracts)","g":8,"sg":"viral RNA genome","al":["SARS-CoV-2 RNA from baboon swabs and lavage"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[3544]},{"id":"rna-zika-virus-genomic-rna-biofluid-extracts","n":"RNA Zika virus genomic RNA (biofluid extracts)","g":8,"sg":"viral RNA genome","al":["Zika virus RNA from marmoset biofluids (semen, urine, whole blood)"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[3545]},{"id":"rna-dna-hybrid-duplex-3-6-kbp-ms2-rna-scaffold","n":"RNA:DNA hybrid duplex 3.6 kbp (MS2 RNA scaffold)","g":10,"sg":"RNA:DNA hybrid","al":["RNA:DNA hybrid duplex (MS2 RNA with DNA oligos), about 3.6 kbp"],"ak":"dsdna","pr":[["Size","about 3.6 kbp","reported by Boskovic F 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 3.6 kbp"},"szm":1.224e-06,"szs":"about 1.22 µm, the contour length of the DNA or RNA part","r":[3546]},{"id":"rosmarinic-acid","n":"Rosmarinic acid","g":15,"sg":"phenolic acid (catechol)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","360.3 g/mol","PubChem CID 5281792"],["Formula","C18H16O8","PubChem CID 5281792"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5281792, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.94 nm","ms":"360.3 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5281792","szm":9.393e-10,"szs":"about 0.94 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3547]},{"id":"salvianic-acid-a-danshensu","n":"Salvianic acid A (danshensu)","g":15,"sg":"phenolic acid (catechol)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","198.17 g/mol","PubChem CID 11600642"],["Formula","C9H10O5","PubChem CID 11600642"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 11600642, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.77 nm","ms":"198.17 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:11600642","szm":7.696e-10,"szs":"about 0.77 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3548]},{"id":"salvianolic-acid-a","n":"Salvianolic acid A","g":15,"sg":"phenolic acid (catechol)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","494.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 5281793"],["Formula","C26H22O10","PubChem CID 5281793"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5281793, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.04 nm","ms":"494.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5281793","szm":1.044e-09,"szs":"about 1.04 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3549]},{"id":"salvianolic-acid-b","n":"Salvianolic acid B","g":15,"sg":"phenolic acid (catechol)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","718.6 g/mol","PubChem CID 6451084"],["Formula","C36H30O16","PubChem CID 6451084"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6451084, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.18 nm","ms":"718.6 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6451084","szm":1.182e-09,"szs":"about 1.18 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3550]},{"id":"semiaza-bambusuril","n":"Semiaza-bambusuril","g":15,"sg":"macrocyclic anion receptor","al":["semiaza-bambusuril (adapter)"],"ak":"mol","r":[3551]},{"id":"series-amyloid-beta-fragments-wild-type-and-two-mutants-zhan","n":"Series amyloid-beta fragments wild type and two mutants (Zhang 2024)","g":12,"sg":"amyloid-beta derived peptide","al":["wild-type amyloid-beta peptide and two disease mutants (synthetic fragments)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3552]},{"id":"series-pastor-protein-barcodes-motone-2024","n":"Series PASTOR protein barcodes (Motone 2024)","g":11,"sg":"synthetic protein strand (PASTOR)","al":["protein barcodes read on PASTOR strands"],"ak":"protein","r":[3553]},{"id":"series-pastor-synthetic-strands-single-amino-acid-variants-m","n":"Series PASTOR synthetic strands single-amino-acid variants (Motone 2024)","g":11,"sg":"synthetic protein strand (PASTOR)","al":["PASTOR synthetic protein strands with single-amino-acid substitution combinations in variable regions"],"ak":"protein","r":[3554]},{"id":"series-phe-containing-peptides-with-variable-residue-zhang-2","n":"Series Phe-containing peptides with variable residue (Zhang 2024, CB7-alphaHL)","g":12,"sg":"phenylalanine-containing peptide probe","al":["phenylalanine-containing peptides with each proteinogenic amino acid at a defined position"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3555]},{"id":"series-unstructured-natural-polypeptides-sauciuc-2024-cytk","n":"Series unstructured natural polypeptides (Sauciuc 2024, CytK)","g":11,"sg":"unfolded protein","al":["unstructured natural polypeptides (linearized full-length proteins)"],"ak":"protein","r":[3556]},{"id":"spherical-nucleic-acids-prosnas","n":"Spherical nucleic acids (ProSNAs)","g":10,"sg":"spherical nucleic acid","al":["protein spherical nucleic acids (ProSNAs) with different oligonucleotide loadings"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[3557]},{"id":"spike-pseudotyped-vesicular-stomatitis-virus-ancestral-sars","n":"Spike-pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (ancestral SARS-CoV-2 spike)","g":2,"sg":"rhabdovirus-vectored vaccine particle (enveloped, bullet-shaped)","al":["SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-dG-SCTd21, ancestral spike)"],"ak":"virus-bullet","r":[3558]},{"id":"spike-pseudotyped-vesicular-stomatitis-virus-omicron-ba-1-sa","n":"Spike-pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (omicron BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 spike)","g":2,"sg":"rhabdovirus-vectored vaccine particle (enveloped, bullet-shaped)","al":["SARS-CoV-2 omicron BA.1 Spike-pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-dG-SOmicron-CTd21-GFP)"],"ak":"virus-bullet","r":[3559]},{"id":"ssdna-5-acggaaggagtgccaa-3","n":"ssDNA 5'-ACGGAAGGAGTGCCAA-3'","g":7,"sg":"ssDNA oligonucleotide","al":["16-nt ssDNA"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","16 nt","reported by Schiopu I 2024"],["Mass","4968 g/mol","reported by Schiopu I 2024"],["Mass","4,964 Da","computed from the sequence, single strand with 5'-OH and 3'-OH ends"],["Charge","about -15 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per phosphodiester"]],"hs":{"sz":"16 nt","ms":"4968 g/mol","ch":"about -15 e at pH 7"},"seq":"ACGGAAGGAGTGCCAA","szm":9.6e-09,"szs":"about 9.6 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3560]},{"id":"ssdna-encodable-hairpin-probe-library-sun-2024","n":"ssDNA encodable hairpin probe library (Sun 2024)","g":7,"sg":"DNA hairpin probe","al":["library of encodable DNA hairpin probes with distinct nanopore signatures"],"ak":"hairpin","r":[3561]},{"id":"ssdna-i-motif-forming-c-rich-sequence-cation-series-wang-202","n":"ssDNA i-motif-forming C-rich sequence, cation series (Wang 2024)","g":7,"sg":"i-motif","al":["cytosine-rich i-motif DNA (i-DNA) in different cations"],"ak":"quad","r":[3562]},{"id":"ssdna-template-with-single-z-base-smith-2024","n":"ssDNA template with single Z base (Smith 2024)","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["ssDNA template containing a single Z base (AEGIS nucleotide, pKa ~7.8)"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[3563]},{"id":"staphylococcus-epidermidis","n":"Staphylococcus epidermidis","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-positive coccus)","ak":"staph","ax":"gp","pr":[["Size","spherical, diameter 0.6 to 1.0 um (SEM)","reported by Morimura A 2024"],["Charge","zeta more negative than -20 mV (Zetasizer, diluted in water)","reported by Morimura A 2024"]],"hs":{"sz":"spherical, diameter 0.6 to 1.0 um (SEM)","ch":"zeta more negative than -20 mV (Zetasizer, diluted in water)"},"ids":"taxon:1282","szm":1e-06,"szs":"1 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3564]},{"id":"symmetric-dimethylarginine-sdma","n":"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA)","g":12,"sg":"modified amino acid (PTM)","al":["Nomega,N'omega-dimethyl-arginine (Me-R)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","202.25 g/mol","PubChem CID 169148"],["Formula","C8H18N4O2","PubChem CID 169148"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 169148, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.77 nm","ms":"202.25 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:169148","szm":7.748e-10,"szs":"about 0.77 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3565]},{"id":"synechocystis-sp-pcc-6803","n":"Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803","g":1,"sg":"cyanobacterium (unicellular)","ak":"coccus","ax":"cyano","pr":[["Size","cell diameter 1 um","Sarcina M, Mullineaux CW 2000, FEMS Microbiol Lett 191:25-29, PMID 11004395 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","BioNumbers BNID 100530 (notes that Shastri et al. 2005 give 1.75 um)","Sarcina M, Mullineaux CW 2000, FEMS Microbiol Lett 191:25-29, PMID 11004395 (via BioNumbers)"],["Size","cell diameter 2.07 um (range 1.67 to 2.46 um; imaging flow cytometry of round cells)","Zavrel T, Ocenasova P, Cerveny J 2017, PLoS One 12(12):1-21, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189130 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","BioNumbers BNID 114564","Zavrel T, Ocenasova P, Cerveny J 2017, PLoS One 12(12):1-21, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189130 (via BioNumbers)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell diameter 1 um"},"szm":2.46e-06,"szs":"2.46 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3566]},{"id":"thioredoxin-linker-pentamer-diphospho-with-phos-tag","n":"Thioredoxin-linker pentamer diphospho with Phos-tag","g":11,"sg":"phosphorylated polyprotein","al":["Trx-linker pentamer with two phosphoserines 274 residues apart, bound to Phos-tag"],"ak":"multimer","r":[3567]},{"id":"torulaspora-delbrueckii","n":"Torulaspora delbrueckii","g":1,"sg":"yeast (wine)","ak":"yeast","ids":"taxon:4950","r":[3568]},{"id":"trna-human-mitochondrial-trna-leu-uaa","n":"tRNA human mitochondrial tRNA-Leu (UAA)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["human mitochondrial tRNA-Leu (UAA), wild type"],"ak":"trna","r":[3569]},{"id":"trna-human-mitochondrial-trna-leu-uaa-a14g","n":"tRNA human mitochondrial tRNA-Leu (UAA) A14G","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["human mitochondrial tRNA-Leu (UAA) A14G variant (MELAS)"],"ak":"trna","r":[3570]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-ala-ugc","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Ala (UGC)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Ala(UGC)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3571]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-arg-acg","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Arg (ACG)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Arg(ACG)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3572]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-arg-ccg","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Arg (CCG)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Arg(CCG)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3573]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-arg-ccu","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Arg (CCU)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Arg(CCU)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3574]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-gln-cug","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Gln (CUG)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Gln(CUG)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3575]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-gln-uug","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Gln (UUG)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Gln(UUG)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3576]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-glu-cuc","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Glu (CUC)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Glu(CUC)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3577]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-gly-ccc","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Gly (CCC)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Gly(CCC)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3578]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-his-gug","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-His (GUG)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-His(GUG)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3579]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-imet-cau","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-iMet (CAU)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-iMet(CAU)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3580]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-leu-caa","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Leu (CAA)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Leu(CAA)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3581]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-leu-gag","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Leu (GAG)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Leu(GAG)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3582]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-leu-uaa","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Leu (UAA)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Leu(UAA)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3583]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-lys-cuu","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Lys (CUU)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Lys(CUU)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3584]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-pro-agg","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Pro (AGG)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Pro(AGG)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3585]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-pro-ugg","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Pro (UGG)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Pro(UGG)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3586]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-ser-cga","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Ser (CGA)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Ser(CGA)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3587]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-ser-uga","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Ser (UGA)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Ser(UGA)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3588]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-thr-agu","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Thr (AGU)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Thr(AGU)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3589]},{"id":"trna-s-cerevisiae-trna-thr-ugu","n":"tRNA S. cerevisiae tRNA-Thr (UGU)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Thr(UGU)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:4932","r":[3590]},{"id":"vaccine-viral-particles-virus-unnamed-trps-quality-control","n":"Vaccine viral particles (virus unnamed, TRPS quality control)","g":2,"sg":"vaccine virus particles","al":["viral particles in an in-house vaccine formulation (virus not named in the abstract)"],"ak":"virus-ico","r":[3591]},{"id":"vllgvklfgv-melanoma-neoantigen","n":"VLLGVKLFGV (melanoma neoantigen)","g":12,"sg":"neoantigen peptide","al":["melanoma neoantigen peptide VLLGVKLFGV"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,044 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","9.7","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.34 nm","ms":"1,044 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"VLLGVKLFGV","szm":1.339e-09,"szs":"about 1.34 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3592]},{"id":"vllgvklsgv-melanoma-normal-antigen","n":"VLLGVKLSGV (melanoma normal antigen)","g":12,"sg":"antigen peptide","al":["melanoma normal antigen peptide VLLGVKLSGV"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","10 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","984.2 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","9.7","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","+1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.31 nm","ms":"984.2 Da","ch":"+1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"VLLGVKLSGV","szm":1.313e-09,"szs":"about 1.31 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3593]},{"id":"2-methylpropanal","n":"2-methylpropanal","g":15,"sg":"aldehyde (volatile organic compound)","al":["2-methylpropanal (isobutyraldehyde)"],"ak":"mol","r":[3594]},{"id":"adeno-associated-virus-9-capsid-partially-loaded","n":"Adeno-associated virus 9 capsid, partially loaded","g":2,"sg":"viral vector (parvovirus capsid)","al":["AAV9 capsids, partially DNA-loaded (AAVpartial)"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","about 25 nm diameter","reported by Renkes S 2025"],["Other","non-enveloped icosahedral capsid of 60 VP1/VP2/VP3 subunits; ssDNA genome","reported by Renkes S 2025"],["Isoelectric point","7.40 to 8.50 for genome-filled AAV9 (CMV-GFP vector) and 7.40 to 8.80 for empty AAV9 capsids (imaged capillary isoelectric focusing fractions)","Wu J, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Heger CD 2025, Anal Chem 97:17132-17140, doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03104"],["Other","measured on a different AAV9 preparation than the resistive pulse study; full capsids span 1.10 pH units, empty 1.40","Wu J, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Heger CD 2025, Anal Chem 97:17132-17140, doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03104"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 25 nm diameter","ch":"pI 7.40 to 8.50 for genome-filled AAV9 (CMV-GFP vector) and 7.40 to 8.80 for empty AAV9 capsids (imaged capillary isoelectric focusing fractions)"},"ids":"taxon:235455","szm":2.5e-08,"szs":"25 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3595]},{"id":"adeno-associated-virus-9-vector-with-truncated-1491-base-ssd","n":"Adeno-associated virus 9 vector with truncated 1491-base ssDNA genome","g":2,"sg":"viral vector (parvovirus capsid)","al":["recombinant AAV9 vector with a 1491-base ssDNA genome (replicative intermediate)"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","about 25 nm diameter","reported by Tsutsui M 2025"],["Other","non-enveloped icosahedral capsid of 60 VP1/VP2/VP3 subunits; ssDNA genome","reported by Tsutsui M 2025"],["Isoelectric point","7.40 to 8.50 for genome-filled AAV9 (CMV-GFP vector) and 7.40 to 8.80 for empty AAV9 capsids (imaged capillary isoelectric focusing fractions)","Wu J, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Heger CD 2025, Anal Chem 97:17132-17140, doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03104"],["Other","measured on a different AAV9 preparation than the resistive pulse study; full capsids span 1.10 pH units, empty 1.40","Wu J, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Heger CD 2025, Anal Chem 97:17132-17140, doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03104"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 25 nm diameter","ch":"pI 7.40 to 8.50 for genome-filled AAV9 (CMV-GFP vector) and 7.40 to 8.80 for empty AAV9 capsids (imaged capillary isoelectric focusing fractions)"},"ids":"taxon:235455","szm":2.5e-08,"szs":"25 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3596]},{"id":"amoebophrya-sp","n":"Amoebophrya sp.","g":1,"sg":"dinoflagellate (parasitoid, Syndiniales)","al":["Amoebophrya sp. dinospores (parasite of Karlodinium veneficum)"],"ak":"spore","pr":[["Size","dinospores 2 to 4 um; host cells 10 to 13 um (Coulter)","reported by Tizabi D 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"dinospores 2 to 4 um; host cells 10 to 13 um (Coulter)"},"szm":1.3e-05,"szs":"13 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3597]},{"id":"aspergillus-nidulans","n":"Aspergillus nidulans","g":1,"sg":"fungus (conidia)","al":["Aspergillus nidulans conidiospores"],"ak":"spore","ids":"taxon:162425","r":[3598]},{"id":"bacterial-membrane-vesicles-escherichia-coli-ctx-m-producing","n":"Bacterial membrane vesicles (Escherichia coli, CTX-M producing)","g":3,"sg":"bacterial membrane vesicles","al":["vesicles carrying CTX-M beta-lactamase genes and proteins from Escherichia coli"],"ak":"vesicle","ax":"bacterial","pr":[["Size","80-150 nm","reported by Kameli N 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"80-150 nm"},"szm":1.5e-07,"szs":"150 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3599]},{"id":"benzaldehyde","n":"Benzaldehyde","g":15,"sg":"aldehyde (volatile organic compound)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","106.12 g/mol","PubChem CID 240"],["Formula","C7H6O","PubChem CID 240"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 240, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.62 nm","ms":"106.12 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:240","szm":6.249e-10,"szs":"about 0.62 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3600]},{"id":"bradykinin","n":"Bradykinin","g":12,"sg":"kinin peptide hormone","al":["bradykinin (BK)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","1,060.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 439201"],["Formula","C50H73N15O11","PubChem CID 439201"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 439201, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.35 nm","ms":"1,060.2 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:439201","szm":1.346e-09,"szs":"about 1.35 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3601,3602]},{"id":"butanal","n":"Butanal","g":15,"sg":"aldehyde (volatile organic compound)","al":["butanal (butyraldehyde)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","72.11 g/mol","PubChem CID 261"],["Formula","C4H8O","PubChem CID 261"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 261, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.55 nm","ms":"72.11 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:261","szm":5.494e-10,"szs":"about 0.55 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3603]},{"id":"c-peptide-proinsulin-connecting-peptide","n":"C-peptide (proinsulin connecting peptide)","g":12,"sg":"peptide biomarker","al":["C-peptide"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","3,020.3 g/mol","PubChem CID 16157840"],["Formula","C129H211N35O48","PubChem CID 16157840"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 16157840, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.91 nm","ms":"3,020.3 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:16157840","szm":1.908e-09,"szs":"about 1.91 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2009)","r":[3625]},{"id":"d-asparagine","n":"D-asparagine","g":12,"sg":"free amino acid enantiomer","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","132.12 g/mol","PubChem CID 439600"],["Formula","C4H8N2O3","PubChem CID 439600"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 439600, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.67 nm","ms":"132.12 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:439600","szm":6.723e-10,"szs":"about 0.67 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3626]},{"id":"d-gluconic-acid","n":"D-gluconic acid","g":15,"sg":"sugar acid","al":["gluconic acid"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","196.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 10690"],["Formula","C6H12O7","PubChem CID 10690"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 10690, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.77 nm","ms":"196.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:10690","szm":7.67e-10,"szs":"about 0.77 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3627]},{"id":"d-glutamic-acid","n":"D-glutamic 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silver nanocluster templated in a 20-nucleotide DNA strand"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","20 nt","reported by Joty K 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"20 nt"},"r":[3650,3651]},{"id":"dna-templated-silver-nanoclusters-37-nt-template","n":"DNA-templated silver nanoclusters (37-nt template)","g":10,"sg":"DNA-metal cluster","al":["silver nanoclusters templated in a 37-nucleotide DNA strand","fluorescent silver nanocluster templated in a 37-nucleotide DNA strand"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","37 nt","reported by Joty K 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"37 nt"},"r":[3652,3653]},{"id":"dsdna-aureococcus-anophagefferens-virus-genome-methylation-m","n":"dsDNA Aureococcus anophagefferens virus genome (methylation mapped)","g":7,"sg":"giant virus genome (algal virus)","al":["Aureococcus anophagefferens virus (AaV) genomic DNA with 5mC and 6mA methylation"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[3654]},{"id":"dsdna-bombyx-mori-nucleopolyhedrovirus-genome","n":"dsDNA Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus genome","g":7,"sg":"baculovirus genome (insect virus)","al":["Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus genomic DNA (budded virus)"],"ak":"dsdna","ids":"taxon:271108","r":[3655]},{"id":"dsdna-cell-free-dna-cfdna","n":"dsDNA cell-free DNA (cfDNA)","g":7,"sg":"cell-free DNA","al":["cell-free DNA (cfDNA) samples"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[3656]},{"id":"dsdna-crassphage-carjivirus-communis-genome","n":"dsDNA crAssphage (Carjivirus communis) genome","g":7,"sg":"crAss-like phage genome","al":["crAssphage (Carjivirus communis) genome in human stool, read by nanopore sequencing"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[3657]},{"id":"dsdna-human-mitochondrial-genome-native-circular-mtdna","n":"dsDNA human mitochondrial genome (native circular mtDNA)","g":7,"sg":"mitochondrial genome","al":["native (unamplified) human mitochondrial DNA from a cancer cell line and blood cells"],"ak":"plasmid","pr":[["Size","16,659 bp circular (as written in the paper)","reported by Pal S 2025"],["Mass","about 10.8 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -33,318 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"16,659 bp circular (as written in the paper)","ms":"about 10.8 MDa","ch":"about -33,318 e at pH 7"},"szm":5.664e-06,"szs":"5.66 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[3658]},{"id":"dsdna-packaged-in-staphylococcal-phage-virions","n":"dsDNA packaged in staphylococcal phage virions","g":7,"sg":"phage virion DNA content","al":["DNA packaged inside staphylococcal phage virions (phage 48, phage E72m5 and phage 812h1 particles)"],"ak":"dsdna","r":[3659]},{"id":"dsdna-plasmid-pbr322-4-361-bp-heat-unzipped-in-pore","n":"dsDNA plasmid pBR322 (4,361 bp, heat-unzipped in pore)","g":7,"sg":"plasmid","al":["pBR322 plasmid DNA unzipped by local heating above 423 K"],"ak":"plasmid","pr":[["Size","4,361 bp","standard pBR322 length (not stated in abstract)"],["Mass","about 2.83 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -8,722 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"4,361 bp","ms":"about 2.83 MDa","ch":"about -8,722 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.483e-06,"szs":"1.48 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[3660]},{"id":"dsdna-plasmid-pbr322-4-361-bp-linearized","n":"dsDNA plasmid pBR322 (4,361 bp, linearized)","g":7,"sg":"plasmid","al":["linearized pBR322 plasmid DNA"],"ak":"plasmid","pr":[["Size","4,361 bp","standard pBR322 length (not stated in abstract)"],["Mass","about 2.83 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -8,722 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"4,361 bp","ms":"about 2.83 MDa","ch":"about -8,722 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.483e-06,"szs":"1.48 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[3661]},{"id":"dsdna-plasmid-pbr322-4-361-bp-supercoiled","n":"dsDNA plasmid pBR322 (4,361 bp, supercoiled)","g":7,"sg":"plasmid","al":["supercoiled pBR322 plasmid DNA"],"ak":"plasmid","pr":[["Size","4,361 bp","standard pBR322 length (not stated in abstract)"],["Mass","about 2.83 MDa","computed: about 650 Da per base pair"],["Charge","about -8,722 e at pH 7","computed: two phosphate charges per base pair"]],"hs":{"sz":"4,361 bp","ms":"about 2.83 MDa","ch":"about -8,722 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.483e-06,"szs":"1.48 µm contour length (0.34 nm per base pair)","r":[3662]},{"id":"dy3","n":"Dy3+","g":16,"sg":"rare earth trivalent ion","al":["Dy(III) (dysprosium)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Dy|+3","pr":[["Charge","+3","reported by Sun W 2025"],["Mass","162.5 Da (dysprosium)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+3 e","from the ion's formula"]],"hs":{"ms":"162.5 Da (dysprosium)","ch":"+3"},"r":[3663]},{"id":"dynamin-2-lfp19-4r-fluoroproline","n":"Dynamin-2 LFP19 (4R)-fluoroproline","g":12,"sg":"proline-rich peptide isomer","al":["LFP19 with (4R)-fluoroproline at position 3"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3664]},{"id":"dynamin-2-lfp19-4s-fluoroproline","n":"Dynamin-2 LFP19 (4S)-fluoroproline","g":12,"sg":"proline-rich peptide isomer","al":["LFP19 with (4S)-fluoroproline at position 3"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3665]},{"id":"dynamin-2-lfp19-natural-proline","n":"Dynamin-2 LFP19 (natural proline)","g":12,"sg":"proline-rich peptide isomer","al":["LFP19 dynamin 2 fragment with natural Pro3"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3666]},{"id":"er3","n":"Er3+","g":16,"sg":"rare earth trivalent ion","al":["Er(III) (erbium)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Er|+3","pr":[["Charge","+3","reported by Sun W 2025"],["Mass","167.26 Da (erbium)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+3 e","from the ion's formula"]],"hs":{"ms":"167.26 Da (erbium)","ch":"+3"},"r":[3667]},{"id":"ethanal","n":"Ethanal","g":15,"sg":"aldehyde (volatile organic compound)","al":["ethanal (acetaldehyde)"],"ak":"mol","r":[3668]},{"id":"eu3","n":"Eu3+","g":16,"sg":"rare earth trivalent ion","al":["Eu(III) (europium)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Eu|+3","pr":[["Charge","+3","reported by Sun W 2025"],["Mass","151.96 Da (europium)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+3 e","from the ion's formula"]],"hs":{"ms":"151.96 Da (europium)","ch":"+3"},"r":[3669]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-aurelia-aurita-moon-jellyfish","n":"Extracellular vesicles (Aurelia aurita, moon jellyfish)","g":3,"sg":"animal extracellular vesicles","al":["small EVs isolated from the moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3670]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-cultured-myotubes","n":"Extracellular vesicles (cultured myotubes)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs released from cultured myotubes under vibration stimulation","EVs from control and chronically stimulated myotubes"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3671,3672]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-nasal-lining-fluid","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human nasal lining fluid)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs in nasal lining fluid (controls and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3673]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-placenta-derived-mesenchymal-st","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["LEAP-purified EVs from two human placenta-derived MSC populations"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3674]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-pleural-fluid","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human pleural fluid)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["pleural fluid extracellular vesicles (PFEVs)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3675]},{"id":"galdieria-partita","n":"Galdieria partita","g":1,"sg":"red alga (extremophile)","ak":"alga","ids":"taxon:83374","r":[3676]},{"id":"gd3","n":"Gd3+","g":16,"sg":"rare earth trivalent ion","al":["Gd(III) (gadolinium)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Gd|+3","pr":[["Charge","+3","reported by Sun W 2025"],["Mass","157.25 Da (gadolinium)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+3 e","from the ion's formula"]],"hs":{"ms":"157.25 Da (gadolinium)","ch":"+3"},"r":[3677]},{"id":"ginsenosides-class-30-compounds","n":"Ginsenosides (class, 30 compounds)","g":15,"sg":"triterpenoid saponin glycosides (class record)","al":["ginsenosides (30 compounds differing in glycosyl composition, isomerism, modification and aglycone)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","444.7 g/mol","PubChem CID 3086007"],["Formula","C30H52O2","PubChem CID 3086007"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 3086007, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.01 nm","ms":"444.7 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:3086007","szm":1.008e-09,"szs":"about 1.01 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3678]},{"id":"heptanal","n":"Heptanal","g":15,"sg":"aldehyde (volatile organic compound)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","114.19 g/mol","PubChem CID 8130"],["Formula","C7H14O","PubChem CID 8130"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 8130, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.64 nm","ms":"114.19 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:8130","szm":6.404e-10,"szs":"about 0.64 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3679]},{"id":"herpes-simplex-virus-1","n":"Herpes simplex virus 1","g":2,"sg":"herpesvirus (enveloped)","al":["herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","100 to 200 nm diameter (herpesviruses, as stated in the paper)","reported by Hashida N 2025"],["Zeta potential","70 mV in magnitude (estimated from dielectrophoresis with a smeared-out shell model; sign not given in the abstract)","Hughes MP, Morgan H, Rixon FJ 2002, Biochim Biophys Acta 1571:1-8, doi:10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00161-7"],["Other","surface conductance 0.3 nS; membrane permittivity 7.5 e0; internal conductivity about 0.1 S/m","Hughes MP, Morgan H, Rixon FJ 2002, Biochim Biophys Acta 1571:1-8, doi:10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00161-7"],["Isoelectric point","4.9 +/- 0.1 for virions and 4.1 +/- 0.05 for nucleocapsids (isoelectric focusing in a dextran density gradient)","Olofsson S 1975, Arch Virol 49:93-98, doi:10.1007/BF01317529"],["Other","herpes simplex virus; type not stated in the abstract","Olofsson S 1975, Arch Virol 49:93-98, doi:10.1007/BF01317529"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 to 200 nm diameter (herpesviruses, as stated in the paper)","ch":"zeta 70 mV in magnitude (estimated from dielectrophoresis with a smeared-out shell model; sign not given in the abstract)"},"ids":"taxon:10298","szm":2e-07,"szs":"200 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3680]},{"id":"hexanal","n":"Hexanal","g":15,"sg":"aldehyde (volatile organic compound)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","100.16 g/mol","PubChem CID 6184"],["Formula","C6H12O","PubChem CID 6184"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6184, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.61 nm","ms":"100.16 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6184","szm":6.13e-10,"szs":"about 0.61 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3681]},{"id":"hif-1alpha-fragment-unmodified","n":"HIF-1alpha fragment (unmodified)","g":12,"sg":"HIF-1alpha peptide","al":["native HIF-1alpha fragment peptide (unmodified proline)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3682]},{"id":"hif-1alpha-fragment-hydroxyproline","n":"HIF-1alpha fragment hydroxyproline","g":12,"sg":"HIF-1alpha peptide","al":["native HIF-1alpha fragment peptide with hydroxyproline"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3683]},{"id":"ho3","n":"Ho3+","g":16,"sg":"rare earth trivalent ion","al":["Ho(III) (holmium)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Ho|+3","pr":[["Charge","+3","reported by Sun W 2025"],["Mass","164.93 Da (holmium)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+3 e","from the ion's formula"]],"hs":{"ms":"164.93 Da (holmium)","ch":"+3"},"r":[3684]},{"id":"human-herpesvirus-6a","n":"Human herpesvirus 6A","g":2,"sg":"herpesvirus (enveloped)","ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","100 to 200 nm diameter (herpesviruses, as stated in the paper)","reported by Hashida N 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 to 200 nm diameter (herpesviruses, as stated in the paper)"},"ids":"taxon:32603","szm":2e-07,"szs":"200 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3685]},{"id":"human-herpesvirus-6b","n":"Human herpesvirus 6B","g":2,"sg":"herpesvirus (enveloped)","ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","100 to 200 nm diameter (herpesviruses, as stated in the paper)","reported by Hashida N 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 to 200 nm diameter (herpesviruses, as stated in the paper)"},"ids":"taxon:32604","szm":2e-07,"szs":"200 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3686]},{"id":"human-herpesvirus-7","n":"Human herpesvirus 7","g":2,"sg":"herpesvirus (enveloped)","ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","100 to 200 nm diameter (herpesviruses, as stated in the paper)","reported by Hashida N 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 to 200 nm diameter (herpesviruses, as stated in the paper)"},"ids":"taxon:10372","szm":2e-07,"szs":"200 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3687]},{"id":"klebsiella-pasteurii","n":"Klebsiella pasteurii","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (Gram-negative rod, nitrogen-fixing)","al":["Klebsiella pasteurii NG13"],"ak":"rod","ax":"gn","ids":"taxon:2587529","r":[3688]},{"id":"kycde","n":"KYCDE","g":12,"sg":"ultra-short peptide","al":["KYCDE pentapeptide"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","5 amino acids","reported by Gu C 2025"],["Mass","656.7 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","4.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-1.1 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"5 amino acids","ms":"656.7 Da","ch":"-1.1 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"KYCDE","szm":1.147e-09,"szs":"about 1.15 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3689]},{"id":"la3","n":"La3+","g":16,"sg":"rare earth trivalent ion","al":["La(III) (lanthanum)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"La|+3","pr":[["Charge","+3","reported by Sun W 2025"],["Mass","138.91 Da (lanthanum)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+3 e","from the ion's formula"]],"hs":{"ms":"138.91 Da (lanthanum)","ch":"+3"},"r":[3690]},{"id":"lipomyces-starkeyi","n":"Lipomyces starkeyi","g":1,"sg":"yeast (oleaginous)","ak":"yeast","ids":"taxon:29829","r":[3691]},{"id":"lov2-domain-fused-to-nanopore-electrophoretic-driver-nepd-lo","n":"LOV2 domain fused to nanopore electrophoretic driver (NEPD-LOV2)","g":11,"sg":"photoreceptor domain fusion","al":["NEPD-LOV2 fusion protein (dark and 450 nm blue light)"],"ak":"protein","r":[3692]},{"id":"lu3","n":"Lu3+","g":16,"sg":"rare earth trivalent ion","al":["Lu(III) (lutetium)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Lu|+3","pr":[["Charge","+3","reported by Sun W 2025"],["Mass","174.97 Da (lutetium)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+3 e","from the ion's formula"]],"hs":{"ms":"174.97 Da (lutetium)","ch":"+3"},"r":[3693]},{"id":"lysozyme-crystal-nuclei-and-pre-nucleation-clusters","n":"Lysozyme crystal nuclei and pre-nucleation clusters","g":11,"sg":"protein crystal nucleus","al":["lysozyme pre-nucleation aggregates and single crystals in D2O"],"ak":"protein","r":[3694]},{"id":"lysozyme-pre-nucleation-clusters","n":"Lysozyme pre-nucleation clusters","g":11,"sg":"protein crystallization cluster","al":["lysozyme pre-nucleation clusters in D2O"],"ak":"protein","r":[3695]},{"id":"marine-sediment-sortable-silt-odp-site-1233-chilean-margin","n":"Marine sediment sortable silt (ODP Site 1233, Chilean margin)","g":5,"sg":"marine sediment","al":["Terrigenous sortable silt at ODP Site 1233 (41 S, 74.45 W, Chilean margin), last 30 kyr"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","sortable silt mean rose from about 14.25 um to about 16.25 um during Heinrich Stadial 1 and stayed near 16 um in the Younger Dryas","reported by Karas C 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"sortable silt mean rose from about 14.25 um to about 16.25 um during Heinrich Stadial 1 and stayed near 16 um in the Younger Dryas"},"szm":1.625e-05,"szs":"16.2 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3696]},{"id":"mixture-transferrin-derived-peptides-tf-peptides","n":"Mixture transferrin-derived peptides (Tf peptides)","g":12,"sg":"protein digest peptides","al":["transferrin-derived (Tf) peptides"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3697]},{"id":"mouse-igg1-anti-human-cd19","n":"Mouse IgG1 (anti-human CD19)","g":11,"sg":"antibody","al":["human CD19 antibody (mouse IgG1)"],"ak":"antibody","r":[3698]},{"id":"myoglobin","n":"Myoglobin","g":11,"sg":"heme protein","ak":"protein","r":[3699]},{"id":"nanopore-electrophoretic-driver-nepd-engineered","n":"Nanopore electrophoretic driver (NEPD, engineered)","g":11,"sg":"engineered charged protein tag","al":["nanopore electrophoretic driver protein (NEPD) alone"],"ak":"protein","r":[3700]},{"id":"nd3","n":"Nd3+","g":16,"sg":"rare earth trivalent ion","al":["Nd(III) (neodymium)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Nd|+3","pr":[["Charge","+3","reported by Sun W 2025"],["Mass","144.24 Da (neodymium)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+3 e","from the ion's formula"]],"hs":{"ms":"144.24 Da (neodymium)","ch":"+3"},"r":[3701]},{"id":"neutral-block-copolymer-ren-2025","n":"Neutral block copolymer (Ren 2025)","g":14,"sg":"block copolymer","al":["neutral block copolymer (longest chain)"],"ak":"grain","r":[3702]},{"id":"octanal","n":"Octanal","g":15,"sg":"aldehyde (volatile organic compound)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","128.21 g/mol","PubChem CID 454"],["Formula","C8H16O","PubChem CID 454"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 454, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.67 nm","ms":"128.21 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:454","szm":6.656e-10,"szs":"about 0.67 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3703]},{"id":"ogataea-polymorpha","n":"Ogataea polymorpha","g":1,"sg":"yeast (methylotrophic)","ak":"yeast","pr":[["Size","cell size distribution about 2.4 to 3.6 um (a second peak of smaller cells near 1.8 to 2.3 um under ammonium limitation)","Wahjudi SMW, Engel D, Buchs J 2025, BMC Biotechnol 25, doi:10.1186/s12896-024-00927-5 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell size distribution about 2.4 to 3.6 um (a second peak of smaller cells near 1.8 to 2.3 um under ammonium limitation)"},"ids":"taxon:460523","szm":3.6e-06,"szs":"3.6 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3704]},{"id":"oligoarginine-exp2-study","n":"Oligoarginine (EXP2 study)","g":12,"sg":"cationic homopeptide","al":["oligoarginine peptides"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3705]},{"id":"oxytocin","n":"Oxytocin","g":12,"sg":"neuropeptide hormone","al":["oxytocin (OXT)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","1,007.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 439302"],["Formula","C43H66N12O12S2","PubChem CID 439302"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 439302, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.32 nm","ms":"1,007.2 g/mol"},"seq":"CYIQNCPLG-NH2 (Cys1-Cys6 disulfide)","ids":"pubchem:439302","szm":1.323e-09,"szs":"about 1.32 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3706]},{"id":"oxytocin-free-acid-oxt-fa","n":"Oxytocin free acid (OXT-FA)","g":12,"sg":"neuropeptide hormone","al":["oxytocin free acid (OXT-FA), differing by a single amine group"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","1,008.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 85325308"],["Formula","C43H65N11O13S2","PubChem CID 85325308"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 85325308, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.32 nm","ms":"1,008.2 g/mol"},"seq":"CYIQNCPLG-OH (Cys1-Cys6 disulfide)","ids":"pubchem:85325308","szm":1.324e-09,"szs":"about 1.32 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3707]},{"id":"paraphysomonas-foraminifera","n":"Paraphysomonas foraminifera","g":1,"sg":"protist (heterotrophic nanoflagellate, chrysophyte)","ak":"flagellate","pr":[["Size","cell size 8.64 +/- 1.81 um (equivalent spherical diameter)","Pang M, Gao Z, Huang L, Chan CM, Zhang X, Su R, Pan K, Liu H 2025, Glob Change Biol 31, doi:10.1111/gcb.70280 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"],["Other","heterotrophic nanoflagellate","Pang M, Gao Z, Huang L, Chan CM, Zhang X, Su R, Pan K, Liu H 2025, Glob Change Biol 31, doi:10.1111/gcb.70280 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell size 8.64 +/- 1.81 um (equivalent spherical diameter)"},"ids":"taxon:37475","szm":8.64e-06,"szs":"8.64 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3708]},{"id":"paraphysomonas-imperforata","n":"Paraphysomonas imperforata","g":1,"sg":"protist (heterotrophic nanoflagellate, chrysophyte)","ak":"flagellate","pr":[["Size","cell size 3.33 +/- 0.50 um (equivalent spherical diameter)","Pang M, Gao Z, Huang L, Chan CM, Zhang X, Su R, Pan K, Liu H 2025, Glob Change Biol 31, doi:10.1111/gcb.70280 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"],["Other","heterotrophic nanoflagellate","Pang M, Gao Z, Huang L, Chan CM, Zhang X, Su R, Pan K, Liu H 2025, Glob Change Biol 31, doi:10.1111/gcb.70280 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell size 3.33 +/- 0.50 um (equivalent spherical diameter)"},"ids":"taxon:37642","szm":3.33e-06,"szs":"3.33 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3709]},{"id":"pentanal","n":"Pentanal","g":15,"sg":"aldehyde (volatile organic compound)","al":["pentanal (valeraldehyde)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","86.13 g/mol","PubChem CID 8063"],["Formula","C5H10O","PubChem CID 8063"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 8063, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.58 nm","ms":"86.13 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:8063","szm":5.829e-10,"szs":"about 0.58 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3710]},{"id":"photobacterium-angustum","n":"Photobacterium angustum","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (marine, Gram-negative)","ak":"rod","ax":"gn","ids":"taxon:661","r":[3711]},{"id":"pollen-erysimum-incanum","n":"Pollen, Erysimum incanum","g":1,"sg":"pollen","al":["Erysimum incanum pollen"],"ak":"pollen","ids":"taxon:1034465","r":[3712]},{"id":"poly-acrylic-acid-paa","n":"Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)","g":14,"sg":"polyelectrolyte (anionic)","ak":"polymer","r":[3713]},{"id":"polyethylenimine-pei","n":"Polyethylenimine (PEI)","g":14,"sg":"polyelectrolyte (cationic)","ak":"polymer","r":[3714]},{"id":"polystyrene-microplastics-uv-aged","n":"Polystyrene microplastics, UV-aged","g":14,"sg":"microplastic","al":["Polystyrene microplastics during UV aging (size decreasing from micrometres towards nanometres)"],"ak":"shard","pr":[["Size","rapid size decrease from micrometre to nanometre range; particle number rose 2 to 3 times after 36 h of UV aging","reported by Hu P 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"rapid size decrease from micrometre to nanometre range; particle number rose 2 to 3 times after 36 h of UV aging"},"r":[3715]},{"id":"pr3","n":"Pr3+","g":16,"sg":"rare earth trivalent ion","al":["Pr(III) (praseodymium)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Pr|+3","pr":[["Charge","+3","reported by Sun W 2025"],["Mass","140.91 Da (praseodymium)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+3 e","from the ion's formula"]],"hs":{"ms":"140.91 Da (praseodymium)","ch":"+3"},"r":[3716]},{"id":"propanal","n":"Propanal","g":15,"sg":"aldehyde (volatile organic compound)","al":["propanal (propionaldehyde)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","58.08 g/mol","PubChem CID 527"],["Formula","C3H6O","PubChem CID 527"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 527, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.51 nm","ms":"58.08 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:527","szm":5.112e-10,"szs":"about 0.51 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3717]},{"id":"pseudocohnilembus-persalinus","n":"Pseudocohnilembus persalinus","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (ciliate, bacterivorous)","ak":"ciliate","pr":[["Size","cell size 23.04 +/- 3.22 um (equivalent spherical diameter)","Pang M, Gao Z, Huang L, Chan CM, Zhang X, Su R, Pan K, Liu H 2025, Glob Change Biol 31, doi:10.1111/gcb.70280 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"],["Other","ciliate","Pang M, Gao Z, Huang L, Chan CM, Zhang X, Su R, Pan K, Liu H 2025, Glob Change Biol 31, doi:10.1111/gcb.70280 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell size 23.04 +/- 3.22 um (equivalent spherical diameter)"},"ids":"taxon:266149","szm":2.304e-05,"szs":"23 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3718]},{"id":"rapeseed-brassica-napus-protoplasts","n":"Rapeseed (Brassica napus) protoplasts","g":0,"sg":"plant protoplast","al":["Brassica napus cotyledon and leaf protoplasts"],"ak":"protoplast","pr":[["Size","about 10 to 40 um diameter","reported by Rodrigues T 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 10 to 40 um diameter"},"ids":"taxon:3708","szm":4e-05,"szs":"40 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3719]},{"id":"rhodomonas-salina","n":"Rhodomonas salina","g":1,"sg":"cryptophyte","al":["Rhodomonas salina (prey)"],"ak":"flagellate","pr":[["Size","cell 12 um long and 6 um wide (cone plus half sphere)","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"],["Other","cryptophyte; biovolume 141 um3 per cell","HELCOM PEG biovolume list PEG_BVOL2026, ICES (yearly updated annex to Olenina I, Hajdu S, Edler L, et al. 2006, Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell 12 um long and 6 um wide (cone plus half sphere)"},"ids":"taxon:3034","szm":1.2e-05,"szs":"12 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3720]},{"id":"rna-sars-cov-g-quadruplex-rna-1574-g4","n":"RNA SARS-CoV G-quadruplex RNA-1574-G4","g":8,"sg":"RNA G-quadruplex","al":["SARS-CoV RNA G-quadruplex (RNA-1574-G4) unfolded by helicase nsp13"],"ak":"ssrna","r":[3721]},{"id":"rrna-salmonella-16s","n":"rRNA Salmonella 16S","g":8,"sg":"rRNA","al":["Salmonella spp. 16S rRNA read with nanolatches"],"ak":"rna-long","r":[3722]},{"id":"sars-cov-2-nucleocapsid-protein-n","n":"SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N)","g":11,"sg":"viral RNA-binding protein","al":["SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein"],"ak":"cage","pr":[["Mass","45.6 kDa","computed from UniProt P0DTC9, Nucleoprotein 1 to 419; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"],["Isoelectric point","10.7","computed from UniProt P0DTC9, Nucleoprotein 1 to 419; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+25.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P0DTC9, Nucleoprotein 1 to 419; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","419 amino acids","computed from UniProt P0DTC9, Nucleoprotein 1 to 419; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"]],"hs":{"sz":"4.72 nm","ms":"45.6 kDa","ch":"+25.0 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P0DTC9","szm":4.717e-09,"szs":"about 4.72 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3723]},{"id":"sc3","n":"Sc3+","g":16,"sg":"rare earth trivalent ion","al":["Sc(III) (scandium)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Sc|+3","pr":[["Charge","+3","reported by Sun W 2025"],["Mass","44.956 Da (scandium)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+3 e","from the ion's formula"]],"hs":{"ms":"44.956 Da (scandium)","ch":"+3"},"r":[3724]},{"id":"series-phe-containing-peptide-with-13-ptm-types-li-2025","n":"Series Phe-containing peptide with 13 PTM types (Li 2025)","g":12,"sg":"PTM peptide","al":["phenylalanine-containing peptide carrying one of 13 PTM types at a fixed position"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3725]},{"id":"silica-particles-porous-x-tec-insecticide-carrier","n":"Silica particles, porous (X-tec, insecticide carrier)","g":6,"sg":"fillers and carriers","al":["X-tec bespoke porous silica particles (10% X-tec silica) for insecticide indoor residual spraying"],"ak":"bead","r":[3726]},{"id":"sm3","n":"Sm3+","g":16,"sg":"rare earth trivalent ion","al":["Sm(III) (samarium)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Sm|+3","pr":[["Charge","+3","reported by Sun W 2025"],["Mass","150.36 Da (samarium)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+3 e","from the ion's formula"]],"hs":{"ms":"150.36 Da (samarium)","ch":"+3"},"r":[3727]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-da-11c-da-18-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dA)11C(dA)18-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dA30 with single dC at position 12 from the 5' end (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","r":[3728]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-da-15c-da-14-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dA)15C(dA)14-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dA30 with single dC at position 16 from the 5' end (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","r":[3729]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-da-30-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dA)30-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["5'-biotin-dA30 with streptavidin"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","r":[3730]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-da-6c-da-23-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dA)6C(dA)23-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dA30 with single dC at position 7 from the 5' end (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"AAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","r":[3731]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-da-7c-da-22-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dA)7C(dA)22-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dA30 with single dC at position 8 from the 5' end (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"AAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","r":[3732]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-da-8c-da-21-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dA)8C(dA)21-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dA30 with single dC at position 9 from the 5' end (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"AAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","r":[3733]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-da-9-dc-21-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dA)9(dC)21-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["5'-biotin-dA9dC21 with streptavidin"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"AAAAAAAAACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","r":[3734]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dc-30-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dC)30-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["5'-biotin-dC30 with streptavidin"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","r":[3735]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dc-6a-dc-23-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dC)6A(dC)23-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dC30 with single dA at position 7 (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"CCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","r":[3736]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dc-7a-dc-22-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dC)7A(dC)22-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dC30 with single dA at position 8 (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"CCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","r":[3737]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dc-8a-dc-21-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dC)8A(dC)21-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dC30 with single dA at position 9 (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","r":[3738]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dc-9-da-21-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dC)9(dA)21-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["5'-biotin-dC9dA21 with streptavidin"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"CCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","r":[3739]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-dt-30-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-(dT)30-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["5'-biotin-dT30 with streptavidin"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT","r":[3740]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-aaaaac-da-24-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-AAAAAC(dA)24-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dA30 with single dC at position 6 from the 5' end (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"AAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","r":[3741]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-aaaac-da-25-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-AAAAC(dA)25-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dA30 with single dC at position 5 from the 5' end (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"AAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","r":[3742]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-aaaag-da-25-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-AAAAG(dA)25-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dA30 with single G at position 5 (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"AAAAGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","r":[3743]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-aaaat-da-25-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-AAAAT(dA)25-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dA30 with single T at position 5 (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"AAAATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","r":[3744]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-aaac-da-26-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-AAAC(dA)26-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dA30 with single dC at position 4 from the 5' end (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"AAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","r":[3745]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-aac-da-27-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-AAC(dA)27-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dA30 with single dC at position 3 from the 5' end (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"AACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA","r":[3746]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-ca-dc-28-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-CA(dC)28-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dC30 with single dA at position 2 (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"CACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","r":[3747]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-cca-dc-27-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-CCA(dC)27-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dC30 with single dA at position 3 (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"CCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","r":[3748]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-ccca-dc-26-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-CCCA(dC)26-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dC30 with single dA at position 4 (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"CCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","r":[3749]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-cccca-dc-25-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-CCCCA(dC)25-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dC30 with single dA at position 5 (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"CCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","r":[3750]},{"id":"ssdna-5-biotin-ccccca-dc-24-3-streptavidin","n":"ssDNA 5'-biotin-CCCCCA(dC)24-3' + streptavidin","g":10,"sg":"immobilized ssDNA","al":["dC30 with single dA at position 6 (biotinylated, streptavidin)"],"ak":"dna-protein","pr":[["Size","30 nt + streptavidin","reported by Camazzola A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"30 nt + streptavidin"},"seq":"CCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC","r":[3751]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-ttttttttttccttccttagattccaatgtagattccaatgtbbbbpppp","n":"ssDNA 5'-p-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCAATGTAGATTCCAATGTBBBBPPPPSSSSZZZZCACGGCAGACAACTCATGCAGGAAGCATTCTC-3'","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["ALIEN DNA training sequence 12"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","90 nt (ALIEN region 16 nt)","reported by Thomas CA 2025"],["Mass","about 28.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -90 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt (ALIEN region 16 nt)","ms":"about 28.8 kDa","ch":"about -90 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCAATGTAGATTCCAATGTBBBBPPPPSSSSZZZZCACGGCAGACAACTCATGCAGGAAGCATTCTC","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3752]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-ttttttttttccttccttagattccbbpzbbbzbbpbbsbbszzbzsbpb","n":"ssDNA 5'-p-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCBBPZBBBZBBPBBSBBSZZBZSBPBPBSGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT-3'","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["ALIEN DNA training sequence 10"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","reported by Thomas CA 2025"],["Mass","about 28.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -90 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","ms":"about 28.8 kDa","ch":"about -90 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCBBPZBBBZBBPBBSBBSZZBZSBPBPBSGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3753]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-ttttttttttccttccttagattccpbspzsszssppzzbpbzpsspzpp","n":"ssDNA 5'-p-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCPBSPZSSZSSPPZZBPBZPSSPZPPSBSGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT-3'","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["ALIEN DNA training sequence 3"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","reported by Thomas CA 2025"],["Mass","about 28.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -90 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","ms":"about 28.8 kDa","ch":"about -90 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCPBSPZSSZSSPPZZBPBZPSSPZPPSBSGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3754]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-ttttttttttccttccttagattccpsbzbpppsszzzsbsbpzszzpsb","n":"ssDNA 5'-p-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCPSBZBPPPSSZZZSBSBPZSZZPSBBBPGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT-3'","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["ALIEN DNA training sequence 9"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","reported by Thomas CA 2025"],["Mass","about 28.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -90 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","ms":"about 28.8 kDa","ch":"about -90 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCPSBZBPPPSSZZZSBSBPZSZZPSBBBPGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3755]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-ttttttttttccttccttagattccsbspbbpsbppszpzspbppbbzsp","n":"ssDNA 5'-p-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCSBSPBBPSBPPSZPZSPBPPBBZSPZZZGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT-3'","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["ALIEN DNA training sequence 4"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","reported by Thomas CA 2025"],["Mass","about 28.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -90 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","ms":"about 28.8 kDa","ch":"about -90 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCSBSPBBPSBPPSZPZSPBPPBBZSPZZZGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3756]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-ttttttttttccttccttagattccsbzzzppzpbpszsbzszpbszszb","n":"ssDNA 5'-p-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCSBZZZPPZPBPSZSBZSZPBSZSZBSZPGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT-3'","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["ALIEN DNA training sequence 1"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","reported by Thomas CA 2025"],["Mass","about 28.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -90 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","ms":"about 28.8 kDa","ch":"about -90 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCSBZZZPPZPBPSZSBZSZPBSZSZBSZPGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3757]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-ttttttttttccttccttagattccspbssbpssszpppbpzpzpszbbs","n":"ssDNA 5'-p-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCSPBSSBPSSSZPPPBPZPZPSZBBSPSBGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT-3'","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["ALIEN DNA training sequence 8"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","reported by Thomas CA 2025"],["Mass","about 28.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -90 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","ms":"about 28.8 kDa","ch":"about -90 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCSPBSSBPSSSZPPPBPZPZPSZBBSPSBGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3758]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-ttttttttttccttccttagattccsszbzssbpbbbsszpspbsbzzbp","n":"ssDNA 5'-p-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCSSZBZSSBPBBBSSZPSPBSBZZBPSPPGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT-3'","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["ALIEN DNA training sequence 11"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","reported by Thomas CA 2025"],["Mass","about 28.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -90 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","ms":"about 28.8 kDa","ch":"about -90 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCSSZBZSSBPBBBSSZPSPBSBZZBPSPPGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3759]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-ttttttttttccttccttagattccszpspbzzbbzpzzpbbbsszbpsp","n":"ssDNA 5'-p-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCSZPSPBZZBBZPZZPBBBSSZBPSPPBSGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT-3'","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["ALIEN DNA training sequence 2"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","reported by Thomas CA 2025"],["Mass","about 28.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -90 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","ms":"about 28.8 kDa","ch":"about -90 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCSZPSPBZZBBZPZZPBBBSSZBPSPPBSGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3760]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-ttttttttttccttccttagattccszzssspspzbsssbbppzbzbsbs","n":"ssDNA 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region 28 nt)","reported by Thomas CA 2025"],["Mass","about 28.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -90 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","ms":"about 28.8 kDa","ch":"about -90 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCZPBZBZPPBZSSBSZBZZSZSPPSPSZZGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3762]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-ttttttttttccttccttagattcczzzbspppzsbbzzpzbpzzspssb","n":"ssDNA 5'-p-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCZZZBSPPPZSBBZZPZBPZZSPSSBZPBGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT-3'","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["ALIEN DNA training sequence 5"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","reported by Thomas CA 2025"],["Mass","about 28.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -90 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","ms":"about 28.8 kDa","ch":"about -90 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCCZZZBSPPPZSBBZZPZBPZZSPSSBZPBGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3763]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-ttttttttttccttccttagattcgbbbzbssbzbpzsspzsbzbzpbpb","n":"ssDNA 5'-p-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCGBBBZBSSBZBPZSSPZSBZBZPBPBBPBGAGAGACCTCCTCATCCTCCCGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT-3'","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["ALIEN DNA training sequence 15"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","reported by Thomas CA 2025"],["Mass","about 28.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -90 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","ms":"about 28.8 kDa","ch":"about -90 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCGBBBZBSSBZBPZSSPZSBZBZPBPBBPBGAGAGACCTCCTCATCCTCCCGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3764]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-ttttttttttccttccttagattcgbpzbsspszzpbzpzzbbszpppsb","n":"ssDNA 5'-p-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCGBPZBSSPSZZPBZPZZBBSZPPPSBZZZGAGAGACCTCCTCATCCTCCCGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT-3'","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["ALIEN DNA testing sequence 4"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","reported by Thomas CA 2025"],["Mass","about 28.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -90 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","ms":"about 28.8 kDa","ch":"about -90 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCGBPZBSSPSZZPBZPZZBBSZPPPSBZZZGAGAGACCTCCTCATCCTCCCGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3765]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-ttttttttttccttccttagattcgpspzsszzzbzpsbpspszpsssps","n":"ssDNA 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region 28 nt)","reported by Thomas CA 2025"],["Mass","about 28.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -90 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","ms":"about 28.8 kDa","ch":"about -90 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCGPZSBZSZSBPZSZBSZSPBPZPPZZZBSGAGAGACCTCCTCATCCTCCCGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3767]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-ttttttttttccttccttagattcgsbppspbzssbbbpzzpzbbzzbps","n":"ssDNA 5'-p-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCGSBPPSPBZSSBBBPZZPZBBZZBPSPZSGAGAGACCTCCTCATCCTCCCGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT-3'","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["ALIEN DNA testing sequence 2"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","reported by Thomas CA 2025"],["Mass","about 28.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -90 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","ms":"about 28.8 kDa","ch":"about -90 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCGSBPPSPBZSSBBBPZZPZBBZZBPSPZSGAGAGACCTCCTCATCCTCCCGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3768]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-ttttttttttccttccttagattcgsbsppzpsspzbpbzzppsszsszp","n":"ssDNA 5'-p-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCGSBSPPZPSSPZBPBZZPPSSZSSZPSBPGAGAGACCTCCTCATCCTCCCGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT-3'","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["ALIEN DNA testing sequence 3"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","reported by Thomas CA 2025"],["Mass","about 28.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -90 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","ms":"about 28.8 kDa","ch":"about -90 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCGSBSPPZPSSPZBPBZZPPSSZSSZPSBPGAGAGACCTCCTCATCCTCCCGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3769]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-ttttttttttccttccttagattcgzsbbszppbsbbspssbszbpbzps","n":"ssDNA 5'-p-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCGZSBBSZPPBSBBSPSSBSZBPBZPSZPZGAGAGACCTCCTCATCCTCCCGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT-3'","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["ALIEN DNA training sequence 13"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","reported by Thomas CA 2025"],["Mass","about 28.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -90 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","ms":"about 28.8 kDa","ch":"about -90 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCGZSBBSZPPBSBBSPSSBSZBPBZPSZPZGAGAGACCTCCTCATCCTCCCGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3770]},{"id":"ssdna-5-p-ttttttttttccttccttagattcgzsbspzppzbpzzbsbbbzssspzb","n":"ssDNA 5'-p-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCGZSBSPZPPZBPZZBSBBBZSSSPZBZZZGAGAGACCTCCTCATCCTCCCGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT-3'","g":7,"sg":"unnatural-base DNA (XNA)","al":["ALIEN DNA training sequence 14"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","reported by Thomas CA 2025"],["Mass","about 28.8 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -90 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"90 nt (ALIEN region 28 nt)","ms":"about 28.8 kDa","ch":"about -90 e at pH 7"},"seq":"5'-phosphate-TTTTTTTTTTCCTTCCTTAGATTCGZSBSPZPPZBPZZBSBBBZSSSPZBZZZGAGAGACCTCCTCATCCTCCCGAAGCATTCTCCTTAT","szm":5.4e-08,"szs":"about 54 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3771]},{"id":"ssdna-oligonucleotides-with-cytosine-demethylation-intermedi","n":"ssDNA oligonucleotides with cytosine demethylation intermediates (Liu 2025)","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA oligonucleotide (epigenetic base)","al":["oligonucleotides with cytosine demethylation intermediates"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[3772]},{"id":"ssdna-oligonucleotides-with-positional-5mc-liu-2025-series","n":"ssDNA oligonucleotides with positional 5mC (Liu 2025 series)","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA oligonucleotide (epigenetic base)","al":["oligonucleotides with 5-methylcytosine at different positions"],"ak":"ssdna","r":[3773]},{"id":"ssdna-t13-u-pah-t19-nanographene-conjugate-33-nt","n":"ssDNA T13-U(PAH)-T19 nanographene conjugate (33 nt)","g":7,"sg":"modified ssDNA","al":["33-mer oligonucleotide T13-U(PAH)-T19 with a bispyrenyl benzene nanographene on one uridine"],"ak":"ssdna","pr":[["Size","33 nt","reported by Abourahma J 2025"],["Mass","about 10.6 kDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -33 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"33 nt","ms":"about 10.6 kDa","ch":"about -33 e at pH 7"},"seq":"T13 U(PAH) T19","szm":1.98e-08,"szs":"about 19.8 nm contour length (about 0.6 nm per nucleotide)","r":[3774]},{"id":"starch-granules-bread-wheat","n":"Starch granules (bread wheat)","g":6,"sg":"starch granules","al":["Starch granules from bread wheat cultivars and mutants"],"ak":"starch","pr":[["Size","bimodal: small B-type granules fitted log-normal, large A-type granules fitted normal","reported by McNelly R 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"bimodal: small B-type granules fitted log-normal, large A-type granules fitted normal"},"ids":"taxon:4565","r":[3775]},{"id":"starch-granules-durum-wheat","n":"Starch granules (durum wheat)","g":6,"sg":"starch granules","al":["Starch granules from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) TILLING mutants in TtMRC-A1 and wild type"],"ak":"starch","pr":[["Size","bimodal A- and B-type granules; missense mutations in TtMRC-A1 raise B-type granule content to different degrees","reported by Fahy B 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"bimodal A- and B-type granules; missense mutations in TtMRC-A1 raise B-type granule content to different degrees"},"ids":"taxon:4567","r":[3776]},{"id":"starch-granules-potato","n":"Starch granules (potato)","g":6,"sg":"starch granules","al":["Starch granules from potato tubers (control and PTST2b or MRC silenced lines)"],"ak":"starch","pr":[["Size","granule size distribution by volume (peaks around 23 and 40 um in flow cytometry FSC traces); Coulter shows changes are mainly in shape, not size, in siPTST2b lines","reported by Hochmuth A 2025"],["Other","potato starch granules are typically elliptic","reported by Hochmuth A 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"granule size distribution by volume (peaks around 23 and 40 um in flow cytometry FSC traces); Coulter shows changes are mainly in shape, not size, in siPTST2b lines"},"ids":"taxon:4113","szm":4e-05,"szs":"40 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3777]},{"id":"starch-granules-rice","n":"Starch granules (rice)","g":6,"sg":"starch granules","al":["Starch granules from rice"],"ak":"starch","pr":[["Size","unimodal granule size distribution fitted with a single normal curve","reported by McNelly R 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"unimodal granule size distribution fitted with a single normal curve"},"ids":"taxon:4530","r":[3778]},{"id":"streptomyces-coeruleorubidus","n":"Streptomyces coeruleorubidus","g":1,"sg":"bacterium (actinomycete spores)","al":["Streptomyces coeruleorubidus spores"],"ak":"spore","ids":"taxon:116188","r":[3779]},{"id":"sugar-beet-guard-cell-protoplasts","n":"Sugar beet guard cell protoplasts","g":0,"sg":"plant protoplast","al":["Beta vulgaris guard cell protoplasts (two genotypes)"],"ak":"protoplast","pr":[["Size","about 10 to 15 um diameter","reported by Rodrigues T 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 10 to 15 um diameter"},"ids":"taxon:161934","szm":1.5e-05,"szs":"15 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3780]},{"id":"sulfolobus-acidocaldarius","n":"Sulfolobus acidocaldarius","g":1,"sg":"archaeon (thermoacidophile)","ak":"archaea","pr":[["Size","coccus diameter 0.8 to 1 um","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Other","archaeon","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"]],"hs":{"sz":"coccus diameter 0.8 to 1 um"},"ids":"taxon:2285","szm":1e-06,"szs":"1 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3781]},{"id":"tb3","n":"Tb3+","g":16,"sg":"rare earth trivalent ion","al":["Tb(III) (terbium)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Tb|+3","pr":[["Charge","+3","reported by Sun W 2025"],["Mass","158.93 Da (terbium)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+3 e","from the ion's formula"]],"hs":{"ms":"158.93 Da (terbium)","ch":"+3"},"r":[3782]},{"id":"tm3","n":"Tm3+","g":16,"sg":"rare earth trivalent ion","al":["Tm(III) (thulium)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Tm|+3","pr":[["Charge","+3","reported by Sun W 2025"],["Mass","168.93 Da (thulium)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+3 e","from the ion's formula"]],"hs":{"ms":"168.93 Da (thulium)","ch":"+3"},"r":[3783]},{"id":"trichoderma-reesei","n":"Trichoderma reesei","g":1,"sg":"fungus (conidia)","al":["Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 spores"],"ak":"spore","ids":"taxon:51453","r":[3784]},{"id":"trna-human-total-trna-population-cancer-cell-lines","n":"tRNA human total tRNA population (cancer cell lines)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["human tRNA populations from cancer cell lines (incl. tRNA-Phe with wybutosine)"],"ak":"trna","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[3785]},{"id":"uronema-marinum","n":"Uronema marinum","g":1,"sg":"protozoan (ciliate, bacterivorous)","ak":"ciliate","pr":[["Size","cell size 14.83 +/- 2.05 um (equivalent spherical diameter)","Pang M, Gao Z, Huang L, Chan CM, Zhang X, Su R, Pan K, Liu H 2025, Glob Change Biol 31, doi:10.1111/gcb.70280 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"],["Other","ciliate","Pang M, Gao Z, Huang L, Chan CM, Zhang X, Su R, Pan K, Liu H 2025, Glob Change Biol 31, doi:10.1111/gcb.70280 (the resistive pulse paper itself)"]],"hs":{"sz":"cell size 14.83 +/- 2.05 um (equivalent spherical diameter)"},"ids":"taxon:35107","szm":1.483e-05,"szs":"14.8 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3786]},{"id":"varicella-zoster-virus","n":"Varicella zoster virus","g":2,"sg":"herpesvirus (enveloped)","al":["varicella zoster virus (VZV)"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","100 to 200 nm diameter (herpesviruses, as stated in the paper)","reported by Hashida N 2025"]],"hs":{"sz":"100 to 200 nm diameter (herpesviruses, as stated in the paper)"},"ids":"taxon:10335","szm":2e-07,"szs":"200 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3787]},{"id":"vascular-endothelial-growth-factor-a-vegf121","n":"Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF121)","g":11,"sg":"growth factor","al":["VEGF-A isoform VEGF-121 (cysteine-tagged, denatured)"],"ak":"protein","r":[3788]},{"id":"venom-vesicles-ganaspis-hookeri-parasitoid-wasp","n":"Venom vesicles (Ganaspis hookeri parasitoid wasp)","g":3,"sg":"venom vesicles","al":["venom vesicles of the parasitoid wasp Ganaspis hookeri"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3789]},{"id":"west-nile-virus-ns2b-ns3-protease","n":"West Nile virus NS2B-NS3 protease","g":11,"sg":"viral protease","al":["West Nile virus NS2B/NS3 protease (several constructs)"],"ak":"protein","r":[3790]},{"id":"y3","n":"Y3+","g":16,"sg":"rare earth trivalent ion","al":["Y(III) (yttrium)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Y|+3","pr":[["Charge","+3","reported by Sun W 2025"],["Mass","88.906 Da (yttrium)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+3 e","from the ion's formula"]],"hs":{"ms":"88.906 Da (yttrium)","ch":"+3"},"r":[3791]},{"id":"yb3","n":"Yb3+","g":16,"sg":"rare earth trivalent ion","al":["Yb(III) (ytterbium)"],"ak":"ion","ax":"Yb|+3","pr":[["Charge","+3","reported by Sun W 2025"],["Mass","173.05 Da (ytterbium)","standard atomic weight, IUPAC"],["Charge","+3 e","from the ion's formula"]],"hs":{"ms":"173.05 Da (ytterbium)","ch":"+3"},"r":[3792]},{"id":"2-fucosyllactose","n":"2'-fucosyllactose","g":13,"sg":"trisaccharide (human milk oligosaccharide)","al":["2'-fucosyllactose (2F-L)"],"ak":"sugar-chain","pr":[["Mass","488.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 170484"],["Formula","C18H32O15","PubChem CID 170484"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 170484, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.04 nm","ms":"488.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:170484","szm":1.04e-09,"szs":"about 1.04 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3793]},{"id":"2-phenylethylamine","n":"2-phenylethylamine","g":15,"sg":"biogenic amine","al":["beta-phenylethylamine"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","121.18 g/mol","PubChem CID 1001"],["Formula","C8H11N","PubChem CID 1001"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 1001, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.65 nm","ms":"121.18 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:1001","szm":6.532e-10,"szs":"about 0.65 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3794]},{"id":"d-arg8-vasopressin-d-avp","n":"[D-Arg8]-vasopressin (D-AVP)","g":12,"sg":"peptide hormone enantiomer","ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","9 amino acids; differs from L-AVP only at Arg8 chirality","reported by Cai Y 2026"]],"hs":{"sz":"9 amino acids; differs from L-AVP only at Arg8 chirality"},"r":[3795]},{"id":"adeno-associated-virus-2-capsid-raav2","n":"Adeno-associated virus 2 capsid (rAAV2)","g":2,"sg":"viral vector (parvovirus capsid)","al":["recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (rAAV2) capsids"],"ak":"virus-ico","ids":"taxon:10804","r":[3796]},{"id":"adeno-associated-virus-2-capsid-fragments","n":"Adeno-associated virus 2 capsid fragments","g":2,"sg":"parvovirus capsid fragment","al":["recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 capsid fragments"],"ak":"virus-ico","r":[3797]},{"id":"adeno-associated-virus-9-capsid-electro-deformation-in-licl","n":"Adeno-associated virus 9 capsid, electro-deformation in LiCl","g":2,"sg":"viral vector (parvovirus capsid)","al":["AAV9 capsids in LiCl versus KCl (empty, ssDNA and scDNA loaded)"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","about 25 nm diameter","reported by Khatri S 2026"],["Other","non-enveloped icosahedral capsid of 60 VP1/VP2/VP3 subunits; ssDNA genome","reported by Khatri S 2026"],["Isoelectric point","7.40 to 8.50 for genome-filled AAV9 (CMV-GFP vector) and 7.40 to 8.80 for empty AAV9 capsids (imaged capillary isoelectric focusing fractions)","Wu J, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Heger CD 2025, Anal Chem 97:17132-17140, doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03104"],["Other","measured on a different AAV9 preparation than the resistive pulse study; full capsids span 1.10 pH units, empty 1.40","Wu J, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Heger CD 2025, Anal Chem 97:17132-17140, doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03104"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 25 nm diameter","ch":"pI 7.40 to 8.50 for genome-filled AAV9 (CMV-GFP vector) and 7.40 to 8.80 for empty AAV9 capsids (imaged capillary isoelectric focusing fractions)"},"ids":"taxon:235455","szm":2.5e-08,"szs":"25 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3798]},{"id":"adeno-associated-virus-9-capsids-empty-against-self-compleme","n":"Adeno-associated virus 9 capsids, empty against self-complementary and single-stranded DNA loaded","g":2,"sg":"parvovirus vector capsid","al":["adeno-associated virus 9 capsids, empty and loaded with self-complementary or single-stranded DNA"],"ak":"virus-ico","r":[3799]},{"id":"adeno-associated-virus-9-vector-with-truncated-genome","n":"Adeno-associated virus 9 vector with truncated genome","g":2,"sg":"viral vector (parvovirus capsid)","al":["AAV9 vectors with truncated versus full genomes"],"ak":"virus-env","pr":[["Size","about 25 nm diameter","reported by Thyashan N 2026"],["Other","non-enveloped icosahedral capsid of 60 VP1/VP2/VP3 subunits; ssDNA genome","reported by Thyashan N 2026"],["Isoelectric point","7.40 to 8.50 for genome-filled AAV9 (CMV-GFP vector) and 7.40 to 8.80 for empty AAV9 capsids (imaged capillary isoelectric focusing fractions)","Wu J, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Heger CD 2025, Anal Chem 97:17132-17140, doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03104"],["Other","measured on a different AAV9 preparation than the resistive pulse study; full capsids span 1.10 pH units, empty 1.40","Wu J, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Heger CD 2025, Anal Chem 97:17132-17140, doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03104"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 25 nm diameter","ch":"pI 7.40 to 8.50 for genome-filled AAV9 (CMV-GFP vector) and 7.40 to 8.80 for empty AAV9 capsids (imaged capillary isoelectric focusing fractions)"},"ids":"taxon:235455","szm":2.5e-08,"szs":"25 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3800]},{"id":"agarose","n":"Agarose","g":13,"sg":"polysaccharide (measured via hydrolysis fragments)","ak":"sugar-chain","r":[3801]},{"id":"alpha-fetoprotein-fc-fusion-dimer-afp-hfc","n":"Alpha-fetoprotein Fc fusion dimer (AFP-hFc)","g":11,"sg":"Fc fusion protein","al":["alpha-fetoprotein dimer (AFP-hFc fusion)"],"ak":"multimer","pr":[["Mass","about 210 kDa","reported by Zheng F 2026"]],"hs":{"sz":"7.85 nm","ms":"about 210 kDa"},"szm":7.846e-09,"szs":"about 7.85 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3802,3803]},{"id":"alpha-synuclein-13-mer-isomer-a-afshar-bakshloo-2026","n":"Alpha-synuclein 13-mer isomer A (Afshar Bakshloo 2026)","g":12,"sg":"alpha-synuclein peptide isomer","al":["13-residue alpha-synuclein peptide isomer 1"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3804]},{"id":"alpha-synuclein-13-mer-isomer-b-afshar-bakshloo-2026","n":"Alpha-synuclein 13-mer isomer B (Afshar Bakshloo 2026)","g":12,"sg":"alpha-synuclein peptide isomer","al":["13-residue alpha-synuclein peptide isomer 2 (same mass, different sequence order)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3805]},{"id":"alpha2-8-linked-sialoglycans-class","n":"Alpha2-8 linked sialoglycans (class)","g":13,"sg":"sialylated oligosaccharides (class record)","al":["alpha2-8 linked sialoglycans"],"ak":"sugar-chain","r":[3806]},{"id":"amantadine","n":"Amantadine","g":15,"sg":"drug (adamantane derivative)","al":["amantadine hydrochloride"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","151.25 g/mol","PubChem CID 2130"],["Formula","C10H17N","PubChem CID 2130"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 2130, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.7 nm","ms":"151.25 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:2130","szm":7.033e-10,"szs":"about 0.7 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3807]},{"id":"amyloid-beta-1-40","n":"Amyloid-beta(1-40)","g":12,"sg":"amyloid peptide","al":["amyloid-beta 1-40 (Abeta1-40)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Size","40 amino acids","reported by Shivanka S 2026"],["Mass","4,344 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","5.4","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-2.3 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"40 amino acids","ms":"4,344 Da","ch":"-2.3 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DAEFRHESGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVV","szm":2.154e-09,"szs":"about 2.15 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3808]},{"id":"anatabine","n":"Anatabine","g":15,"sg":"alkaloid","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","160.22 g/mol","PubChem CID 11388"],["Formula","C10H12N2","PubChem CID 11388"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 11388, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.72 nm","ms":"160.22 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:11388","szm":7.169e-10,"szs":"about 0.72 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3809]},{"id":"bivalirudin-fprpggggngdfeeipeeyl","n":"Bivalirudin (FPRPGGGGNGDFEEIPEEYL)","g":12,"sg":"anticoagulant peptide drug","al":["bivalirudin-type peptide FPRPGGGGNGDFEEIPEEYL"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","2,180.3 g/mol","PubChem CID 16129704"],["Formula","C98H138N24O33","PubChem CID 16129704"],["Formal 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depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.62 nm","ms":"102.18 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:273","szm":6.171e-10,"szs":"about 0.62 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3812]},{"id":"candida-auris","n":"Candida auris","g":1,"sg":"yeast (pathogenic)","ak":"yeast","r":[3813]},{"id":"cholecystokinin-8-cck-8-unsulfated","n":"Cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8, unsulfated)","g":12,"sg":"gut hormone peptide","al":["cholecystokinin-8, unsulfated (CCK-8)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","8 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,064 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","3.5","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-2.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.35 nm","ms":"1,064 Da","ch":"-2.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DYMGWMDF","szm":1.348e-09,"szs":"about 1.35 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3814]},{"id":"cholecystokinin-8-sulfated-so3-cck-8","n":"Cholecystokinin-8 sulfated (SO3-CCK-8)","g":12,"sg":"gut hormone peptide","al":["cholecystokinin-8 with sulfated tyrosine (SO3-CCK-8)"],"ak":"peptide","seq":"DY(SO3H)MGWMDF","r":[3815]},{"id":"chondroitin-sulfate-a-polysaccharide","n":"Chondroitin sulfate A (polysaccharide)","g":13,"sg":"polysaccharide (measured via hydrolysis fragments)","al":["chondroitin sulfate A"],"ak":"sugar-chain","ax":"sulfate","r":[3816]},{"id":"circular-dna-construct-0-ssdna-liu-2026-series","n":"Circular DNA construct 0% ssDNA (Liu 2026 series)","g":7,"sg":"circular DNA","al":["circular DNA, 0% single-stranded (fully duplex circle)"],"ak":"plasmid","r":[3817]},{"id":"circular-dna-construct-100-ssdna-liu-2026-series","n":"Circular DNA construct 100% ssDNA (Liu 2026 series)","g":7,"sg":"circular DNA","al":["circular DNA, 100% single-stranded"],"ak":"plasmid","r":[3818]},{"id":"circular-dna-construct-33-ssdna-liu-2026-series","n":"Circular DNA 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metabolite","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","176.21 g/mol","PubChem CID 854019"],["Formula","C10H12N2O","PubChem CID 854019"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 854019, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.74 nm","ms":"176.21 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:854019","szm":7.4e-10,"szs":"about 0.74 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3824]},{"id":"cryptococcus-neoformans","n":"Cryptococcus neoformans","g":1,"sg":"yeast (pathogenic, encapsulated)","ak":"yeast","pr":[["Size","typical yeast cells 5 to 7 um; titan cells in lung infection larger than 10 um and up to 100 um","Hommel B, Mukaremera L, Cordero RJB, Coelho C, Desjardins CA, et al. 2018, PLoS Pathog, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006982"],["Other","encapsulated yeast","Hommel B, Mukaremera L, Cordero RJB, Coelho C, Desjardins CA, et al. 2018, PLoS Pathog, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006982"]],"hs":{"sz":"typical yeast cells 5 to 7 um; titan cells in lung infection larger than 10 um and up to 100 um"},"ids":"taxon:5207","szm":0.0001,"szs":"100 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3825]},{"id":"daefr-abeta-1-5","n":"DAEFR (Abeta 1-5)","g":12,"sg":"tryptic peptide","al":["Abeta tryptic fragment N5"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","5 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","636.7 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","4.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.14 nm","ms":"636.7 Da","ch":"-1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"DAEFR","szm":1.136e-09,"szs":"about 1.14 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3826]},{"id":"des-arg9-bradykinin","n":"Des-Arg9-bradykinin","g":12,"sg":"kinin peptide hormone","al":["des-Arg9-bradykinin (DABK)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","904 g/mol","PubChem CID 5128451"],["Formula","C44H61N11O10","PubChem 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subtsugae"],"ak":"vesicle","ax":"bacterial","r":[3836]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-dlbcl-lymphoma-cells","n":"Extracellular vesicles (DLBCL lymphoma cells)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["small, large and very large EVs from cultured diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3837]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-pericardial-fluid","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human pericardial fluid)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["small EVs from human pericardial fluid (coronary artery disease and controls)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3838]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-human-synovial-fluid","n":"Extracellular vesicles (human synovial fluid)","g":3,"sg":"extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs from synovial fluid of knee osteoarthritis patients (SF-EVs)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3839]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-leishmania","n":"Extracellular vesicles (Leishmania)","g":3,"sg":"parasite extracellular vesicles","al":["Leishmania EVs (vaccine lots)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3840]},{"id":"extracellular-vesicles-limosilactobacillus-reuteri","n":"Extracellular vesicles (Limosilactobacillus reuteri)","g":3,"sg":"bacterial extracellular vesicles","al":["EVs from Limosilactobacillus reuteri EIR/Spx-2 (LrEVs)"],"ak":"vesicle","ax":"bacterial","pr":[["Size","30-100 nm","reported by Demirhan HK 2026"]],"hs":{"sz":"30-100 nm"},"szm":1e-07,"szs":"100 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3841]},{"id":"ferritin-chemically-glycated","n":"Ferritin (chemically glycated)","g":11,"sg":"iron storage protein cage (modified)","al":["chemically glycated ferritin"],"ak":"cage","r":[3842]},{"id":"ferritin-disassembly-reassembly-intermediates","n":"Ferritin disassembly/reassembly intermediates","g":11,"sg":"protein cage subassemblies","al":["ferritin fragments and intermediates during disassembly and reassembly"],"ak":"cage","r":[3843]},{"id":"ferritin-heavy-chain","n":"Ferritin heavy chain","g":11,"sg":"ferritin subunit","al":["ferritin 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oligosaccharide"],"ak":"sugar-chain","r":[3850]},{"id":"ganglioside-gt1c-oligosaccharide","n":"Ganglioside GT1c oligosaccharide","g":13,"sg":"sialylated glycan","al":["GT1c ganglioside oligosaccharide"],"ak":"sugar-chain","r":[3851]},{"id":"gellan-gum","n":"Gellan gum","g":13,"sg":"polysaccharide (measured via hydrolysis fragments)","ak":"sugar-chain","r":[3852]},{"id":"gfap-derived-s-palmitoylated","n":"GFAP derived, S-palmitoylated","g":12,"sg":"S-palmitoylated peptide","al":["S-palmitoylated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-derived peptide"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3853]},{"id":"gum-arabic","n":"Gum arabic","g":13,"sg":"polysaccharide (measured via hydrolysis fragments)","ak":"sugar-chain","r":[3854]},{"id":"heparosan-disaccharide-pnp-tagged","n":"Heparosan disaccharide (pNP-tagged)","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide","al":["heparosan disaccharide (Di, pNP-tagged)"],"ak":"sugar-chain","r":[3855]},{"id":"heparosan-tetrasaccharide-pnp-tagged","n":"Heparosan tetrasaccharide (pNP-tagged)","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide","al":["heparosan tetrasaccharide (Tetra, pNP-tagged)"],"ak":"sugar-chain","r":[3856]},{"id":"heparosan-trisaccharide-pnp-tagged","n":"Heparosan trisaccharide (pNP-tagged)","g":13,"sg":"glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide","al":["heparosan trisaccharide (Tri, pNP-tagged)"],"ak":"sugar-chain","r":[3857]},{"id":"hesgyevhhqk-abeta-6-16-tryptic-fragment","n":"HESGYEVHHQK (Abeta 6-16 tryptic fragment)","g":12,"sg":"tryptic peptide","al":["Abeta tryptic fragment HisRich"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","11 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,350 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","6.8","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-0.3 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.46 nm","ms":"1,350 Da","ch":"-0.3 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"HESGYEVHHQK","szm":1.459e-09,"szs":"about 1.46 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3858]},{"id":"histamine","n":"Histamine","g":15,"sg":"biogenic amine","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","111.15 g/mol","PubChem CID 774"],["Formula","C5H9N3","PubChem CID 774"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 774, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.63 nm","ms":"111.15 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:774","szm":6.347e-10,"szs":"about 0.63 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3859]},{"id":"histone-h3-k14ac","n":"Histone H3 K14ac","g":12,"sg":"histone H3 acetylpeptide","al":["histone H3 peptide acetylated at K14 (H3K14ac)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3860]},{"id":"histone-h3-k4ac-k14ac","n":"Histone H3 K4ac K14ac","g":12,"sg":"histone H3 acetylpeptide","al":["histone H3 peptide acetylated at K4 and K14 (H3K4acK14ac)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3861]},{"id":"histone-h3-k4ac-k9ac","n":"Histone H3 K4ac K9ac","g":12,"sg":"histone H3 acetylpeptide","al":["histone H3 peptide acetylated at K4 and K9 (H3K4acK9ac)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3862]},{"id":"histone-h3-k9ac","n":"Histone H3 K9ac","g":12,"sg":"histone H3 acetylpeptide","al":["histone H3 peptide acetylated at K9 (H3K9ac)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3863]},{"id":"household-dust-children-s-hand-rinses","n":"Household dust (children's hand rinses)","g":5,"sg":"indoor dust","al":["Household dust rinsed from the hands of 101 children (6 months to 6 years) in North Carolina, Florida and Arizona"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","90% of particles (by volume, D90,v) below 35 um; dust loading median 11.13 ug/cm2 (range 0.004 to 167.6)","reported by Fayad-Martinez C 2026"],["Other","median household dust density 1.54 g/cm3 (mean 1.58, SD 0.43), used to convert Coulter volume to mass","reported by Fayad-Martinez C 2026"]],"hs":{"sz":"90% of particles (by volume, D90,v) below 35 um; dust loading median 11.13 ug/cm2 (range 0.004 to 167.6)"},"szm":3.5e-05,"szs":"35 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3864]},{"id":"human-bcl-xl-n136k","n":"Human Bcl-xL N136K","g":11,"sg":"apoptosis regulator variant","al":["Bcl-xL N136K"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","26.1 kDa","computed from UniProt Q07817, Bcl-2-like protein 1 1 to 233, with N136K; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"],["Isoelectric point","4.7","computed from UniProt Q07817, Bcl-2-like protein 1 1 to 233, with N136K; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-9.1 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt Q07817, Bcl-2-like protein 1 1 to 233, with N136K; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","233 amino acids","computed from UniProt Q07817, Bcl-2-like protein 1 1 to 233, with N136K; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.91 nm","ms":"26.1 kDa","ch":"-9.1 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:Q07817 (N136K)","szm":3.914e-09,"szs":"about 3.91 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3865]},{"id":"human-bcl-xl-r165w","n":"Human Bcl-xL R165W","g":11,"sg":"apoptosis regulator variant","al":["Bcl-xL R165W"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","26.1 kDa","computed from UniProt Q07817, Bcl-2-like protein 1 1 to 233, with R165W; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"],["Isoelectric point","4.5","computed from UniProt Q07817, Bcl-2-like protein 1 1 to 233, with R165W; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-11.1 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt Q07817, Bcl-2-like protein 1 1 to 233, with R165W; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","233 amino acids","computed from UniProt Q07817, Bcl-2-like protein 1 1 to 233, with R165W; one chain only, and UniProt describes the native protein as a homodimer"]],"hs":{"sz":"3.91 nm","ms":"26.1 kDa","ch":"-11.1 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:Q07817 (R165W)","szm":3.914e-09,"szs":"about 3.91 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3866]},{"id":"human-brd4","n":"Human BRD4","g":11,"sg":"bromodomain protein","al":["BRD4 bromodomain protein"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","152 kDa","computed from UniProt O60885, Bromodomain-containing protein 4 1 to 1362"],["Isoelectric point","9.8","computed from UniProt O60885, Bromodomain-containing protein 4 1 to 1362, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","+35.7 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt O60885, Bromodomain-containing protein 4 1 to 1362, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","1362 amino acids","computed from UniProt O60885, Bromodomain-containing protein 4 1 to 1362"]],"hs":{"sz":"7.05 nm","ms":"152 kDa","ch":"+35.7 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:O60885","szm":7.048e-09,"szs":"about 7.05 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3867]},{"id":"human-hemoglobin-a1c-glycated-hemoglobin","n":"Human hemoglobin A1c (glycated hemoglobin)","g":11,"sg":"glycated hemoglobin","al":["human hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)"],"ak":"multimer","pr":[["Mass","64.5 kDa","reported by Li Y 2026"],["Charge","pI 6.9","reported by Li Y 2026"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.29 nm","ms":"64.5 kDa","ch":"pI 6.9"},"szm":5.294e-09,"szs":"about 5.29 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3868]},{"id":"human-insulin","n":"Human insulin","g":11,"sg":"peptide hormone","ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","5,814 Da","computed from UniProt P01308, Insulin B chain 25 to 54 + Insulin A chain 90 to 110"],["Isoelectric point","5.5","computed from UniProt P01308, Insulin B chain 25 to 54 + Insulin A chain 90 to 110, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-1.7 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P01308, Insulin B chain 25 to 54 + Insulin A chain 90 to 110, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","51 amino acids","computed from UniProt P01308, Insulin B chain 25 to 54 + Insulin A chain 90 to 110"]],"hs":{"sz":"2.37 nm","ms":"5,814 Da","ch":"-1.7 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P01308 (preproinsulin)","szm":2.374e-09,"szs":"about 2.37 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3869]},{"id":"human-mesenchymal-stem-cells","n":"Human mesenchymal stem cells","g":0,"sg":"stem cell","al":["human mesenchymal stem cells (live and dead)"],"ak":"cell","pr":[["Size","diameter 15 to 16 um (mesenchymal stem cells, species not stated; Scepter 2.0 handheld counter, Scepter sensor technology)","EMD Millipore, Introducing Scepter 2.0 Cell Counter (product brochure), as entered in BioNumbers BNID 108929"]],"hs":{"sz":"diameter 15 to 16 um (mesenchymal stem cells, species not stated; Scepter 2.0 handheld counter, Scepter sensor technology)"},"ids":"taxon:9606","szm":1.6e-05,"szs":"16 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3870]},{"id":"human-papillomavirus-16-l1-particles-with-kappa-carrageenan","n":"Human papillomavirus 16 L1 particles with kappa-carrageenan","g":2,"sg":"papillomavirus VLP (naked, icosahedral)","al":["HPV16 L1 virus-like particles assembled in the presence of kappa-carrageenan"],"ak":"virus-ico","r":[3871]},{"id":"human-papillomavirus-16-l1-virus-like-particle-assembled-on","n":"Human papillomavirus 16 L1 virus-like particle assembled on heparin","g":2,"sg":"papillomavirus VLP (naked, icosahedral)","al":["HPV16 L1 virus-like particles assembled in the presence of heparin"],"ak":"virus-corona","pr":[["Size","normalized volumes spanning about 20 to more than 72 pentamers","reported by Patterson A 2026"]],"hs":{"sz":"normalized volumes spanning about 20 to more than 72 pentamers"},"r":[3872]},{"id":"human-papillomavirus-16-l1-virus-like-particle-assembly-inte","n":"Human papillomavirus 16 L1 virus-like particle assembly intermediates","g":2,"sg":"papillomavirus VLP assembly intermediate","al":["HPV16 L1 closed nonicosahedral assembly intermediates (20 to 72 pentamers)"],"ak":"virus-ico","pr":[["Size","normalized particle volume 0.25 to 0.8 of the T=7 VLP","reported by Patterson A 2026"]],"hs":{"sz":"normalized particle volume 0.25 to 0.8 of the T=7 VLP"},"r":[3873]},{"id":"human-serum-albumin-glycated","n":"Human serum albumin (glycated)","g":11,"sg":"glycated serum protein","al":["glycated human serum albumin (gHSA)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","66.5 kDa","reported by Li Y 2026"],["Charge","pI 4.4","reported by Li Y 2026"],["Isoelectric point","5.8","computed from UniProt P02768, Albumin 25 to 609, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-12.2 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P02768, Albumin 25 to 609, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","585 amino acids","computed from UniProt P02768, Albumin 25 to 609"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.35 nm","ms":"66.5 kDa","ch":"pI 4.4"},"ids":"uniprot:P02768","szm":5.347e-09,"szs":"about 5.35 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3874,3875]},{"id":"human-tau-fragment-fingerprint-xin-2026","n":"Human tau (fragment fingerprint, Xin 2026)","g":11,"sg":"intrinsically disordered protein","al":["tau protein (fragment fingerprint)"],"ak":"protein","pr":[["Mass","78.8 kDa","computed from UniProt P10636, Microtubule-associated protein tau 2 to 758"],["Isoelectric point","6.7","computed from UniProt P10636, Microtubule-associated protein tau 2 to 758, EMBOSS pKa values"],["Charge","-3.2 e at pH 7.0","computed from UniProt P10636, Microtubule-associated protein tau 2 to 758, EMBOSS pKa values, no modifications"],["Length","757 amino acids","computed from UniProt P10636, Microtubule-associated protein tau 2 to 758"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.66 nm","ms":"78.8 kDa","ch":"-3.2 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P10636","szm":5.659e-09,"szs":"about 5.66 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3876]},{"id":"human-tau-phosphorylated-variants-xin-2026","n":"Human tau phosphorylated variants (Xin 2026)","g":11,"sg":"phosphoprotein","al":["phosphorylated tau variants"],"ak":"protein","r":[3877]},{"id":"insulin-aspart","n":"Insulin aspart","g":11,"sg":"peptide hormone","al":["insulin aspart (one amino acid different)"],"ak":"protein","r":[3878]},{"id":"insulin-degradation-products-reduced-and-deamidated-forms","n":"Insulin degradation products (reduced and deamidated forms)","g":11,"sg":"peptide hormone","al":["insulin degradation products (interchain disulfide reduction, deamidation)"],"ak":"protein","r":[3879]},{"id":"insulin-glargine","n":"Insulin glargine","g":11,"sg":"peptide hormone","ak":"protein","r":[3880]},{"id":"kestose","n":"Kestose","g":13,"sg":"trisaccharide (fructooligosaccharide)","al":["kestose (Kes)"],"ak":"sugar-chain","pr":[["Mass","504.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 9914062"],["Formula","C18H32O16","PubChem CID 9914062"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 9914062, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.05 nm","ms":"504.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:9914062","szm":1.051e-09,"szs":"about 1.05 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3881]},{"id":"l-asparaginase","n":"L-asparaginase","g":11,"sg":"therapeutic enzyme","al":["L-asparaginase (L-Aspase)"],"ak":"protein","r":[3882]},{"id":"lactosyl-fructoside-lactosucrose","n":"Lactosyl fructoside (lactosucrose)","g":13,"sg":"trisaccharide","al":["lactosyl fructoside (L-F)"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","504.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 174626"],["Formula","C18H32O16","PubChem CID 174626"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 174626, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.05 nm","ms":"504.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:174626","szm":1.051e-09,"szs":"about 1.05 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3883]},{"id":"lactulose","n":"Lactulose","g":13,"sg":"disaccharide","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","342.3 g/mol","PubChem CID 11333"],["Formula","C12H22O11","PubChem CID 11333"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 11333, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.92 nm","ms":"342.3 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:11333","szm":9.234e-10,"szs":"about 0.92 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3884]},{"id":"lipid-nanoparticles-empty","n":"Lipid nanoparticles, empty","g":3,"sg":"lipid nanoparticle","al":["empty lipid nanoparticles (eLNP, no mRNA)"],"ak":"liposome","r":[3885]},{"id":"lipid-nanoparticles-mrna-loaded-mrna-lnp","n":"Lipid nanoparticles, mRNA-loaded (mRNA-LNP)","g":3,"sg":"lipid nanoparticle","al":["mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles (about 7 and about 32 mRNA copies per particle)"],"ak":"liposome","r":[3886]},{"id":"lvffaedvgsnk-abeta-17-28","n":"LVFFAEDVGSNK (Abeta 17-28)","g":12,"sg":"tryptic peptide","al":["Abeta tryptic fragment HydroCore"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Length","12 amino acids","from the sequence"],["Mass","1,325 Da","computed from the sequence (average residue masses)"],["Isoelectric point","4.2","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"],["Charge","-1.0 e at pH 7.0","computed from the sequence (EMBOSS pKa values, free termini, no modifications)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.45 nm","ms":"1,325 Da","ch":"-1.0 e at pH 7.0"},"seq":"LVFFAEDVGSNK","szm":1.45e-09,"szs":"about 1.45 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3887]},{"id":"lys-bradykinin-kallidin","n":"Lys-bradykinin (kallidin)","g":12,"sg":"kinin peptide hormone","al":["Lys-bradykinin (LBK, kallidin)"],"ak":"peptide","pr":[["Mass","1,188.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 5311111"],["Formula","C56H85N17O12","PubChem CID 5311111"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5311111, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.4 nm","ms":"1,188.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5311111","szm":1.398e-09,"szs":"about 1.4 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3888]},{"id":"maltooctaose","n":"Maltooctaose","g":13,"sg":"malto-oligosaccharide (DP8)","ak":"sugar-chain","pr":[["Mass","1,315.1 g/mol","PubChem CID 13909001"],["Formula","C48H82O41","PubChem CID 13909001"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 13909001, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.45 nm","ms":"1,315.1 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:13909001","szm":1.446e-09,"szs":"about 1.45 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3889]},{"id":"manninotriose","n":"Manninotriose","g":13,"sg":"trisaccharide","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","504.4 g/mol","PubChem CID 5461026"],["Formula","C18H32O16","PubChem CID 5461026"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5461026, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.05 nm","ms":"504.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5461026","szm":1.051e-09,"szs":"about 1.05 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3890]},{"id":"marine-sediment-sortable-silt-nw-atlantic-slope-cores-44ggc","n":"Marine sediment sortable silt (NW Atlantic slope, cores 44GGC and 09GGC)","g":5,"sg":"marine sediment","al":["Terrigenous sortable silt (10 to 63 um) in NW Atlantic slope cores 44GGC (966 m) and 09GGC (1854 m), Laurentian Slope region"],"ak":"grain","pr":[["Size","sortable silt mean of the 10 to 63 um fraction; analytical error +/- 0.32 um","reported by Zhu F 2026"]],"hs":{"sz":"sortable silt mean of the 10 to 63 um fraction; analytical error +/- 0.32 um"},"szm":6.3e-05,"szs":"63 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3891]},{"id":"melibiose","n":"Melibiose","g":13,"sg":"disaccharide","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","342.3 g/mol","PubChem CID 440658"],["Formula","C12H22O11","PubChem CID 440658"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 440658, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.92 nm","ms":"342.3 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:440658","szm":9.234e-10,"szs":"about 0.92 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3892]},{"id":"microcystin-la","n":"Microcystin-LA","g":15,"sg":"cyclic heptapeptide cyanotoxin","al":["microcystin MC-LA"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","910.1 g/mol","PubChem CID 6437382"],["Formula","C46H67N7O12","PubChem CID 6437382"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6437382, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.28 nm","ms":"910.1 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6437382","szm":1.279e-09,"szs":"about 1.28 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3893]},{"id":"microcystin-lf","n":"Microcystin-LF","g":15,"sg":"cyclic heptapeptide cyanotoxin","al":["microcystin MC-LF"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","986.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 16760563"],["Formula","C52H71N7O12","PubChem CID 16760563"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 16760563, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.31 nm","ms":"986.2 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:16760563","szm":1.314e-09,"szs":"about 1.31 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3894]},{"id":"microcystin-lw","n":"Microcystin-LW","g":15,"sg":"cyclic heptapeptide cyanotoxin","al":["microcystin MC-LW"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","1,025.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 16760564"],["Formula","C54H72N8O12","PubChem CID 16760564"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 16760564, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.33 nm","ms":"1,025.2 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:16760564","szm":1.331e-09,"szs":"about 1.33 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3895]},{"id":"microcystin-ly","n":"Microcystin-LY","g":15,"sg":"cyclic heptapeptide cyanotoxin","al":["microcystin MC-LY"],"ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","1,002.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 6440826"],["Formula","C52H71N7O13","PubChem CID 6440826"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 6440826, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.32 nm","ms":"1,002.2 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:6440826","szm":1.321e-09,"szs":"about 1.32 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3896]},{"id":"mixture-tryptic-digest-of-myelin-basic-protein","n":"Mixture tryptic digest of myelin basic protein","g":12,"sg":"tryptic digest peptide mixture","al":["tryptic digest of myelin basic protein"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3897]},{"id":"mouse-beclin-1-derived-s-palmitoylated","n":"Mouse beclin-1 derived, S-palmitoylated","g":12,"sg":"S-palmitoylated peptide","al":["S-palmitoylated mouse beclin-1 (BECN1)-derived peptide"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3898]},{"id":"nicotine","n":"Nicotine","g":15,"sg":"alkaloid","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","162.23 g/mol","PubChem CID 89594"],["Formula","C10H14N2","PubChem CID 89594"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 89594, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.72 nm","ms":"162.23 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:89594","szm":7.199e-10,"szs":"about 0.72 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3899]},{"id":"nornicotine","n":"Nornicotine","g":15,"sg":"alkaloid","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","148.2 g/mol","PubChem CID 91462"],["Formula","C9H12N2","PubChem CID 91462"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 91462, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.7 nm","ms":"148.2 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:91462","szm":6.985e-10,"szs":"about 0.7 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3900]},{"id":"p53tad-n29k-n30d","n":"P53TAD N29K/N30D","g":12,"sg":"intrinsically disordered peptide","al":["p53-TAD N29K/N30D (cancer-associated double mutant)"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3901]},{"id":"peptide-dna-conjugates-natural-peptides-terminal-conjugation","n":"Peptide-DNA conjugates natural peptides, terminal conjugation (Ritmejeris 2026)","g":12,"sg":"natural peptide-DNA conjugate","al":["natural peptides conjugated to DNA at the N or C terminus"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3902]},{"id":"plant-exosome-like-nanoparticles-magnolia-biondii","n":"Plant exosome-like nanoparticles (Magnolia biondii)","g":3,"sg":"plant extracellular vesicles","al":["Magnolia biondii-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (MFELNs)"],"ak":"vesicle","r":[3903]},{"id":"polyamide-12-nylon-12-powder-orgasol","n":"Polyamide-12 (nylon-12) powder (Orgasol)","g":14,"sg":"microplastic","al":["Fine polyamide-12 powder (Orgasol 2001 UD NAT 2, Arkema), spheroid micro- and nanoplastic particles"],"ak":"shard","pr":[["Size","about 96% at median 5 +/- 1 um, about 2% <= 2.5 um and about 2% >= 10 um (manufacturer Coulter counter, method ATO 40-41-0)","reported by Kidd J 2026"],["Other","spheroid; density 1.03 g/cm3; 97% pure","reported by Kidd J 2026"]],"hs":{"sz":"about 96% at median 5 +/- 1 um, about 2% <= 2.5 um and about 2% >= 10 um (manufacturer Coulter counter, method ATO 40-41-0)"},"szm":1e-05,"szs":"10 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3904]},{"id":"prochlorococcus-marinus","n":"Prochlorococcus marinus","g":1,"sg":"cyanobacterium (marine 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charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.05 nm","ms":"504.4 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:439242","szm":1.051e-09,"szs":"about 1.05 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3908]},{"id":"rna-aptamer-pegaptanib-pegylated-bound-to-dna-nanostructure","n":"RNA aptamer pegaptanib (PEGylated; bound to DNA nanostructure)","g":10,"sg":"PEGylated RNA aptamer complex","al":["pegaptanib (FDA-approved PEGylated RNA aptamer) bound to designed DNA nanostructures"],"ak":"origami","r":[3909]},{"id":"rna-bacteriophage-ms2-genome-native-direct-rna-sequencing","n":"RNA bacteriophage MS2 genome (native, direct RNA sequencing)","g":8,"sg":"RNA phage genome and transcripts","al":["MS2 bacteriophage genomic and subgenomic RNA (direct RNA sequencing in infected E. coli)"],"ak":"rna-long","pr":[["Size","3,569 nt genome, plus shorter subgenomic transcripts","reported by Ni N 2026"],["Mass","about 1.14 MDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -3,569 e at pH 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compact blob about 100-150 nm","reported by Zerolova A 2026"],["Mass","about 2.42 MDa","computed: about 320 Da per nucleotide"],["Charge","about -7,560 e at pH 7","computed: one negative charge per nucleotide"]],"hs":{"sz":"7,560 nt; compact blob about 100-150 nm","ms":"about 2.42 MDa","ch":"about -7,560 e at pH 7"},"szm":1.5e-07,"szs":"150 nm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3933]},{"id":"stachyose","n":"Stachyose","g":13,"sg":"tetrasaccharide (raffinose family)","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","666.6 g/mol","PubChem CID 439531"],["Formula","C24H42O21","PubChem CID 439531"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 439531, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"1.15 nm","ms":"666.6 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:439531","szm":1.153e-09,"szs":"about 1.15 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3934]},{"id":"starch-granules-giant-durum-wheat-parc6-bgc1-mutant","n":"Starch granules, giant (durum wheat parc6 bgc1 mutant)","g":6,"sg":"starch granules","al":["Giant starch granules from durum wheat parc6 bgc1 mutants (cv. 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unicellular)","ak":"rod","ax":"cyano","pr":[["Size","rod 1 to 1.2 um in diameter and 2 um long","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Other","cyanobacterium","Madin JS, Nielsen DA, Brbic M, et al. 2020, Sci Data 7, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0497-4 (bacteria-archaea-traits condensed species table; values compiled from original descriptions)"],["Size","cell length 3.1 um (range 2 to 5 um) for strain PCC 7942","Sarcina M, Mullineaux CW 2000, FEMS Microbiol Lett 191:25-29, PMID 11004395 (via BioNumbers)"],["Other","BioNumbers BNID 100529","Sarcina M, Mullineaux CW 2000, FEMS Microbiol Lett 191:25-29, PMID 11004395 (via BioNumbers)"]],"hs":{"sz":"rod 1 to 1.2 um in diameter and 2 um long"},"ids":"taxon:32046","szm":5e-06,"szs":"5 µm (the largest length in the reported size)","r":[3937]},{"id":"tau-2n4r-tryptic-peptide-ps400","n":"Tau 2N4R tryptic 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758"]],"hs":{"sz":"5.66 nm","ms":"78.8 kDa","ch":"-3.2 e at pH 7.0"},"ids":"uniprot:P10636","szm":5.659e-09,"szs":"about 5.66 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3940]},{"id":"tau-derived-lysine-acetylated-liu-2026","n":"Tau-derived, lysine-acetylated (Liu 2026)","g":12,"sg":"acetylated peptide","al":["tau-derived peptide with acetylated lysine"],"ak":"peptide","r":[3941]},{"id":"thp-1-cells","n":"THP-1 cells","g":0,"sg":"tumor cell line (human monocytic)","al":["THP-1 human monocytic leukemia cells"],"ak":"cell","ids":"taxon:9606","r":[3942]},{"id":"trna-mouse-n-tr20-trna-arg-ucu","n":"tRNA mouse n-Tr20 tRNA-Arg (UCU)","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["n-Tr20, neuron-specific tRNA-Arg (UCU), wild type (mouse)"],"ak":"trna","r":[3943]},{"id":"trna-mouse-n-tr20-trna-arg-ucu-c50u-mutant","n":"tRNA mouse n-Tr20 tRNA-Arg (UCU) C50U mutant","g":8,"sg":"tRNA","al":["n-Tr20 C50U mutant (neurodegeneration-associated) tRNA-Arg precursor/mature"],"ak":"trna","r":[3944]},{"id":"tryptamine","n":"Tryptamine","g":15,"sg":"biogenic amine","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","160.22 g/mol","PubChem CID 1150"],["Formula","C10H12N2","PubChem CID 1150"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 1150, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.72 nm","ms":"160.22 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:1150","szm":7.169e-10,"szs":"about 0.72 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3945]},{"id":"tyramine","n":"Tyramine","g":15,"sg":"biogenic amine","ak":"mol","pr":[["Mass","137.18 g/mol","PubChem CID 5610"],["Formula","C8H11NO","PubChem CID 5610"],["Formal charge","0","PubChem CID 5610, as drawn (the charge in solution depends on pH)"]],"hs":{"sz":"0.68 nm","ms":"137.18 g/mol"},"ids":"pubchem:5610","szm":6.808e-10,"szs":"about 0.68 nm, the diameter of a compact sphere of this mass (Erickson 2009)","r":[3946]},{"id":"verbascose","n":"Verbascose","g":13,"sg":"pentasaccharide (raffinose 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short as possible (alternative tube form several diameters long)","pg":"single orifice separating two electrolyte chambers with one electrode on each side","fab":"orifice formed in the wall of an insulating vessel (preferred embodiment: pinpoint aperture in the lower wall of a test tube, per Graham 2003)","co":"cells diluted in conducting liquid; conductivity raised by adding electrolyte","v":"DC current through the orifice","b":"pulse amplitude set mainly by the conductivity difference between particle and fluid; amplitude inversely proportional to conduit cross-section (claim 13)","sn":"pulse duration and waveform relate to particle size when the constriction is of the same order as the particle; unknown sizes estimated by comparing with particles of known size","pu":"counting (red cell count) and size estimation","no":"This patent defined the Coulter principle. Graham MD 2013 (Cytometry A 83:1057-1061, doi 10.1002/cyto.a.22398) describes the first documented demonstration on 30 Oct 1948, in which Coulter let his blood, diluted several thousand times in 0.9% NaCl, flow through a hole about 76 um wide that he had burned with a hot needle in 22 um thick cellulose acetate, and watched the pulses on an oscilloscope.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US2656508A/en","an":"human red blood corpuscles (diluted blood)","de":"red corpuscles in diluted blood; the patent also names other particles in body fluids","id":"cells-0001"},{"a":0,"y":1956,"au":"Brecher G, Schneiderman M, Williams GZ","t":"Evaluation of electronic red blood cell counter","j":"American Journal of Clinical Pathology","vp":"26:1439-1449","doi":"10.1093/ajcp/26.12.1439","pmid":"13394550","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter prototype aperture (NIH evaluation instrument)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"red cell counting, accuracy evaluation","no":"This paper is one of the two NIH evaluations of the Coulter prototypes that reached NIH in 1953, and Graham 2003 (JALA 8:72-81) reports that both evaluations found better accuracy, efficiency and convenience for counting erythrocytes. Crossref confirms the bibliographic data. The secondary source does not name the species, but the evaluations were clinical blood counts at NIH.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.mlsu.ac.in/econtents/1819_TheCoulterPrinciple.pdf","an":"human red blood cells","id":"cells-0003"},{"a":0,"y":1956,"au":"Coulter WH","t":"High speed automatic blood cell counter and cell size analyzer","j":"Proceedings of the National Electronics Conference","vp":"12:1034","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012448510-5.50175-8","pt":"conference","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter prototype aperture (submerged orifice in an insulated vessel wall)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pm":"dielectric aperture wafer in the wall of an insulating sample tube","pg":"submerged orifice of small dimensions; mercury-manometer metering of a fixed sample volume","fab":"orifice in an aperture wafer sealed into the sample tube","co":"blood cells diluted in conducting fluid","b":"voltage pulse proportional to the cell's displaced volume","sn":"pulses above an adjustable threshold counted; repeated runs at rising thresholds gave a cumulative size distribution","pu":"automatic blood cell counting and cell size analysis","no":"Coulter announced the principle in this paper, his only technical paper, on 3 Oct 1956. Graham MD 2003 (JALA 8:72-81, doi 10.1016/S1535-5535(03)00023-6) describes and quotes it. The url points to the 2000 reprint in Lichtman et al., Hematology: Landmark Papers of the Twentieth Century.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.mlsu.ac.in/econtents/1819_TheCoulterPrinciple.pdf","an":"human blood cells (red cells)","id":"cells-0002"},{"a":0,"y":1957,"au":"Mattern CF, Brackett FS, Olson BJ","t":"Determination of number and size of particles by electrical gating: blood cells","j":"Journal of applied physiology","vp":"10:56-70","doi":"10.1152/jappl.1957.10.1.56","pmid":"13405830","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter prototype aperture (NIH evaluation instrument)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"pulse height distribution gives cell size distribution","sn":"skewness of the size distribution attributed to coincident passage; manual coincidence correction; sensitive volume about three times the geometric aperture volume","pu":"counting and sizing; coincidence correction","no":"This paper is the second NIH evaluation, as Graham 2003 (JALA 8:72-81) describes it. The secondary source does not name the species, but the evaluations were clinical blood counts at NIH.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.mlsu.ac.in/econtents/1819_TheCoulterPrinciple.pdf","an":"human red blood cells","id":"cells-0004"},{"a":0,"y":1969,"au":"Brittin GM, Brecher G, Johnson CA","t":"Evaluation of the Coulter Counter Model S","j":"American journal of clinical pathology","vp":"52:679-689","doi":"10.1093/ajcp/52.6.679","pmid":"5353836","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model S apertures (seven-parameter automated analyzer)","pk":"hematology-analyzer-aperture","pu":"automated complete blood count (RBC, WBC, Hb, MCV, Hct, MCH, MCHC)","no":"Graham 2003 (JALA 8:72-81) describes the Model S, introduced in late 1968, as the first automated hematology analyzer and cites this evaluation. Europe PMC holds only the title, so the evidence comes from the secondary source.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.mlsu.ac.in/econtents/1819_TheCoulterPrinciple.pdf","an":"human blood (red cells, white cells) on the first automated hematology analyzer","id":"cells-0217"},{"a":0,"y":1972,"au":"Grover NB, Naaman J, Ben-Sasson S, Doljanski F","t":"Electrical sizing of particles in suspensions. 3. Rigid spheroids and red blood cells","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"12:1099-1117","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(72)86147-2","pmid":"5056957","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"small cylindrical orifice (laboratory electrical sizing instrument, Grover et al.)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pg":"cylindrical orifice","b":"current pulse oscillograms interpreted by shape and orientation","sn":"cells enter aligned with the orifice axis; some rotate in the hydrodynamic field and deform; bimodal or skewed size distributions explained, size normally distributed","pu":"electrical sizing theory tested on red cells","no":"This paper is Part III of the series; Parts I and II (Biophys J 1969, 9:1398 and 9:1415) used rigid spheres and ragweed pollen. The authors also measured ragweed pollen doublets here.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A5056957+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"fresh human red blood cells (10 healthy adults)","id":"cells-0257"},{"a":0,"y":1973,"au":"Golibersuch DC","t":"Observation of aspherical particle rotation in Poiseuille flow via the resistance pulse technique. I. Application to human erythrocytes","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"13:265-280","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(73)85984-3","pmid":"4697237","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"long-pore resistance pulse detector (Coulter counter)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pg":"long pore with Poiseuille flow","b":"dR/R = f v/V; f depends on particle shape and orientation","sn":"each pulse has a periodically varying amplitude as the cell rotates in the shear field while traversing the long pore; cells enter with symmetry axis perpendicular to the pore axis","pu":"sizing and shape factor; observation of particle rotation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4697237+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"normal human erythrocytes","id":"cells-0012"},{"a":0,"y":1973,"au":"Golibersuch DC","t":"Observation of aspherical particle rotation in Poiseuille flow via the resistance pulse technique. I. Application to human erythrocytes","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"13:265-280","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(73)85984-3","pmid":"4697237","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(73)85984-3","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"long cylindrical Coulter-type pore","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"dR/R = f v/V, f set by shape and orientation","sn":"each pulse amplitude varies periodically as the cell rotates in Poiseuille shear flow; entrance flow orients cells with symmetry axis perpendicular to the pore axis","pu":"shape factor and rotation of aspherical particles","no":"first direct observation of resistance anisotropy from particle rotation in a Coulter pore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4697237+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"normal human erythrocytes tumbling in a long pore","id":"reviews_exotic-0091"},{"a":0,"y":1974,"au":"Zimmermann U, Pilwat G, Riemann F","t":"Dielectric breakdown of cell membranes","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"14:881-899","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(74)85956-4","pmid":"4611517","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter with hydrodynamic focusing orifice (AEG-Telefunken)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"pulse height linear with field strength until a sharp bend at dielectric breakdown; cells lose hemoglobin after breakdown","sn":"membrane breakdown at about 1.6 V, field in membrane about 4 x 10^6 V/cm","pu":"dielectric breakdown of cell membranes","no":"Zimmermann and colleagues used the field in the Coulter orifice itself to break down cell membranes, and they read the breakdown from the pulse heights.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4611517+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human red blood cells","id":"cells-0010"},{"a":0,"y":1996,"au":"Baskurt OK","t":"Deformability of red blood cells from different species studied by resistive pulse shape analysis technique","j":"Biorheology","vp":"33:169-179","doi":"10.1016/0006-355x(96)00014-5","pmid":"8679963","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"Cell Transit Analyzer filter micropores","pk":"track-etched-pore","pd":"5 um","pl":"15 um","sn":"eight pulse-shape parameters, correlated with cell volume","pu":"red cell deformability by micropore transit, compared across laboratory species","no":"Baskurt measured human, guinea pig, dog, rabbit, rat, mouse and sheep red cells; glutaraldehyde stiffening was harder to detect for small red cells in 5 um pores. The pore category follows the CTA filter design (micropore membrane).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8679963+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human red blood cells","id":"cells-0124"},{"a":0,"y":2008,"au":"Zheng S, Liu M, Tai YC","t":"Micro coulter counters with platinum black electroplated electrodes for human blood cell sensing","j":"Biomedical microdevices","vp":"10:221-231","doi":"10.1007/s10544-007-9128-5","pmid":"17876707","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"micro Coulter counter with platinum-black electroplated electrodes","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","fab":"integrated parylene technology or soft lithography; platinum black electroplating","v":"AC excitation 10 kHz","b":"impedance magnitude histogram matched conventional volume distributions","pu":"blood cell counting and sizing on a chip","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A17876707+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human erythrocytes in diluted whole blood","id":"cells-0125"},{"a":0,"y":2015,"au":"Cheung AK, Yang AK, Ngai BH, Yu SS, Gao M, Lau PM, et al.","t":"Quantitative detection of eryptosis in human erythrocytes using tunable resistive pulse sensing and annexin-V-beads","j":"The Analyst","vp":"140:1337-1348","doi":"10.1039/c4an02079k","pmid":"25574661","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable resistive pulse sensing stretchable pore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","b":"pulse magnitude gives cell volume; annexin-V bead binding shifts signals","sn":"detected particles as small as 5 fL associated with eryptosis","pu":"non-optical quantification of eryptosis (cell shrinkage and PS exposure)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25574661+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human red blood cells, normal and eryptotic (with annexin-V microbeads)","de":"eryptosis (PS externalization, shrinkage) induced by polyphyllin D","id":"cells-0254"},{"a":1,"y":1957,"au":"Mattern CF, Brackett FS, Olson BJ","t":"Determination of number and size of particles by electrical gating: blood cells","j":"Journal of applied physiology","vp":"10:56-70","doi":"10.1152/jappl.1957.10.1.56","pmid":"13405830","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter prototype aperture (NIH evaluation instrument)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting (preliminary leukocyte counts)","no":"Graham 2003 (JALA 8:72-81) states that this evaluation 'also included preliminary data on leukocyte counting'. Akeroyd et al. 1959 (Am J Clin Pathol 31:188-192, doi 10.1093/ajcp/31.2_ts.188) followed with automated leukocyte counts. The secondary source does not name the species, but the evaluations were clinical blood counts at NIH.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.mlsu.ac.in/econtents/1819_TheCoulterPrinciple.pdf","an":"human white blood cells","id":"cells-0005"},{"a":1,"y":2008,"au":"Zheng S, Liu M, Tai YC","t":"Micro coulter counters with platinum black electroplated electrodes for human blood cell sensing","j":"Biomedical microdevices","vp":"10:221-231","doi":"10.1007/s10544-007-9128-5","pmid":"17876707","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"micro Coulter counter with platinum-black electroplated electrodes","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","fab":"integrated parylene technology or soft lithography; platinum black electroplating","v":"AC excitation 10 kHz","b":"impedance magnitude histogram matched conventional volume distributions","pu":"blood cell counting and sizing on a chip","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A17876707+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human leukocytes in leukocyte-rich plasma","id":"cells-0126"},{"a":2,"y":1958,"au":"Kubitschek HE","t":"Electronic counting and sizing of bacteria","j":"Nature","vp":"182:234-235","doi":"10.1038/182234a0","pmid":"13577794","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture tube modified for bacteria","pk":"coulter-aperture","fab":"aperture tube and circuitry of a blood-cell Coulter counter modified to raise sensitivity","pu":"first electronic counting and sizing of bacteria","no":"Evidence is secondary: a review text (hasi.gr/node/736) states that Kubitschek (1958, 1960) was the first to show the instrument could monitor bacteria and produced volume profiles of growing Escherichia coli B and germinating Bacillus megaterium spores after modifying the apparatus. The Nature page itself could not be fetched (login redirect).","ev":"secondary","src":"https://hasi.gr/node/736","an":"Escherichia coli B","de":"strain B, growing cultures (volume profiles)","id":"microbes-0023"},{"a":2,"y":1962,"au":"Swanton EM, Curby WA, Lind HE","t":"Experiences with the Coulter counter in bacteriology","j":"Applied microbiology","vp":"10:480-485","doi":"10.1128/am.10.5.480-485.1962","pmid":"13979635","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model A aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"killed bacteria resembled inert particles in pulse pattern; some viable bacteria did not behave like inert particles","pu":"counting viable and killed bacteria","no":"Polystyrene spheres of 0.81 and 2.85 um also counted. Abstract reports: electrical characteristics differ between bacterial populations; killed bacteria resemble inert particles in pulse pattern.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A13979635+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Escherichia coli","de":"viable and killed suspensions","id":"microbes-0019"},{"a":2,"y":1973,"au":"Zimmermann U, Schulz J, Pilwat G","t":"Transcellular ion flow in Escherichia coli B and electrical sizing of bacterias","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"13:1005-1013","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(73)86041-2","pmid":"4583964","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter orifice with hydrodynamic jet focusing","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"relative pulse height plotted against detector current shows a sharp bend (onset of transcellular ion flow) that is absent for fixed cells or polystyrene latex; onset current differs between wild type B 163 and the potassium-deficient mutant B 525","pu":"electrical sizing of bacteria and detection of field-induced dielectric breakdown of the cell membrane","no":"Notably different spike behaviour: pulse height versus field strength reveals dielectric breakdown of the bacterial membrane.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4583964+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Escherichia coli B 163 and B 525","de":"strains B 163 and B 525","id":"microbes-0028"},{"a":2,"y":2014,"au":"Yu AC, Loo JF, Yu S, Kong SK, Chan TF","t":"Monitoring bacterial growth using tunable resistive pulse sensing with a pore-based technique","j":"Applied microbiology and biotechnology","vp":"98:855-862","doi":"10.1007/s00253-013-5377-9","pmid":"24287933","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable resistive pulse sensor","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","sn":"lower detection limit 5 x 10^5 cells/mL; coefficient of variation within 2%; TRPS cell volumes agreed with microscopy","pu":"growth monitoring by cell size and concentration","no":"TRPS concentration correlated with colony counts better than optical density (R = 0.85 vs 0.72).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24287933+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Escherichia coli DH5alpha","de":"strain DH5alpha, growing cultures","id":"microbes-0015"},{"a":2,"y":2015,"au":"Goyal G, Mulero R, Ali J, Darvish A, Kim MJ","t":"Low aspect ratio micropores for single-particle and single-cell analysis","j":"Electrophoresis","vp":"36:1164-1171","doi":"10.1002/elps.201400570","pmid":"25752985","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"low aspect ratio SiN micropore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"200 nm free-standing silicon nitride membrane","pd":"5 um","pl":"200 nm","pg":"cylindrical, aspect ratio about 0.04","sn":"particle translocations change only the geometrical (in-pore) resistance while access resistance stays constant; concatenated magnetic microspheres gave one current-drop peak per bead; the two bacteria gave distinct current signatures attributed to different surface protein distributions","pu":"single-cell translocation signatures of bacteria in a low aspect ratio pore","no":"Earliest solid-state micropore translocation of bacteria found in this search.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25752985+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Escherichia coli HCB 5 (non-flagellated)","de":"strain HCB 5, non-flagellated","id":"microbes-0106"},{"a":2,"y":2016,"au":"Apetrei A, Ciuca A, Lee JK, Seo CH, Park Y, Luchian T","t":"A Protein Nanopore-Based Approach for Bacteria Sensing","j":"Nanoscale research letters","vp":"11:501","doi":"10.1186/s11671-016-1715-z","pmid":"27848237","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-toxin heptamer in a DPhPC bilayer across a ~150 um aperture in 25 um Teflon film","pd":"about 1.4 nm (constriction); bacteria are captured at the pore mouth, not translocated","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into a planar lipid bilayer","co":"0.5 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 7 (cis) and 5 mM MES pH 4 (trans); bacteria added trans","v":"-80 mV","b":"open pore about -28 +/- 0.5 pA to about -3.8 +/- 0.6 pA when blocked (nearly complete obstruction)","er":"mean association time tau_on 0.23 +/- 0.004 s for E. coli, about ten times faster than for P. aeruginosa","sn":"reversible capture of whole bacteria at the pore mouth; capture kinetics follow Kramers theory; short and long blockade events; antimicrobial peptide CMA3 tested as a recognition element","pu":"proof of concept bacteria sensing with a single protein nanopore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5110462/fullTextXML","an":"Escherichia coli ATCC 25922","de":"ATCC 25922 at 1.2 x 10^8 cfu/mL","id":"microbes-0177"},{"a":2,"y":2017,"au":"Tsutsui M, Yoshida T, Yokota K, Yasaki H, Yasui T, Arima A, et al.","t":"Discriminating single-bacterial shape using low-aspect-ratio pores","j":"Scientific reports","vp":"7:17371","doi":"10.1038/s41598-017-17443-6","pmid":"29234023","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN micropore, low thickness-to-diameter aspect ratio","pk":"chitoporin","pm":"SiN membrane on Si chip, sealed between PDMS blocks","pd":"3.0 um","pl":"40 nm (series from 40 to 1500 nm also tested)","pg":"thin cylindrical pore, aspect ratio about 0.01","fab":"LPCVD SiN on Si; CF4 reactive ion etch window and KOH wet etch to free a 40 nm SiN membrane; circular pore patterned on the resist-coated membrane and etched","co":"PBS diluted 10 times with Milli-Q water, Ag/AgCl electrodes, room temperature, bacteria added on one side only","v":"0.05 V","sn":"sampling 1 MHz; spikes above a 60 pA threshold extracted; pulse height Ip, width td and apex bluntness used as features; 179 to 557 spikes per test","pu":"discrimination of bacteria by cell shape using machine learning on resistive pulse waveforms","no":"First shape-based discrimination of single bacteria with a low-aspect-ratio solid-state pore: E. coli vs B. subtilis up to 90% accuracy; flagellated vs non-flagellated E. coli discriminated only at about 62%.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5727063/fullTextXML","an":"Escherichia coli","de":"wild type, and a fliC-inactivated non-flagellated mutant","id":"microbes-0001"},{"a":2,"y":2018,"au":"Maw MM, Pan X, Peng Z, Wang Y, Zhao L, Dai B, et al.","t":"A Changeable Lab-on-a-Chip Detector for Marine Nonindigenous Microorganisms in Ship's Ballast Water","j":"Micromachines","vp":"9:E20","doi":"10.3390/mi9010020","pmid":"30393297","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"PDMS-glass microfluidic resistive (impedance) pulse sensor with sheath flow and two lateral sensing channels","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"PDMS on glass","pg":"detection zones 80 x 40 x 40 um (3 to 20 um cells), 20 x 10 x 8 um (0.5 to 2 um cells), 150 x 80 x 80 um (20 to 50 um organisms)","fab":"SU-8 soft lithography, PDMS bonded to glass","v":"24 V DC between sample and waste wells","sn":"each impedance pulse paired with an LED-induced chlorophyll fluorescence pulse for algae; pulse amplitude grows with cell size","pu":"ballast water detection of microalgae and indicator bacteria","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6187694/fullTextXML","an":"Escherichia coli ATCC 25922","de":"ATCC 25922; indicator bacterium","id":"microbes-0183"},{"a":2,"y":2018,"au":"Tsutsui M, Tanaka M, Marui T, Yokota K, Yoshida T, Arima A, et al.","t":"Identification of Individual Bacterial Cells through the Intermolecular Interactions with Peptide-Functionalized Solid-State Pores","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"90:1511-1515","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04950","pmid":"29350898","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Au micropore functionalized with a toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) derived peptide","pm":"Au-coated micropore wall","sn":"peptide-flagella interactions perturb translocation dynamics, so resistive pulse patterns separate wild type from the delta-fliC mutant","pu":"selective sensing of flagellated bacteria through peptide-flagellin interactions","no":"Biorecognition pore; different pore chemistry from the bare SiN pore record.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29350898+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Escherichia coli (wild type and fliC deletion mutant)","de":"wild type vs delta-fliC (no flagellin)","id":"microbes-0017"},{"a":3,"y":1959,"au":"Berg R","t":"Electronic Size Analysis of Subsieve Particles by Flowing through a Small Liquid Resistor","j":"Symposium on Particle Size Measurement","vp":":245-258","doi":"10.1520/stp39300s","url":"https://doi.org/10.1520/stp39300s","pt":"conference","pc":0,"p":"small liquid resistor (Coulter-type aperture)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"each pulse proportional to the volume of the particle causing it","pu":"electronic size analysis of subsieve particles; calibration, sample preparation and data reduction","no":"first report found of the Coulter principle applied to industrial (non-biological) subsieve particle sizing, ASTM STP 234 symposium (often cited as 1958); the abstract names no specific materials","ev":"abstract","src":"https://store.astm.org/stp39300s.html","an":"subsieve particles in conductive liquid (industrial size analysis)","id":"reviews_exotic-0185"},{"a":4,"y":1961,"au":"Toennies G, Iszard L, Rogers NB, Shockman GD","t":"Cell multiplication studied with an electronic particle counter","j":"Journal of bacteriology","vp":"82:857-866","doi":"10.1128/jb.82.6.857-866.1961","pmid":"13921527","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"average apparent particle volume fell by about 50% in five generations because average chain length decreased","pu":"bacterial number and particle size distribution in growing cultures","no":"Early electronic counting of a chain-forming coccus.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A13921527+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Streptococcus faecalis","de":"named Streptococcus faecalis; exponential cultures","id":"microbes-0021"},{"a":4,"y":2018,"au":"Maw MM, Pan X, Peng Z, Wang Y, Zhao L, Dai B, et al.","t":"A Changeable Lab-on-a-Chip Detector for Marine Nonindigenous Microorganisms in Ship's Ballast Water","j":"Micromachines","vp":"9:E20","doi":"10.3390/mi9010020","pmid":"30393297","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"PDMS-glass microfluidic resistive (impedance) pulse sensor with sheath flow and two lateral sensing channels","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"PDMS on glass","pg":"detection zones 80 x 40 x 40 um (3 to 20 um cells), 20 x 10 x 8 um (0.5 to 2 um cells), 150 x 80 x 80 um (20 to 50 um organisms)","fab":"SU-8 soft lithography, PDMS bonded to glass","v":"24 V DC between sample and waste wells","sn":"each impedance pulse paired with an LED-induced chlorophyll fluorescence pulse for algae; pulse amplitude grows with cell size","pu":"ballast water detection of microalgae and indicator bacteria","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6187694/fullTextXML","an":"Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212","de":"ATCC 29212; indicator bacterium of the D-2 ballast water standard","id":"microbes-0182"},{"a":5,"y":1962,"au":"Tuzson J, Short BA","t":"A Study on the Agglomeration, Deposition, and Removal Process of Clay Particles During Washing","j":"Textile Research Journal","vp":"32:111-116","doi":"10.1177/004051756203200204","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND606193499","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"monitoring agglomeration-dispersion and deposition-removal of clay soil during washing","no":"Earliest Coulter counting of a clay mineral found in this survey. Kaolin from Minerals and Chemicals Corp. of America.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3AIND606193499&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Kaolin clay particles (Kaolin ASP-400, about 70% between 2 and 10 um) in agitated suspension with cotton cloth","id":"earth_space_industry-0056"},{"a":5,"y":1970,"au":"Haven DS, Morales-Alamo R","t":"Filtration of particles from suspension by the American oyster Crassostrea virginica","j":"The Biological Bulletin","vp":"139:248-264","doi":"10.2307/1540081","pmid":"29332461","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle filtration efficiency of oysters by size (natural particles and kaolinite)","no":"Oysters removed 1.0 to 2.0 um kaolinite with about half the efficiency of larger particles. Natural river particles were measured too.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29332461+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Kaolinite clay suspensions in filtered river water (1.0 to 12.0 um particles) offered to oysters","id":"earth_space_industry-0034"},{"a":6,"y":1962,"au":"Swanton EM, Curby WA, Lind HE","t":"Experiences with the Coulter counter in bacteriology","j":"Applied microbiology","vp":"10:480-485","doi":"10.1128/am.10.5.480-485.1962","pmid":"13979635","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model A aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting viable and killed bacteria","no":"Polystyrene spheres of 0.81 and 2.85 um also counted. Abstract reports: electrical characteristics differ between bacterial populations; killed bacteria resemble inert particles in pulse pattern.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A13979635+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Serratia marcescens","de":"viable and killed suspensions","id":"microbes-0020"},{"a":7,"y":1962,"au":"Swanton EM, Curby WA, Lind HE","t":"Experiences with the Coulter counter in bacteriology","j":"Applied microbiology","vp":"10:480-485","doi":"10.1128/am.10.5.480-485.1962","pmid":"13979635","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model A aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"live S. aureus gave a denser pattern of thick bright pulses on the cathode-ray tube than live E. coli","pu":"counting viable and killed bacteria","no":"Polystyrene spheres of 0.81 and 2.85 um also counted. Abstract reports: electrical characteristics differ between bacterial populations; killed bacteria resemble inert particles in pulse pattern.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A13979635+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Staphylococcus aureus SM","de":"strain SM, viable and killed","id":"microbes-0018"},{"a":7,"y":2020,"au":"Hattori S, Sekido R, Leong IW, Leong IW, Tsutsui M, Arima A, et al.","t":"Machine learning-driven electronic identifications of single pathogenic bacteria","j":"Scientific reports","vp":"10:15525","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-72508-3","pmid":"32968098","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx micropore with PMMA-coated back side, low aspect ratio","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"50 nm SiNx membrane on Si, 5 to 10 um PMMA layer on the back side, PDMS fluidic seals","pd":"3 um","pl":"50 nm","pg":"thin cylindrical pore; access resistance about 2 MOhm dominates the 42 kOhm in-pore resistance","fab":"LPCVD SiNx; KOH wet etch to form membrane; electron beam lithography and isotropic reactive ion etching of the pore; PMMA spin-coated on the back and opened around the pore by e-beam","co":"0.1x PBS, Ag/AgCl electrodes","v":"0.05 V (other voltages also tested)","b":"open pore current about 24 nA at 0.05 V","sn":"sampling 1 MHz; more than 800 pulses averaged per species; pulse height and width distributions overlap between species; galvanotaxis-related tilting changes the pulse shape; Rotation Forest ensemble classifier reached F-measure 0.91 for five species; dead cells did not translocate","pu":"identification of single pathogenic bacteria by machine learning on resistive pulse shapes","no":"Five-species panel with P. fluorescens, S. enterica, E. coli and B. cereus.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7512020/fullTextXML","an":"Staphylococcus aureus","de":"NBRC 13276 (NITE Biological Resource Center)","id":"microbes-0004"},{"a":8,"y":1963,"au":"THORNTON MJ","t":"THE APPLICATION OF THE COULTER COUNTER TO PROBLEMS IN THE SIZE ANALYSIS OF INSOLUBLE DRUGS","j":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology","vp":"15:742-752","doi":"10.1111/j.2042-7158.1963.tb12869.x","pmid":"14079617","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1963.tb12869.x","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size analysis of insoluble drugs","no":"earliest pharmaceutical use found (1963); PubMed citation only (no abstract); the title states the analyte and the electronic counting method; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=14079617","an":"insoluble drug powders","id":"reviews_exotic-0116"},{"a":9,"y":1963,"au":"Deysson G, Nguyen THI LAU","t":"[Use of an electronic particle counter for study of the growth of microorganisms: growth and sporulation of Sacharomycodes Ludwigii Hansen]","j":"Annales pharmaceutiques francaises","vp":"21:275-285","pmid":"14027469","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14027469/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"growth and sporulation followed by electronic counting","no":"No abstract in Europe PMC; evidence is the title (in French translation: growth and sporulation of Saccharomycodes ludwigii Hansen studied with an electronic particle counter).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A14027469+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Saccharomycodes ludwigii Hansen","de":"vegetative cells and sporulating cultures","id":"microbes-0025"},{"a":10,"y":1963,"au":"Bloch MG, Gusack JA","t":"Denier Distribution of Textile Fibers Obtained with an Electrical Sensing Zone Particle Analyzer (Coulter Counter®)","j":"Textile Research Journal","vp":"33:224-233","doi":"10.1177/004051756303300308","url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/004051756303300308","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter (electrical sensing zone particle analyzer) aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"fiber diameter and denier distributions","no":"early industrial use of the Coulter counter on cut fibers (1963)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1177/004051756303300308","an":"textile fibers from tows of various sizes","id":"reviews_exotic-0162"},{"a":11,"y":1964,"au":"GEBICKI JM, HUNTER FE","t":"DETERMINATION OF SWELLING AND DISINTEGRATION OF MITOCHONDRIA WITH AN ELECTRONIC PARTICLE COUNTER","j":"The Journal of biological chemistry","vp":"239:631-639","doi":"10.1016/s0021-9258(18)51729-4","pmid":"14169168","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)51729-4","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"following mitochondrial swelling and disintegration","no":"earliest electronic counting of mitochondria found (1964); companion paper by the same group studied isolated liver mitochondria (JBC 239:614); PubMed citation only (no abstract); the title states the analyte and the electronic counting method; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=14169168","an":"isolated mitochondria (swelling and disintegration)","id":"reviews_exotic-0110"},{"a":12,"y":1965,"au":"Fulwyler MJ","t":"Electronic separation of biological cells by volume","j":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","vp":"150:910-911","doi":"10.1126/science.150.3698.910","pmid":"5891056","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter aperture of the first electronic cell sorter","pk":"coulter-aperture","pg":"volume-sensing Coulter aperture followed by a charged-droplet jet and electrostatic deflection plates","pu":"volume-based sorting; viability after sorting","no":"Essentially all CHO cells survived separation and grew at their normal rate.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A5891056+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Chinese hamster ovary cells","id":"cells-0008"},{"a":12,"y":1979,"au":"Hoffman RA, Britt WB","t":"Flow-system measurement of cell impedance properties","j":"The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society","vp":"27:234-240","doi":"10.1177/27.1.374580","pmid":"374580","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"flow-system sensing orifice measuring dc Coulter volume plus high-frequency resistance and capacitance","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"simultaneous dc volume pulse and two ac impedance parameters","pu":"cell impedance properties (size, membrane capacitance, interior resistivity)","no":"Hoffman and Britt built a prototype multi-frequency Coulter-type instrument and also tested plastic microspheres.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A374580+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Chinese hamster ovary cells","id":"cells-0082"},{"a":13,"y":1965,"au":"Fulwyler MJ","t":"Electronic separation of biological cells by volume","j":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","vp":"150:910-911","doi":"10.1126/science.150.3698.910","pmid":"5891056","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter aperture of the first electronic cell sorter","pk":"coulter-aperture","pg":"volume-sensing Coulter aperture followed by a charged-droplet jet and electrostatic deflection plates","pu":"volume measurement and sorting (separation of mouse from human erythrocytes)","no":"Fulwyler built the first cell sorter, which separated cells by their Coulter volume. He sorted human erythrocytes from the same mixtures.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A5891056+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"mouse erythrocytes (in mixtures with human erythrocytes)","de":"Mus musculus","id":"cells-0006"},{"a":13,"y":1996,"au":"Baskurt OK","t":"Deformability of red blood cells from different species studied by resistive pulse shape analysis technique","j":"Biorheology","vp":"33:169-179","doi":"10.1016/0006-355x(96)00014-5","pmid":"8679963","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"Cell Transit Analyzer filter micropores","pk":"track-etched-pore","pd":"5 um","pl":"15 um","dt":"per-cell transit time from the resistive pulse duration","sn":"eight pulse-shape parameters, correlated with cell volume","pu":"red cell deformability by micropore transit, compared across laboratory species","no":"Baskurt measured human, guinea pig, dog, rabbit, rat, mouse and sheep red cells; glutaraldehyde stiffening was harder to detect for small red cells in 5 um pores. The pore category follows the CTA filter design (micropore membrane).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8679963+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"mouse red blood cells","id":"cells-0238"},{"a":14,"y":1965,"au":"Fulwyler MJ","t":"Electronic separation of biological cells by volume","j":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","vp":"150:910-911","doi":"10.1126/science.150.3698.910","pmid":"5891056","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter aperture of the first electronic cell sorter","pk":"coulter-aperture","pg":"volume-sensing Coulter aperture followed by a charged-droplet jet and electrostatic deflection plates","pu":"volume measurement and sorting","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A5891056+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"mouse lymphoma cells","de":"large-volume component separated from erythrocyte mixtures","id":"cells-0007"},{"a":15,"y":1965,"au":"Shindala A, Bungay HR, Krieg NR, Culbert K","t":"MIXED-CULTURE INTERACTIONS. I. COMMENSALISM OF PROTEUS VULGARIS WITH SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE IN CONTINUOUS CULTURE","j":"Journal of bacteriology","vp":"89:693-696","doi":"10.1128/jb.89.3.693-696.1965","pmid":"14273647","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter electronic counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"mixed continuous culture at various dilution rates","pu":"enumerating each species in a mixed culture","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A14273647+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Proteus vulgaris","de":"steady-state continuous culture, commensal with S. cerevisiae","id":"microbes-0026"},{"a":16,"y":1965,"au":"Shindala A, Bungay HR, Krieg NR, Culbert K","t":"MIXED-CULTURE INTERACTIONS. I. COMMENSALISM OF PROTEUS VULGARIS WITH SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE IN CONTINUOUS CULTURE","j":"Journal of bacteriology","vp":"89:693-696","doi":"10.1128/jb.89.3.693-696.1965","pmid":"14273647","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter electronic counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"mixed continuous culture at various dilution rates","pu":"enumerating each species in a mixed culture","no":"Earliest S. cerevisiae Coulter count found in this search.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A14273647+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae","de":"steady-state continuous culture mixed with Proteus vulgaris","id":"microbes-0027"},{"a":16,"y":2010,"au":"Sun J, Stowers CC, Boczko EM, Li D","t":"Measurement of the volume growth rate of single budding yeast with the MOSFET-based microfluidic Coulter counter","j":"Lab on a chip","vp":"10:2986-2993","doi":"10.1039/c005029f","pmid":"20717618","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"MOSFET-based microfluidic Coulter counter","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","sn":"MOSFET amplification gives signals immune to baseline drift; ten individual cells followed through the cycle; sigmoid volume growth","pu":"volume growth rate of single budding yeast over a whole cell cycle","no":"Single-cell volume growth measured repeatedly in a microfluidic Coulter channel; data support local exponential growth.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A20717618+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast)","de":"strain LYH3865","id":"microbes-0013"},{"a":16,"y":2014,"au":"Riordon J, Nash M, Jing W, Godin M","t":"Quantifying the volume of single cells continuously using a microfluidic pressure-driven trap with media exchange","j":"Biomicrofluidics","vp":"8:011101","doi":"10.1063/1.4867035","pmid":"24753720","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"on-chip microfluidic Coulter volume sensor with pressure-driven feedback trap and sieve valves","pk":"chitoporin","sn":"the same cell is driven back and forth through the sensing channel repeatedly","pu":"continuous volume of one trapped cell over whole growth cycles with media exchange","no":"Repeated sizing of a single trapped cell.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24753720+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae","id":"microbes-0093"},{"a":17,"y":1965,"au":"Packer L, Siegenthaler PA, Nobel PS","t":"Light-induced volume changes in spinach chloroplasts","j":"The Journal of cell biology","vp":"26:593-599","doi":"10.1083/jcb.26.2.593","pmid":"5865938","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"light-induced and osmotic volume changes","no":"Spinach chloroplast volume rose 100% in light, with a half-time of about 10 min.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A5865938+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"spinach chloroplasts","id":"cells-0113"},{"a":18,"y":1966,"au":"Harvey RJ, Marr AG","t":"Measurement of size distributions of bacterial cells","j":"Journal of bacteriology","vp":"92:805-811","doi":"10.1128/jb.92.4.805-811.1966","pmid":"5332872","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter transducer aperture with pulse differentiation and integration and pulse-height analysis","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"pulse amplitude proportional to volume; differentiation and integration of pulses corrects coincidence distortion","pu":"volume distributions of bacterial cells","no":"Measured volumes of latex spheres and of bacteria over a range of at least 0.25 to 20 um3. The abstract does not name the bacterial species.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A5332872+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"bacterial cells (species not named in abstract)","id":"microbes-0022"},{"a":19,"y":1966,"au":"Wood WM, Lines RW","t":"Particle size analysis using Coulter Counters","j":"Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists","vp":"17:197-211","url":"https://library.scconline.org/v017n04/25","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter, glass orifice tubes (each covering about 2 to 40% of its diameter)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"5% trisodium phosphate electrolyte, 20 s ultrasonic bath; reproducibility within 3 to 4% by weight (Table I)","pu":"size analysis of cosmetic materials (Coulter Electronics Ltd application paper, Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Great Britain symposium, 1965)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://library.scconline.org/cdn-1708624229647/Particle-Size-Analysis-Coulter-Counters.pdf","an":"Cosmetic face powder (medium-priced powder), repeated runs","id":"gap_industry-0081"},{"a":20,"y":1966,"au":"Stuart J, Sklaroff SA","t":"Rapid microbiological assay of serum vitamin B 12 by electronic counter","j":"Journal of clinical pathology","vp":"19:46-50","doi":"10.1136/jcp.19.1.46","pmid":"5904982","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"5 h incubation at 45 C in vitamin B12 assay medium","pu":"growth measurement for microbiological assay of serum vitamin B12","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A5904982+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Lactobacillus leichmannii","de":"assay organism for vitamin B12 (now placed in Lactobacillus delbrueckii)","id":"microbes-0099"},{"a":21,"y":1966,"au":"Wood WM, Lines RW","t":"Particle size analysis using Coulter Counters","j":"Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists","vp":"17:197-211","url":"https://library.scconline.org/v017n04/25","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter, glass orifice tubes (each covering about 2 to 40% of its diameter)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"lithium chloride in methanol electrolyte, which the authors assumed dissolved the lipstick base so that the pigment dispersion was counted","pu":"size analysis of cosmetic materials (Coulter Electronics Ltd application paper, Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Great Britain symposium, 1965)","no":"Fig. 5 of the paper, explained in the published discussion (W. M. Wood replying to T. A. Brock).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://library.scconline.org/cdn-1708624229647/Particle-Size-Analysis-Coulter-Counters.pdf","an":"Lipstick pigment dispersion particles","id":"gap_industry-0084"},{"a":22,"y":1966,"au":"Otto H, Pesch HJ","t":"[Determination of the particle size distribution of dust in the lung by means of an electronic counting method]","j":"Frankfurter Zeitschrift fur Pathologie","vp":"76:1-11","pmid":"5985377","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size distribution of dust in lungs","no":"article in German; PubMed citation only (no abstract); the title states the analyte and the electronic counting method; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=5985377","an":"dust recovered from lung tissue","id":"reviews_exotic-0115"},{"a":23,"y":1966,"au":"Wood WM, Lines RW","t":"Particle size analysis using Coulter Counters","j":"Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists","vp":"17:197-211","url":"https://library.scconline.org/v017n04/25","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter, glass orifice tubes (each covering about 2 to 40% of its diameter)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"1% NaCl electrolyte (discussion section); used for on-stream filtration control","pu":"size analysis of cosmetic materials (Coulter Electronics Ltd application paper, Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Great Britain symposium, 1965)","no":"Table II of the paper.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://library.scconline.org/cdn-1708624229647/Particle-Size-Analysis-Coulter-Counters.pdf","an":"Particles in toilet waters (eau de cologne, lavender water, perfume)","id":"gap_industry-0083"},{"a":24,"y":1966,"au":"坂口嘉平, 長瀬邦彦","t":"ポリアクリル酸ナトリウムによる沈降性炭酸カルシウム懸濁液の凝集 (Flocculation of precipitated calcium carbonate suspension by sodium polyacrylate)","j":"Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi (Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Japan)","vp":"69:1195-1199","doi":"10.1246/nikkashi1898.69.6_1195","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter (Coulter Electronics) aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"dispersed with sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium chloride","pu":"size distribution of the precipitated calcium carbonate used in flocculation tests with sodium polyacrylate, aluminium sulfate and SDS","no":"Paper in Japanese; size distribution shown in the paper's Fig. 1. Authors given in Japanese.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/nikkashi1898/69/6/69_6_1195/_pdf","an":"Precipitated calcium carbonate (Japanese Pharmacopoeia grade) suspension","id":"gap_industry-0088"},{"a":25,"y":1966,"au":"Mountney GJ, O'malley J","t":"Statistical evaluation of electronic and plate counts for estimating bacterial populations","j":"Applied microbiology","vp":"14:845-849","doi":"10.1128/am.14.6.845-849.1966","pmid":"16349683","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"broth cultures sampled from 0 to 24 h","sn":"electronic counts were more precise than plate counts","pu":"statistical comparison of electronic and plate counts","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16349683+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Pseudomonas geniculata","id":"microbes-0088"},{"a":26,"y":1966,"au":"Mountney GJ, O'malley J","t":"Statistical evaluation of electronic and plate counts for estimating bacterial populations","j":"Applied microbiology","vp":"14:845-849","doi":"10.1128/am.14.6.845-849.1966","pmid":"16349683","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"broth cultures sampled from 0 to 24 h","sn":"electronic counts were more precise than plate counts","pu":"statistical comparison of electronic and plate counts","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16349683+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Rhodotorula glutenis","de":"spelled glutenis in the abstract","id":"microbes-0089"},{"a":27,"y":1966,"au":"Wood WM, Lines RW","t":"Particle size analysis using Coulter Counters","j":"Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists","vp":"17:197-211","url":"https://library.scconline.org/v017n04/25","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter, glass orifice tubes (each covering about 2 to 40% of its diameter)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"sodium polyphosphate (Calgon type, 2 to 4%) electrolyte with nonionic dispersant, as for other insoluble powders","pu":"size analysis of cosmetic materials (Coulter Electronics Ltd application paper, Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Great Britain symposium, 1965)","no":"Earliest Coulter talc sizing found; talc is recorded elsewhere from a 2001 clinical report.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://library.scconline.org/cdn-1708624229647/Particle-Size-Analysis-Coulter-Counters.pdf","an":"Talcum powder grades A to E (including a baby powder)","id":"gap_industry-0082"},{"a":27,"y":2001,"au":"Lee YCG, Lane K, Light RW","t":"Coulter counter registers talc particles as leukocytes","j":"Chest","vp":"119:669-670","doi":"10.1378/chest.119.2.669","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"artefact: talc in pleural fluid counted as white cells","no":"Evidence is the bibliographic record title (no abstract available in Crossref or Semantic Scholar; publisher page not fetched); the title states the electrical sensing zone measurement. Publisher PDF returned HTTP 403 (logged).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/graph/v1/paper/DOI:10.1378/chest.119.2.669?fields=title,year,authors,abstract","an":"Talc particles (as used for pleurodesis) counted by a Coulter hematology counter as leukocytes","id":"earth_space_industry-0119"},{"a":27,"y":2001,"au":"Lee YC, Lane KB, Light RW","t":"Coulter counter registers talc particles as leukocytes","j":"Chest","vp":"119:669-670","doi":"10.1378/chest.119.2.669","pmid":"11171765","url":"https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.119.2.669","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter (hematology) aperture","pk":"hematology-analyzer-aperture","pu":"artefactual leukocyte counts caused by talc","no":"PubMed record without abstract; citation only (no abstract available to us); the title states the analyte and the Coulter measurement; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.1378%2Fchest.119.2.669%22&format=json&resultType=core","an":"talc particles in pleural fluid counted as leukocytes","id":"reviews_exotic-0171"},{"a":28,"y":1966,"au":"Wood WM, Lines RW","t":"Particle size analysis using Coulter Counters","j":"Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists","vp":"17:197-211","url":"https://library.scconline.org/v017n04/25","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter, glass orifice tubes (each covering about 2 to 40% of its diameter)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"non-aqueous electrolyte 5% lithium chloride in methanol, pre-saturated with the material to counter its slight solubility","pu":"size analysis of cosmetic materials (Coulter Electronics Ltd application paper, Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Great Britain symposium, 1965)","no":"Fig. 3 of the paper; the authors chose LiCl in methanol because calcium carbonate is slightly soluble in aqueous electrolytes.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://library.scconline.org/cdn-1708624229647/Particle-Size-Analysis-Coulter-Counters.pdf","an":"Toothpaste abrasive particles (calcium carbonate) from a series of typical toothpastes","id":"gap_industry-0080"},{"a":29,"y":1967,"au":"Zucker RM, Cassen B, Taplin GV, Kennady JC","t":"Electronic counting, size distribution and size control of radio albumin macroaggregates in suspension","j":"Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine","vp":"8:405","pmid":"6032744","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting, size distribution and size control","no":"J Nucl Med meeting abstract; PubMed citation only (no abstract); the title states the analyte and the electronic counting method; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=6032744","an":"radio-albumin macroaggregates in suspension","de":"radiolabelled albumin macroaggregates (lung perfusion imaging agent)","id":"reviews_exotic-0111"},{"a":29,"y":1970,"au":"Richmond DR, Tauxe WN, Bassingthwaighte JB","t":"Albumin macroaggregates and measurements of regional blood flow: validity and application of particle sizing by Coulter counter","j":"The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine","vp":"75:336-346","pmid":"5414411","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size distribution of macroaggregates; fragmentation in the heart","no":"up to twentyfold more small particles in effluent than injectate","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=5414411","an":"albumin macroaggregates for regional blood flow measurement","de":"batch quality control before and after synthesis changes; injected into isolated perfused rabbit heart","id":"reviews_exotic-0085"},{"a":30,"y":1967,"au":"Sheldon RW, Parsons TR","t":"A Continuous Size Spectrum for Particulate Matter in the Sea","j":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","vp":"24:909-915","doi":"10.1139/f67-081","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle volume size spectra of seawater; correlation with particulate carbon and nitrogen","no":"First continuous Coulter size spectrum of marine particulate matter. Abstract (via Crossref) states that the volume of irregular particles such as phytoplankton chains could be measured with a Coulter Counter and that counter volume correlated with particulate C and N.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1139/f67-081","an":"Suspended particulate matter in seawater, including phytoplankton chains and detritus","id":"earth_space_industry-0024"},{"a":31,"y":1967,"au":"McDougall KJ","t":"Use of Coulter counter for counting ascospores of Neurospora","j":"Fungal Genetics Reports (Neurospora Newsletter)","vp":"12","doi":"10.4148/1941-4765.1962","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model F aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um","co":"ascospores swabbed from petri dish lids and suspended in Vogel's liquid medium N (0.1 g sucrose and 0.75 g sorbose per 100 mL); counted undiluted in a shell vial with stirring","v":"instrument settings: aperture current 64, attenuation 4, threshold 15","er":"counts per 0.5 mL; a settling suspension fell from 3698 to 2517 counts over about 3 min","sn":"stirring before each count gave repeat counts within 1%; commercial saline gave low background but strongly reduced germination; filtering through gauze needed when spores germinated","pu":"counting ascospores before plating in genetic crosses","ev":"full_text","src":"https://journals.newprairiepress.org/fgr/article/1135/galley/1127/download/","an":"ascospores of Neurospora","de":"ascospores ejected from crosses in petri dishes; species not named in the note","id":"microbes-0196"},{"a":32,"y":1967,"au":"Amacker P, Boymond P","t":"[Control of the presenceof foreign particles in an injection solution by means of a Coulter counter]","j":"Pharmaceutica acta Helvetiae","vp":"42:357-364","pmid":"5602004","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"control of foreign particles in injections","no":"article in French; earliest found for this analyte (1967); PubMed citation only (no abstract); the title states the analyte and the electronic counting method; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=5602004","an":"foreign particles in an injection solution","id":"reviews_exotic-0118"},{"a":32,"y":1983,"au":"Taylor SA, Spence J","t":"Particles in small volume injections","j":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology","vp":"35:769-773","doi":"10.1111/j.2042-7158.1983.tb02894.x","pmid":"6141237","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1983.tb02894.x","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter (electrical sensing zone)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle counts against British Pharmacopoeia limits","no":"compared with HIAC light blockage; large differences below 5 um; earlier Coulter work on injection particles: Amacker and Boymond 1967 Pharm Acta Helv 42:357 and Blaug and Sarabia 1975 Bull Parenter Drug Assoc 29:74 (titles only seen)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6141237+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"particulate contamination in small volume injections","id":"reviews_exotic-0086"},{"a":33,"y":1968,"au":"Miyashita Y, Nishikawa K","t":"Measurement of the Size Distribution of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel","j":"Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan","vp":"8:181-185","doi":"10.2355/isijinternational1966.8.181","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter, 50 um aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"50 um","co":"about 1 g of iron sampled by silica tube at set times after deoxidation, dissolved in nitric acid and diluted with water to adjust conductivity; 3,000 to 10,000 particles per sample; minimum radius 1.5 um set by electrical noise","pu":"size distribution and number of deoxidation inclusions sampled at timed intervals after deoxidizer addition (inclusion flotation and coagulation)","no":"Paper in English; inclusion amounts from Coulter counts were compared with vacuum fusion oxygen contents.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/isijinternational1966/8/3/8_181/_pdf","an":"Alumina (Al2O3) deoxidation inclusions in electrolytic iron deoxidized with 0.5% aluminium","id":"gap_industry-0096"},{"a":34,"y":1968,"au":"Hirsch J, Gallian E","t":"Methods for the determination of adipose cell size in man and animals","j":"Journal of lipid research","vp":"9:110-119","doi":"10.1016/s0022-2275(20)43151-7","pmid":"4295346","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter electronic counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting and sizing adipose cells","no":"The authors recommend the method for adipose cells of all sizes in man and animals.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4295346+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human adipose cells (osmium tetroxide-fixed suspensions)","de":"collagenase-isolated or osmium-fixed cells from small tissue samples","id":"cells-0101"},{"a":35,"y":1968,"au":"Santoro T, Stotzky G","t":"Sorption between microorganisms and clay minerals as determined by the electrical sensing zone particle analyser","j":"Canadian journal of microbiology","vp":"14:299-307","doi":"10.1139/m68-049","pmid":"4870493","url":"https://doi.org/10.1139/m68-049","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electrical sensing zone particle analyser aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"measuring sorption between microbes and clay particles","no":"PubMed citation only (no abstract); the title states the analyte and the electronic counting method; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=4870493","an":"microorganisms sorbed to clay minerals","id":"reviews_exotic-0134"},{"a":36,"y":1968,"au":"Kemberling SM, Walker PL Jr","t":"Compaction of Natural Graphite","j":"TANSO","vp":"1968(52):2-8","doi":"10.7209/tanso.1968.2","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"method after Berg (ASTM STP 234)","pu":"particle size distributions of natural graphite powders before binderless compaction (Pennsylvania State University)","no":"Paper in English; the authors note its interlayer spacing makes the amorphous label a misnomer.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tanso1949/1968/52/1968_52_2/_pdf","an":"Mexican natural graphite powder (amorphous type)","id":"gap_industry-0053"},{"a":37,"y":1968,"au":"Kemberling SM, Walker PL Jr","t":"Compaction of Natural Graphite","j":"TANSO","vp":"1968(52):2-8","doi":"10.7209/tanso.1968.2","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"method after Berg (ASTM STP 234)","pu":"particle size distributions of natural graphite powders before binderless compaction (Pennsylvania State University)","no":"Paper in English.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tanso1949/1968/52/1968_52_2/_pdf","an":"Madagascar natural graphite powder (flake type)","id":"gap_industry-0052"},{"a":38,"y":1968,"au":"Kemberling SM, Walker PL Jr","t":"Compaction of Natural Graphite","j":"TANSO","vp":"1968(52):2-8","doi":"10.7209/tanso.1968.2","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"method after Berg (ASTM STP 234)","pu":"particle size distributions of natural graphite powders before binderless compaction (Pennsylvania State University)","no":"Paper in English. The three graphites (vein, flake, amorphous) were sized by Coulter counter.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tanso1949/1968/52/1968_52_2/_pdf","an":"Ceylon natural graphite powder (vein type)","id":"gap_industry-0051"},{"a":39,"y":1968,"au":"Nobel PS","t":"Light-Induced Chloroplast Shrinkage in vivo Detectable After Rapid Isolation of Chloroplasts From Pisum sativum","j":"Plant physiology","vp":"43:781-787","doi":"10.1104/pp.43.5.781","pmid":"16656840","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"light-induced chloroplast shrinkage in vivo","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16656840+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"pea chloroplasts isolated within 2 min of harvest","id":"cells-0114"},{"a":40,"y":1968,"au":"Shotton E, Davis SS","t":"The use of the Coulter Counter for the particle size analysis of some emulsion systems","j":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology","vp":"20:430-438","doi":"10.1111/j.2042-7158.1968.tb09778.x","pmid":"4386525","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1968.tb09778.x","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size analysis of emulsion systems","no":"early emulsion sizing (1968); PubMed citation only (no abstract); the title states the analyte and the electronic counting method; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=4386525","an":"pharmaceutical emulsion droplets","id":"reviews_exotic-0117"},{"a":41,"y":1968,"au":"Collier HB","t":"Some problems in the use of the Coulter counter for erythrocyte total counts and volume distribution","j":"Journal of clinical pathology","vp":"21:179-182","doi":"10.1136/jcp.21.2.179","pmid":"4972272","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture (erythrocyte counting)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"volume calibration particle","no":"Ragweed pollen grains gave a calibration factor in agreement with fresh erythrocytes; polyvinyltoluene latex aggregated in saline and was unsuitable.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4972272+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"ragweed pollen grains","de":"used as a volume calibrant","id":"microbes-0058"},{"a":42,"y":1968,"au":"Miyashita Y, Nishikawa K","t":"Measurement of the Size Distribution of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel","j":"Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan","vp":"8:181-185","doi":"10.2355/isijinternational1966.8.181","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter, 50 um aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"50 um","co":"about 1 g of iron sampled by silica tube at set times after deoxidation, dissolved in nitric acid and diluted with water to adjust conductivity; 3,000 to 10,000 particles per sample; minimum radius 1.5 um set by electrical noise","pu":"size distribution and number of deoxidation inclusions sampled at timed intervals after deoxidizer addition (inclusion flotation and coagulation)","no":"Paper in English; earlier than the Flinchbaugh halogen-extraction Coulter work on steel oxides recorded elsewhere. Refractory SiO2 and Al2O3 powders in NaCl were used in preliminary tests.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/isijinternational1966/8/3/8_181/_pdf","an":"Silica (SiO2) deoxidation inclusions in electrolytic iron deoxidized with 0.5% silicon","id":"gap_industry-0095"},{"a":43,"y":1969,"au":"Kubitschek HE","t":"Growth during the bacterial cell cycle: analysis of cell size distribution","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"9:792-809","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(69)86418-0","pmid":"4978435","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter transducer aperture with multichannel pulse-height analyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"steady-state (chemostat and batch) cultures at different growth rates","sn":"all volume distributions had the same general shape at widely different growth rates; variability of dividing-cell volume and the fraction of unseparated doublets rose with growth rate","pu":"cell volume distributions to test linear versus exponential growth during the cell cycle","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4978435+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Bacillus megaterium","de":"named Bacillus megaterium; steady-state cultures","id":"microbes-0085"},{"a":43,"y":2011,"au":"David F, Berger A, Hänsch R, Rohde M, Franco-Lara E","t":"Single cell analysis applied to antibody fragment production with Bacillus megaterium: development of advanced physiology and bioprocess state estimation tools","j":"Microbial cell factories","vp":"10:23","doi":"10.1186/1475-2859-10-23","pmid":"21496219","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Cell Lab Quanta SC MPL electronic volume (Coulter principle) flow cell","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"electronic cell volume combined with fluorescence for single-cell physiology during antibody fragment production","no":"Electronic volume measured inside a flow cytometer by the Coulter principle, a different instrument type from aperture counters.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3101136/fullTextXML","an":"Bacillus megaterium","de":"named Bacillus megaterium; production strain","id":"microbes-0269"},{"a":44,"y":1969,"au":"Kubitschek HE","t":"Growth during the bacterial cell cycle: analysis of cell size distribution","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"9:792-809","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(69)86418-0","pmid":"4978435","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter transducer aperture with multichannel pulse-height analyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"steady-state (chemostat and batch) cultures at different growth rates","sn":"all volume distributions had the same general shape at widely different growth rates; variability of dividing-cell volume and the fraction of unseparated doublets rose with growth rate","pu":"cell volume distributions to test linear versus exponential growth during the cell cycle","no":"Earliest B. subtilis Coulter volume distributions found in this search.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4978435+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Bacillus subtilis","de":"steady-state cultures","id":"microbes-0086"},{"a":44,"y":2014,"au":"Yu AC, Loo JF, Yu S, Kong SK, Chan TF","t":"Monitoring bacterial growth using tunable resistive pulse sensing with a pore-based technique","j":"Applied microbiology and biotechnology","vp":"98:855-862","doi":"10.1007/s00253-013-5377-9","pmid":"24287933","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable resistive pulse sensor","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","sn":"lower detection limit 5 x 10^5 cells/mL; coefficient of variation within 2%; TRPS cell volumes agreed with microscopy","pu":"growth monitoring by cell size and concentration","no":"First TRPS measurement of bacterial growth.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24287933+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Bacillus subtilis str. 168","de":"strain 168 (BSU168), growing cultures","id":"microbes-0014"},{"a":44,"y":2017,"au":"Tsutsui M, Yoshida T, Yokota K, Yasaki H, Yasui T, Arima A, et al.","t":"Discriminating single-bacterial shape using low-aspect-ratio pores","j":"Scientific reports","vp":"7:17371","doi":"10.1038/s41598-017-17443-6","pmid":"29234023","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN micropore, low thickness-to-diameter aspect ratio","pk":"chitoporin","pm":"SiN membrane on Si chip, sealed between PDMS blocks","pd":"3.0 um","pl":"40 nm (series from 40 to 1500 nm also tested)","pg":"thin cylindrical pore, aspect ratio about 0.01","fab":"LPCVD SiN on Si; CF4 reactive ion etch window and KOH wet etch to free a 40 nm SiN membrane; circular pore patterned on the resist-coated membrane and etched","co":"PBS diluted 10 times with Milli-Q water, Ag/AgCl electrodes, room temperature, bacteria added on one side only","v":"0.05 V","sn":"sampling 1 MHz; spikes above a 60 pA threshold extracted; pulse height Ip, width td and apex bluntness used as features; 179 to 557 spikes per test","pu":"discrimination of bacteria by cell shape using machine learning on resistive pulse waveforms","no":"Compared with E. coli in the same pore; pulses from B. subtilis were blunter at the apex than the sharper E. coli spikes.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5727063/fullTextXML","an":"Bacillus subtilis","id":"microbes-0002"},{"a":45,"y":1969,"au":"Fincham AG","t":"The density fractionation of hard tissues; the application of the \"Coulter Counter\" to the density-volume distribution of dried bone powders","j":"Calcified Tissue Research","vp":"3:327-330","doi":"10.1007/BF02058675","pmid":"5356560","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"volume distribution of bone powder density fractions","no":"Evidence is the PubMed record title (no abstract available); the title states the Coulter Counter measurement.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A5356560+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Dried bone powders (hard tissue) for density-volume fractionation","id":"earth_space_industry-0112"},{"a":46,"y":1969,"au":"Fincham AG","t":"The density fractionation of hard tissues; the application of the \"Coulter Counter\" to the density-volume distribution of dried bone powders","j":"Calcified tissue research","vp":"3:327-330","doi":"10.1007/bf02058675","pmid":"5356560","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02058675","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"density-volume distribution of hard tissue powders","no":"PubMed citation only (no abstract); the title states the analyte and the electronic counting method; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=5356560","an":"dried bone powders","id":"reviews_exotic-0135"},{"a":47,"y":1969,"au":"Kernohan EA, Lepherd EE","t":"Size distribution of fat globules in cow's milk during milking, measured with a Coulter counter","j":"Journal of Dairy Research","vp":"36:177-182","doi":"10.1017/S002202990001267X","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"diameters and numbers of milk fat globules; link to fat percentage","no":"Abstract read via Crossref. Related early methods paper (title only, not read): Walstra P, Oortwijn H 1969 'Estimating globule-size distribution of oil-in-water emulsions by Coulter counter', J Colloid Interface Sci 29:424-431, doi 10.1016/0021-9797(69)90121-0.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1017/s002202990001267x","an":"Fat globules in cow's milk sampled serially during a single milking (8 cows)","id":"earth_space_industry-0065"},{"a":47,"y":1981,"au":"Hood RL","t":"Distribution of milk fat globules in cow's milk high in linoleic acid","j":"Journal of dairy science","vp":"64:19-24","doi":"10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(81)82524-6","pmid":"7264019","url":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(81)82524-6","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"fat globule size distributions","no":"supplemented cows gave larger globules","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=7264019","an":"milk fat globules from cows fed linoleic-rich supplement","de":"cows fed formaldehyde-treated polyunsaturated oilseed supplement (linoleic acid in milk fat 1.7 to 27.4%)","id":"reviews_exotic-0095"},{"a":48,"y":1969,"au":"Nash RF, Fox RC","t":"The coulter counter as a tool for estimating nematode numbers","j":"Journal of Invertebrate Pathology","vp":"13:153-154","doi":"10.1016/0022-2011(69)90252-3","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(69)90252-3","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"estimating nematode numbers","no":"whole multicellular animals counted (1969); citation only (no abstract available to us); the title states the analyte and the Coulter measurement; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/0022-2011(69)90252-3","an":"nematodes counted with a Coulter counter","id":"reviews_exotic-0181"},{"a":49,"y":1969,"au":"Flinchbaugh DA","t":"Determining the size distribution of oxides in plain carbon steels by halogen-in-organic-solvent extraction and Coulter Counter measurement","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"41:2017-2023","doi":"10.1021/ac50159a036","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50159a036","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"oxides freed by halogen-in-organic-solvent extraction of the steel","pu":"size distribution of steel oxide inclusions","no":"citation only (no abstract available to us); the title states the analyte and the Coulter measurement; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1021/ac50159a036","an":"oxide inclusions extracted from plain carbon steels","id":"reviews_exotic-0183"},{"a":50,"y":1969,"au":"Kubitschek HE","t":"Growth during the bacterial cell cycle: analysis of cell size distribution","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"9:792-809","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(69)86418-0","pmid":"4978435","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter transducer aperture with multichannel pulse-height analyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"steady-state (chemostat and batch) cultures at different growth rates","sn":"all volume distributions had the same general shape at widely different growth rates; variability of dividing-cell volume and the fraction of unseparated doublets rose with growth rate","pu":"cell volume distributions to test linear versus exponential growth during the cell cycle","no":"Earlier than the 1989 Salmonella record.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4978435+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Salmonella typhimurium","de":"serovar Typhimurium; steady-state cultures","id":"microbes-0087"},{"a":50,"y":1989,"au":"Jiménez L, Muñiz I, Toranzos GA, Hazen TC","t":"Survival and activity of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli in tropical freshwater","j":"The Journal of applied bacteriology","vp":"67:61-69","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb04955.x","pmid":"2674097","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"tropical freshwater diffusion chambers","pu":"cell numbers during survival studies","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2674097+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Salmonella typhimurium","de":"serovar Typhimurium (named Salmonella typhimurium)","id":"microbes-0034"},{"a":50,"y":2015,"au":"Goyal G, Mulero R, Ali J, Darvish A, Kim MJ","t":"Low aspect ratio micropores for single-particle and single-cell analysis","j":"Electrophoresis","vp":"36:1164-1171","doi":"10.1002/elps.201400570","pmid":"25752985","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"low aspect ratio SiN micropore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"200 nm free-standing silicon nitride membrane","pd":"5 um","pl":"200 nm","pg":"cylindrical, aspect ratio about 0.04","sn":"particle translocations change only the geometrical (in-pore) resistance while access resistance stays constant; concatenated magnetic microspheres gave one current-drop peak per bead; the two bacteria gave distinct current signatures attributed to different surface protein distributions","pu":"single-cell translocation signatures of bacteria in a low aspect ratio pore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25752985+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Salmonella typhimurium SJW1103 (flagellated)","de":"serovar Typhimurium strain SJW1103, wild type flagellated","id":"microbes-0107"},{"a":50,"y":2020,"au":"Hattori S, Sekido R, Leong IW, Leong IW, Tsutsui M, Arima A, et al.","t":"Machine learning-driven electronic identifications of single pathogenic bacteria","j":"Scientific reports","vp":"10:15525","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-72508-3","pmid":"32968098","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx micropore with PMMA-coated back side, low aspect ratio","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"50 nm SiNx membrane on Si, 5 to 10 um PMMA layer on the back side, PDMS fluidic seals","pd":"3 um","pl":"50 nm","pg":"thin cylindrical pore; access resistance about 2 MOhm dominates the 42 kOhm in-pore resistance","fab":"LPCVD SiNx; KOH wet etch to form membrane; electron beam lithography and isotropic reactive ion etching of the pore; PMMA spin-coated on the back and opened around the pore by e-beam","co":"0.1x PBS, Ag/AgCl electrodes","v":"0.05 V (other voltages also tested)","b":"open pore current about 24 nA at 0.05 V","sn":"sampling 1 MHz; more than 800 pulses averaged per species; pulse height and width distributions overlap between species; galvanotaxis-related tilting changes the pulse shape; Rotation Forest ensemble classifier reached F-measure 0.91 for five species; dead cells did not translocate","pu":"identification of single pathogenic bacteria by machine learning on resistive pulse shapes","no":"Five-species panel.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7512020/fullTextXML","an":"Salmonella enterica","de":"JCM 1652","id":"microbes-0006"},{"a":51,"y":1970,"au":"Lupton EC, Shelby PA","t":"Carbowax as dispersant in counting and sizing of small alumina particles using a Coulter Counter","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"42:1841-1842","doi":"10.1021/ac50160a074","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50160a074","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"Carbowax (polyethylene glycol) dispersant","pu":"counting and sizing fine alumina","no":"citation only (no abstract available to us); the title states the analyte and the Coulter measurement; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1021/ac50160a074","an":"small alumina particles dispersed with Carbowax","id":"reviews_exotic-0184"},{"a":51,"y":2025,"au":"Li G, Liu Y","t":"Experimental study on the online calibration of alumina particle size distribution using the electrical sensing zone method","j":"Engineering Research Express","vp":"7:025405","doi":"10.1088/2631-8695/adc079","url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/adc079","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"online alumina particle size analyzer (electrical sensing zone)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"real-time online particle size in alumina production","no":"repeatability under 5.68%; compared with laser and sieving methods","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1088/2631-8695/adc079","an":"alumina particles in Bayer process production lines","id":"reviews_exotic-0168"},{"a":52,"y":1970,"au":"Duke MB, Woo CC, Sellers GA, Bird ML, Finkelman RB","t":"Genesis of lunar soil at Tranquillity Base","j":"Proceedings of the Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conference (Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Supplement 1), vol. 1","vp":"1:347-361","url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/search/q=author%3A%22Duke%2C%20M.%20B.%22%20year%3A1970%20bibstem%3AGeCAS","pt":"conference","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture (model not stated in the sources read)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"grain size distribution of lunar soil (Coulter counting of the sub-sieve fraction, combined with sieving)","no":"Moon dust by Coulter counter: confirmed through secondary sources only. Cooper et al. 2012 (43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference abstract, NASA NTRS 20120001960), Table 1 'Measurements of Lunar Soil 10084', lists sample 10084,79, year 1970, method 'Sieve + Coulter', citing Duke et al. (1970) Proc. Apollo 11 Lunar Sci. Conf., GCA Suppl., 347, and Graf (1993). Graf 1993 (NASA Reference Publication 1265, Lunar Soils Grain Size Catalog) reproduces the 10084,79 distribution of Duke et al. (G.A. Sellers PI) and gives the full citation. The primary paper could not be fetched (NASA ADS returned a CAPTCHA page); The url is an ADS search link because the bibcode could not be checked. Sister paper: Duke et al. 1970 Science 167:648 (doi 10.1126/science.167.3918.648) on the same soil. Context: the Lunar Sourcebook (Carrier, Olhoeft and Mendell 1991, ch. 9, LPI) states that SEM image analysis or Coulter counter methods are usually applied to lunar soil particles smaller than 10 um (citing Butler and King 1974; McKay et al. 1974; Heiken 1975), without saying which study used which method.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20120001960/downloads/20120001960.pdf","an":"Apollo 11 lunar soil 10084 (subsample 10084,79), submillimeter fines","de":"Bulk soil sample 10084 from Tranquility Base; the allocation had been passed through a 1 mm sieve at the Lunar Receiving Laboratory. Sieve data were combined with Coulter Counter data for the fine fraction.","id":"earth_space_industry-0001"},{"a":53,"y":1970,"au":"DeBlois RW, Bean CP","t":"Counting and Sizing of Submicron Particles by the Resistive Pulse Technique","j":"Review of Scientific Instruments","vp":"41:909-916","doi":"10.1063/1.1684724","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"single submicron pore in irradiated plastic sheet","pk":"track-etched-pore","pm":"irradiated plastic sheet","fab":"etched heavy-particle track in irradiated plastic sheet","co":"nonionic surfactant mixture (Triton X-155 and Surfynol TG) plus ultrasonic cleaning to reduce clogging; particles driven by the electric field alone, no pressure","sn":"pulse matches a new upper-bound theory for d < 0.4 D and an older lower-bound theory for d > 0.9 D; transit velocity is combined electrophoresis plus electro-osmosis","pu":"counting and sizing","no":"first resistive pulse counting and sizing of submicron particles; detection limit near 60 nm, authors estimated 25 nm reachable","ev":"abstract","src":"https://aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/article-minimal/305108","an":"polystyrene latex spheres (about 90 nm diameter)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0001"},{"a":53,"y":1977,"au":"DeBlois RW, Bean CP, Wesley RKA","t":"Electrokinetic measurements with submicron particles and pores by the resistive pulse technique","j":"Journal of Colloid and Interface Science","vp":"61:323-335","doi":"10.1016/0021-9797(77)90395-2","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"cylindrical track-etched polycarbonate nanopore","pk":"track-etched-pore","pm":"polycarbonate film","pg":"cylindrical","fab":"heavy-ion track etching","sn":"particle velocity and electrophoretic mobility taken from pulse duration (translocation time)","pu":"electrophoretic mobility (zeta potential) of single particles","no":"described by Vogel et al. 2017 Sci Rep (PMC5727177) as the first single particle electrokinetic measurement by resistive pulse sensing; the paper also measured viruses","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5727177/fullTextXML","an":"latex spheres (electrophoretic mobility measured from transit times)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0002"},{"a":53,"y":1985,"au":"Mulholland GW, Hartman AW, Hembree GG, Marx E, Lettieri TR","t":"Development of a One-Micrometer-Diameter Particle Size Standard Reference Material","j":"Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards","vp":"90:3-26","doi":"10.6028/jres.090.001","pmid":"34566140","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"flow-through electrical sensing zone counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size distribution, off-size fraction and doublet fraction of a calibration standard","no":"ESZ counting used alongside TEM and optical microscopy; certified diameter from light scattering and microscopy.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A34566140+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"NBS Standard Reference Material 1690, aqueous suspension of monosized polystyrene spheres of nominal 1 um diameter","de":"SRM 1690, the first micrometer particle size standard","id":"earth_space_industry-0055"},{"a":53,"y":2010,"au":"Prabhu AS, Jubery TZ, Freedman KJ, Mulero R, Dutta P, Kim MJ","t":"Chemically modified solid state nanopores for high throughput nanoparticle separation","j":"Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter","vp":"22:454107","doi":"10.1088/0953-8984/22/45/454107","pmid":"21339595","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"single SiNx nanopore modified with APTES","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"50 nm free-standing silicon nitride membrane","pd":"150 nm","pl":"50 nm","fab":"focused ion beam milling, then (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane surface modification","pu":"separation of particle sizes by surface-charge-controlled translocation","no":"multi-ion model simulations used to choose membrane surface charge","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21339595+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"polystyrene nanoparticles 22 nm and 58 nm","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0020"},{"a":53,"y":2011,"au":"Lan WJ, Holden DA, Zhang B, White HS","t":"Nanoparticle transport in conical-shaped nanopores","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"83:3840-3847","doi":"10.1021/ac200312n","pmid":"21495727","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"conical glass nanopore (glass membrane)","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass membrane","pg":"conical, sensing zone at the small orifice","b":"pulse height roughly proportional to particle volume","dt":"pulse width about 200 us","er":"rate linear in concentration from 1e7 to 1e11 particles/mL","sn":"direction-dependent, asymmetric triangular pulses; finite-element simulation of pulse shape","pu":"transport study, sizing","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21495727+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"charged polystyrene nanoparticles (80 and 160 nm radius)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0010"},{"a":53,"y":2011,"au":"Vogel R, Willmott G, Kozak D, Roberts GS, Anderson W, Groenewegen L, et al.","t":"Quantitative sizing of nano/microparticles with a tunable elastomeric pore sensor","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"83:3499-3506","doi":"10.1021/ac200195n","pmid":"21434639","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"size-tunable polyurethane pore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pm":"thermoplastic polyurethane elastomeric membrane","b":"resistance change linear in particle volume (Maxwell)","pu":"sizing against a carboxylated polystyrene calibration curve","no":"diameters agreed with TEM and DLS; adenovirus also sized","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21434639+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"nonfunctionalized polystyrene particles","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0011"},{"a":53,"y":2012,"au":"Pevarnik M, Healy K, Toimil-Molares ME, Morrison A, Letant SE, Siwy ZS","t":"Polystyrene particles reveal pore substructure as they translocate","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"6:7295-7302","doi":"10.1021/nn302413u","pmid":"22793157","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"cylindrical track-etched PET pore","pk":"track-etched-pore","pg":"nominally cylindrical, diameter fluctuates along length","sn":"repeatable pattern of large current variations inside each pulse maps pore diameter changes; resolves multiple particles in pore, transient sticking, full translocation","pu":"sizing, charge discrimination, pore structure","no":"nonionic surfactant lowered particle velocity tenfold","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A22793157+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"polystyrene (polymer) spheres","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0015"},{"a":53,"y":2014,"au":"Terejanszky P, Makra I, Furjes P, Gyurcsanyi RE","t":"Calibration-less sizing and quantitation of polymeric nanoparticles and viruses with quartz nanopipets","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"86:4688-4697","doi":"10.1021/ac500184z","pmid":"24773609","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"quartz nanopipet","pk":"glass-nanopipette","sn":"pulse amplitude converted to size with refined theory for known nanopipet geometry","pu":"calibration-less sizing and concentration","no":"first calibration-less concentration measurement with nanopipets (from hydrodynamic resistance); also sized inactivated poliovirus about 26 nm","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24773609+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"latex nanoparticles (monodisperse) and their mixtures","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0016"},{"a":53,"y":2020,"au":"Song Y, Zhou T, Liu Q, Liu Z, Li D","t":"Nanoparticle and microorganism detection with a side-micron-orifice-based resistive pulse sensor","j":"The Analyst","vp":"145:5466-5474","doi":"10.1039/d0an00679c","pmid":"32578584","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"side-micron-orifice resistive pulse sensor (SO-RPS)","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","sn":"S/N about 3 for 100 nm particles; spherical particles give symmetric pulses; algae and bacteria also measured","pu":"detection of nanoparticles and microorganisms","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A32578584+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"100 nm polystyrene particles","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0240"},{"a":54,"y":1970,"au":"Brown O, Bobrowski G, Kovall G","t":"Use of the Coulter Counter and the Alpine Sieve for Particle Size Analysis of Cement","j":"Fineness of Cement","vp":":82-97","doi":"10.1520/stp28621s","url":"https://doi.org/10.1520/stp28621s","pt":"conference","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size distribution and specific surface of cement","no":"Coulter surface areas agreed with Blaine air permeability; Coulter judged slow but useful to validate Alpine sieve results","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1520/stp28621s","an":"portland cement, NBS samples 114-J and 114-K","id":"reviews_exotic-0164"},{"a":55,"y":1970,"au":"Brown O, Bobrowski G, Kovall G","t":"Use of the Coulter Counter and the Alpine Sieve for Particle Size Analysis of Cement","j":"Fineness of Cement (ASTM STP 473)","vp":"82-97","doi":"10.1520/STP28621S","pt":"book","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size analysis of cement (with air-jet sieving)","no":"Evidence is the bibliographic record title (no abstract available in Crossref or Semantic Scholar; publisher page not fetched); the title states the electrical sensing zone measurement.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/graph/v1/paper/DOI:10.1520/stp28621s?fields=title,year,authors,abstract","an":"Portland cement powder","id":"earth_space_industry-0117"},{"a":56,"y":1971,"au":"Schoulties CL, Yang CY","t":"Electronic particle counting of zoospores of Aphanomyces euteiches","j":"Mycologia","vp":"63:169-171","doi":"10.1080/00275514.1971.12019094","pmid":"5548901","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting zoospores","no":"No abstract in Europe PMC; evidence is the title.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A5548901+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"zoospores of Aphanomyces euteiches","de":"zoospores","id":"microbes-0110"},{"a":57,"y":1971,"au":"Carder KL, Beardsley GF, Pak H","t":"Particle size distributions in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific","j":"Journal of Geophysical Research","vp":"76:5070-5077","doi":"10.1029/JC076i021p05070","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size distributions related to light scattering","no":"Runyan, Reynolds and Stramski 2020 (J Geophys Res Oceans, PMC7380321) list this study among those using the Coulter counter for oceanic particle size distributions; Reynolds and Stramski 2021 (PMC9285521) give the same list.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7380321/fullTextXML","an":"Suspended particles in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean","id":"earth_space_industry-0026"},{"a":58,"y":1971,"au":"Kominz DR","t":"Correlations of length and volume measurements in myofibril suspensions","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"11:47-65","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(71)86194-5","pmid":"4249975","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic sizing instrumentation","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"myofibril length and volume; Ca2+-induced shortening and swelling","no":"Myofibrils shortened with Ca2+ and their effective volume rose by 10 to 40%. The abstract does not name the muscle source.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4249975+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"myofibril suspensions (ATP, Ca2+ and EGTA conditions)","id":"cells-0118"},{"a":59,"y":1971,"au":"McCarthy C","t":"Electronic counting in growth studies of Mycobacterium avium","j":"Applied microbiology","vp":"22:546-551","doi":"10.1128/am.22.4.546-551.1971","pmid":"4943270","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"cells elongate to filaments several times their initial length, then fragment into coccobacilli","pu":"enumeration and sizing through the growth cycle of filtered, metabolically uniform cells","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4943270+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Mycobacterium avium","de":"coccobacilli elongating to filaments that fragment","id":"microbes-0103"},{"a":60,"y":1971,"au":"Flinchbaugh DA","t":"Use of a modified Coulter Counter for determining size distribution of macroinclusions extracted from plain carbon steels","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"43:178-182","doi":"10.1021/ac60297a004","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60297a004","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"modified Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size distribution of steel inclusions after extraction","no":"citation only (no abstract available to us); the title states the analyte and the Coulter measurement; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1021/ac60297a004","an":"macroinclusions extracted from plain carbon steels","id":"reviews_exotic-0172"},{"a":61,"y":1971,"au":"Müller WE, Forster W, Zahn G, Zahn RK","t":"[Morphological and biochemical characterization of the developmental stages of fertilized eggs inSphaerechinus granularis lam : I. Rearing, Morphology and determination of stages]","j":"Wilhelm Roux' Archiv fur Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen","vp":"167:99-117","doi":"10.1007/bf00577035","pmid":"28304564","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture with size distribution plotter","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"volume distribution curves recorded continuously","sn":"fertilization membrane elevation gives a 50% volume rise; later 300-400% rise; gastrulation drop of about 150%","pu":"electronic staging of embryogenesis","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A28304564+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"fertilized eggs and embryos of the sea urchin Sphaerechinus granularis (to pluteus stage)","de":"Sphaerechinus granularis","id":"cells-0185"},{"a":62,"y":1971,"au":"Müller WE, Forster W, Zahn G, Zahn RK","t":"[Morphological and biochemical characterization of the developmental stages of fertilized eggs inSphaerechinus granularis lam : I. Rearing, Morphology and determination of stages]","j":"Wilhelm Roux' Archiv fur Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen","vp":"167:99-117","doi":"10.1007/bf00577035","pmid":"28304564","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00577035","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter with size distribution plotter","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"electronic staging of embryogenesis from continuous volume distributions","no":"article in German","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=28304564","an":"fertilised eggs and embryos of the sea urchin Sphaerechinus granularis","de":"synchronous cultures at 3000 per ml followed to the pluteus stage (72 h)","id":"reviews_exotic-0132"},{"a":63,"y":1971,"au":"Heinonen J","t":"Counting and sizing of the individual cells of chain-forming Streptococcus thermophilus with an electric particle counter","j":"Journal of general microbiology","vp":"66:119-121","doi":"10.1099/00221287-66-1-119","pmid":"5559613","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting and sizing individual cells of a chain-forming coccus","no":"No abstract in Europe PMC; evidence is the title of the paper.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A5559613+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Streptococcus thermophilus","id":"microbes-0024"},{"a":64,"y":1971,"au":"Teunisson DJ","t":"Elutriation and Coulter Counts of Tetrahymena pyriformis Grown in Peanut and Cottonseed Meal Media","j":"Applied microbiology","vp":"21:878-887","doi":"10.1128/am.21.5.878-887.1971","pmid":"16349907","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"growth assay of a ciliate in meal media after elutriation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16349907+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Tetrahymena pyriformis W","de":"strain W","id":"microbes-0061"},{"a":65,"y":1972,"au":"Ross DW, Mel HC","t":"Growth dynamics of mitochondria in synchronized Chinese hamster cells","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"12:1562-1572","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(72)86182-4","pmid":"4674506","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic cell sizing aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell volume growth through the cycle","no":"Sinclair and Ross 1969 (Biophys J 9:1056) had sized synchronous Chinese hamster cells with a Coulter aperture and multichannel analyzer.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4674506+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Chinese hamster V79-S171 cells, partially synchronized","id":"cells-0076"},{"a":66,"y":1972,"au":"Sheldon RW, Prakash A, Sutcliffe WH","t":"The size distribution of particles in the ocean","j":"Limnology and Oceanography","vp":"17:327-340","doi":"10.4319/lo.1972.17.3.0327","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size spectra across ocean basins and depths","no":"Abstract via Crossref. Runyan, Reynolds and Stramski 2020 (J Geophys Res Oceans, PMC7380321) list this study among those using the Coulter counter for oceanic particle size distributions; Reynolds and Stramski 2021 (PMC9285521) give the same list.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7380321/fullTextXML","an":"Suspended particles (about 1 to 100 um) in surface and deep water of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans","id":"earth_space_industry-0025"},{"a":67,"y":1972,"au":"Gear AR, Bednarek JM","t":"Direct counting and sizing of mitochondria in solution","j":"The Journal of cell biology","vp":"54:325-345","doi":"10.1083/jcb.54.2.325","pmid":"4339279","url":"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.54.2.325","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter, 30 um aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"30 um","pu":"sizing mitochondria from different tissues","no":"within 15% of electron microscopy of whole tissue","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4339279+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"rat heart mitochondria","id":"reviews_exotic-0082"},{"a":68,"y":1972,"au":"Gear AR, Bednarek JM","t":"Direct counting and sizing of mitochondria in solution","j":"The Journal of cell biology","vp":"54:325-345","doi":"10.1083/jcb.54.2.325","pmid":"4339279","url":"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.54.2.325","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter, 30 um aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"30 um","pu":"sizing mitochondria from different tissues","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4339279+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"rat kidney cortex mitochondria","id":"reviews_exotic-0083"},{"a":69,"y":1972,"au":"Gear AR, Bednarek JM","t":"Direct counting and sizing of mitochondria in solution","j":"The Journal of cell biology","vp":"54:325-345","doi":"10.1083/jcb.54.2.325","pmid":"4339279","url":"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.54.2.325","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter, 30 um aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"30 um","pu":"direct counting and sizing of mitochondria in solution","no":"first resistive particle counting of mitochondria found; detection limit 0.48 um diameter (0.056 um3); agrees with light and electron microscopy","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4339279+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"rat liver mitochondria","id":"reviews_exotic-0081"},{"a":70,"y":1972,"au":"Southee T","t":"Enumeration of Treponema pallidum using an electronic counter","j":"Medical laboratory technology","vp":"29:329-331","pmid":"4561826","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4561826/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"enumeration of treponemes","no":"No abstract in Europe PMC; evidence is the title.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4561826+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Treponema pallidum","id":"microbes-0105"},{"a":71,"y":1972,"au":"Martin LK, Sadun EH, Ingram GD","t":"Experimental infections with African trypanosomes. I. Quantitation of Trypanosoma rhodesiense by electronic particle counting","j":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene","vp":"21:880-884","doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.1972.21.880","pmid":"4635772","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"quantitation of trypanosomes in experimental infections","no":"No abstract in Europe PMC; evidence is the title.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4635772+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Trypanosoma rhodesiense","de":"named Trypanosoma rhodesiense (T. brucei rhodesiense); experimental infections","id":"microbes-0195"},{"a":71,"y":1982,"au":"Hecker H, Brun R","t":"Comparative morphometric analysis of bloodstream and lymph forms of Trypanosoma (T.) brucei brucei grown in vitro and in vivo","j":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","vp":"76:692-697","doi":"10.1016/0035-9203(82)90241-3","pmid":"7179423","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter with Coulter Channelyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"mean cell volume of living parasites (first use of the Channelyzer for trypanosomes, per abstract)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7179423+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Trypanosoma (T.) brucei brucei bloodstream and lymph forms","de":"bloodstream forms cultivated in vitro and forms from lymph and blood of hosts","id":"microbes-0095"},{"a":72,"y":1973,"au":"Grulke DC, Marsh NA, Hills BA","t":"Experimental air embolism: measurement of microbubbles using the Coulter counter","j":"British Journal of Experimental Pathology","vp":"54(6)","pmid":"4783166","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2072609/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"conventional Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"sizing and counting microbubbles; agreement with rise velocity and gas flow methods","no":"Abstract read on the PMC article page. Page numbers differ between PMC (684-691) and Europe PMC (884-891).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2072609/","an":"Gas microbubbles (20 to 250 um) produced with fine hypodermic needles for experimental air embolism","id":"earth_space_industry-0115"},{"a":72,"y":1973,"au":"Grulke DC, Marsh NA, Hills BA","t":"Experimental air embolism: measurement of microbubbles using the Coulter counter","j":"British journal of experimental pathology","vp":"54:884-891","pmid":"4783166","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"conventional Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"sizing bubbles for experimental gas embolism","no":"earliest Coulter measurement of gas bubbles found; agreed with rise velocity and gas flow / frequency methods","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=4783166","an":"microbubbles made with fine hypodermic needles","de":"needles of 0.001, 0.002 and 0.003 inch internal diameter; size set by needle, gas pressure, surfactant and flow","id":"reviews_exotic-0084"},{"a":73,"y":1973,"au":"Hood RL, Allen CE","t":"Cellularity of bovine adipose tissue","j":"Journal of lipid research","vp":"14:605-610","doi":"10.1016/s0022-2275(20)36840-1","pmid":"4742557","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"cell diameter distributions, bimodal in interfascicular fat","pu":"adipose cell number and mean size","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4742557+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"bovine adipose cells (osmium-fixed), subcutaneous, perirenal and interfascicular depots","id":"cells-0103"},{"a":74,"y":1973,"au":"Bowers WE","t":"Lysosomes in rat thoracic duct lymphocytes fractionated by zonal centrifugation","j":"The Journal of cell biology","vp":"59:177-184","doi":"10.1083/jcb.59.1.177","pmid":"4752404","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"sizing of zonal centrifugation fractions","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4752404+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rat thoracic duct lymphocytes fractionated by zonal centrifugation","id":"cells-0120"},{"a":75,"y":1973,"au":"MCCAVE IN, JARVIS J","t":"Use of the Model T Coulter Counter* in size analysis of fine to coarse sand","j":"Sedimentology","vp":"20:305-315","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1973.tb02052.x","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1973.tb02052.x","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model T aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"10:90 saline/glycerol electrolyte, 0.1-0.5 g/l sand","pu":"rapid grain size analysis of sands","no":"calibration error +/- 1.6% (+/- 0.02 phi); 60 s per sample; agreed with sieving","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1973.tb02052.x","an":"fine to coarse sand","id":"reviews_exotic-0178"},{"a":76,"y":1973,"au":"McCave IN, Jarvis J","t":"Use of the Model T Coulter Counter in size analysis of fine to coarse sand","j":"Sedimentology","vp":"20:305-315","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1973.tb02052.x","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model T aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size analysis of sand-sized sediment with a Coulter counter","no":"Evidence is the bibliographic record (Crossref) title, which states the Coulter Counter measurement; no abstract was available from Crossref or Semantic Scholar, and the publisher page returned HTTP 403 (logged). Same author's DSDP 1979 chapter (recorded separately) describes his Model T method in full.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1973.tb02052.x","an":"Fine to coarse sand grains","id":"earth_space_industry-0155"},{"a":77,"y":1974,"au":"Zimmermann U, Pilwat G, Riemann F","t":"Dielectric breakdown of cell membranes","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"14:881-899","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(74)85956-4","pmid":"4611517","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter with hydrodynamic focusing orifice (AEG-Telefunken)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"pulse height linear with field strength until a sharp bend at dielectric breakdown","sn":"critical membrane potential about 1.6 V at breakdown; breakdown voltage depends on cell volume","pu":"sizing; dielectric breakdown of cell membranes","no":"The authors also measured human erythrocytes and E. coli B.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4611517+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"bovine red blood cells","de":"Bos taurus","id":"cells-0009"},{"a":77,"y":2019,"au":"Gangotra A, Willmott GR","t":"Mechanical properties of bovine erythrocytes derived from ion current measurements using micropipettes","j":"Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","vp":"128:204-210","doi":"10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.04.013","pmid":"31005816","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"glass micropipette tip (ion current measured during aspiration)","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pd":"tip openings down to 0.7 um (smallest used)","dt":"ionic current gives dwell time and velocity of each erythrocyte","sn":"synchronized ionic current and optical microscopy; shear thinning effective viscosity","pu":"effective viscosity and elasticity of single erythrocytes","no":"The 0.7 um pipettes damaged or ruptured the cells, and stored cells were stiffer.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31005816+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"bovine erythrocytes aspirated into micropipettes","id":"cells-0243"},{"a":78,"y":1974,"au":"Laybourn JEM","t":"The energetics of Colpidium campylum Stokes with a note on the vertical distribution of Ciliophera in the mud of Loch Leven, Kinross","j":"University of Stirling","url":"https://europepmc.org/abstract/ETH/513856","pt":"thesis","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter with mean cell volume converter","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"fed on Moraxella sp. at 10, 15 and 20 C","pu":"protoplasm volume produced (growth energetics)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A513856+AND+SRC%3AETH&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Colpidium campylum","id":"microbes-0065"},{"a":79,"y":1974,"au":"Hardcastle RV, Szaniszlo PJ","t":"Characterization of dimorphism in Cladosporium werneckii","j":"Journal of bacteriology","vp":"119:294-302","doi":"10.1128/jb.119.1.294-302.1974","pmid":"4600703","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter with Coulter Channelyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"growth and dimorphism (yeast forms) under different conditions","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4600703+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Cladosporium werneckii yeast forms","de":"named Cladosporium werneckii","id":"microbes-0051"},{"a":80,"y":1974,"au":"Walker PH, Woodyer KD, Hutka J","t":"Particle-size measurements by Coulter Counter of very small deposits and low suspended sediment concentrations in streams","j":"Journal of Sedimentary Research (Journal of Sedimentary Petrology)","vp":"44:673-679","doi":"10.1306/74D72AC7-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size of small sediment samples","no":"Evidence is the bibliographic record (Crossref) title, which states the Coulter Counter measurement; no abstract was available from Crossref or Semantic Scholar, and the publisher page returned HTTP 403 (logged).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1306/74d72ac7-2b21-11d7-8648000102c1865d","an":"Very small stream deposits and suspended sediment at low concentrations in streams","id":"earth_space_industry-0156"},{"a":81,"y":1974,"au":"Burger G, Fuchs GH","t":"[Studies about population kinetics with influence of zinc nitrate upon cultures of Saccharomyces uvarum, performed on basis of the coulter principle (author's transl)]","j":"Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene. Zweite naturwissenschaftliche Abt.: Allgemeine, landwirtschaftliche und technische Mikrobiologie","vp":"129:50-55","pmid":"4408114","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4408114/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter principle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"population kinetics under zinc nitrate","no":"No abstract in Europe PMC; evidence is the title (German paper, author's translation).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4408114+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Saccharomyces uvarum","de":"cultures exposed to zinc nitrate","id":"microbes-0090"},{"a":82,"y":1974,"au":"Kato T, Kusaka K","t":"Comparative Study of Some Stainless Steel Powders","j":"Denki-Seiko (Electric Furnace Steel)","vp":"45:98-111","doi":"10.4262/denkiseiko.45.98","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size distribution of commercial stainless steel powders for powder metallurgy","no":"Paper in Japanese with English synopsis; the text quotes these fine sizes as determined by Coulter counter analysis, possibly supplier data rather than the authors' own runs.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/denkiseiko1925/45/2/45_2_98/_pdf","an":"Imported atomized stainless steel powders, AISI 304L, 316L and 410L","id":"gap_industry-0071"},{"a":83,"y":1974,"au":"Haffner GD","t":"Seston distribution and phytoplankton production in a new, eutrophic reservoir subject to artificial mixing","j":"Royal Holloway, University of London","url":"https://europepmc.org/abstract/ETH/457735","pt":"thesis","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Models A and B aperture tubes","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 and 200 um","co":"reservoir water samples (Wraysbury, Thames Valley)","pu":"particle frequency-size analysis of seston during diatom pulses","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A457735+AND+SRC%3AETH&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Stephanodiscus astraea (natural populations in seston)","de":"vernal and autumnal pulses in a reservoir; S. rotula also present","id":"microbes-0066"},{"a":84,"y":1974,"au":"Walker PH, Woodyer KD, Hutka J","t":"Particle-size measurements by Coulter Counter of very small deposits and low suspended sediment concentrations in streams","j":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","vp":"44:673-679","doi":"10.1306/74d72ac7-2b21-11d7-8648000102c1865d","url":"https://doi.org/10.1306/74d72ac7-2b21-11d7-8648000102c1865d","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size of fine sand and silt in quantities too small for settling or sieve methods","no":"also used on individual sedimentary laminae and small soil features","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1306/74d72ac7-2b21-11d7-8648000102c1865d","an":"low-concentration suspended sediment in streams and small sedimentary deposits","id":"reviews_exotic-0167"},{"a":85,"y":1975,"au":"Patinkin D","t":"Sizing of bdellovibrio during growth","j":"Journal of bacteriology","vp":"124:564-566","doi":"10.1128/jb.124.1.564-566.1975","pmid":"1100613","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"modified Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting and relative sizing during growth","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A1100613+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"host-independent Bdellovibrio","de":"host-independent bdellovibrio during growth; species not named in the abstract","id":"microbes-0029"},{"a":86,"y":1975,"au":"ASTM","t":"Standard methods for chemical, mass spectrometric, and spectrochemical analysis of, and physical tests on, beryllium oxide powder","j":"Annual Book of ASTM Standards, part 45","url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7343323","pt":"report","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"standard particle-size composition test for nuclear-grade BeO powder (Coulter Counter method or sieve analysis)","no":"Standard method; the OSTI abstract lists a Coulter Counter method for particle-size composition. The 1981 edition (OSTI 5483417) keeps it.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.osti.gov/api/v1/records/7343323","an":"Beryllium oxide (BeO) powder for nuclear components","id":"gap_industry-0020"},{"a":87,"y":1975,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"The counting and sizing of spermatozoa from ten animal species using a Coulter counter","j":"Andrologia","vp":"7:169-185","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0272.1975.tb00923.x","pmid":"811131","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Models ZB Industrial and F apertures (accurately calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"positively skewed size distributions; sizes given as volume and equivalent spherical diameter","pu":"counting and sizing before and after Zaponin lysis of debris and peripheral cytoplasm","no":"Foote and Bredderman 1969 (J Dairy Sci 52:117) had sized aging bull spermatozoa with an electronic counter (title only seen).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A811131+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"bull spermatozoa (cauda epididymis)","id":"cells-0047"},{"a":88,"y":1975,"au":"Breslin JA, Stein RL","t":"Efficiency of dust sampling inlets in calm air","j":"American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal","vp":"36:576-583","doi":"10.1080/0002889758507296","pmid":"1227283","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle counting and sizing to test sampling inlet efficiency","no":"Earlier titles on mine dust by Coulter Counter, not read in full: Rendall RE, van Sittert GC 1970 'The determination of the size distribution of mine dusts using the Coulter Counter' (Inhaled Particles 2:801-809, PMID 4359156); Ogden TL, Rickmann AM 1977 'Characterization of the volume size distribution of respirable coal-mine dust samples by Coulter counter' (Ann Occup Hyg 20:257-270, doi 10.1093/annhyg/20.3.257).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A1227283+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Coal-dust aerosol collected on filters through sampling inlets of different diameters","id":"earth_space_industry-0048"},{"a":89,"y":1975,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"The counting and sizing of spermatozoa from ten animal species using a Coulter counter","j":"Andrologia","vp":"7:169-185","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0272.1975.tb00923.x","pmid":"811131","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Models ZB Industrial and F apertures (accurately calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"positively skewed size distributions; sizes given as volume and equivalent spherical diameter","pu":"counting and sizing before and after Zaponin lysis of debris and peripheral cytoplasm","no":"Dog sperm size depended on whether the sperm kept the cytoplasmic droplet.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A811131+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"dog ejaculated spermatozoa","id":"cells-0048"},{"a":90,"y":1975,"au":"Davies R, Karuhn R, Graf J, Stockham J","t":"The rapid counting and sizing of fibers in a mixture using an IITRI-modified coulter counter","j":"American Industrial Hygiene Association journal","vp":"36:825-832","doi":"10.1080/0002889758507349","pmid":"1211344","url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0002889758507349","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"IITRI-modified Coulter Counter tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","fab":"modified tube admits only particles of a preselected projected area to the sensing orifice","sn":"particles whose sensed volume exceeds the unit volume for that projected area are classed as fibers","pu":"rapid counting and sizing of fibers among other particles (industrial hygiene)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=1211344","an":"fibers counted and sized in mixtures with other particle shapes","id":"reviews_exotic-0108"},{"a":91,"y":1975,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"The counting and sizing of spermatozoa from ten animal species using a Coulter counter","j":"Andrologia","vp":"7:169-185","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0272.1975.tb00923.x","pmid":"811131","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Models ZB Industrial and F apertures (accurately calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"positively skewed size distributions; sizes given as volume and equivalent spherical diameter","pu":"counting and sizing before and after Zaponin lysis of debris and peripheral cytoplasm","no":"The large acrosome cap swelled rapidly in isotonic solution, so the authors measured these sperm after equilibrium.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A811131+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"guinea pig spermatozoa (cauda epididymis)","id":"cells-0043"},{"a":92,"y":1975,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"The counting and sizing of spermatozoa from ten animal species using a Coulter counter","j":"Andrologia","vp":"7:169-185","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0272.1975.tb00923.x","pmid":"811131","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Models ZB Industrial and F apertures (accurately calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"positively skewed size distributions; sizes given as volume and equivalent spherical diameter","pu":"counting and sizing before and after Zaponin lysis of debris and peripheral cytoplasm","no":"Zaponin dissolved hamster spermatozoa within seconds.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A811131+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"hamster spermatozoa (cauda epididymis)","id":"cells-0044"},{"a":93,"y":1975,"au":"Cassidy M, Fowlkes BJ, Herman CJ","t":"Electronic cell volume (coulter volume) distribution of vaginal-cervical cytology samples","j":"Acta cytologica","vp":"19:117-125","pmid":"1054897","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1054897/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter aperture (electronic cell volume)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"reference position in the electronic cell volume spectrum","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A1054897+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"buccal cells (model population)","id":"cells-0111"},{"a":94,"y":1975,"au":"Cassidy M, Fowlkes BJ, Herman CJ","t":"Electronic cell volume (coulter volume) distribution of vaginal-cervical cytology samples","j":"Acta cytologica","vp":"19:117-125","pmid":"1054897","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1054897/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter aperture (electronic cell volume)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"two electronic cell volume populations: inflammatory cells and epithelial cells","pu":"cervical cytology screening","no":"Coulter cell size distributions for uterine cancer detection appear in title-only reports from 1964 to 1970 (for example Ladinsky et al. 1970, Am J Clin Pathol 54:254).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A1054897+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"vaginal and cervical irrigation cells (epithelial and inflammatory cells)","id":"cells-0110"},{"a":95,"y":1975,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"The counting and sizing of spermatozoa from ten animal species using a Coulter counter","j":"Andrologia","vp":"7:169-185","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0272.1975.tb00923.x","pmid":"811131","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Models ZB Industrial and F apertures (accurately calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"positively skewed size distributions; sizes given as volume and equivalent spherical diameter","pu":"counting and sizing before and after Zaponin lysis of debris and peripheral cytoplasm","no":"The authors separated debris from motile sperm by downward fractionation into BSA, which allowed (per the abstract) the first measurement of untreated human sperm. Gordon et al. 1965 (J Lab Clin Med 65:506) had sized human sperm with an electronic particle counter (title only seen).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A811131+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human ejaculated spermatozoa","id":"cells-0041"},{"a":95,"y":1977,"au":"Laufer N, Segal S, Yaffe H, Svartz H, Grover NB","t":"Volume and shape of normal human spermatozoa","j":"Fertility and sterility","vp":"28:456-458","doi":"10.1016/s0015-0282(16)42497-0","pmid":"321264","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"improved electrical sizing apparatus based on the Coulter principle (Grover laboratory)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"electrical size = shape factor x volume; unimodal distribution skewed right","pu":"volume and shape of spermatozoa","no":"The authors estimated the shape factor from the contributions of head, midpiece and tail.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A321264+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"normal human spermatozoa","id":"cells-0052"},{"a":95,"y":2013,"au":"Chen YA, Chen KC, Tsai VF, Huang ZW, Hsieh JT, Wo AM","t":"Direct characterization of motion-dependent parameters of sperm in a microfluidic device: proof of principle","j":"Clinical chemistry","vp":"59:493-501","doi":"10.1373/clinchem.2012.190686","pmid":"23322907","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"microfluidic long-channel aperture","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","b":"pulse amplitude gives sperm volume","dt":"pulse duration gives swim velocity","pu":"motility parameters by resistive pulse","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A23322907+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human spermatozoa swimming through a long-channel aperture","id":"cells-0129"},{"a":96,"y":1975,"au":"Thompson LG, Hamilton WL, Bull C","t":"Climatological implications of microparticle concentrations in the ice core from \"Byrd\" Station, Western Antarctica","j":"Journal of Glaciology","vp":"14:433-444","doi":"10.3189/S0022143000021948","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model T aperture (15 channels)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"melt water made up to 2.27% NaCl with analytically pure NaCl in filtered water; two 500 ul aliquots per sample","b":"pulse height proportional to particle volume; adjacent channels differ by a factor of two in volume","pu":"counting and sizing of insoluble dust in ice; palaeoclimate and ice dating","no":"Early Coulter-counter ice-core dust record. Full text read on Cambridge Core.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-glaciology/article/climatological-implications-of-microparticle-concentrations-in-the-ice-core-from-byrd-station-western-antarctica/97375F55B0960FFCA8EF82028559C745","an":"Insoluble microparticles (mineral dust) in the Byrd Station deep ice core, West Antarctica","de":"15 representative continuous sections of the 2164 m Byrd core; 821 samples of 2 to 2.5 cm melted and counted","id":"earth_space_industry-0002"},{"a":97,"y":1975,"au":"Alving CR, Conrad DH, Gockerman JP, Gibbs MB, Wirtz GH","t":"Vitamin A in liposomes. Inhibition of complement binding and alteration of membrane structure","j":"Biochimica et biophysica acta","vp":"394:157-165","doi":"10.1016/0005-2736(75)90253-9","pmid":"1169984","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter electronic particle size analyzer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size distribution","no":"earliest resistive pulse sizing of liposomes found in this survey","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A1169984+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"vitamin A-containing liposomes","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0172"},{"a":98,"y":1975,"au":"Chui DH, Loyer BV","t":"Foetal erythropoiesis in steel mutant mice. II. Haemopoietic stem cells in foetal livers during development","j":"British journal of haematology","vp":"29:553-565","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2141.1975.tb02742.x","pmid":"1238099","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"mean cell volume of circulating fetal erythrocytes; genotyping Sl/Sld embryos","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A1238099+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"yolk sac-derived nucleated erythrocytes of mouse embryos","id":"cells-0095"},{"a":98,"y":1987,"au":"Takahashi S, Asaho S, Matsuoka O","t":"Age dependent change in size distribution of blood cells in fetal and young mice","j":"Jikken dobutsu. Experimental animals","vp":"36:177-183","doi":"10.1538/expanim1978.36.2_177","pmid":"3609153","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Channelyzer C-256 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"two populations (140 and 501 fL peaks) on day 14 as definitive cells replace primitive cells","pu":"age-dependent size distribution of fetal blood cells","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3609153+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"circulating blood cells of C3H/He fetal mice (day 12 to 20 of gestation) and young mice","id":"cells-0191"},{"a":99,"y":1975,"au":"Chui DH, Loyer BV","t":"Foetal erythropoiesis in steel mutant mice. II. Haemopoietic stem cells in foetal livers during development","j":"British journal of haematology","vp":"29:553-565","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2141.1975.tb02742.x","pmid":"1238099","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"mean cell volume; macrocytosis in Sl/Sld embryos","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A1238099+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"fetal liver-derived non-nucleated red blood cells (mouse)","id":"cells-0096"},{"a":100,"y":1975,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"The counting and sizing of spermatozoa from ten animal species using a Coulter counter","j":"Andrologia","vp":"7:169-185","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0272.1975.tb00923.x","pmid":"811131","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Models ZB Industrial and F apertures (accurately calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"positively skewed size distributions; sizes given as volume and equivalent spherical diameter","pu":"counting and sizing before and after Zaponin lysis of debris and peripheral cytoplasm","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A811131+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"mouse spermatozoa (cauda epididymis)","id":"cells-0046"},{"a":101,"y":1975,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"The counting and sizing of spermatozoa from ten animal species using a Coulter counter","j":"Andrologia","vp":"7:169-185","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0272.1975.tb00923.x","pmid":"811131","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Models ZB Industrial and F apertures (accurately calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"positively skewed size distributions; sizes given as volume and equivalent spherical diameter","pu":"separate counting and sizing of droplets and spermatozoa without Zaponin","no":"O'Donnell 1969 (J Reprod Fertil 19:263) also sized mammalian cytoplasmic droplets (title only seen).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A811131+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"European wild boar sperm cytoplasmic droplets","de":"separate population of small droplets in ejaculates","id":"cells-0050"},{"a":102,"y":1975,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"The counting and sizing of spermatozoa from ten animal species using a Coulter counter","j":"Andrologia","vp":"7:169-185","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0272.1975.tb00923.x","pmid":"811131","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Models ZB Industrial and F apertures (accurately calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"positively skewed size distributions; sizes given as volume and equivalent spherical diameter","pu":"counting and sizing before and after Zaponin lysis of debris and peripheral cytoplasm","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A811131+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"European wild boar ejaculated spermatozoa","de":"European wild boar (Sus scrofa)","id":"cells-0049"},{"a":102,"y":2022,"au":"Kruit SA, de Bruijn DS, Broekhuijse MLWJ, Olthuis W, Segerink LI","t":"Label-Free Microfluidic Impedance Cytometry for Acrosome Integrity Assessment of Boar Spermatozoa","j":"Biosensors","vp":"12:679","doi":"10.3390/bios12090679","pmid":"36140064","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"microfluidic impedance cytometer","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","v":"0.5 MHz and 19 MHz","b":"opacity (19 MHz over 0.5 MHz) cut-off 0.86 separates acrosome-reacted from intact cells","pu":"acrosome integrity (sensitivity 98%, specificity 97%)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A36140064+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"boar spermatozoa (acrosome-reacted and intact)","id":"cells-0144"},{"a":103,"y":1975,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"The counting and sizing of spermatozoa from ten animal species using a Coulter counter","j":"Andrologia","vp":"7:169-185","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0272.1975.tb00923.x","pmid":"811131","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Models ZB Industrial and F apertures (accurately calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"positively skewed size distributions; sizes given as volume and equivalent spherical diameter","pu":"counting and sizing before and after Zaponin lysis of debris and peripheral cytoplasm","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A811131+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rabbit spermatozoa (cauda epididymis)","id":"cells-0042"},{"a":104,"y":1975,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"The counting and sizing of spermatozoa from ten animal species using a Coulter counter","j":"Andrologia","vp":"7:169-185","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0272.1975.tb00923.x","pmid":"811131","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Models ZB Industrial and F apertures (accurately calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"positively skewed size distributions; sizes given as volume and equivalent spherical diameter","pu":"counting and sizing before and after Zaponin lysis of debris and peripheral cytoplasm","no":"Zaponin dissolved rat spermatozoa within seconds.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A811131+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rat spermatozoa (cauda epididymis)","id":"cells-0045"},{"a":105,"y":1975,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"The counting and sizing of spermatozoa from ten animal species using a Coulter counter","j":"Andrologia","vp":"7:169-185","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0272.1975.tb00923.x","pmid":"811131","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Models ZB Industrial and F apertures (accurately calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"positively skewed size distributions; sizes given as volume and equivalent spherical diameter","pu":"counting and sizing before and after Zaponin lysis of debris and peripheral cytoplasm","no":"Rhesus monkey ejaculates needed incubation to release the sperm from the clot.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A811131+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rhesus monkey ejaculated spermatozoa","id":"cells-0051"},{"a":106,"y":1976,"au":"Baldwin WW, Wegener WS","t":"Selection of synchronous bacterial cultures by density sedimentation","j":"Canadian journal of microbiology","vp":"22:390-393","doi":"10.1139/m76-059","pmid":"1252997","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"volume doubled just before division and halved after division","pu":"sizing synchronous cultures selected by density sedimentation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A1252997+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Lineola longa (Bacillus macroides)","de":"named Lineola longa (Bacillus macroides); synchronous cultures from Ficoll gradients","id":"microbes-0030"},{"a":107,"y":1976,"au":"Ifuku Y, Maeda H","t":"Studies on Improvement of Citrus unshiu Juice Quality and Utilization of Peels Part V. Property on the emulsion of essential oil added to Satsuma mandarin Juice (Citrus unshiu Marc.)","j":"Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi","vp":"23:531-536","doi":"10.3136/nskkk1962.23.531","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter (Coulter Electronics; model given as A II in the OCR text)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"juice diluted 10-fold in 0.9% NaCl electrolyte","pu":"particle number, size and distribution of essential oil emulsions in juice after homogenizing and pasteurization (cloud and color)","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract; one of several essential oil components added to juice.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/nskkk1962/23/11/23_11_531/_pdf","an":"beta-Pinene emulsion droplets in Satsuma mandarin juice","id":"gap_industry-0034"},{"a":108,"y":1976,"au":"Ifuku Y, Maeda H","t":"Studies on Improvement of Citrus unshiu Juice Quality and Utilization of Peels Part V. Property on the emulsion of essential oil added to Satsuma mandarin Juice (Citrus unshiu Marc.)","j":"Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi","vp":"23:531-536","doi":"10.3136/nskkk1962.23.531","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter (Coulter Electronics; model given as A II in the OCR text)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"juice diluted 10-fold in 0.9% NaCl electrolyte","pu":"particle number, size and distribution of essential oil emulsions in juice after homogenizing and pasteurization (cloud and color)","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract. Homogenizing and pasteurization made the emulsions smaller and narrower.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/nskkk1962/23/11/23_11_531/_pdf","an":"Satsuma mandarin peel essential oil emulsion droplets in juice","id":"gap_industry-0032"},{"a":109,"y":1976,"au":"Ifuku Y, Maeda H","t":"Studies on Improvement of Citrus unshiu Juice Quality and Utilization of Peels Part V. Property on the emulsion of essential oil added to Satsuma mandarin Juice (Citrus unshiu Marc.)","j":"Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi","vp":"23:531-536","doi":"10.3136/nskkk1962.23.531","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter (Coulter Electronics; model given as A II in the OCR text)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"juice diluted 10-fold in 0.9% NaCl electrolyte","pu":"particle number, size and distribution of essential oil emulsions in juice after homogenizing and pasteurization (cloud and color)","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract. d-Limonene, essential oil and beta-pinene droplets had larger mean sizes than the other components and changed little on pasteurization.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/nskkk1962/23/11/23_11_531/_pdf","an":"d-Limonene emulsion droplets in Satsuma mandarin juice","id":"gap_industry-0033"},{"a":110,"y":1976,"au":"Facquet-Danis J, Zittoun R, Bouchard M, Cadiou M, Bousser J, Bilski-Pasquier G","t":"Cell volume measurements in acute leukaemia: method and value for diagnosis and prognosis","j":"Biomedicine / [publiee pour l'A.A.I.C.I.G.]","vp":"25:294-298","pmid":"1069593","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1069593/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"log-normal volume distributions, narrow dispersion","pu":"cell volume for diagnosis and prognosis","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A1069593+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"leukemic blasts, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","id":"cells-0032"},{"a":111,"y":1976,"au":"Facquet-Danis J, Zittoun R, Bouchard M, Cadiou M, Bousser J, Bilski-Pasquier G","t":"Cell volume measurements in acute leukaemia: method and value for diagnosis and prognosis","j":"Biomedicine / [publiee pour l'A.A.I.C.I.G.]","vp":"25:294-298","pmid":"1069593","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1069593/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"log-normal volume distributions","pu":"cell volume for diagnosis","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A1069593+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"leukemic cells, acute monoblastic leukaemia","id":"cells-0033"},{"a":112,"y":1976,"au":"Facquet-Danis J, Zittoun R, Bouchard M, Cadiou M, Bousser J, Bilski-Pasquier G","t":"Cell volume measurements in acute leukaemia: method and value for diagnosis and prognosis","j":"Biomedicine / [publiee pour l'A.A.I.C.I.G.]","vp":"25:294-298","pmid":"1069593","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1069593/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"log-normal volume distributions","pu":"cell volume for diagnosis and prognosis","no":"Myeloblastic cells had a larger mean modal volume than lymphoblastic cells and a smaller one than monoblastic and myelomonocytic cells.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A1069593+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"leukemic blasts, acute myeloblastic leukaemia","de":"42 untreated adult acute leukaemia cases","id":"cells-0031"},{"a":113,"y":1976,"au":"Facquet-Danis J, Zittoun R, Bouchard M, Cadiou M, Bousser J, Bilski-Pasquier G","t":"Cell volume measurements in acute leukaemia: method and value for diagnosis and prognosis","j":"Biomedicine / [publiee pour l'A.A.I.C.I.G.]","vp":"25:294-298","pmid":"1069593","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1069593/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"two populations (double peak) in 9 of 10 cases","pu":"cell volume for diagnosis","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A1069593+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"leukemic cells, acute myelomonocytic leukaemia","id":"cells-0034"},{"a":114,"y":1976,"au":"Zimmermann U, Riemann F, Pilwat G","t":"Enzyme loading of electrically homogeneous human red blood cell ghosts prepared by dielelctric breakdown","j":"Biochimica et biophysica acta","vp":"436:460-474","doi":"10.1016/0005-2736(76)90208-x","pmid":"1276224","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"hydrodynamic focusing Coulter Counter orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"normally distributed ghost size distribution","sn":"breakdown voltage depends on mean ghost volume (94 um3: 1.04 V; 134 um3: 1.36 V) and is constant within a population ('electrically homogeneous')","pu":"ghost sizing and dielectric breakdown; carrier ghosts for enzymes and drugs","no":"Earlier, Kwant and Seeman 1970 (J Gen Physiol 55:208, doi 10.1085/jgp.55.2.208) showed with a calibrated Coulter counter that resealed erythrocyte ghosts behave as perfect osmometers; that abstract does not name the species.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A1276224+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human red blood cell ghosts prepared by electrical haemolysis (dielectric breakdown) and resealed","de":"electrical haemolysis at 0 C in isotonic KCl-phosphate medium, resealed at 37 C; enzyme (urease) loaded","id":"cells-0011","co":"105 mM KCl, 20 mM NaCl, 4 mM MgCl2, phosphate, 10 mM glucose, pH 7.2"},{"a":114,"y":1977,"au":"Schneeweiss F, Zimmermann U, Saleemuddin M","t":"Preparation of uniform haemoglobin free human erythrocyte ghosts in isotonic solution","j":"Biochimica et biophysica acta","vp":"466:373-378","doi":"10.1016/0005-2736(77)90234-6","pmid":"870045","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(77)90234-6","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"hydrodynamically focusing Coulter Counter orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"uniformity of ghosts; apparent breakdown voltage about 1.3 V","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A870045+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"haemoglobin-free human erythrocyte ghosts in isotonic solution","de":"three 16 kV/cm pulses with 10 mM EDTA; haemoglobin under 0.1%; resealed with MgCl2 at 37 C","id":"reviews_exotic-0026"},{"a":114,"y":1979,"au":"Sprandel U, Hubbard AR, Chalmers RA","t":"In vitro studies on resealed erythrocyte ghosts as protein carriers","j":"Research in experimental medicine. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte experimentelle Medizin einschliesslich experimenteller Chirurgie","vp":"175:239-245","doi":"10.1007/bf01851280","pmid":"482734","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01851280","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"carrier ghost size","no":"ghosts smaller than normal erythrocytes; protein entrapment shrank them further","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A482734+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"resealed human erythrocyte ghosts loaded with albumin","de":"reversible hypotonic haemolysis by dialysis or dilution; human serum albumin entrapped","id":"reviews_exotic-0027"},{"a":115,"y":1976,"au":"Loos H, Blok-Schut B, Kipp B, van Doorn R, Meerhof L","t":"Size distribution, electronic recognition, and counting of human blood monocytes","j":"Blood","vp":"48:743-753","doi":"10.1182/blood.v48.5.743.bloodjournal485743","pmid":"974266","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Channelyzer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"resistance pulse size distribution with two mononuclear populations (monocytes are the larger)","pu":"electronic recognition and counting of monocytes","no":"Electronic sizing detected 4.5% differences in monocyte content, and the counter sized 100,000 cells within seconds.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A974266+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human blood monocytes","id":"cells-0026"},{"a":116,"y":1976,"au":"Mundschenk DD, Connelly DP, White JG, Brunning RD","t":"An improved technique for the electronic measurement of platelet size and shape","j":"The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine","vp":"88:301-315","pmid":"822108","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/822108/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model ZB with special aperture tube and hydrodynamic focusing, Channelyzer C-1000","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"log-normal platelet size distribution calibrated with latex spheres","pu":"platelet size and shape","no":"Earlier Coulter platelet counts appear in Sipe and Cronkite 1962 (Ann NY Acad Sci 99:262), Eggleton and Sharp 1963 (J Clin Pathol 16:164, platelet-rich plasma), Bull et al. 1965 (Am J Clin Pathol 44:678) and Davis and Green 1967 (J Clin Pathol 20:777, Model B with a standard 100 um aperture), but the abstracts seen do not name the species.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A822108+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"platelets from normal individuals (EDTA and citrate)","id":"cells-0060"},{"a":117,"y":1976,"au":"Ross DW","t":"Cell volume growth after cell cycle block with chemotherapeutic agents","j":"Cell and tissue kinetics","vp":"9:379-387","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2184.1976.tb01286.x","pmid":"58726","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic volume spectroscopy aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"volume growth after chemotherapeutic cell cycle block","no":"The authors also measured Chinese hamster V79 fibroblasts.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A58726+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"murine lymphoma L5178Y cells","id":"cells-0077"},{"a":118,"y":1976,"au":"Hermann RS, Deerberg F, Landgraf H","t":"Changes in size, DNA content, and nuclear ploidy of rat liver produced by the environmental microflora","j":"Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology","vp":"20:71-76","doi":"10.1007/bf02890327","pmid":"816071","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"particle counter aperture (electronic volume analysis)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"nuclear volume as a readout of hepatic ploidy","no":"Santen 1965 (Exp Cell Res 40:413, diploid and tetraploid nuclei), Wannemacher et al. 1968 (PSEBM 129:899, liver nuclei) and Schulte-Hermann et al. 1968 (liver nuclei ploidy) reported earlier work (titles only seen).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A816071+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"isolated rat liver nuclei (germfree and SPF rats)","id":"cells-0121"},{"a":119,"y":1976,"au":"Penington DG, Lee NL, Roxburgh AE, McGready JR","t":"Platelet density and size: the interpretation of heterogeneity","j":"British journal of haematology","vp":"34:365-376","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2141.1976.tb03583.x","pmid":"990178","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic sizing aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size heterogeneity of density-separated platelets","no":"The authors also sized human platelets.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A990178+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rat platelets (buoyant density fractions)","id":"cells-0061"},{"a":120,"y":1976,"au":"Brewer DH","t":"Analysis of thick film conductor inks","j":"Bendix Kansas City Division report BDX-613-1491","doi":"10.2172/7142672","url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7142672","pt":"report","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter, 70 um orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"70 um","co":"standard saline solution, ultrasonic agitation","pu":"receiving inspection of lot-to-lot uniformity of the inorganic fraction of conductor inks","no":"The report recommends TGA, atomic absorption and Coulter counter tests for receiving inspection.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/7142672","an":"Inorganic solids of thick film conductor inks (metal, glass and flux particles; platinum-gold and palladium-silver inks)","de":"inks washed with isopropyl alcohol on a 0.4 um Millipore filter; the retained solids re-dispersed ultrasonically in saline","id":"gap_industry-0019"},{"a":121,"y":1977,"au":"DeBlois RW, Wesley RKA","t":"Sizes and concentrations of several type C oncornaviruses and bacteriophage T2 by the resistive-pulse technique.","j":"Journal of Virology","vp":"23(2):227-233","doi":"10.1128/jvi.23.2.227-233.1977","pmid":"196107","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC515824/","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"single submicron pore made by the Nuclepore process (nanometer-particle analyzer)","pk":"track-etched-pore","b":"pulse height proportional to particle volume; sizes read relative to 109 nm latex standard spheres","er":"concentrations near 1e9 to 1e11 per ml measured in a few minutes; practical lower count limit near 5e7 viruses per ml","pu":"sizing and counting virions in their hydrated state","no":"First report of viruses sized one by one with a resistive-pulse pore. Viruses above about 60 nm in diameter are sized to a few nanometers; concentration accuracy near 15%. Full text PDF not reachable (see failures log). Also summarized in Yang and Yamamoto 2016 Front Microbiol (PMC5031608). Gyurcsanyi RE 2026 Chimia 80:487-493 (doi 10.2533/chimia.2026.487) calls this the first report of resistive pulse sensing of viruses and states the pore was about 400 nm in diameter and cylindrical, isolated by blocking all but one pore of an otherwise highly porous track-etched membrane.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:196107&resultType=core&format=json","an":"bacteriophage T2","de":"T-even coliphage","id":"viruses-0006"},{"a":122,"y":1977,"au":"Sheldrake RF, Hoare RJ, Woodhouse VE, McGregor GD","t":"Cell volume to aid analysis and technique of somatic cell counts in milk","j":"Journal of dairy science","vp":"60:882-888","doi":"10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(77)83958-1","pmid":"326826","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture with electronic size analysis","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"cell volume peak present in mastitic milk, absent in healthy quarters","pu":"somatic cell counts and volume for mastitis","no":"Phipps and Newbould 1965 (Vet Rec 77:1377) and Read et al. 1967 (J Dairy Sci 50:669) reported earlier electronic counts of milk leucocytes (titles only seen).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A326826+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"somatic cells in cow milk (mastitic and healthy quarters, bulk milk)","id":"cells-0269"},{"a":123,"y":1977,"au":"Maxie MG","t":"Evaluation of techniques for counting bovine platelets","j":"Canadian journal of comparative medicine : Revue canadienne de medecine comparee","vp":"41:409-415","pmid":"922558","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/922558/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"1:100 dilution in Isoton, unit-gravity sedimentation, platelets counted in supernatant","pu":"platelet counting method comparison","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A922558+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"bovine platelets","id":"cells-0025"},{"a":124,"y":1977,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"The splitting of sperm heads from tails in eight mammalian species and the measurement of their sizes","j":"Andrologia","vp":"9:1-14","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0272.1977.tb01250.x","pmid":"16511","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model ZB Industrial aperture (accurately calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"two peaks (heads and tails) after cleavage","pu":"counting and sizing of head and tail fragments","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16511+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"bull sperm heads (ultrasonic bath or pronase cleavage)","id":"cells-0055"},{"a":125,"y":1977,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"The splitting of sperm heads from tails in eight mammalian species and the measurement of their sizes","j":"Andrologia","vp":"9:1-14","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0272.1977.tb01250.x","pmid":"16511","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model ZB Industrial aperture (accurately calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"two peaks (heads and tails) after cleavage","pu":"counting and sizing of head and tail fragments","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16511+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"bull sperm tails (ultrasonic bath cleavage)","id":"cells-0056"},{"a":126,"y":1977,"au":"Burton KA, Naftalin RJ, Smith MW","t":"Volume changes in brush-border vesicles detected by use of the Coulter counter [proceedings]","j":"The Journal of physiology","vp":"266:23P-24P","pmid":"853394","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"volume changes of vesicles","no":"Physiological Society proceedings; PubMed citation only (no abstract); the title states the analyte and the electronic counting method; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=853394","an":"intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles","id":"reviews_exotic-0114"},{"a":127,"y":1977,"au":"DeBlois RW, Wesley RKA","t":"Sizes and concentrations of several type C oncornaviruses and bacteriophage T2 by the resistive-pulse technique.","j":"Journal of Virology","vp":"23(2):227-233","doi":"10.1128/jvi.23.2.227-233.1977","pmid":"196107","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC515824/","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"single submicron pore made by the Nuclepore process (nanometer-particle analyzer)","pk":"track-etched-pore","b":"pulse height proportional to particle volume; sizes read relative to 109 nm latex standard spheres","er":"concentrations near 1e9 to 1e11 per ml measured in a few minutes; practical lower count limit near 5e7 viruses per ml","pu":"sizing and counting virions in their hydrated state","no":"First report of viruses sized one by one with a resistive-pulse pore. Viruses above about 60 nm in diameter are sized to a few nanometers; concentration accuracy near 15%. Full text PDF not reachable (see failures log). Also summarized in Yang and Yamamoto 2016 Front Microbiol (PMC5031608). Gyurcsanyi RE 2026 Chimia 80:487-493 (doi 10.2533/chimia.2026.487) calls this the first report of resistive pulse sensing of viruses and states the pore was about 400 nm in diameter and cylindrical, isolated by blocking all but one pore of an otherwise highly porous track-etched membrane.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:196107&resultType=core&format=json","an":"feline leukemia virus","de":"type C oncornavirus","id":"viruses-0005"},{"a":128,"y":1977,"au":"Lind T, Gerrard J, Sheridan TS, Walker W","t":"Effect of maternal parity and infant sex upon the haematological values of cord blood","j":"Acta paediatrica Scandinavica","vp":"66:333-337","doi":"10.1111/j.1651-2227.1977.tb07903.x","pmid":"868514","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model S apertures","pk":"hematology-analyzer-aperture","pu":"cord blood haematological values by infant sex and maternal parity","no":"The Coulter mean cell volume came out slightly lower than earlier manual values, and the analyzer also counted white cells.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A868514+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"cord blood red cells (400 samples)","id":"cells-0255"},{"a":129,"y":1977,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"The splitting of sperm heads from tails in eight mammalian species and the measurement of their sizes","j":"Andrologia","vp":"9:1-14","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0272.1977.tb01250.x","pmid":"16511","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model ZB Industrial aperture (accurately calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"single peak corresponding to small stripped heads","pu":"sizing of fragments","no":"Human and boar sperm resisted clean head-tail cleavage; the sonic probe left stripped heads as tails dissolved.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16511+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"stripped sperm heads after sonic-probe fragmentation (man and boar)","id":"cells-0059"},{"a":130,"y":1977,"au":"DeBlois RW, Wesley RKA","t":"Sizes and concentrations of several type C oncornaviruses and bacteriophage T2 by the resistive-pulse technique.","j":"Journal of Virology","vp":"23(2):227-233","doi":"10.1128/jvi.23.2.227-233.1977","pmid":"196107","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC515824/","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"single submicron pore made by the Nuclepore process (nanometer-particle analyzer)","pk":"track-etched-pore","b":"pulse height proportional to particle volume; sizes read relative to 109 nm latex standard spheres","er":"concentrations near 1e9 to 1e11 per ml measured in a few minutes; practical lower count limit near 5e7 viruses per ml","pu":"sizing and counting virions in their hydrated state","no":"First report of viruses sized one by one with a resistive-pulse pore. Viruses above about 60 nm in diameter are sized to a few nanometers; concentration accuracy near 15%. Full text PDF not reachable (see failures log). Also summarized in Yang and Yamamoto 2016 Front Microbiol (PMC5031608). Gyurcsanyi RE 2026 Chimia 80:487-493 (doi 10.2533/chimia.2026.487) calls this the first report of resistive pulse sensing of viruses and states the pore was about 400 nm in diameter and cylindrical, isolated by blocking all but one pore of an otherwise highly porous track-etched membrane.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:196107&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Mason-Pfizer monkey virus","de":"listed with the type C oncornaviruses in this paper","id":"viruses-0003"},{"a":131,"y":1977,"au":"Pomeroy MK","t":"Ultrastructural Changes during Swelling and Contraction of Mitochondria from Cold-hardened and Non-hardened Winter Wheat","j":"Plant physiology","vp":"59:250-255","doi":"10.1104/pp.59.2.250","pmid":"16659827","url":"https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.59.2.250","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"isomolar KCl","pu":"volume changes during swelling and substrate-induced contraction","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16659827+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"mitochondria from winter wheat seedlings","de":"from seedlings grown at 2 C (cold-hardened) and 24 C","id":"reviews_exotic-0021"},{"a":132,"y":1977,"au":"Rlalia J, Meloan CE","t":"The Use of a Coulter Counter to Quantitatively Determine Mold in Carbonated Soft Drinks","j":"Analytical Letters","vp":"10:297-304","doi":"10.1080/00032717708059215","url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00032717708059215","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"quantitative determination of mold in beverages","no":"citation only (no abstract available to us); the title states the analyte and the Coulter measurement; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1080/00032717708059215","an":"mold in carbonated soft drinks","id":"reviews_exotic-0182"},{"a":133,"y":1977,"au":"Gutsche W, Bruns G","t":"[Volumetric and cytologic investigations of cytolysis of ascites tumor cells provoked by triton X-100 (author's transl)]","j":"Archiv fur Geschwulstforschung","vp":"47:28-36","pmid":"68763","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/68763/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"volumetric particle counter aperture (electronic cell counting)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"volume distribution curves shift right (swelling) then left (shrinkage) during Triton X-100 cytolysis","pu":"cytolysis kinetics by volume distribution","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A68763+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"ascitic mouse leukemia L1210 cells","id":"cells-0071"},{"a":134,"y":1977,"au":"Dumont F","t":"Physical properties of mouse peripheral lymph node cells: changes during development","j":"Annales d'immunologie","vp":"128:1053-1063","pmid":"596834","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/596834/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size distribution of electrophoretic fractions (fingerprint)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A596834+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"mouse lymph node B cells (low electrophoretic mobility)","id":"cells-0098"},{"a":135,"y":1977,"au":"Dumont F","t":"Physical properties of mouse peripheral lymph node cells: changes during development","j":"Annales d'immunologie","vp":"128:1053-1063","pmid":"596834","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/596834/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size distribution of electrophoretic fractions (fingerprint)","no":"Neonatal T cells had a larger modal volume (channel 44) than adult T cells (channel 37).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A596834+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"mouse lymph node T cells (high electrophoretic mobility)","id":"cells-0097"},{"a":136,"y":1977,"au":"Mian TA, Suzuki N, Glenn HJ, Haynie TP, Meistrich ML","t":"Radiation damage to mouse testis cells from [99mTc] pertechnetate","j":"Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine","vp":"18:1116-1122","pmid":"915090","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/915090/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting sperm heads as a radiation damage assay","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A915090+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"mouse testis sperm heads","id":"cells-0151"},{"a":137,"y":1977,"au":"Kilburn JO, Greenberg J","t":"Effect of ethambutol on the viable cell count in Mycobacterium smegmatis","j":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy","vp":"11:534-540","doi":"10.1128/aac.11.3.534","pmid":"856004","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"cluster size decreased markedly under ethambutol (filtration and Coulter counter measurements)","pu":"cell cluster size after ethambutol treatment","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A856004+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Mycobacterium smegmatis","de":"named Mycobacterium smegmatis; cell clusters measured after ethambutol","id":"microbes-0031"},{"a":138,"y":1977,"au":"Rubinstein MH, Wells JI","t":"Generated surface area measurement of disintegrating tablets","j":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology","vp":"29:363-366","doi":"10.1111/j.2042-7158.1977.tb11336.x","pmid":"18574","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1977.tb11336.x","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"surface area rises (first-order disintegration) to a maximum then falls (first-order dissolution)","pu":"surface area generated by tablet disintegration and dissolution over time","no":"maximum surface area correlated with dissolution t60","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=18574","an":"particles from six commercial brands of phenylbutazone 100 mg tablets","id":"reviews_exotic-0109"},{"a":139,"y":1977,"au":"Hood RL, Allen CE","t":"Cellularity of porcine adipose tissue: effects of growth and adiposity","j":"Journal of lipid research","vp":"18:275-284","doi":"10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41676-1","pmid":"864321","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"adipose cell number and mean cell volume during growth","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A864321+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"porcine adipose cells (osmium-fixed), perirenal and extramuscular depots","id":"cells-0104"},{"a":140,"y":1977,"au":"O'Flaherty JT, Kreutzer DL, Ward PA","t":"Neutrophil aggregation and swelling induced by chemotactic agents","j":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)","vp":"119:232-239","doi":"10.4049/jimmunol.119.1.232","pmid":"874320","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture with mean cell volume computer and Channelyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"aggregation and swelling induced by chemotactic agents","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A874320+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear neutrophils","id":"cells-0037"},{"a":141,"y":1977,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"The splitting of sperm heads from tails in eight mammalian species and the measurement of their sizes","j":"Andrologia","vp":"9:1-14","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0272.1977.tb01250.x","pmid":"16511","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model ZB Industrial aperture (accurately calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"two peaks (heads and tails) after cleavage, twice the particle number","pu":"counting and sizing of head and tail fragments","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16511+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rabbit sperm heads (ultrasonic bath cleavage)","id":"cells-0053"},{"a":142,"y":1977,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"The splitting of sperm heads from tails in eight mammalian species and the measurement of their sizes","j":"Andrologia","vp":"9:1-14","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0272.1977.tb01250.x","pmid":"16511","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model ZB Industrial aperture (accurately calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"two peaks (heads and tails) after cleavage","pu":"counting and sizing of head and tail fragments","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16511+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rabbit sperm tails (ultrasonic bath cleavage)","id":"cells-0054"},{"a":143,"y":1977,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"The splitting of sperm heads from tails in eight mammalian species and the measurement of their sizes","j":"Andrologia","vp":"9:1-14","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0272.1977.tb01250.x","pmid":"16511","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model ZB Industrial aperture (accurately calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting and sizing of head and tail fragments","no":"Mild trypsin cleaved rodent spermatozoa, especially rat sperm, cleanly into heads and tails.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16511+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rat sperm heads (mild trypsin cleavage)","id":"cells-0057"},{"a":144,"y":1977,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"The splitting of sperm heads from tails in eight mammalian species and the measurement of their sizes","j":"Andrologia","vp":"9:1-14","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0272.1977.tb01250.x","pmid":"16511","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model ZB Industrial aperture (accurately calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting and sizing of head and tail fragments","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16511+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rat sperm tails (mild trypsin cleavage)","id":"cells-0058"},{"a":145,"y":1977,"au":"DeBlois RW, Wesley RKA","t":"Sizes and concentrations of several type C oncornaviruses and bacteriophage T2 by the resistive-pulse technique.","j":"Journal of Virology","vp":"23(2):227-233","doi":"10.1128/jvi.23.2.227-233.1977","pmid":"196107","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC515824/","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"single submicron pore made by the Nuclepore process (nanometer-particle analyzer)","pk":"track-etched-pore","b":"pulse height proportional to particle volume; sizes read relative to 109 nm latex standard spheres","er":"concentrations near 1e9 to 1e11 per ml measured in a few minutes; practical lower count limit near 5e7 viruses per ml","pu":"sizing and counting virions in their hydrated state","no":"First report of viruses sized one by one with a resistive-pulse pore. Viruses above about 60 nm in diameter are sized to a few nanometers; concentration accuracy near 15%. Full text PDF not reachable (see failures log). Also summarized in Yang and Yamamoto 2016 Front Microbiol (PMC5031608). Gyurcsanyi RE 2026 Chimia 80:487-493 (doi 10.2533/chimia.2026.487) calls this the first report of resistive pulse sensing of viruses and states the pore was about 400 nm in diameter and cylindrical, isolated by blocking all but one pore of an otherwise highly porous track-etched membrane.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:196107&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Rauscher murine leukemia virus","de":"type C oncornavirus","id":"viruses-0001"},{"a":146,"y":1977,"au":"DeBlois RW, Wesley RKA","t":"Sizes and concentrations of several type C oncornaviruses and bacteriophage T2 by the resistive-pulse technique.","j":"Journal of Virology","vp":"23(2):227-233","doi":"10.1128/jvi.23.2.227-233.1977","pmid":"196107","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC515824/","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"single submicron pore made by the Nuclepore process (nanometer-particle analyzer)","pk":"track-etched-pore","b":"pulse height proportional to particle volume; sizes read relative to 109 nm latex standard spheres","er":"concentrations near 1e9 to 1e11 per ml measured in a few minutes; practical lower count limit near 5e7 viruses per ml","pu":"sizing and counting virions in their hydrated state","no":"First report of viruses sized one by one with a resistive-pulse pore. Viruses above about 60 nm in diameter are sized to a few nanometers; concentration accuracy near 15%. Full text PDF not reachable (see failures log). Also summarized in Yang and Yamamoto 2016 Front Microbiol (PMC5031608). Gyurcsanyi RE 2026 Chimia 80:487-493 (doi 10.2533/chimia.2026.487) calls this the first report of resistive pulse sensing of viruses and states the pore was about 400 nm in diameter and cylindrical, isolated by blocking all but one pore of an otherwise highly porous track-etched membrane.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:196107&resultType=core&format=json","an":"RD-114 virus","de":"type C oncornavirus","id":"viruses-0004"},{"a":147,"y":1977,"au":"Craig TO, Quick RM, Jenkins TE","t":"Measurement of particle size distribution in the discrete phase of high‐impact polystyrene. II. An improved coulter counter procedure","j":"Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition","vp":"15:441-444","doi":"10.1002/pol.1977.170150218","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1977.170150218","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"particles isolated by centrifugation from DMF dispersion and redispersed in aqueous surfactant to deswell","pu":"size distribution and volume fraction of the rubber phase","no":"companion paper (J Polym Sci Polym Chem 15:433) showed errors from swelling in DMF in the earlier direct method","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1002/pol.1977.170150218","an":"elastomeric discrete-phase particles isolated from high-impact polystyrene","id":"reviews_exotic-0165"},{"a":148,"y":1977,"au":"DeBlois RW, Wesley RKA","t":"Sizes and concentrations of several type C oncornaviruses and bacteriophage T2 by the resistive-pulse technique.","j":"Journal of Virology","vp":"23(2):227-233","doi":"10.1128/jvi.23.2.227-233.1977","pmid":"196107","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC515824/","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"single submicron pore made by the Nuclepore process (nanometer-particle analyzer)","pk":"track-etched-pore","b":"pulse height proportional to particle volume; sizes read relative to 109 nm latex standard spheres","er":"concentrations near 1e9 to 1e11 per ml measured in a few minutes; practical lower count limit near 5e7 viruses per ml","pu":"sizing and counting virions in their hydrated state","no":"First report of viruses sized one by one with a resistive-pulse pore. Viruses above about 60 nm in diameter are sized to a few nanometers; concentration accuracy near 15%. Full text PDF not reachable (see failures log). Also summarized in Yang and Yamamoto 2016 Front Microbiol (PMC5031608). Gyurcsanyi RE 2026 Chimia 80:487-493 (doi 10.2533/chimia.2026.487) calls this the first report of resistive pulse sensing of viruses and states the pore was about 400 nm in diameter and cylindrical, isolated by blocking all but one pore of an otherwise highly porous track-etched membrane.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:196107&resultType=core&format=json","an":"simian sarcoma virus","de":"type C oncornavirus","id":"viruses-0002"},{"a":149,"y":1977,"au":"Singer JJ, Fay FS","t":"Detection of contraction of isolated smooth muscle cells in suspension","j":"The American journal of physiology","vp":"232:C138-43","doi":"10.1152/ajpcell.1977.232.3.c138","pmid":"402820","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"pulse height related to cell cross-sectional area (square of diameter)","dt":"pulse duration related to cell length; contraction shifts toward shorter pulses","sn":"pulse-duration and pulse-height histograms; pulse-height shifts linear with cell length shifts from photomicrographs","pu":"contractile state of cell suspensions","no":"Singer and Fay used pulse duration to read cell length.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A402820+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"isolated smooth muscle cells from toad stomach muscularis (Bufo marinus)","id":"cells-0106"},{"a":150,"y":1977,"au":"Pomeroy MK","t":"Ultrastructural Changes during Swelling and Contraction of Mitochondria from Cold-hardened and Non-hardened Winter Wheat","j":"Plant physiology","vp":"59:250-255","doi":"10.1104/pp.59.2.250","pmid":"16659827","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"isomolar KCl; succinate-induced contraction","pu":"swelling and contraction volume changes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16659827+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"mitochondria from cold-hardened and non-hardened winter wheat seedlings","id":"cells-0116"},{"a":151,"y":1977,"au":"Gutsche W, Bruns G","t":"[Volumetric and cytologic investigations of cytolysis of ascites tumor cells provoked by triton X-100 (author's transl)]","j":"Archiv fur Geschwulstforschung","vp":"47:28-36","pmid":"68763","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/68763/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"volumetric particle counter aperture (electronic cell counting)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"volume distribution curves shift during Triton X-100 cytolysis","pu":"cytolysis kinetics by volume distribution","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A68763+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Zajdela ascites hepatoma cells (rat)","id":"cells-0072"},{"a":152,"y":1978,"au":"Ryall RL, Marshall VR","t":"A reappraisal of the Coulter Counter technique for measuring calcium oxalate crystal size","j":"Clinica Chimica Acta","vp":"83:99-107","doi":"10.1016/0009-8981(78)90212-7","pmid":"620472","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"counts taken at equal size increments (the earlier published method used constant threshold settings)","pu":"crystal size distribution for urolithiasis research","no":"Later: Ryall, Bagley and Marshall 1981 (Invest Urol 18:401, PMID 7203965) separated growth (volume) and aggregation (number) with the Coulter counter; Miyazawa et al. 1989 (PMID 2477580) counted crystals from rat kidney with a Coulter counter TA-II.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A620472+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Calcium oxalate crystals grown in vitro (crystal size measurement method), with a three-size latex mixture for validation","id":"earth_space_industry-0104"},{"a":153,"y":1978,"au":"Ryall RL, Marshall VR","t":"A reappraisal of the Coulter Counter technique for measuring calcium oxalate crystal size","j":"Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry","vp":"83:99-107","doi":"10.1016/0009-8981(78)90212-7","pmid":"620472","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(78)90212-7","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"crystal size distribution for kidney stone research","no":"modified method counts at equal size increments instead of constant thresholds; refers to an earlier published Coulter method for these crystals","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A620472+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"calcium oxalate crystals","de":"crystal size method; latex mixture of three sizes used to check resolution","id":"reviews_exotic-0030"},{"a":153,"y":1981,"au":"Ryall RL, Bagley CJ, Marshall VR","t":"Independent assessment of the growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals using the Coulter counter","j":"Investigative urology","vp":"18:401-405","pmid":"7203965","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"separate measures of crystal growth (total volume) and aggregation (change in crystal number)","no":"used to measure the inhibitory effect of normal human urine","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7203965+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"calcium oxalate seed crystals growing in metastable solution","id":"reviews_exotic-0031"},{"a":154,"y":1978,"au":"Toor EW, Evans DF, Cussler EL","t":"Cholesterol monohydrate growth in model bile solutions","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"75:6230-6234","doi":"10.1073/pnas.75.12.6230","pmid":"282639","url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.75.12.6230","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"bile salt, lecithin and small electrolytes; Ca and Mg accelerate, K inhibits growth","pu":"crystal growth rates relevant to gallstones","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A282639+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"cholesterol monohydrate crystals growing in model bile","id":"reviews_exotic-0034"},{"a":154,"y":1983,"au":"Whiting MJ, Watts JM","t":"Cholesterol crystal formation and growth in model bile solutions","j":"Journal of lipid research","vp":"24:861-868","doi":"10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37931-1","pmid":"6631220","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37931-1","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"sodium cholate, soybean phosphatidylcholine, 37 C","pu":"crystal growth as rise in total particle volume","no":"unseeded solutions blocked the aperture with large crystals","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6631220+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"cholesterol monohydrate crystals in seeded model bile","id":"reviews_exotic-0035"},{"a":155,"y":1978,"au":"Herbst JA","t":"Energy requirements for the fine grinding of coal in an attritor. Final report, September 1, 1977--August 31, 1978","j":"University of Utah report COO-4560-1","doi":"10.2172/6055562","url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6055562","pt":"report","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"product size distributions for grinding energy correlations (Charles-type energy-size equation)","no":"Ground coal for coal-oil and coal-water fuels; distinct from respirable coal mine dust recorded elsewhere.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.osti.gov/api/v1/records/6055562","an":"Coal fine-ground in an attritor (Lower Freeport soft coal and Montana Rosebud hard coal) in fuel oil and water slurries","id":"gap_industry-0021"},{"a":156,"y":1978,"au":"Ono F, Aoyama Y","t":"Conversion into o/w Emulsion of Cottonseed Oil Solubilized with Protein and Carbohydrate. Solubilization Phenomenon of Fats and Oils by Solid Components of Soy Sauce (Part 8)","j":"Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi","vp":"25:519-523","doi":"10.3136/nskkk1962.25.519","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model ZB, 30 um aperture tube and a second tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"30 um (the second tube size is cut off in the OCR text)","co":"0.005% sample in 0.85% NaCl electrolyte","pu":"oil droplet size of emulsions made from oil solubilizates","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/nskkk1962/25/9/25_9_519/_pdf","an":"Cottonseed oil droplets from a sucrose and polypeptone solubilizate diluted into an o/w emulsion","id":"gap_industry-0072"},{"a":157,"y":1978,"au":"Kopachik WJ, Gregg JH","t":"Cell contact-induced inhibition of division in Dictyostelium","j":"Journal of cell science","vp":"29:277-285","doi":"10.1242/jcs.29.1.277","pmid":"203600","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell division after contact-induced inhibition","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A203600+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Dictyostelium discoideum v12/M2","de":"strain v12/M2 and an aggregateless mutant","id":"microbes-0100"},{"a":158,"y":1978,"au":"Sjoblad RD, Chet I, Mitchell R","t":"Quantitative assay for algal chemotaxis","j":"Applied and environmental microbiology","vp":"36:847-850","doi":"10.1128/aem.36.6.847-850.1978","pmid":"32834","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"algal cell numbers in a quantitative chemotaxis assay (Lucite chambers)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A32834+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Dunaliella tertiolecta","id":"microbes-0077"},{"a":159,"y":1978,"au":"Chandra P, Chanana AD, Sipe CR, Cronkite EP","t":"Proliferation of human lymphocytes in culture : determination by measurement of nuclear volume and cell number","j":"Nouvelle revue francaise d'hematologie","vp":"20:545-555","pmid":"752148","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/752148/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter H4 system aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"volume-frequency curves","pu":"proliferation and blast transformation in culture","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A752148+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"unstimulated and PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes","id":"cells-0039"},{"a":160,"y":1978,"au":"DeBlois RW, Uzgiris EE, Cluxton DH, Mazzone HM","t":"Comparative measurements of size and polydispersity of several insect viruses.","j":"Analytical Biochemistry","vp":"90(1):273-288","doi":"10.1016/0003-2697(78)90032-5","pmid":"727469","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"submicron track-etched pore of the DeBlois resistive-pulse (nanoparticle) analyzer","pk":"track-etched-pore","pm":"polycarbonate film (Nuclepore-type)","fab":"track etching","pu":"sizing and polydispersity of insect viruses, compared with quasi-elastic light scattering and electron microscopy","no":"Described in Yang L, Yamamoto T 2016 Front Microbiol 7:1500 (PMC5031608), which lists Tipula iridescent virus and the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of the gypsy moth and the European pine sawfly as measured by the resistive-pulse technique and compared with light scattering and electron microscopy. No abstract in PubMed; ScienceDirect returned HTTP 403.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5031608/fullTextXML","an":"gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus","de":"nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar)","id":"viruses-0010"},{"a":161,"y":1978,"au":"Oshida K","t":"Basic Studies on Mayonnaise Manufacturing Part VI. Influences of emulsifying method on viscosity, stability of mayonnaise and diameter of dispersed globule","j":"Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi","vp":"25:66-72","doi":"10.3136/nskkk1962.25.66","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model ZB aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"measured following the method of Part V of the series","pu":"oil droplet size versus emulsifying method and stability","no":"Paper in Japanese with English summary.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/nskkk1962/25/2/25_2_66/_pdf","an":"Mayonnaise oil droplets (vacuum mixer and colloid mill preparations, 65 to 90 V/V% oil)","de":"mayonnaises with different salt, acetic acid and oil concentrations made by vacuum mixer or colloid mill; measured just after preparation and after 14 days at 5 C","id":"gap_industry-0030"},{"a":162,"y":1978,"au":"Seher JP, Adam G","t":"Dependence of cellular surface area on growth density of 3T3 and SV40-3T3 cells","j":"Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C, Biosciences","vp":"33:739-743","doi":"10.1515/znc-1978-9-1023","pmid":"216176","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"electrical (Coulter) volume","pu":"cell volume and surface area versus growth density","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A216176+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"3T3 cells (suspended)","id":"cells-0078"},{"a":163,"y":1978,"au":"DeBlois RW, Uzgiris EE, Cluxton DH, Mazzone HM","t":"Comparative measurements of size and polydispersity of several insect viruses.","j":"Analytical Biochemistry","vp":"90(1):273-288","doi":"10.1016/0003-2697(78)90032-5","pmid":"727469","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"submicron track-etched pore of the DeBlois resistive-pulse (nanoparticle) analyzer","pk":"track-etched-pore","pm":"polycarbonate film (Nuclepore-type)","fab":"track etching","pu":"sizing and polydispersity of insect viruses, compared with quasi-elastic light scattering and electron microscopy","no":"Described in Yang L, Yamamoto T 2016 Front Microbiol 7:1500 (PMC5031608), which lists Tipula iridescent virus and the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of the gypsy moth and the European pine sawfly as measured by the resistive-pulse technique and compared with light scattering and electron microscopy. No abstract in PubMed; ScienceDirect returned HTTP 403.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5031608/fullTextXML","an":"European pine sawfly nuclear polyhedrosis virus","de":"nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer)","id":"viruses-0011"},{"a":164,"y":1978,"au":"Steen HB, Lindmo T","t":"Cellular and nuclear volume during the cell cycle of NHIK 3025 cells","j":"Cell and tissue kinetics","vp":"11:69-81","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2184.1978.tb00876.x","pmid":"564239","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic sizing aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"approximately Gaussian nuclear volume peaks","pu":"nuclear volume through the cell cycle","no":"Nuclear volume grew faster than exponential during S phase.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A564239+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"nuclei of NHIK 3025 cells","id":"cells-0074"},{"a":165,"y":1978,"au":"Steen HB, Lindmo T","t":"Cellular and nuclear volume during the cell cycle of NHIK 3025 cells","j":"Cell and tissue kinetics","vp":"11:69-81","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2184.1978.tb00876.x","pmid":"564239","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic sizing aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"approximately Gaussian volume peaks, relative width at half maximum about 30%","pu":"cell and nuclear volume through the cell cycle","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A564239+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"NHIK 3025 cells (human cervix carcinoma line), synchronized","id":"cells-0073"},{"a":166,"y":1978,"au":"Neher E, Steinbach JH","t":"Local anaesthetics transiently block currents through single acetylcholine-receptor channels","j":"The Journal of physiology","vp":"277:153-176","doi":"10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012267","pmid":"306437","url":"https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012267","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel (frog muscle, extrajunctional)","sn":"square single-channel pulses are chopped into bursts of short pulses (flicker); burst length grows and pulse length falls with drug concentration","pu":"single-molecule kinetics of drug block inside a channel","no":"early discrete detection of single small molecules lodging in a protein pore (open-channel block), the same measurement later used for stochastic nanopore sensing; voltage dependence places the site inside the channel","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A306437+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"lidocaine derivative QX-222 blocking open acetylcholine receptor channels","id":"reviews_exotic-0102"},{"a":167,"y":1978,"au":"Neher E, Steinbach JH","t":"Local anaesthetics transiently block currents through single acetylcholine-receptor channels","j":"The Journal of physiology","vp":"277:153-176","doi":"10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012267","pmid":"306437","url":"https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012267","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel (frog muscle, extrajunctional)","pu":"single-channel open-channel block","no":"recorded alongside QX-222","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A306437+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"lidocaine derivative QX-314","id":"reviews_exotic-0103"},{"a":168,"y":1978,"au":"Cushman SW, Salans LB","t":"Determinations of adipose cell size and number in suspensions of isolated rat and human adipose cells","j":"Journal of lipid research","vp":"19:269-273","doi":"10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41567-6","pmid":"632689","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter electronic counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"adipose cell size and number","no":"The authors also measured isolated human adipose cells.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A632689+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"isolated rat epididymal adipose cells","de":"osmic acid-fixed isolated cells","id":"cells-0102"},{"a":169,"y":1978,"au":"Feuer BI, Uzgiris EE, DeBlois RW, Cluxton DH, Lenard J","t":"Length of glycoprotein spikes of vesicular stomatitis virus and Sindbis virus, measured in situ using quasi elastic light scattering and a resistive-pulse technique.","j":"Virology","vp":"90(1):156-161","doi":"10.1016/0042-6822(78)90344-6","pmid":"213892","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"submicron track-etched pore of the DeBlois resistive-pulse (nanoparticle) analyzer","pk":"track-etched-pore","pm":"polycarbonate film (Nuclepore-type)","fab":"track etching","pu":"virion sizing; resistive-pulse volume compared with light-scattering hydrodynamic size to estimate the length of the glycoprotein spikes","no":"Described in Yang L, Yamamoto T 2016 Front Microbiol 7:1500 (PMC5031608): the DeBlois group compared resistive-pulse sizes of Sindbis virus and vesicular stomatitis virus with light scattering and electron microscopy, with general agreement. No abstract in PubMed; publisher page not reachable. Pore type assumed to be the same Nuclepore-style pore as DeBlois and Wesley 1977, as in the secondary source.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5031608/fullTextXML","an":"Sindbis virus","de":"spike length study","id":"viruses-0008"},{"a":170,"y":1978,"au":"Seher JP, Adam G","t":"Dependence of cellular surface area on growth density of 3T3 and SV40-3T3 cells","j":"Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C, Biosciences","vp":"33:739-743","doi":"10.1515/znc-1978-9-1023","pmid":"216176","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"electrical (Coulter) volume","pu":"cell volume and surface area versus growth density","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A216176+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"SV40-transformed 3T3 cells (suspended)","id":"cells-0079"},{"a":171,"y":1978,"au":"DeBlois RW, Uzgiris EE, Cluxton DH, Mazzone HM","t":"Comparative measurements of size and polydispersity of several insect viruses.","j":"Analytical Biochemistry","vp":"90(1):273-288","doi":"10.1016/0003-2697(78)90032-5","pmid":"727469","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"submicron track-etched pore of the DeBlois resistive-pulse (nanoparticle) analyzer","pk":"track-etched-pore","pm":"polycarbonate film (Nuclepore-type)","fab":"track etching","pu":"sizing and polydispersity of insect viruses, compared with quasi-elastic light scattering and electron microscopy","no":"Described in Yang L, Yamamoto T 2016 Front Microbiol 7:1500 (PMC5031608), which lists Tipula iridescent virus and the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of the gypsy moth and the European pine sawfly as measured by the resistive-pulse technique and compared with light scattering and electron microscopy. No abstract in PubMed; ScienceDirect returned HTTP 403.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5031608/fullTextXML","an":"Tipula iridescent virus","id":"viruses-0009"},{"a":172,"y":1978,"au":"Brotherton J","t":"Biological assay of potential trichomonacides in vitro using a counter apparatus","j":"Arzneimittel-Forschung","vp":"28:1665-1672","pmid":"314804","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/314804/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"counting and sizing; only chlortetracycline and gramicidin increased mean cell size; ED50 of metronidazole about 5.12 fmol per cell","pu":"drug potency per cell (antimicrobial assay of trichomonacides)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A314804+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Trichomonas vaginalis","id":"microbes-0097"},{"a":173,"y":1978,"au":"Feuer BI, Uzgiris EE, DeBlois RW, Cluxton DH, Lenard J","t":"Length of glycoprotein spikes of vesicular stomatitis virus and Sindbis virus, measured in situ using quasi elastic light scattering and a resistive-pulse technique.","j":"Virology","vp":"90(1):156-161","doi":"10.1016/0042-6822(78)90344-6","pmid":"213892","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"submicron track-etched pore of the DeBlois resistive-pulse (nanoparticle) analyzer","pk":"track-etched-pore","pm":"polycarbonate film (Nuclepore-type)","fab":"track etching","pu":"virion sizing; resistive-pulse volume compared with light-scattering hydrodynamic size to estimate the length of the glycoprotein spikes","no":"Described in Yang L, Yamamoto T 2016 Front Microbiol 7:1500 (PMC5031608): the DeBlois group compared resistive-pulse sizes of Sindbis virus and vesicular stomatitis virus with light scattering and electron microscopy, with general agreement. No abstract in PubMed; publisher page not reachable. Pore type assumed to be the same Nuclepore-style pore as DeBlois and Wesley 1977, as in the secondary source.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5031608/fullTextXML","an":"vesicular stomatitis virus","de":"spike length study","id":"viruses-0007"},{"a":173,"y":2015,"au":"Akpinar F, Yin J","t":"Characterization of vesicular stomatitis virus populations by tunable resistive pulse sensing.","j":"Journal of virological methods","vp":"218:71-76","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.02.006","pmid":"25698465","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4673007/","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"NP100 tunable nanopore, 100 nm nominal, on a qViro instrument (Izon Science)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pm":"thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomeric membrane","pd":"100 nm nominal (NP100), stretched for free flow","fab":"pore punctured in a stretchable thermoplastic polyurethane membrane with a tungsten needle; size tuned by stretching","co":"minimum essential medium as electrolyte; 10 cm water pressure across the pore","er":"at least 5 particles/min targeted; linear range 1e7 to 1e10 particles/ml","sn":"1540 single-particle events gave the size distribution; calibrated against 100 nm carboxylated polystyrene beads","pu":"counting and sizing virus populations; total-to-infectious particle ratio","no":"TRPS counted about 50 times more broadly than TEM and more reproducibly. Total-to-infectious particle ratio 2.9 against a plaque assay, so roughly every third particle forms a plaque.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC4673007.1/PMC4673007.1.txt","an":"vesicular stomatitis virus","id":"viruses-0076"},{"a":174,"y":1979,"au":"Seale DB, Wassersug RJ","t":"Suspension feeding dynamics of anuran larvae related to their functional morphology","j":"Oecologia","vp":"39:259-272","doi":"10.1007/bf00345438","pmid":"28309170","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter system","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"algal concentrations for tadpole filtering rates","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A28309170+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Anabaena sphaerica","id":"microbes-0079"},{"a":175,"y":1979,"au":"Snell WJ, Roseman S","t":"Kinetics of adhesion and de-adhesion of Chlamydomonas gametes","j":"The Journal of biological chemistry","vp":"254:10820-10829","doi":"10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86595-x","pmid":"500610","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"aggregation measured as the loss of single-gamete counts; agreed with microscopy of cell fusion","pu":"adhesion and fusion kinetics of gametes by loss of single cells","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A500610+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Chlamydomonas reinhardi gametes","de":"mating type plus and minus gametes","id":"microbes-0078"},{"a":176,"y":1979,"au":"Seale DB, Wassersug RJ","t":"Suspension feeding dynamics of anuran larvae related to their functional morphology","j":"Oecologia","vp":"39:259-272","doi":"10.1007/bf00345438","pmid":"28309170","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter system","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"algal concentrations for tadpole filtering rates","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A28309170+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Chlorella pyrenoidosa","id":"microbes-0080"},{"a":177,"y":1979,"au":"McCave IN","t":"Diagnosis of Turbidites at Sites 386 and 387 by Particle-Counter Size Analysis of the Silt (2-40 um) Fraction","j":"Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, vol. 43","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.43.108.1979","pt":"report","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model T, 100 um orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um","co":"sample scraped into 0.4 um filtered 1% saline with Nonidet dispersant, 10 to 15 s ultrasound, passed through 63 um sieve; calgon used against flocculation","b":"pulses proportional to particle volume; 15 channels, each double the volume of the next; three attenuation settings (A = 392, 311...) combined into 41 points","pu":"grain size frequency curves to diagnose turbidites","no":"Aperture constant K = 5.51 for the 100 um tube. Full text PDF read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://deepseadrilling.org/43/volume/dsdp43_08.pdf","an":"Silt fraction (2 to 40 um) of Paleocene and Eocene siliceous turbidites and pelagic muds, DSDP Sites 386 and 387 (Bermuda Rise)","id":"earth_space_industry-0008"},{"a":178,"y":1979,"au":"Nomura T, Yamaguchi T","t":"Sintering Behavior and Powder Characteristics, I Characterization of alpha-Fe2O3 Powders","j":"Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy","vp":"26:244-249","doi":"10.2497/jjspm.26.244","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter, 30 um and 100 um orifices","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"30 um and 100 um","co":"powder ultrasonically dispersed in 0.1% NaCl; about 1e5 particles counted per measurement","pu":"particle size distribution compared with SEM primary size, Blaine and BET surface sizes, in a study of sintering","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract; the Coulter volume-mean size differed strongly from surface-area sizes because the Coulter counter measures dispersed agglomerates.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjspm1947/26/7/26_7_244/_pdf","an":"Hematite (alpha-Fe2O3) powders, eight commercial grades","de":"eight commercial alpha-Fe2O3 powders compared for aggregation state and sintering","id":"gap_industry-0027"},{"a":179,"y":1979,"au":"Grove GL","t":"Exfoliative cytological procedures as a nonintrusive method for dermatogerontological studies","j":"The Journal of investigative dermatology","vp":"73:67-69","doi":"10.1111/1523-1747.ep12532765","pmid":"376755","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter electronic cell counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"age-associated changes in horny cells","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A376755+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"horny cells (corneocytes) collected from the skin surface","de":"sticky slide and detergent scrub collection from young and old volunteers","id":"cells-0112"},{"a":180,"y":1979,"au":"Steen HB, Nielsen V","t":"Lymphocyte blastogenesis studied by volume spectroscopy","j":"Scandinavian journal of immunology","vp":"10:135-143","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3083.1979.tb03268.x","pmid":"115082","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"modified Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"nuclear and cellular volume spectroscopy during blastogenesis","no":"Average nuclear volume grew about 3-fold and cell volume about 4-fold before mitosis.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A115082+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"nuclei of human blood lymphocytes and monocytes (Con A-stimulated cultures)","id":"cells-0040"},{"a":181,"y":1979,"au":"Noro S, Takamura A, Koishi M","t":"Evaluation of Emulsion Stability. Effect of Tween Group Emulsifiers on Stability of o/w Type Emulsions","j":"Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin","vp":"27:309-316","doi":"10.1248/cpb.27.309","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"emulsion stability; droplet number peaked at HLB 10.0","no":"Abstract read on J-STAGE (the PDF has no text layer). A companion paper (CPB 27:2921) used liquid paraffin with blended Tween and Span emulsifiers and also measured with a Coulter counter.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb1958/27/2/27_2_309/_article","an":"Mineral oil-in-water emulsion droplets (45% oil, Tween and Span emulsifiers)","de":"o/w emulsions of a mineral oil made by agitation with commercial Tween-20, -21, -81, -85 and Span-20","id":"gap_industry-0055"},{"a":182,"y":1979,"au":"Hauss WH, Mey J, Schulte H","t":"Effect of risk factors and antirheumatic drugs on the proliferation of aortic wall cells","j":"Atherosclerosis","vp":"34:119-143","doi":"10.1016/0021-9150(79)90135-7","pmid":"229870","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell proliferation counts","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A229870+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"cultured aortic smooth muscle cells of minipigs","id":"cells-0150"},{"a":183,"y":1979,"au":"Wood DE, Smrkovski LL, McConnell E, Pacheco ND, Bawden MP","t":"The use of membrane screen filters in the isolation of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites from mosquitos","j":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization","vp":"57 Suppl 1:69-74","pmid":"120775","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/120775/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle counts of sporozoite isolations from mosquitoes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A120775+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Plasmodium berghei sporozoites","de":"sporozoites isolated from mosquito hosts","id":"microbes-0060"},{"a":184,"y":1979,"au":"Hauss WH, Mey J, Schulte H","t":"Effect of risk factors and antirheumatic drugs on the proliferation of aortic wall cells","j":"Atherosclerosis","vp":"34:119-143","doi":"10.1016/0021-9150(79)90135-7","pmid":"229870","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell proliferation counts","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A229870+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"cultured aortic smooth muscle cells of Wistar rats","id":"cells-0149"},{"a":185,"y":1979,"au":"Valet G, Fischer B, Sundergeld A, Hanser G, Kachel V, Ruhenstroth-Bauer G","t":"Simultaneous flow cytometric DNA and volume measurements of bone marrow cells as sensitive indicator of abnormal proliferation patterns in rat leukemias","j":"The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society","vp":"27:398-403","doi":"10.1177/27.1.374601","pmid":"374601","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"flow cytometer with electrical volume sensing and DNA fluorescence","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"three nucleated cell populations with different mean volume","pu":"two-parameter DNA and volume analysis in rat leukemias (L5222, Shay, BNML)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A374601+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"normal rat bone marrow cells (three volume populations)","id":"cells-0157"},{"a":186,"y":1979,"au":"Nash GB, Tatham PE, Powell T, Twist VW, Speller RD, Loverock LT","t":"Size measurements on isolated rat heart cells using Coulter analysis and light scatter flow cytometry","j":"Biochimica et biophysica acta","vp":"587:99-III","doi":"10.1016/0304-4165(79)90224-1","pmid":"114233","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"pulse height distributions with two populations separated by subtraction of digitonin-treated (round-cell) data","sn":"shape factor for cells aligned with flow computed from light microscopy; orientation effects in the aperture assessed","pu":"cell volume of intact myocytes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A114233+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes (rod-shaped viable and round damaged cells)","id":"cells-0105"},{"a":187,"y":1980,"au":"Yamada K","t":"アルミン酸ソーダ溶液からの水酸化アルミニウム析出反応中の核発生および凝集 (Nucleation and agglomeration during crystallization of aluminum trihydroxide in sodium aluminate solution)","j":"Keikinzoku (Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals)","vp":"30:720-726","doi":"10.2464/jilm.30.720","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model B, 50 um and 280 um aperture tubes","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"50 um (below 25 um fraction) and 280 um (above 25 um fraction)","co":"washed, dried product wet-sieved at 25 um; the two fractions measured with different tubes and combined","pu":"crystal number before and after crystallization (Bayer-type precipitation kinetics)","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract. Related to the Bayer-process alumina slurry recorded elsewhere, but here the analyte is the precipitated trihydroxide crystal.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jilm1951/30/12/30_12_720/_pdf","an":"Aluminium trihydroxide crystals precipitated from sodium aluminate solution (seeded crystallization)","de":"seeded precipitation at different NaOH and alumina concentrations, temperatures and seed amounts; crystal number change from nucleation and agglomeration","id":"gap_industry-0093"},{"a":187,"y":2024,"au":"Cao H, Jiang YF, Meng Q, Pai J, Wang X","t":"Online measurement of particle size distribution in alumina with Electrical Sensing Zone method in Bayer Process","j":"Powder Technology","vp":"436:119478","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2024.119478","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electrical sensing zone aperture (online instrument)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"online particle size distribution in an alumina refinery","no":"Evidence is the bibliographic record title (no abstract available in Crossref or Semantic Scholar; publisher page not fetched); the title states the electrical sensing zone measurement.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/graph/v1/paper/DOI:10.1016/j.powtec.2024.119478?fields=title,year,authors,abstract","an":"Alumina (aluminium hydroxide) particles in Bayer process slurry, measured online","id":"earth_space_industry-0118"},{"a":188,"y":1980,"au":"Oba R, Kim K, Niitsuma H, Ikohagi T, Sato R","t":"Cavitation Nuclei Measurements by a Newly Made Coulter Counter without Adding Salt into Water","j":"TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Series B","vp":"46:1485-1492","doi":"10.1299/kikaib.46.1485","url":"https://doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.46.1485","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"newly built Coulter counter for low-conductivity water","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"no salt added to the water","pu":"cavitation nuclei measurement for hydrodynamics","no":"article in Japanese; citation only (no abstract available to us); the title states the analyte and the Coulter measurement; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1299/kikaib.46.1485","an":"cavitation nuclei in water measured without adding salt","id":"reviews_exotic-0177"},{"a":189,"y":1980,"au":"Johnson TS, Bain E, Raju MR, Martin JC","t":"Correlation of the growth of Chinese hamster V279-17lb multicellular spheroids with cytokinetic parameters","j":"Cytometry","vp":"1:65-70","doi":"10.1002/cyto.990010113","pmid":"7273964","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter-type aperture tube for electronic volume measurement of whole spheroids","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"spheroid growth curves over 21 days","no":"The authors recovered the spheroids from the aperture tube after sizing and dissociated them for single-cell volume and DNA measurements.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7273964+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Chinese hamster V79 (V279-17lb) multicellular spheroids","id":"cells-0075"},{"a":190,"y":1980,"au":"Pilwat G, Hampp R, Zimmermann U","t":"Electrical field effects induced in membranes of developing chloroplasts","j":"Planta","vp":"147:396-404","doi":"10.1007/bf00380179","pmid":"24311160","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00380179","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"hydrodynamically focusing Coulter Counter orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"dielectric breakdown voltage of envelope membranes","no":"breakdown voltage falls to about 0.9 V in chloroplasts after 48 h light; size underestimated by about 20% beyond breakdown","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24311160+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"etiochloroplasts and chloroplasts of Avena sativa","de":"etiochloroplasts and chloroplasts after up to 48 h illumination","id":"reviews_exotic-0023"},{"a":191,"y":1980,"au":"Pilwat G, Hampp R, Zimmermann U","t":"Electrical field effects induced in membranes of developing chloroplasts","j":"Planta","vp":"147:396-404","doi":"10.1007/bf00380179","pmid":"24311160","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00380179","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"hydrodynamically focusing Coulter Counter orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","v":"field strength raised in the orifice; sizing linear up to about 3.5 kV/cm","b":"size underestimated above dielectric breakdown","pu":"dielectric breakdown voltage of envelope membranes","no":"breakdown voltage 1.2 V for etioplasts","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24311160+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"etioplasts of Avena sativa","de":"Percoll purified; dark-grown oat","id":"reviews_exotic-0022"},{"a":192,"y":1980,"au":"Zimmermann U, Groves M, Schnabl H, Pilwat G","t":"Development of a new Coulter counter system: measurement of the volume, internal conductivity, and dielectric breakdown voltage of a single guard cell protoplast of Vicia faba","j":"The Journal of Membrane Biology","vp":"52:37-50","doi":"10.1007/BF01869004","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"new Coulter counter system (Zimmermann laboratory) with field-dependent sizing","pk":"coulter-aperture","v":"orifice field raised to dielectric breakdown","b":"volume, internal conductivity and dielectric breakdown voltage of single protoplasts","pu":"electrical characterization of single plant protoplasts","no":"Crossref supplied the bibliographic data. The title describes the measurement, and Rodrigues et al. 2025 (Plant Methods 21:157, doi 10.1186/s13007-025-01474-6) cite it as Coulter counter work on plant protoplasts.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12699896/fullTextXML","an":"single guard cell protoplasts of Vicia faba","de":"Vicia faba guard cells","id":"cells-0264"},{"a":193,"y":1980,"au":"Kudo T, Hayashi H","t":"Particle Size Determination of Powdered Foods","j":"Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan","vp":"17:129-136","doi":"10.4164/sptj.17.129","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model B aperture (280 um tube used for pollen calibration)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"non-aqueous electrolyte 4% ammonium thiocyanate in isopropyl alcohol, chosen because milk powders dissolve in saline; samples pre-classified by sieving because one aperture covers only 2 to 40% of its diameter; coincidence correction kept under 10%","pu":"particle size of water-soluble food powders, compared with microscopy, light transmission sedimentation and sieving","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract; the authors note the Coulter counter measured fish meat powder easily where sedimentation and sieving could not.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sptj1978/17/3/17_3_129/_pdf","an":"Fish meat powder particles","id":"gap_industry-0037"},{"a":194,"y":1980,"au":"Stanley JR, Foidart JM, Murray JC, Martin GR, Katz SI","t":"The epidermal cell which selectively adheres to a collagen substrate is the basal cell","j":"The Journal of investigative dermatology","vp":"74:54-58","doi":"10.1111/1523-1747.ep12514618","pmid":"6985946","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic volume measurement aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"identifying small round basal cells that adhere to collagen","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6985946+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"epidermal cell suspensions from guinea pig skin (basal and flat cells)","id":"cells-0253"},{"a":195,"y":1980,"au":"Sarkar S, Chang HC, Porreco RP, Jones OW","t":"Neural origin of cells in amniotic fluid","j":"American journal of obstetrics and gynecology","vp":"136:67-72","doi":"10.1016/0002-9378(80)90566-9","pmid":"7352489","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter volume measurement aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell volume of rapidly adhering cells (about twice normal) in neural tube defect pregnancies","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7352489+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"amniotic fluid cells (including rapidly adhering glial-like cells)","id":"cells-0252"},{"a":196,"y":1980,"au":"El-Awar N, Terasaki PI, Perdue S, Cicciarelli J, Mickey MR","t":"Discrimination of T, B, and null lymphocytes by electronic sizing","j":"Tissue antigens","vp":"15:346-360","doi":"10.1111/j.1399-0039.1980.tb00195.x","pmid":"6451046","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture with size analysis","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size discrimination of lymphocyte subsets","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6451046+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human B lymphocytes","id":"cells-0028"},{"a":197,"y":1980,"au":"El-Awar N, Terasaki PI, Perdue S, Cicciarelli J, Mickey MR","t":"Discrimination of T, B, and null lymphocytes by electronic sizing","j":"Tissue antigens","vp":"15:346-360","doi":"10.1111/j.1399-0039.1980.tb00195.x","pmid":"6451046","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture with size analysis","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size discrimination of blood leukocyte subsets","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6451046+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human granulocytes","id":"cells-0030"},{"a":198,"y":1980,"au":"El-Awar N, Terasaki PI, Perdue S, Cicciarelli J, Mickey MR","t":"Discrimination of T, B, and null lymphocytes by electronic sizing","j":"Tissue antigens","vp":"15:346-360","doi":"10.1111/j.1399-0039.1980.tb00195.x","pmid":"6451046","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture with size analysis","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size discrimination of lymphocyte subsets","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6451046+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human null lymphocytes (non-T, non-B)","id":"cells-0029"},{"a":199,"y":1980,"au":"El-Awar N, Terasaki PI, Perdue S, Cicciarelli J, Mickey MR","t":"Discrimination of T, B, and null lymphocytes by electronic sizing","j":"Tissue antigens","vp":"15:346-360","doi":"10.1111/j.1399-0039.1980.tb00195.x","pmid":"6451046","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture with size analysis","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size discrimination of lymphocyte subsets","no":"The same paper reports Coulter diameters of 6.42 um for B cells, 6.76 um for T cells, 7.16 um for null cells, 8.42 um for granulocytes and 9.02 um for monocytes.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6451046+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human T lymphocytes (sheep red cell rosetting)","id":"cells-0027"},{"a":200,"y":1980,"au":"Kudo T, Hayashi H","t":"Particle Size Determination of Powdered Foods","j":"Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan","vp":"17:129-136","doi":"10.4164/sptj.17.129","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model B aperture (280 um tube used for pollen calibration)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"non-aqueous electrolyte 4% ammonium thiocyanate in isopropyl alcohol, chosen because milk powders dissolve in saline; samples pre-classified by sieving because one aperture covers only 2 to 40% of its diameter; coincidence correction kept under 10%","pu":"particle size of water-soluble food powders, compared with microscopy, light transmission sedimentation and sieving","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract; frequency distributions of instant cocoa and instant skim milk shown.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sptj1978/17/3/17_3_129/_pdf","an":"Instant cocoa powder particles","id":"gap_industry-0036"},{"a":201,"y":1980,"au":"Honma S, Abe K, Ito T","t":"Age- and sex-related changes of peritoneal free cells in mice: quantitative morphologic study","j":"Archivum histologicum Japonicum = Nihon soshikigaku kiroku","vp":"43:127-139","doi":"10.1679/aohc1950.43.127","pmid":"7416914","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture with Channelyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"size distribution with three populations","pu":"cell number and size with age and sex","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7416914+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"mouse peritoneal free cells (small lymphocytes, medium mononuclear cells, macrophages)","id":"cells-0099"},{"a":202,"y":1980,"au":"Sanderson RJ, Rulon K, Groeneboer EG, Talmage DW","t":"The response of murine splenic lymphocytes to concanavalin A and to co-stimulator","j":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)","vp":"124:207-214","doi":"10.4049/jimmunol.124.1.207","pmid":"7350227","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture with Channelizer","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"volume spectra of responding cells","pu":"blastogenesis and mitogenesis assay","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7350227+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"murine splenic lymphocytes and concanavalin A blasts","id":"cells-0155"},{"a":202,"y":1986,"au":"Thurn AL, Underhill CB","t":"Heparin-induced aggregation of lymphoid cells","j":"Journal of cellular physiology","vp":"126:352-358","doi":"10.1002/jcp.1041260305","pmid":"2419346","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"aggregation assay by loss of single cells","no":"Heparin and dextran sulfate made the splenocytes aggregate.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2419346+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"freshly isolated mouse splenocytes","id":"cells-0085"},{"a":202,"y":2013,"au":"Liu J, Bombera R, Leroy L, Roupioz Y, Baganizi DR, Marche PN, et al.","t":"Selective individual primary cell capture using locally bio-functionalized micropores","j":"PloS one","vp":"8:e57717","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0057717","pmid":"23469221","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"antibody-functionalized silicon micropore","pm":"10 um thick silicon membrane","pd":"15 um","pl":"10 um","fab":"inner wall coated by contactless electro-functionalization with polypyrrole-ODN and ODN-antibody conjugates","pu":"selective capture of B or T cells during translocation","no":"The authors validated resistive pulses with ODN-coated beads and identified cells by their capture in the pore. The category follows the thin inorganic (Si) membrane, though the pore is micron-sized.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A23469221+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"B and T lymphocytes from mouse splenocytes","id":"cells-0130"},{"a":203,"y":1980,"au":"Finch RA, Evans IM, Bosmann HB","t":"Chemical carcinogen in vitro testing: a method for sizing cell nuclei in the nuclear enlargement assay","j":"Toxicology","vp":"15:145-154","doi":"10.1016/0300-483x(80)90008-6","pmid":"6990552","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(80)90008-6","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter with Channelyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"sizing nuclear volume as a carcinogen screen","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6990552+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"cell nuclei in the nuclear enlargement assay","id":"reviews_exotic-0029"},{"a":204,"y":1980,"au":"Pilwat G, Hampp R, Zimmermann U","t":"Electrical field effects induced in membranes of developing chloroplasts","j":"Planta","vp":"147:396-404","doi":"10.1007/bf00380179","pmid":"24311160","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"hydrodynamically focusing Coulter Counter orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","pg":"hydrodynamically focused orifice","v":"orifice field raised beyond 3.5 kV/cm","b":"resistance change tracks plastid size up to about 3.5 kV/cm; size underestimated 20 to 40% beyond envelope breakdown","sn":"envelope breakdown voltage falls from 1.2 V (etioplasts) to about 0.9 V (chloroplasts after 48 h light)","pu":"dielectric breakdown of plastid envelopes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24311160+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"oat etioplasts, etiochloroplasts and chloroplasts (Percoll-purified)","de":"Avena sativa developmental series","id":"cells-0115"},{"a":205,"y":1980,"au":"Folger RL","t":"238Pu fuel form processes. Bimonthly report, September-October 1979","j":"Savannah River Laboratory report DPST-79-128-9/10","doi":"10.2172/5719404","url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5719404","pt":"report","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"powder characterization for General-Purpose Heat Source fuel pellets","no":"Earliest PuO2 Coulter counter sizing found; abstract only names Coulter Counter particle size analysis and SEM.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.osti.gov/api/v1/records/5719404","an":"Plutonium dioxide powders from LASL (as-received, oxygen-exchanged and ball-milled)","id":"gap_industry-0018"},{"a":205,"y":1984,"au":"Burney GA, Smith PK","t":"Controlled PuO2 particle size from Pu(III) oxalate precipitation","j":"Savannah River Laboratory report DP-1689","doi":"10.2172/6141411","url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6141411","pt":"report","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter, 30 um and 140 um apertures","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"30 um and 140 um","co":"ultrasonically dispersed slurries in Isoton (saline electrolyte from Coulter Electronics); accuracy checked with calibrated latex spheres and SEM; population measurable from 0.6 to 140 um","pu":"relating precipitation variables to powder particle size for reproducible pellet fabrication","no":"Mass mode size used for correlations. An earlier Savannah River bimonthly report (Folger 1980, DOI 10.2172/5719404) also sized LASL PuO2 powders by Coulter counter.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6141411","an":"Plutonium dioxide (PuO2) powder calcined from Pu(III) oxalate (feed for 238PuO2 heat-source pellets)","de":"calcination kept the lath morphology and size distribution of the precipitated oxalate","id":"gap_industry-0016"},{"a":206,"y":1980,"au":"Kudo T, Hayashi H","t":"Particle Size Determination of Powdered Foods","j":"Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan","vp":"17:129-136","doi":"10.4164/sptj.17.129","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model B aperture (280 um tube used for pollen calibration)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"non-aqueous electrolyte 4% ammonium thiocyanate in isopropyl alcohol, chosen because milk powders dissolve in saline; samples pre-classified by sieving because one aperture covers only 2 to 40% of its diameter; coincidence correction kept under 10%","pu":"particle size of water-soluble food powders, compared with microscopy, light transmission sedimentation and sieving","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract. Ragweed, pecan (hickory) and corn pollens were calibration standards; Coulter's stated pollen sizes were for saline, where the grains swell.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sptj1978/17/3/17_3_129/_pdf","an":"Pecan pollen (Carya, hickory) used as a size standard","id":"gap_industry-0038"},{"a":207,"y":1980,"au":"Kudo T, Hayashi H","t":"Particle Size Determination of Powdered Foods","j":"Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan","vp":"17:129-136","doi":"10.4164/sptj.17.129","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model B aperture (280 um tube used for pollen calibration)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"non-aqueous electrolyte 4% ammonium thiocyanate in isopropyl alcohol, chosen because milk powders dissolve in saline; samples pre-classified by sieving because one aperture covers only 2 to 40% of its diameter; coincidence correction kept under 10%","pu":"particle size of water-soluble food powders, compared with microscopy, light transmission sedimentation and sieving","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract; calibration standard in the non-aqueous electrolyte, size corrected as for pecan pollen.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sptj1978/17/3/17_3_129/_pdf","an":"Corn pollen used as a size standard","id":"gap_industry-0039"},{"a":208,"y":1980,"au":"Kudo T, Hayashi H","t":"Particle Size Determination of Powdered Foods","j":"Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan","vp":"17:129-136","doi":"10.4164/sptj.17.129","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model B aperture (280 um tube used for pollen calibration)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"non-aqueous electrolyte 4% ammonium thiocyanate in isopropyl alcohol, chosen because milk powders dissolve in saline; samples pre-classified by sieving because one aperture covers only 2 to 40% of its diameter; coincidence correction kept under 10%","pu":"particle size of water-soluble food powders, compared with microscopy, light transmission sedimentation and sieving","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract, from the Snow Brand Milk Products research laboratory. Coulter and microscope results for classified skim milk powder agreed well. Whole milk powder and cream powder were also listed as samples.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sptj1978/17/3/17_3_129/_pdf","an":"Skim milk powder particles (spray-dried, sieve-classified fractions; also instant agglomerated skim milk and cyclone-escaped fines)","id":"gap_industry-0035"},{"a":209,"y":1980,"au":"Wass JA, Varani J, Ward PA","t":"Size increase induced in Walker ascites cells by chemotactic factors","j":"Cancer letters","vp":"9:313-318","doi":"10.1016/0304-3835(80)90023-3","pmid":"7397684","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"count drop with about 20% increase in mean cell volume","pu":"swelling response to chemotactic factors","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7397684+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells","id":"cells-0070"},{"a":210,"y":1981,"au":"Shimizu M, Kamiya T, Yamauchi K","t":"The Adsorption of Whey Proteins on the Surface of Emulsified Fat","j":"Agricultural and Biological Chemistry","vp":"45:2491-2496","doi":"10.1271/bbb1961.45.2491","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA II aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"emulsions diluted with saline; Coulter analyses run at Kao Soap research laboratories","pu":"fat globule surface area for protein adsorption (2 to 3 mg/m2 tightly adsorbed protein)","no":"Paper in English.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb1961/45/11/45_11_2491/_pdf","an":"Coconut oil emulsion fat globules stabilized by whey proteins (emulsified at pH 3 to 9)","de":"coconut oil emulsified with whey proteins; globule size distribution used to compute fat surface area and adsorbed protein per m2","id":"gap_industry-0047"},{"a":211,"y":1981,"au":"Thibodeaux DP, Baril A","t":"Laboratory Techniques for Predicting Cotton-Dust Residues in Open-End Spinning","j":"Textile Research Journal","vp":"51:688-695","doi":"10.1177/004051758105101102","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"dust dispersed in methanol after ultrasonic washing of small cotton tufts (electrolyte not stated in abstract)","pu":"particle-size distribution and total volume concentration of cotton dust; prediction of rotor dust and airborne dust","no":"Later work: Parnell et al. 1986 (Environ Health Perspect 66:167, PMID 3709480) measured cotton dust by genotype with a Coulter Counter Model TAII (MCPSD technique).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3AIND81115680&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Microdust in lint cotton, ultrasonically washed into methanol","id":"earth_space_industry-0047"},{"a":212,"y":1981,"au":"Müller HG","t":"Use of an electronic particle counter to determine the number of young Daphnia magna in ecotoxicological reproduction tests","j":"Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology","vp":"27:440-441","doi":"10.1007/BF01611045","pmid":"7306708","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01611045","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting offspring in ecotoxicology reproduction tests","no":"a whole multicellular animal counted electronically; PubMed citation only (no abstract); the title states the analyte and the electronic counting method; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=7306708","an":"young Daphnia magna in reproduction tests","id":"reviews_exotic-0112"},{"a":213,"y":1981,"au":"Allen BV","t":"Method for the automation of equine differential leucocyte counts","j":"Equine veterinary journal","vp":"13:115-118","doi":"10.1111/j.2042-3306.1981.tb04133.x","pmid":"7250102","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture with Channelyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"leukocyte volume distribution curves classified into neutrophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil populations","pu":"automated equine differential leucocyte count","no":"The method also counted polymorphonuclear neutrophils and lymphocytes, classifying about 16,000 leucocytes per sample.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7250102+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"equine eosinophils (volume-classified)","id":"cells-0183"},{"a":214,"y":1981,"au":"Chapman EH, Kurec AS, Davey FR","t":"Cell volumes of normal and malignant mononuclear cells","j":"Journal of clinical pathology","vp":"34:1083-1090","doi":"10.1136/jcp.34.10.1083","pmid":"6975780","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model H4 Channelyzer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell volume comparison with normal T, B and monocytes","no":"CLL cells were smaller on average than normal B cells.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6975780+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"chronic lymphocytic leukaemia lymphocytes","id":"cells-0035"},{"a":215,"y":1981,"au":"Hurd ER, Hashimoto Y","t":"Human neutrophil swelling induced by immune complexes and aggregated IgG","j":"Inflammation","vp":"5:213-222","doi":"10.1007/bf00914445","pmid":"7028625","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"swelling induced by immune complexes and aggregated IgG","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7028625+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human neutrophils (PMN)","id":"cells-0156"},{"a":215,"y":1984,"au":"Grinstein S, Goetz JD, Furuya W, Rothstein A, Gelfand EW","t":"Amiloride-sensitive Na+-H+ exchange in platelets and leukocytes: detection by electronic cell sizing","j":"The American journal of physiology","vp":"247:C293-8","doi":"10.1152/ajpcell.1984.247.3.c293","pmid":"6089580","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic cell sizing aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"Na-propionate media, with and without amiloride","pu":"volume change readout of Na+/H+ exchange","no":"The authors also sized platelets, lymphocytes, monocytes and B, T and macrophage cell lines.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6089580+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human neutrophils","id":"cells-0038"},{"a":215,"y":1990,"au":"Frank RS, Tsai MA","t":"The behavior of human neutrophils during flow through capillary pores","j":"Journal of biomechanical engineering","vp":"112:277-282","doi":"10.1115/1.2891185","pmid":"2214709","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"single capillary-sized pore in a polycarbonate membrane","pk":"track-etched-pore","pm":"polycarbonate membrane","co":"aspiration pressures 200 to 1500 Pa","dt":"pore passage time measured per cell; linear pressure-flow relation","pu":"deformability (passage time through capillary-sized pore)","no":"Micropipette aspiration of whole cells gave a higher viscosity (134.9 Pa.s).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2214709+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human neutrophils","id":"cells-0123"},{"a":216,"y":1981,"au":"Chapman EH, Kurec AS, Davey FR","t":"Cell volumes of normal and malignant mononuclear cells","j":"Journal of clinical pathology","vp":"34:1083-1090","doi":"10.1136/jcp.34.10.1083","pmid":"6975780","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model H4 Channelyzer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell volume and lymphoma classification","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6975780+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells","id":"cells-0036"},{"a":217,"y":1981,"au":"Sapigni T, Montanari U, Sarti G","t":"[Semi-automatic determination of the variations in volume of LS fibroblasts grown in the presence of saccharose]","j":"Bollettino della Societa italiana di biologia sperimentale","vp":"57:361-366","pmid":"7236415","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7236415/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter ZBI counter aperture with P64 pulse height analyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"pulse height spectra recorded per channel; mean volume, skewness and kurtosis computed","pu":"cell volume after sucrose-induced vacuolation","no":"Cell volume rose 87.2% in 0.08 M sucrose.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7236415+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"LS fibroblasts grown in suspension (with sucrose)","id":"cells-0081"},{"a":218,"y":1981,"au":"Simmons NL","t":"The action of ouabain upon chloride secretion in cultured MDCK epithelium","j":"Biochimica et biophysica acta","vp":"646:243-250","doi":"10.1016/0005-2736(81)90330-8","pmid":"7295716","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell number and volume to compute intracellular Na+ and K+","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7295716+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"MDCK epithelial cells","id":"cells-0083"},{"a":219,"y":1981,"au":"Deschênes J, Valet JP, Marceau N","t":"The relationship between cell volume, ploidy. and functional activity in differentiating hepatocytes","j":"Cell biophysics","vp":"3:321-334","doi":"10.1007/bf02785117","pmid":"6175418","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell volume versus ploidy and differentiation","no":"Wanson et al. 1973 (Arch Int Physiol Biochim 81:397) reported size distributions of isolated rat liver parenchymal cells (title only seen).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6175418+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"isolated rat hepatocytes fractionated by velocity sedimentation (1 day to 12 weeks of age)","id":"cells-0107"},{"a":220,"y":1981,"au":"Motai H, Ishiyama T, Matsumoto E","t":"Physico-Chemical Analysis of Coagulation and Precipitation of Shoyu Sediment Formed by Heating","j":"Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi","vp":"55:325-331","doi":"10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.55.325","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model ZB aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"15 mL soy sauce dispersed in 250 mL of 5% NaCl electrolyte; size range 0.79 to 12.6 um","pu":"relating sediment particle size and density to settling during pasteurization","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract (Kikkoman Central Research Laboratories); membrane filtration results agreed with the Coulter counter.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/nogeikagaku1924/55/4/55_4_325/_pdf","an":"Shoyu (soy sauce) pasteurization sediment (hiire-ori) particles","de":"proteinaceous sediment formed when raw soy sauce is heated, sampled from factory pasteurization tanks","id":"gap_industry-0050"},{"a":221,"y":1982,"au":"Suezawa Y","t":"[Fundamental studies on barium meals for the double contrast method, especially on particle size using Coulter counter]","j":"Nihon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai zasshi. Nippon acta radiologica","vp":"42:749-761","pmid":"7155819","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size of barium meals","no":"article in Japanese; PubMed citation only (no abstract); the title states the analyte and the electronic counting method; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=7155819","an":"barium sulfate meal particles for double-contrast radiography","id":"reviews_exotic-0113"},{"a":222,"y":1982,"au":"Fujimoto M, Nakamura T, Muraoka E","t":"Binapacryl の懸濁製剤化とその物理的安定性 (Preparation of Binapacryl Suspension Concentrates and Their Physical Stability; Studies on Pesticidal Suspension Concentrates, Part 3)","j":"Journal of Pesticide Science","vp":"7:499-506","doi":"10.1584/jpestics.7.499","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA-II, 50 um aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"50 um","co":"Isoton II electrolyte; channels 2 to 15 active; compared with photosedimentometer and Andreasen pipette","pu":"particle size of the active ingredient as a stability index of a pesticide suspension concentrate","no":"Paper in Japanese with Japanese abstract; earliest of the authors' binapacryl series (a 1983 follow-up in J Soc Powder Technol Japan is also recorded). Authors 藤本昌彦, 中村利家, 村岡悦子.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jpestics1975/7/4/7_4_499/_pdf","an":"Binapacryl particles in wet-milled aqueous suspension concentrates (pesticide)","de":"wet-milled binapacryl suspension concentrates; particle growth above 30 C by sintering-type aggregation; growth suppressed by adding a little finely ground water-insoluble resin","id":"gap_industry-0085"},{"a":222,"y":1983,"au":"Fujimoto M, Nakamura T, Muraoka E","t":"The Particle Growth Mechanism of Binapacryl in Aqueous Suspensions","j":"Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan","vp":"20:416-422","doi":"10.4164/sptj.20.416","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA-II aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"measurement conditions as in the authors' previous report (Studies on Pesticidal Suspension Concentrates, part 5)","pu":"following particle growth (sintering-type aggregation) of a pesticide suspension during storage","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract; the abstract states the size distribution was monitored by Coulter counter TA-II.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sptj1978/20/7/20_7_416/_pdf","an":"Binapacryl particles in aqueous suspension concentrate (pesticide)","de":"technical grade binapacryl (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenyl 3-methylcrotonate, acaricide, purity above 98%, mp 65.5 C) wet-milled and classified to 1 to 8 um, 15% w/w in 0.2% calcium lignosulfonate, stored at constant temperatures","id":"gap_industry-0004"},{"a":223,"y":1982,"au":"Bell DJ, Heywood-Waddington D, Hoare M, Dunnill P","t":"The density of protein precipitates and its effect on centrifugal sedimentation","j":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering","vp":"24:127-141","doi":"10.1002/bit.260240111","pmid":"18546105","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"Coulter volume captured about 80% of total aggregate volume for 6 um aggregates (porous aggregates read small)","pu":"aggregate volume and size distribution compared with centrifugal sedimentation; density-size relation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A18546105+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Casein precipitate aggregates formed with ammonium sulfate","id":"earth_space_industry-0160"},{"a":224,"y":1982,"au":"村田芳治, 山川浩, 奥本茂, 川上泰伸, 今井隆之","t":"2次核の発生と成長過程について (Occurrence and Growth of Secondary Nuclei)","j":"Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu","vp":"8:261-265","doi":"10.1252/kakoronbunshu.8.261","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"secondary nuclei generated from a suspended parent crystal (10 to 20 mm) in an agitated supersaturated solution; population density and number distribution followed with time","pu":"secondary nucleation and growth rate dispersion in crystallization","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract (Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology); authors given in Japanese. For CuSO4.5H2O the cumulative curve change came from particles growing slower than average; a minimum size for secondary nuclei was found.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kakoronbunshu1975/8/3/8_3_261/_pdf","an":"Copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) secondary nuclei crystals","id":"gap_industry-0068"},{"a":225,"y":1982,"au":"Edmunds LN, Tay DE, Laval-Martin DL","t":"Cell division cycles and circadian clocks : phase-response curves for light perturbations in synchronous cultures of euglena","j":"Plant physiology","vp":"70:297-302","doi":"10.1104/pp.70.1.297","pmid":"16662464","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter electronic particle counter with automatic fraction collector","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"8 L photoautotrophic batch cultures at 25 C, LD 3:3 light cycles","pu":"cell number every 2 h to follow the circadian division rhythm","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16662464+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Euglena gracilis Klebs (Z strain)","de":"Z strain, synchronous cultures","id":"microbes-0098"},{"a":226,"y":1982,"au":"Pfeffer LM, Tamm I","t":"Effects of beta interferon on concanavalin A binding and size of HeLa cells","j":"Journal of interferon research","vp":"2:431-440","doi":"10.1089/jir.1982.2.431","pmid":"7130760","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter electronic volume analysis aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell volume and size heterogeneity after beta interferon","no":"Interferon raised cell surface area 11% at 24 h and 42% at 48 h.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7130760+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"HeLa S3 cells in suspension culture","id":"cells-0080"},{"a":226,"y":2020,"au":"Ni L, Shaik R, Xu R, Zhang G, Zhe J","t":"A Microfluidic Sensor for Continuous, in Situ Surface Charge Measurement of Single Cells","j":"ACS sensors","vp":"5:527-534","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.9b02411","pmid":"31939290","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"two consecutive identical microfluidic resistive pulse sensors with opposite electric fields","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","b":"pulse magnitude gives cell size","dt":"transit time difference between the two sensors gives zeta potential","pu":"single-cell surface charge (zeta potential) and size","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31939290+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"HeLa cancer cells (with glutamine treatment)","id":"cells-0137"},{"a":227,"y":1982,"au":"Matsushita T, Brendzel AM, Shotola MA, Groh KR","t":"Electrical determination of viability in saline-treated mouse myeloma cells","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"39:41-47","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(82)84488-3","pmid":"7104449","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"dead cells give a smaller electrical size distribution (ESD)","pu":"viability by electrical sizing","no":"Electrical size correlated with trypan blue viability (r = 0.98).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7104449+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"mouse myeloma cells (PBS-treated, live and dead)","id":"cells-0091"},{"a":228,"y":1982,"au":"Honma S, Abe K, Ito T","t":"Pleural free cells in the mouse: quantitative and qualitative cell morphology","j":"Archivum histologicum Japonicum = Nihon soshikigaku kiroku","vp":"45:483-494","doi":"10.1679/aohc.45.483","pmid":"7171291","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture with Channelyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"size distribution with two populations","pu":"cell number and size","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7171291+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"mouse pleural free cells (small cells and macrophages)","id":"cells-0100"},{"a":229,"y":1982,"au":"Hoare RJT, Nicholls PJ, Sheldrake RF","t":"Investigations into falsely elevated somatic cell counts of bulked herd milk","j":"The Journal of Dairy Research","vp":"49:559-565","doi":"10.1017/s0022029900022706","pmid":"7174946","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Milk Cell Counter aperture (with particle size analyser)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"explaining falsely high electronic cell counts","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7174946+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Non-cellular particles (NCP) in formalin-preserved bulk herd milk","de":"particles that falsely raised electronic somatic cell counts by about 200,000 per mL in 2% of New South Wales farm supplies; linked to centrifugal milk pumps; removed by heating to 55 C for 15 min before adding formalin; not air bubbles","id":"gap_industry-0079"},{"a":230,"y":1982,"au":"村田芳治, 山川浩, 奥本茂, 川上泰伸, 今井隆之","t":"2次核の発生と成長過程について (Occurrence and Growth of Secondary Nuclei)","j":"Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu","vp":"8:261-265","doi":"10.1252/kakoronbunshu.8.261","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"secondary nuclei generated from a suspended parent crystal (10 to 20 mm) in an agitated supersaturated solution; population density and number distribution followed with time","pu":"secondary nucleation and growth rate dispersion in crystallization","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract; for potash alum the curve change came from fast-growing particles.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kakoronbunshu1975/8/3/8_3_261/_pdf","an":"Potash alum (KAl(SO4)2.12H2O) secondary nuclei crystals","id":"gap_industry-0069"},{"a":231,"y":1982,"au":"Bell DJ, Heywood-Waddington D, Hoare M, Dunnill P","t":"The density of protein precipitates and its effect on centrifugal sedimentation","j":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering","vp":"24:127-141","doi":"10.1002/bit.260240111","pmid":"18546105","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"Coulter volume captured about 80% of total aggregate volume for 6 um aggregates (porous aggregates read small)","pu":"aggregate volume and size distribution compared with centrifugal sedimentation; density-size relation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A18546105+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Isoelectric soya protein precipitate aggregates (mean sizes 3.4 to 65 um)","id":"earth_space_industry-0159"},{"a":231,"y":1983,"au":"Petenate AM, Glatz CE","t":"Isoelectric precipitation of soy protein: I. Factors affecting particle size distribution","j":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering","vp":"25:3049-3058","doi":"10.1002/bit.260251219","pmid":"18548637","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA II aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size distribution versus pH, concentration, residence time, power input and ionic strength","no":"Part II (Biotechnol Bioeng 25:3059, PMID 18548638) modelled aggregate growth and breakage from Coulter size distributions.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A18548637+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Soybean protein aggregates from acid (isoelectric) precipitation in a continuous stirred reactor","id":"earth_space_industry-0161"},{"a":232,"y":1982,"au":"Shimada A, Yazawa E, Arai S","t":"Preparation of Proteinaceous Surfactants by Enzymatic Modification and Evaluation of Their Functional Properties in a Concentrated Emulsion System","j":"Agricultural and Biological Chemistry","vp":"46:173-182","doi":"10.1271/bbb1961.46.173","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Nikkaki Coulter Counter Model ZB, 50 or 100 um aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"50 or 100 um","co":"emulsion diluted with 1% NaCl before counting oil droplets","pu":"oil droplet size distribution of concentrated emulsions versus surfactant (Tween-60 and sucrose ester controls)","no":"Paper in English. Distinct from parenteral soybean oil emulsions (Intralipid) recorded elsewhere because the emulsifiers differ.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb1961/46/1/46_1_173/_pdf","an":"Soybean oil emulsion droplets stabilized by enzymatically modified proteinaceous surfactants (gelatin and fish protein with leucine dodecyl ester)","id":"gap_industry-0073"},{"a":233,"y":1982,"au":"Roberts DM","t":"The volume distribution of Tetrahymena elliotti : its measurement and application to growth parameter estimation","j":"University of Surrey","url":"https://europepmc.org/abstract/ETH/257557","pt":"thesis","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture, with and without hydrodynamic focusing","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"without focusing the measured distributions were excessively skewed; hydrodynamic focusing gave distributions matching optics and theory; the Coulter counter underestimated ciliate size","pu":"volume distribution of a growing ciliate population","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A257557+AND+SRC%3AETH&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Tetrahymena elliotti","id":"microbes-0064"},{"a":234,"y":1982,"au":"Engel JC, Dvorak JA, Segura EL, Crane MS","t":"Trypanosoma cruzi: biological characterization of 19 clones derived from two chronic chagasic patients. I. Growth kinetics in liquid medium","j":"The Journal of protozoology","vp":"29:555-560","doi":"10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb01334.x","pmid":"6816924","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"significant differences in peak modal Coulter volume between and within clone groups","pu":"growth kinetics and peak modal Coulter volume of 19 clones","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6816924+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Trypanosoma cruzi clones (epimastigotes in liquid medium)","de":"19 clones from chronic chagasic patient isolates and strain CA-I; growth in liquid medium","id":"microbes-0108"},{"a":235,"y":1983,"au":"Schwartz GN, Patrene KD, Boggs SS","t":"Alterations of nuclear size profiles in AKR/J mice with spontaneous or transplanted leukemia","j":"American journal of hematology","vp":"15:159-170","doi":"10.1002/ajh.2830150208","pmid":"6613986","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"tracking leukemic cells by nuclear volume","no":"Metcalf and Brumby 1967 (Int J Cancer 2:37) analysed lymphoma differentiation in AKR mice with a Coulter counter (title only seen).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6613986+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"cells and nuclei from blood, spleen, bone marrow and thymus of leukemic AKR/J mice","id":"cells-0122"},{"a":236,"y":1983,"au":"Ahlberg M, Berghem L, Nordberg G, Persson SA, Rudling L, Steen B","t":"Chemical and biological characterization of emissions from coal- and oil-fired power plants","j":"Environmental Health Perspectives","vp":"47:85-102","doi":"10.1289/ehp.834785","pmid":"6825622","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size comparison of coal and oil combustion emissions (with SEM)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6825622+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Particles from the stack emission of a pulverized-coal-fired power plant (coal fly ash), sampled with a miniscale plume stack gas sampler","id":"earth_space_industry-0049"},{"a":236,"y":1991,"au":"Ghosal S, Ebert JL, Self SA","t":"Size distributions of fly ash using Coulter Multisizer: Use of multiple orifices and fitting to truncated log-normal distributions","j":"US DOE topical report DOE/PC/79903-T12 (Stanford University; manuscript submitted to Aerosol Science and Technology)","doi":"10.2172/5511721","pt":"report","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer, orifices 30 to 280 um","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"30 um to 280 um (several orifices combined)","co":"2 to 3 mg ash dispersed with surfactant and ultrasound, added to Isoton II; calibration per orifice with Coulter monodisperse latex; 256 channels","v":"aperture current 0.2 to 0.8 mA","b":"voltage pulse proportional to particle volume","pu":"size distributions of fly ash for radiative heat transfer (optical properties) modelling","no":"Precision of D50 by volume within 0.7% for all orifices.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5511721","an":"Six coal fly ashes from US power plant coals: Illinois #6, Kentucky #9 and Upper Freeport (bituminous), Beulah ND and San Miguel TX (lignites), Eagle Butte WY (sub-bituminous)","de":"pilot-scale combustor baghouse ash and full-scale ESP or fabric filter ash; San Miguel ash mostly cenospheric (hollow)","id":"earth_space_industry-0116"},{"a":237,"y":1983,"au":"Poutrel B, Lerondelle C","t":"Cell content of goat milk: California mastitis test, Coulter counter , and fossomatic for predicting half infection","j":"Journal of dairy science","vp":"66:2575-2579","doi":"10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(83)82129-8","pmid":"6365990","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell counts for predicting udder half infection (threshold 1000 x 10^3 cells/mL)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6365990+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"somatic cells in goat milk","id":"cells-0270"},{"a":238,"y":1983,"au":"Jonasz M","t":"Particle-size distributions in the Baltic","j":"Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology","vp":"35:346","doi":"10.3402/tellusb.v35i5.14624","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size distributions in seawater","no":"Runyan, Reynolds and Stramski 2020 (J Geophys Res Oceans, PMC7380321) list this study among those using the Coulter counter for oceanic particle size distributions; Reynolds and Stramski 2021 (PMC9285521) give the same list. Publisher page timed out (logged).","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7380321/fullTextXML","an":"Suspended particles in the Baltic Sea","id":"earth_space_industry-0027"},{"a":239,"y":1983,"au":"Poole RK","t":"Mitochondria of Tetrahymena pyriformis: enumeration and sizing of isolated organelles using a Coulter Counter and pulse-height analyser","j":"Journal of cell science","vp":"61:437-451","doi":"10.1242/jcs.61.1.437","pmid":"6411751","url":"https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.61.1.437","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter ZBI aperture with Channelyzer C1000 pulse-height analyser","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"unimodal volume distributions","pu":"counting and sizing organelles; about 1440 mitochondria per cell","no":"one of the few direct electronic sizings of isolated mitochondria","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6411751+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"isolated mitochondria of Tetrahymena pyriformis","de":"sucrose-gradient purified from disrupted ciliates; osmotically sensitive, contract with Ca2+","id":"reviews_exotic-0020"},{"a":240,"y":1983,"au":"Cheng H, Bjerknes M","t":"Cell production in mouse intestinal epithelium measured by stathmokinetic flow cytometry and Coulter particle counting","j":"The Anatomical record","vp":"207:427-434","doi":"10.1002/ar.1092070305","pmid":"6359962","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting epithelial cell number for cell production rate","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6359962+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"mouse intestinal epithelial cells (jejunum and colon)","id":"cells-0109"},{"a":241,"y":1983,"au":"Ahlberg M, Berghem L, Nordberg G, Persson SA, Rudling L, Steen B","t":"Chemical and biological characterization of emissions from coal- and oil-fired power plants","j":"Environmental Health Perspectives","vp":"47:85-102","doi":"10.1289/ehp.834785","pmid":"6825622","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size comparison of coal and oil combustion emissions (with SEM)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6825622+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Particles from the stack emission of an oil-fired power plant boiler","id":"earth_space_industry-0050"},{"a":242,"y":1983,"au":"Kilarski DJ, Visconti JA, Frank SG","t":"Particulate matter in four reconstituted cephalosporin injections","j":"American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy","vp":"40:619-623","doi":"10.1093/ajhp/40.4.619","pmid":"6846372","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6846372/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Elzone computerized particle analyzer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particulate matter counts compared with USP membrane filtration","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6846372+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Particles in reconstituted cephalosporin injections (cephalothin sodium, anophilized cephalothin, cephapirin sodium, cephradine)","id":"earth_space_industry-0103"},{"a":243,"y":1983,"au":"Taylor SA, Spence J","t":"Particles in small volume injections","j":"The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","vp":"35:769-773","doi":"10.1111/j.2042-7158.1983.tb02894.x","pmid":"6141237","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle counts against pharmacopoeia limits (with HIAC light blockage)","no":"Earlier title not read in full: Blaug SM, Sarabia RE 1975 'Determination of particulate matter in intravenous solutions using the Coulter counter', Bull Parenter Drug Assoc 29:74-88 (PMID 1120215).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6141237+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Particulate contamination in small volume injections","id":"earth_space_industry-0101"},{"a":244,"y":1983,"au":"野口憲一, 平野和久","t":"摩擦材用フェノール樹脂 (Phenolic Resins for Friction Parts)","j":"Netsu Kokasei Jushi (Japan Thermosetting Plastic Industry Association journal)","vp":"4:90-105","doi":"10.11364/networkpolymer1980.4.90","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size distribution of powdered resin (review figure)","no":"Review in Japanese; Fig. 13 shows the particle size distribution of powdered resin analysed by Coulter counter. Authors given in Japanese.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/networkpolymer1980/4/2/4_90/_pdf","an":"Powdered phenolic resin binder for brake and clutch friction materials","id":"gap_industry-0074"},{"a":245,"y":1983,"au":"Arakawa M, Yokoyama T, Yamaguchi T, Minami T","t":"薄片状粒子の各種測定法による粒度分布の比較 (Comparative Data of Particle Size Distribution on Flake Like Particles by Various Methods)","j":"Zairyo (Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan)","vp":"32:966-970","doi":"10.2472/jsms.32.966","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA II aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"comparing six sizing principles on platy mica particles","no":"Original Japanese paper (English abstract names the Coulter counter); an English translation appeared in KONA 3:10-16 (1985), recorded separately.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsms1963/32/360/32_360_966/_pdf","an":"Phlogopite mica powder (ground refined Canadian phlogopite), sieve-classified","id":"gap_industry-0089"},{"a":245,"y":1985,"au":"Arakawa M, Yokoyama T, Yamaguchi T, Minami T","t":"Comparative Data of Particle Size Distribution on Flake Like Particles by Various Methods [Translated]","j":"KONA Powder and Particle Journal","vp":"3:10-16","doi":"10.14356/kona.1985005","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA II aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"comparing six sizing principles (microscope, sieve, sedimentation balance, photosedimentation, Coulter counter, Microtrac) on platy particles","no":"Translation of a paper first printed in the Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan. A smaller aperture gave different results for the plates.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kona/3/0/3_1985005/_pdf","an":"Phlogopite mica powder (ground refined Canadian phlogopite, with some synthetic mica), sieve fractions","id":"gap_industry-0070"},{"a":246,"y":1983,"au":"Suzuki T, Tsutsumi H, Ishida A","t":"Secondary Droplet Emulsion Contribution of Liquid Crystal Formation to Physicochemical Properties and Skin Moisturizing Effect of Cosmetic Emulsion","j":"Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan","vp":"17:60-70","doi":"10.5107/sccj.17.60","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA-II aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"emulsions diluted in electrolyte (a 1986 review by Suzuki in J Jpn Oil Chem Soc 35:113 gives 0.9% NaCl for Coulter dilutions of such emulsions)","sn":"bimodal size distribution (emulsion droplets plus secondary droplets) fitted as two log-normal distributions","pu":"detecting secondary droplet formation in cosmetic emulsions","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sccj1979/17/1/17_1_60/_pdf","an":"Secondary droplets in cosmetic O/W emulsions (droplet aggregates enclosed by closed-lamella liquid crystal)","de":"nonionic surfactant O/W emulsions with fatty alcohol; secondary droplets appear as a second peak in the Coulter distribution","id":"gap_industry-0042"},{"a":247,"y":1983,"au":"Fieten JH, Gelling GW, König CD","t":"[Determination of the cell count in sheep's milk]","j":"Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde","vp":"108:913-915","pmid":"6362066","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6362066/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"milk vortex-mixed for 0.5 min before counting","b":"counting threshold reduced to 4.5 um","pu":"regulatory milk cell count method applied to sheep milk","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6362066+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"somatic cells in sheep milk","id":"cells-0271"},{"a":248,"y":1983,"au":"Petenate AM, Glatz CE","t":"Isoelectric precipitation of soy protein. II. Kinetics of protein aggregate growth and breakage","j":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering","vp":"25:3059-3078","doi":"10.1002/bit.260251220","pmid":"18548638","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"agitated suspensions in a continuous stirred tank; pH, ionic strength and mixing varied","pu":"aggregate size distributions for growth and breakage kinetics","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A18548638+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"isoelectric soy protein precipitate aggregates","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0061"},{"a":249,"y":1983,"au":"Petenate AM, Glatz CE","t":"Isoelectric precipitation of soy protein: I. Factors affecting particle size distribution","j":"Biotechnology and bioengineering","vp":"25:3049-3058","doi":"10.1002/bit.260251219","pmid":"18548637","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260251219","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter model TA II aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size distribution versus pH, concentration, residence time, power input and ionic strength","no":"continuous stirred reactor; zeta potential explains most effects","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A18548637+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"soybean protein aggregates from isoelectric precipitation","id":"reviews_exotic-0036"},{"a":250,"y":1983,"au":"Poole RK","t":"Mitochondria of Tetrahymena pyriformis: enumeration and sizing of isolated organelles using a Coulter Counter and pulse-height analyser","j":"Journal of cell science","vp":"61:437-451","doi":"10.1242/jcs.61.1.437","pmid":"6411751","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter ZBI aperture with Channelyzer C1000 pulse-height analyser","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"unimodal volume distributions","pu":"enumeration and sizing of isolated organelles","no":"Tetrahymena cells held about 1440 mitochondria each, and the isolated mitochondria contracted when the authors added Ca2+.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6411751+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"mitochondria isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis","id":"cells-0117"},{"a":251,"y":1983,"au":"Conley H, Otey MG","t":"UO2F2 particle-size analysis by Coulter Counter method","j":"Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant report KY-725-Rev.1","url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5960739","pt":"report","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TAII aperture (instrument modified)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"non-aqueous electrolytes: lithium iodide in isopropanol, and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) in isopropanol, both found satisfactory; effect of dissolved water in the electrolyte examined","pu":"particle size of UF6 hydrolysis products for scrubber evaluation","no":"Shows the non-aqueous electrolyte approach for a water-soluble analyte.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.osti.gov/api/v1/records/5960739","an":"Uranyl fluoride (UO2F2) particles, hydrolysis products of uranium hexafluoride","de":"UF6 hydrolysis products studied for aqueous scrubbers that contain accidental UF6 releases","id":"gap_industry-0015"},{"a":252,"y":1984,"au":"van der Plaats G, Herps H","t":"A study on the sizing process of an instrument based on the electrical sensing zone principle part III. Size determination of activated carbon","j":"Powder Technology","vp":"39:129-132","doi":"10.1016/0032-5910(84)85029-9","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electrical sensing zone instrument aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size determination of a porous, conductive carbon by electrical sensing zone","no":"Citation-only: the Crossref record title names both activated carbon and the electrical sensing zone method; the abstract could not be reached (ScienceDirect returned HTTP 403 for a Powder Technology page in this session, and Semantic Scholar withholds Elsevier abstracts).","ev":"secondary","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/0032-5910(84)85029-9","an":"Activated carbon particles","id":"gap_industry-0098"},{"a":253,"y":1984,"au":"Morris TM","t":"PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS OF BEER SOLIDS USING A COULTER COUNTER","j":"Journal of the Institute of Brewing","vp":"90:162-166","doi":"10.1002/j.2050-0416.1984.tb04257.x","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1984.tb04257.x","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size analysis of solids in beer","no":"citation only (no abstract available to us); the title states the analyte and the Coulter measurement; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1984.tb04257.x","an":"beer solids","id":"reviews_exotic-0173"},{"a":254,"y":1984,"au":"Weiser MG, Kociba GJ","t":"Platelet concentration and platelet volume distribution in healthy cats","j":"American journal of veterinary research","vp":"45:518-522","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.1984.45.03.518","pmid":"6711980","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6711980/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture with size analysis system","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"platelet count and mean platelet volume","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6711980+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"feline platelets in platelet-rich plasma","id":"cells-0024"},{"a":255,"y":1984,"au":"Morris VB, Cowan R","t":"A growth curve of cell numbers in the neural retina of embryonic chicks","j":"Cell and tissue kinetics","vp":"17:199-208","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2184.1984.tb00581.x","pmid":"6697374","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting cells (as nuclei) to build a growth curve","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6697374+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"single nuclei from dispersed embryonic chick neural retina","id":"cells-0108"},{"a":256,"y":1984,"au":"Kai O, Franklin RM","t":"The age-dependent size distribution of chicken peripheral blood cells analyzed by a novel method utilizing a Coulter counter","j":"Developmental and comparative immunology","vp":"8:375-386","doi":"10.1016/0145-305x(84)90044-2","pmid":"6376190","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture interfaced to a microcomputer","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"dilute Tris-buffered ammonium chloride (TAC), in which chicken erythrocytes swell","pu":"counting and size distribution with age","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6376190+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"chicken erythrocytes","de":"Brown Leghorn chickens 1 to 21 weeks after hatching","id":"cells-0015"},{"a":257,"y":1984,"au":"Kai O, Franklin RM","t":"The age-dependent size distribution of chicken peripheral blood cells analyzed by a novel method utilizing a Coulter counter","j":"Developmental and comparative immunology","vp":"8:375-386","doi":"10.1016/0145-305x(84)90044-2","pmid":"6376190","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture interfaced to a microcomputer","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"dilute Tris-buffered ammonium chloride (TAC); leukocytes do not swell, so their peak separates from erythrocytes","pu":"counting and size distribution with age","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6376190+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"chicken white blood cells (chiefly peripheral blood lymphocytes)","de":"Brown Leghorn chickens; buffy coat","id":"cells-0016"},{"a":258,"y":1984,"au":"Williams GJ, Bates JF, Wild S","t":"A ?Coulter? particle size analysis of dental gypsum materials","j":"Journal of Materials Science Letters","vp":"3:93-94","doi":"10.1007/bf00720086","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00720086","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size analysis of dental gypsum","no":"citation only (no abstract available to us); the title states the analyte and the Coulter measurement; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007/bf00720086","an":"dental gypsum materials","id":"reviews_exotic-0174"},{"a":259,"y":1984,"au":"Ismail N, Harris MS, Nixon JR","t":"Particle size analysis of gelatin-acacia coacervate and ethylcellulose walled microcapsules","j":"Journal of microencapsulation","vp":"1:9-19","doi":"10.3109/02652048409031532","pmid":"6336518","url":"https://doi.org/10.3109/02652048409031532","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"microcapsule size analysis","no":"almost unaffected by water, unlike coacervate walls","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=6336518","an":"ethylcellulose-walled microcapsules","id":"reviews_exotic-0125"},{"a":260,"y":1984,"au":"Ismail N, Harris MS, Nixon JR","t":"Particle size analysis of gelatin-acacia coacervate and ethylcellulose walled microcapsules","j":"Journal of microencapsulation","vp":"1:9-19","doi":"10.3109/02652048409031532","pmid":"6336518","url":"https://doi.org/10.3109/02652048409031532","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"microcapsule size analysis and wall hydration","no":"30 mg sample needed to avoid orifice blocking","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=6336518","an":"gelatin-acacia coacervate microcapsules (formalin-hardened)","id":"reviews_exotic-0124"},{"a":261,"y":1984,"au":"Keng PC, Rubin P, Constine LS, Frantz C, Nakissa N, Gregory P","t":"Characterization of the biophysical properties of human tumor and bone marrow cells as a preliminary step to the use of centrifugal elutriation in autologous bone marrow transplantation","j":"International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics","vp":"10:1913-1922","doi":"10.1016/0360-3016(84)90272-4","pmid":"6386763","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture with Channelyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"cell size distributions compared with tumor cells","pu":"size characterization before centrifugal elutriation purging of marrow","no":"Fly and Powsner 1961 (Am J Clin Pathol 36:224) reported earlier electronic counts of human bone marrow cells (title only seen).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6386763+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"harvested human bone marrow cells","id":"cells-0272"},{"a":262,"y":1984,"au":"Bator JM, Groves MR, Price BJ, Eckstein EC","t":"Erythrocyte deformability and size measured in a multiparameter system that includes impedance sizing","j":"Cytometry","vp":"5:34-41","doi":"10.1002/cyto.990050107","pmid":"6697821","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter sizing orifice modified for photography of exiting cells","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"impedance pulse combined cell by cell with photographed shape","pu":"deformability and size","no":"The authors also measured normal and diabetic erythrocytes, and they paired impedance size with deformed shape cell by cell.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6697821+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"sickle cell erythrocytes (sickle cell disease samples)","id":"cells-0013"},{"a":262,"y":1986,"au":"Richieri GV, Mel HC","t":"Membrane and cytoplasmic resistivity properties of normal and sickle red blood cells","j":"Cell biophysics","vp":"8:243-258","doi":"10.1007/bf02788515","pmid":"2429771","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"resistive pulse spectroscopy orifice (electronic cell sizing)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"membrane breakdown and cytoplasmic resistivity versus osmolality","no":"Three of 15 SS samples had much higher resistivity (218 ohm-cm), which the authors link to irreversibly sickled cells.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2429771+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"sickle (SS) and sickle-trait (AS) red blood cells","de":"HbSS cells, with HbAS and HbAA cells for comparison","id":"cells-0216"},{"a":262,"y":2018,"au":"Liu J, Qiang Y, Alvarez O, Du E","t":"Electrical impedance microflow cytometry with oxygen control for detection of sickle cells","j":"Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical","vp":"255:2392-2398","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2017.08.163","pmid":"29731543","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"electrical impedance microflow cytometer with oxygen control (microfluidic)","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","v":"AC at 156 kHz, 500 kHz and 3 MHz","b":"impedance differential separates normal and sickle cells at 156 and 500 kHz (not at 3 MHz)","pu":"label-free detection of sickle cells and hypoxia-induced sickling","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29731543+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"sickle cells from three sickle cell patients and normal red cells, under normoxia and hypoxia","id":"cells-0258"},{"a":263,"y":1984,"au":"Keng PC, Rubin P, Constine LS, Frantz C, Nakissa N, Gregory P","t":"Characterization of the biophysical properties of human tumor and bone marrow cells as a preliminary step to the use of centrifugal elutriation in autologous bone marrow transplantation","j":"International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics","vp":"10:1913-1922","doi":"10.1016/0360-3016(84)90272-4","pmid":"6386763","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture with Channelyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"29 of 40 tumors had size distributions distinctly larger than bone marrow","pu":"size and density characterization for elutriation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6386763+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"dissociated cells from 40 human solid tumors","id":"cells-0273"},{"a":264,"y":1984,"au":"Ogawa T, Wakino K","t":"Pore-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics of Mn Modified Pb(Sn1/2Sb1/2)O3-PbTiO3-PbZrO3 for Surface Acoustic Wave Filters","j":"Yogyo-Kyokai-Shi (Journal of the Ceramic Association, Japan)","vp":"92:510-519","doi":"10.2109/jcersj1950.92.1069_510","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA-II aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"average particle size of calcined and ground ceramic powder","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jcersj1950/92/1069/92_1069_510/_pdf","an":"Calcined Mn-modified Pb(Sn1/2Sb1/2)O3-PbTiO3-PbZrO3 piezoelectric ceramic powder","de":"powder for pore-free surface acoustic wave filter ceramics (Murata Manufacturing); particle size versus calcining temperature and grinding time","id":"gap_industry-0097"},{"a":265,"y":1984,"au":"LEWIS GC, FOSBERG MA, FALEN AL, MILLER BJ","t":"IDENTIFICATION OF LOESS BY PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION USING THE COULTER COUNTER TA II1","j":"Soil Science","vp":"137:172-176","doi":"10.1097/00010694-198403000-00006","url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198403000-00006","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter TA II aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"identifying loess from its particle size distribution","no":"citation only (no abstract available to us); the title states the analyte and the Coulter measurement; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1097/00010694-198403000-00006","an":"loess identified by particle size distribution","id":"reviews_exotic-0175"},{"a":266,"y":1984,"au":"Butler WB","t":"Preparing nuclei from cells in monolayer cultures suitable for counting and for following synchronized cells through the cell cycle","j":"Analytical biochemistry","vp":"141:70-73","doi":"10.1016/0003-2697(84)90426-3","pmid":"6496937","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"cells swollen in hypotonic buffer and lysed with ethylhexadecyldimethylammonium bromide","pu":"counting nuclei; nuclear size tracks DNA content","no":"The authors also used the method for nuclei of 3T3 cells, bovine macrophages, rat mammary epithelial cells, mouse mammary tumor lines and human fibroblasts.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6496937+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"nuclei prepared from MCF-7 monolayer cells","id":"cells-0084"},{"a":267,"y":1984,"au":"Ismail N, Harris MS, Nixon JR","t":"Particle size analysis of gelatin-acacia coacervate and ethylcellulose walled microcapsules","j":"Journal of Microencapsulation","vp":"1:9-19","doi":"10.3109/02652048409031532","pmid":"6336518","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"30 mg sample needed to avoid orifice blocking yet count enough particles","b":"wall hydration in the electrolyte changes the measured size with time","pu":"microcapsule size analysis and time-dependent swelling","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6336518+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Microcapsules with ethylcellulose walls","id":"earth_space_industry-0148"},{"a":268,"y":1984,"au":"Ismail N, Harris MS, Nixon JR","t":"Particle size analysis of gelatin-acacia coacervate and ethylcellulose walled microcapsules","j":"Journal of Microencapsulation","vp":"1:9-19","doi":"10.3109/02652048409031532","pmid":"6336518","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"30 mg sample needed to avoid orifice blocking yet count enough particles","b":"wall hydration in the electrolyte changes the measured size with time","pu":"microcapsule size analysis and time-dependent swelling","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6336518+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Microcapsules with gelatin-acacia complex coacervate (formalin-hardened) walls","id":"earth_space_industry-0147"},{"a":269,"y":1984,"au":"Whateley TL, Steele G, Urwin J, Smail GA","t":"Particle size stability of intralipid and mixed total parenteral nutrition mixtures","j":"Journal of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy","vp":"9:113-126","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2710.1984.tb01067.x","pmid":"6430965","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"droplet size and stability (with photon correlation spectroscopy and microscopy)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6430965+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Intralipid fat emulsion and Intralipid-containing total parenteral nutrition mixtures in 3 L bags","id":"earth_space_industry-0076"},{"a":270,"y":1984,"au":"Iliano L, Delanghe M, van Den Baviere H, Lauwers A","t":"Effect of electrolytes in the presence of some trace elements on the stability of all-in-one emulsion mixtures for total parenteral nutrition","j":"Journal of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy","vp":"9:87-93","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2710.1984.tb01064.x","pmid":"6430967","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter TA II, 30 um orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"30 um","pu":"emulsion stability (globule size)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6430967+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"all-in-one total parenteral nutrition emulsion globules","de":"all-in-one TPN mixtures with trace element additions, stored in EVA bags","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0058"},{"a":271,"y":1984,"au":"Tatematsu R, Nagase S, Inukai K","t":"Stabilization of Fluorocarbon Emulsion by Fluorinated Nonionic Surfactants","j":"Journal of Japan Oil Chemists' Society","vp":"33:46-51","doi":"10.5650/jos1956.33.46","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA II aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"20% oil-in-water emulsions with 5% fluorinated nonionic surfactant diluted 2x10^5-fold for counting; calibration with 19.54 um polystyrene particles; volume distributions followed up to 10 months","pu":"emulsion stability (artificial blood oxygen carrier candidates) from the change of droplet size distribution with time","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract. HCF2(CF2)7CH2O(C2H4O)10.5H gave excellent stability.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jos1956/33/1/33_1_46/_pdf","an":"Perfluorodecalin (PFD) emulsion droplets","de":"perfluorodecalin (GLC purity 95.2%, trans 56.2%, cis 39%) emulsified with fluorinated nonionic surfactants HCF2(CF2)nCH2O(C2H4O)10H and CF3(CF2)mCH2O(C2H4O)10H","id":"gap_industry-0043"},{"a":272,"y":1984,"au":"Tatematsu R, Nagase S, Inukai K","t":"Stabilization of Fluorocarbon Emulsion by Fluorinated Nonionic Surfactants","j":"Journal of Japan Oil Chemists' Society","vp":"33:46-51","doi":"10.5650/jos1956.33.46","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA II aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"20% oil-in-water emulsions with 5% fluorinated nonionic surfactant diluted 2x10^5-fold for counting; calibration with 19.54 um polystyrene particles; volume distributions followed up to 10 months","pu":"emulsion stability (artificial blood oxygen carrier candidates) from the change of droplet size distribution with time","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jos1956/33/1/33_1_46/_pdf","an":"Perfluorotributylamine (PFB) emulsion droplets","de":"perfluorotributylamine (GLC purity 82%) emulsified with fluorinated nonionic surfactants","id":"gap_industry-0044"},{"a":273,"y":1984,"au":"Burney GA, Smith PK","t":"Controlled PuO2 particle size from Pu(III) oxalate precipitation","j":"Savannah River Laboratory report DP-1689","doi":"10.2172/6141411","url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6141411","pt":"report","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter, 30 um and 140 um apertures","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"30 um and 140 um","co":"ultrasonically dispersed slurries in Isoton (saline electrolyte from Coulter Electronics); accuracy checked with calibrated latex spheres and SEM; population measurable from 0.6 to 140 um","pu":"precipitation control of particle size","no":"Same report as the PuO2 record.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6141411","an":"Plutonium(III) oxalate precipitate crystals","de":"hydrated Pu(III) oxalate precipitated from plutonium nitrate and oxalic acid under factorial-design conditions (temperature, nitric acid, plutonium and oxalate concentrations)","id":"gap_industry-0017"},{"a":274,"y":1984,"au":"De Lisle RC, Schulz I, Tyrakowski T, Haase W, Hopfer U","t":"Isolation of stable pancreatic zymogen granules","j":"The American journal of physiology","vp":"246:G411-8","doi":"10.1152/ajpgi.1984.246.4.g411","pmid":"6609646","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"isotonic NaCl or KCl","pu":"granule size and stability","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6609646+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rat pancreatic zymogen granules (Percoll-isolated)","id":"cells-0119"},{"a":275,"y":1984,"au":"Hazelton BJ, Torrance PM, George SL, Houghton PJ","t":"Cloning efficiency of cultured human tumor cell lines measured with the use of a Coulter particle counter","j":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute","vp":"73:555-563","doi":"10.1093/jnci/73.3.555","pmid":"6590907","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"modified Coulter particle counter aperture with Coulter Channelyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cloning efficiency and colony size","no":"The authors also examined colony integrity for 3 colon carcinoma lines.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6590907+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"RD human rhabdomyosarcoma colonies in agarose","de":"colonies of median 20 to more than 290 cells","id":"cells-0093"},{"a":276,"y":1984,"au":"Morrow NR","t":"Measurement and correlation of conditions for entrapment and mobilization of residual oil. Final report, January 1981-March 1984","j":"New Mexico Petroleum Recovery Research Center report DOE/BC/10310-34","doi":"10.2172/6554958","url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6554958","pt":"report","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"blob-size distributions of residual oil and their change with oil recovery","no":"The abstract lists analysis of blob-size distributions by Coulter counter under the residual oil structure task.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.osti.gov/api/v1/records/6554958","an":"Residual oil blobs (trapped oil ganglia) recovered from laboratory core floods","id":"gap_industry-0086"},{"a":277,"y":1984,"au":"French RJ, Worley JF, Krueger BK","t":"Voltage-dependent block by saxitoxin of sodium channels incorporated into planar lipid bilayers","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"45:301-310","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(84)84156-9","pmid":"6324910","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(84)84156-9","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"voltage-gated sodium channel (rat brain), batrachotoxin-modified","pm":"single channel in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"blocking and unblocking fluctuations separated from gating; on and off rates both voltage dependent","pu":"single-molecule toxin binding kinetics","no":"toxin senses 30-40% of the transmembrane potential","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6324910+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"saxitoxin blocking single rat brain sodium channels","id":"reviews_exotic-0104"},{"a":278,"y":1984,"au":"Iliano L, Delanghe M, van Den Baviere H, Lauwers A","t":"Effect of electrolytes in the presence of some trace elements on the stability of all-in-one emulsion mixtures for total parenteral nutrition","j":"Journal of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy","vp":"9:87-93","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2710.1984.tb01064.x","pmid":"6430967","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter TA II, 30 um orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"30 um","pu":"globule size stability during storage","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6430967+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Lipid globules in 'all-in-one' total parenteral nutrition emulsion mixtures with trace elements (Addamel), in EVA bags","id":"earth_space_industry-0077"},{"a":279,"y":1984,"au":"Scott EM, Gorman SP, Wright LR","t":"The effect of imidazoles on germination of arthrospores and microconidia of Trichophyton mentagrophytes","j":"The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy","vp":"13:101-110","doi":"10.1093/jac/13.2.101","pmid":"6323373","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"SLM medium, pH 6, 32 C","pu":"spore swelling during germination under imidazole antifungals","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6323373+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Trichophyton mentagrophytes microconidia and arthrospores","de":"microconidia and arthrospores","id":"microbes-0049"},{"a":280,"y":1984,"au":"Tatematsu R, Nagase S, Inukai K","t":"Stabilization of Fluorocarbon Emulsion by Fluorinated Nonionic Surfactants","j":"Journal of Japan Oil Chemists' Society","vp":"33:46-51","doi":"10.5650/jos1956.33.46","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA II aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"20% oil-in-water emulsions with 5% fluorinated nonionic surfactant diluted 2x10^5-fold for counting; calibration with 19.54 um polystyrene particles; volume distributions followed up to 10 months","pu":"emulsion stability (artificial blood oxygen carrier candidates) from the change of droplet size distribution with time","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jos1956/33/1/33_1_46/_pdf","an":"Xylene emulsion droplets (reference oil)","de":"reagent-grade xylene used as the standard emulsified oil for comparison with fluorocarbons","id":"gap_industry-0045"},{"a":281,"y":1984,"au":"De Lisle RC, Schulz I, Tyrakowski T, Haase W, Hopfer U","t":"Isolation of stable pancreatic zymogen granules","j":"The American journal of physiology","vp":"246:G411-8","doi":"10.1152/ajpgi.1984.246.4.g411","pmid":"6609646","url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1984.246.4.g411","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"isotonic NaCl or KCl","pu":"granule size in physiological solution","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A6609646+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"rat pancreatic zymogen granules","de":"isolated on an isosmotic Percoll gradient; stable in isotonic NaCl or KCl","id":"reviews_exotic-0024"},{"a":282,"y":1985,"au":"Parks JE, Ehrenwald E, Foote RH","t":"Counting mammalian spermatozoa in biological fluids containing particulate matter","j":"Journal of dairy science","vp":"68:2329-2336","doi":"10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)81107-3","pmid":"4067047","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting spermatozoa in extended semen","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4067047+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"bull sperm nuclei after SDS/NaOH treatment of semen in extenders","id":"cells-0220"},{"a":283,"y":1985,"au":"Bell GM, Fowler JS","t":"Red cell population distributions in healthy dogs","j":"Research in veterinary science","vp":"38:220-225","doi":"10.1016/s0034-5288(18)31829-0","pmid":"4001559","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Channelyzer C-1000 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"red cell volume distributions conforming to a single log-normal distribution","pu":"red cell population distributions with age and anaemia","no":"Young dogs showed about 12.5% wider volume range than older dogs.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4001559+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"red blood cells of puppies and mature beagle dogs","id":"cells-0188"},{"a":283,"y":1987,"au":"Weiser MG","t":"Modification and evaluation of a multichannel blood cell counting system for blood analysis in veterinary hematology","j":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","vp":"190:411-415","doi":"10.2460/javma.1987.190.04.411","pmid":"3558078","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3558078/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model S550 erythrocyte aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","v":"erythrocyte aperture current raised to 225 (instrument units)","pu":"erythrocyte count, MCV, hematocrit in veterinary samples","no":"The authors ran 350 samples from dogs, cats, horses and cows on a modified multichannel hematology counter.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3558078+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"canine erythrocytes","id":"cells-0021"},{"a":283,"y":1996,"au":"Baskurt OK","t":"Deformability of red blood cells from different species studied by resistive pulse shape analysis technique","j":"Biorheology","vp":"33:169-179","doi":"10.1016/0006-355x(96)00014-5","pmid":"8679963","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"Cell Transit Analyzer filter micropores","pk":"track-etched-pore","pd":"5 um","pl":"15 um","dt":"per-cell transit time from the resistive pulse duration","sn":"eight pulse-shape parameters, correlated with cell volume","pu":"red cell deformability by micropore transit, compared across laboratory species","no":"Baskurt measured human, guinea pig, dog, rabbit, rat, mouse and sheep red cells; glutaraldehyde stiffening was harder to detect for small red cells in 5 um pores. The pore category follows the CTA filter design (micropore membrane).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8679963+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"dog red blood cells","id":"cells-0235"},{"a":284,"y":1985,"au":"Greene CE, Prestwood AK, Clark JD, Adams DD","t":"Microtechnique for quantitative platelet isolation from blood enabling electronic counting and sizing of animal and human platelets","j":"American journal of veterinary research","vp":"46:2648-2653","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.1985.46.12.2648","pmid":"4083607","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4083607/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"platelets isolated on an inert isotonic density-gradient medium","pu":"counting and sizing of animal platelets","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4083607+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"dog platelets","id":"cells-0066"},{"a":285,"y":1985,"au":"Greene CE, Prestwood AK, Clark JD, Adams DD","t":"Microtechnique for quantitative platelet isolation from blood enabling electronic counting and sizing of animal and human platelets","j":"American journal of veterinary research","vp":"46:2648-2653","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.1985.46.12.2648","pmid":"4083607","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4083607/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"platelets isolated on an inert isotonic density-gradient medium","pu":"counting and sizing of animal platelets","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4083607+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"goat platelets","id":"cells-0064"},{"a":286,"y":1985,"au":"Nystrom C, Mazur J, Barnett MI, Glazer M","t":"Dissolution rate measurements of sparingly soluble compounds with the Coulter Counter model TAII","j":"The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","vp":"37:217-221","doi":"10.1111/j.2042-7158.1985.tb05048.x","pmid":"2860217","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TAII aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"solubility and dissolution rate from suspensions followed by particle volume decrease","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2860217+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Griseofulvin drug particles in suspension","id":"earth_space_industry-0092"},{"a":287,"y":1985,"au":"Nyström C, Mazur J, Barnett MI, Glazer M","t":"Dissolution rate measurements of sparingly soluble compounds with the Coulter Counter model TAII","j":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology","vp":"37:217-221","doi":"10.1111/j.2042-7158.1985.tb05048.x","pmid":"2860217","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1985.tb05048.x","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TAII aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"solubility and dissolution rate from the shrinking undissolved particle volume and surface","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=2860217","an":"griseofulvin particles dissolving from suspension","id":"reviews_exotic-0100"},{"a":288,"y":1985,"au":"Greene CE, Prestwood AK, Clark JD, Adams DD","t":"Microtechnique for quantitative platelet isolation from blood enabling electronic counting and sizing of animal and human platelets","j":"American journal of veterinary research","vp":"46:2648-2653","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.1985.46.12.2648","pmid":"4083607","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4083607/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"platelets isolated on an inert isotonic density-gradient medium","pu":"counting and sizing of animal platelets","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4083607+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"guinea pig platelets","id":"cells-0068"},{"a":289,"y":1985,"au":"Greene CE, Prestwood AK, Clark JD, Adams DD","t":"Microtechnique for quantitative platelet isolation from blood enabling electronic counting and sizing of animal and human platelets","j":"American journal of veterinary research","vp":"46:2648-2653","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.1985.46.12.2648","pmid":"4083607","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4083607/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"platelets isolated from whole blood on an inert isotonic density-gradient medium","pu":"counting and sizing of animal platelets","no":"The authors applied the same method to platelets of persons, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs, mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4083607+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"horse platelets","id":"cells-0062"},{"a":290,"y":1985,"au":"Hashimoto T, Dykes PJ, Marks R","t":"Retinoid-induced inhibition of growth and reduction of spreading of human epidermal cells in culture","j":"The British journal of dermatology","vp":"112:637-646","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2133.1985.tb02331.x","pmid":"4005165","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture with Channelyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"cell size frequency analysis","pu":"cell volume after retinoid treatment (no change)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4005165+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"cultured human epidermal cells","id":"cells-0147"},{"a":291,"y":1985,"au":"Nystrom C, Mazur J, Barnett MI, Glazer M","t":"Dissolution rate measurements of sparingly soluble compounds with the Coulter Counter model TAII","j":"The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","vp":"37:217-221","doi":"10.1111/j.2042-7158.1985.tb05048.x","pmid":"2860217","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TAII aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"solubility and dissolution rate from suspensions followed by particle volume decrease","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2860217+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Hydrocortisone acetate drug particles in suspension","id":"earth_space_industry-0093"},{"a":292,"y":1985,"au":"Nyström C, Mazur J, Barnett MI, Glazer M","t":"Dissolution rate measurements of sparingly soluble compounds with the Coulter Counter model TAII","j":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology","vp":"37:217-221","doi":"10.1111/j.2042-7158.1985.tb05048.x","pmid":"2860217","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1985.tb05048.x","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TAII aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"solubility and dissolution rate from the shrinking undissolved particle volume and surface","no":"earlier pharmacy uses of the Coulter counter: Thornton 1963 J Pharm Pharmacol 15:742 on 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um and larger; pulse size indicates particle size","pu":"on-line counting and sizing of inclusions for metal cleanliness (LiMCA)","no":"Origin of LiMCA (Liquid Metal Cleanliness Analyzer). Based on Doutre's 1984 McGill PhD thesis 'The Development and Application of a Rapid Method of Evaluating Molten Metal Cleanliness' (cited as ref. 1 by Wu et al. 2024, Sensors 24:2767).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US4555662A/en","an":"Non-conductive particulates (non-metallic inclusions) in molten aluminium, also applicable to gallium, zinc and lead melts","id":"earth_space_industry-0106"},{"a":294,"y":1985,"au":"Greene CE, Prestwood AK, Clark JD, Adams DD","t":"Microtechnique for quantitative platelet isolation from blood enabling electronic counting and sizing of animal and human platelets","j":"American journal of veterinary research","vp":"46:2648-2653","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.1985.46.12.2648","pmid":"4083607","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4083607/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"platelets isolated on an inert isotonic density-gradient medium","pu":"counting and sizing of animal platelets","no":"Cooper et al. 1971 (Missouri bleeder swine platelet size distribution) and Weiss et al. 1973 (platelets in acute hog cholera) reported earlier work (titles only seen).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4083607+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"pig platelets","id":"cells-0065"},{"a":295,"y":1985,"au":"Greene CE, Prestwood AK, Clark JD, Adams DD","t":"Microtechnique for quantitative platelet isolation from blood enabling electronic counting and sizing of animal and human platelets","j":"American journal of veterinary research","vp":"46:2648-2653","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.1985.46.12.2648","pmid":"4083607","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4083607/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"platelets isolated on an inert isotonic density-gradient medium","pu":"counting and sizing of animal platelets","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4083607+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rabbit platelets","id":"cells-0069"},{"a":296,"y":1985,"au":"Parks JE, Ehrenwald E, Foote RH","t":"Counting mammalian spermatozoa in biological fluids containing particulate matter","j":"Journal of dairy science","vp":"68:2329-2336","doi":"10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)81107-3","pmid":"4067047","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting spermatozoa (as nuclei) in fluids with particulate matter","no":"The counter gave 367 to 369 x 10^6 sperm/mL against 350 x 10^6/mL by hemocytometer (r >= 0.98).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4067047+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rabbit sperm nuclei after SDS/NaOH dissolution of organelles and debris","id":"cells-0219"},{"a":297,"y":1985,"au":"Haley PJ, Weiser MG","t":"Erythrocyte volume distribution in rainbow trout","j":"American journal of veterinary research","vp":"46:2210-2212","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.1985.46.10.2210","pmid":"4062031","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture with particle-size analyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"pulse height distribution (erythrogram) skewed to the right","pu":"reference MCV and volume heterogeneity","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4062031+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rainbow trout erythrocytes","de":"Oncorhynchus mykiss (Salmo gairdneri), 23 fish","id":"cells-0014"},{"a":298,"y":1985,"au":"Greene CE, Prestwood AK, Clark JD, Adams DD","t":"Microtechnique for quantitative platelet isolation from blood enabling electronic counting and sizing of animal and human platelets","j":"American journal of veterinary research","vp":"46:2648-2653","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.1985.46.12.2648","pmid":"4083607","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4083607/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"platelets isolated on an inert isotonic density-gradient medium","pu":"counting and sizing of animal platelets","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A4083607+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"sheep platelets","id":"cells-0063"},{"a":299,"y":1985,"au":"Doutre DA, Guthrie RIL","t":"Method and apparatus for the detection and measurement of particulates in molten metal","j":"US Patent 4,555,662 (filed 3 March 1983; Limca Research Inc)","url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US4555662A/en","pt":"patent","pc":0,"p":"LiMCA orifice in a borosilicate glass tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"about 300 um","co":"molten aluminium about 700 C, 60 A","b":"voltage pulses in the 5-1000 uV range","pu":"test inclusions deliberately added as less conductive particles","ev":"full_text","src":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US4555662A/en","an":"titanium diboride particles added to molten aluminium","id":"reviews_exotic-0169"},{"a":300,"y":1985,"au":"Doutre DA, Guthrie RIL","t":"Method and apparatus for the detection and measurement of particulates in molten metal","j":"US Patent 4,555,662 (filed 3 March 1983; Limca Research Inc)","url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US4555662A/en","pt":"patent","pc":0,"p":"LiMCA orifice in a borosilicate glass tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"about 300 um","co":"molten aluminium about 700 C, 60 A","pu":"detecting boride precipitation in the melt","ev":"full_text","src":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US4555662A/en","an":"(Ti-V)B particles precipitated in molten aluminium by boron additions","id":"reviews_exotic-0170"},{"a":301,"y":1986,"au":"Thurn AL, Underhill CB","t":"Heparin-induced aggregation of lymphoid cells","j":"Journal of cellular physiology","vp":"126:352-358","doi":"10.1002/jcp.1041260305","pmid":"2419346","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"aggregation assay by loss of single cells (no heparin-induced aggregation)","no":"The authors also tested 3T3 and SV-3T3 cells.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2419346+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"BHK and polyoma-transformed BHK cells","id":"cells-0087"},{"a":302,"y":1986,"au":"Mueller HJ","t":"Particle and pore size distributions of investments","j":"Journal of Oral Rehabilitation","vp":"13:383-393","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2842.1986.tb00672.x","pmid":"3020213","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electrozone aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size distribution of investment powders (pore sizes by mercury porosimetry)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3020213+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Dental casting investment powders (gypsum-, phosphate- and silicate-bonded)","id":"earth_space_industry-0111"},{"a":303,"y":1986,"au":"Butler BD","t":"Production of microbubbles for use as echo contrast agents","j":"Journal of Clinical Ultrasound","vp":"14:408-412","doi":"10.1002/jcu.1870140517","pmid":"3088062","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture (electric gating)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"calibrating bubble size","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3088062+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"N2/CO2 gas microbubbles made by gas injection and THAM differential absorption","de":"initially 40-100 um, 10% N2 and 90% CO2; CO2 absorbed by THAM to leave smaller bubbles","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0053"},{"a":303,"y":1986,"au":"Butler BD","t":"Production of microbubbles for use as echo contrast agents","j":"Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU","vp":"14:408-412","doi":"10.1002/jcu.1870140517","pmid":"3088062","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcu.1870140517","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"calibrating microbubble size for ultrasound contrast","no":"early use of the electric gating (Coulter) principle on gas bubbles","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3088062+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"calibrated nitrogen microbubbles for echo contrast","de":"bubbles made at 40-100 um from 10% N2 / 90% CO2 by a needle-orifice microbubbler, then shrunk by selective CO2 absorption in THAM","id":"reviews_exotic-0010"},{"a":304,"y":1986,"au":"Parnell CB Jr, Jones DD, Rutherford RD, Goforth KJ","t":"Physical properties of five grain dust types","j":"Environmental Health Perspectives","vp":"66:183-188","doi":"10.1289/ehp.8666183","pmid":"3709482","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TAII aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size distributions and surface area of grain dusts (occupational and explosion hazard)","no":"One of five grain dust types measured in the same paper (soybean, rice, corn, wheat, sorghum).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3709482+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Grain dust from corn handling (dust collection systems of terminal grain elevators)","id":"earth_space_industry-0044"},{"a":305,"y":1986,"au":"Parnell CB Jr, Jones DD, Rutherford RD, Goforth KJ","t":"Physical properties of five grain dust types","j":"Environmental Health Perspectives","vp":"66:183-188","doi":"10.1289/ehp.8666183","pmid":"3709482","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TAII aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size distributions and surface area of grain dusts (occupational and explosion hazard)","no":"One of five grain dust types measured in the same paper (soybean, rice, corn, wheat, sorghum).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3709482+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Grain dust from rice handling (dust collection systems of terminal grain elevators)","id":"earth_space_industry-0043"},{"a":306,"y":1986,"au":"Parnell CB Jr, Jones DD, Rutherford RD, Goforth KJ","t":"Physical properties of five grain dust types","j":"Environmental Health Perspectives","vp":"66:183-188","doi":"10.1289/ehp.8666183","pmid":"3709482","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TAII aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size distributions and surface area of grain dusts (occupational and explosion hazard)","no":"One of five grain dust types measured in the same paper (soybean, rice, corn, wheat, sorghum).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3709482+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Grain dust from sorghum handling (dust collection systems of terminal grain elevators)","id":"earth_space_industry-0046"},{"a":307,"y":1986,"au":"Parnell CB Jr, Jones DD, Rutherford RD, Goforth KJ","t":"Physical properties of five grain dust types","j":"Environmental Health Perspectives","vp":"66:183-188","doi":"10.1289/ehp.8666183","pmid":"3709482","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TAII aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size distributions and surface area of grain dusts (occupational and explosion hazard)","no":"One of five grain dust types measured in the same paper (soybean, rice, corn, wheat, sorghum).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3709482+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Grain dust from soybean handling (dust collection systems of terminal grain elevators)","id":"earth_space_industry-0042"},{"a":308,"y":1986,"au":"Parnell CB Jr, Jones DD, Rutherford RD, Goforth KJ","t":"Physical properties of five grain dust types","j":"Environmental Health Perspectives","vp":"66:183-188","doi":"10.1289/ehp.8666183","pmid":"3709482","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TAII aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size distributions and surface area of grain dusts (occupational and explosion hazard)","no":"One of five grain dust types measured in the same paper (soybean, rice, corn, wheat, sorghum).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3709482+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Grain dust from wheat handling (dust collection systems of terminal grain elevators)","id":"earth_space_industry-0045"},{"a":309,"y":1986,"au":"Wattendorf RJ","t":"Rapid Identification of Triploid Grass Carp with a Coulter Counter and Channelyzer","j":"The Progressive Fish-Culturist","vp":"48:125-132","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1986)48<125:RIOTGC>2.0.CO;2","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture with Channelyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"ploidy screening of stocked grass carp","no":"Crossref supplied the bibliographic data. Krynak et al. 2015 (Biol Invasions 17:1931, doi 10.1007/s10530-015-0856-9) state that current methods for determining grass carp ploidy require a Coulter Counter, and that triploid fish have larger erythrocyte cell and nuclear volumes.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3AIND603406589+AND+SRC%3AAGR&resultType=core&format=json","an":"erythrocytes of diploid and triploid grass carp","de":"Ctenopharyngodon idella","id":"cells-0199"},{"a":310,"y":1986,"au":"Clark RA, Folkvord JM, Nielsen LD","t":"Either exogenous or endogenous fibronectin can promote adherence of human endothelial cells","j":"Journal of cell science","vp":"82:263-280","doi":"10.1242/jcs.82.1.263","pmid":"3539950","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"quantifying adherent cells (as lysed-cell nuclei) on matrix substrates","no":"The authors counted HUVEC the same way.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3539950+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human omental microvascular endothelial cells (adherent cells solubilized with Zap-Isoton)","id":"cells-0148"},{"a":311,"y":1986,"au":"Treaftis HN, Kacsmar P, Suppers K, Tomb T","t":"Comparison of Particle Size Distribution Data Obtained with Cascade Impaction Samplers and from Coulter Counter Analysis of Total Dust Samples","j":"American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal","vp":"47:87-93","doi":"10.1080/15298668691389405","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"comparing cascade impactor size distributions with Coulter counter analysis of the total dust on the filter","no":"Coal and limestone aerosols of varying size distributions were used; coal dust is recorded elsewhere, so only limestone is recorded here. Abstract read on OSTI (record 5694369).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.osti.gov/api/v1/records/5694369","an":"Limestone dust aerosol (laboratory-generated, filter-collected total dust)","id":"gap_industry-0022"},{"a":312,"y":1986,"au":"Burchiel SW, Hadley WM, Cameron CL, Fincher RH, Lim TW, Stewart CC","t":"Flow cytometry Coulter volume analysis of lead- and cadmium-induced cellular alterations in bone marrow obtained from young adult and aged Balb/c mice","j":"Toxicology letters","vp":"34:89-94","doi":"10.1016/0378-4274(86)90149-9","pmid":"3787668","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"flow cytometer Coulter volume aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"volume shifts after lead or cadmium exposure","no":"Chan et al. 1966 (PSEBM 121:793) and Lee et al. 1967 (Am J Clin Pathol 47:466) reported earlier electronic counts of mouse marrow (titles only seen).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3787668+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Balb/c mouse bone marrow cells","id":"cells-0094"},{"a":313,"y":1986,"au":"Thurn AL, Underhill CB","t":"Heparin-induced aggregation of lymphoid cells","j":"Journal of cellular physiology","vp":"126:352-358","doi":"10.1002/jcp.1041260305","pmid":"2419346","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"aggregation assay by loss of single cells","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2419346+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"P388 lymphoid cells","id":"cells-0086"},{"a":314,"y":1986,"au":"Montanari L, Pavanetto F, Conti B, Ponci R, Grassi M","t":"Evaluation of official instrumental methods for the determination of particulate matter contamination in large volume parenteral solutions","j":"The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","vp":"38:785-790","doi":"10.1111/j.2042-7158.1986.tb04495.x","pmid":"2879006","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"official particulate matter testing","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2879006+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Particulate contamination in 200 containers (40 batches) of nine types of large-volume parenteral solutions made in Italy","id":"earth_space_industry-0102"},{"a":315,"y":1986,"au":"Payne NI, Browning I, Hynes CA","t":"Characterization of proliposomes","j":"Journal of pharmaceutical sciences","vp":"75:330-333","doi":"10.1002/jps.2600750403","pmid":"3723352","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600750403","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size distribution of hydrated product and storage stability","no":"with photon correlation spectroscopy; little change after 9 months at 20 C","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=3723352","an":"amphotericin B proliposomes after hydration","de":"DMPC:DMPG:ergosterol:amphotericin B and egg lecithin:ergosterol:amphotericin B formulations","id":"reviews_exotic-0096"},{"a":316,"y":1986,"au":"Lopez A, Yong S, Sharma A, Bailey D","t":"Effect of sex, age, number of bronchoalveolar lavages and quantitation methods on the bronchoalveolar cell counts in rats","j":"Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire","vp":"50:101-105","pmid":"3742347","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3742347/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell counts versus hemocytometer (about 8% discrepancy)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3742347+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rat bronchoalveolar lavage cells","id":"cells-0153"},{"a":317,"y":1986,"au":"Leonard R, Ruben Z","t":"Hematology reference values for peripheral blood of laboratory rats","j":"Laboratory animal science","vp":"36:277-281","pmid":"3724053","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3724053/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Model S Senior apertures","pk":"hematology-analyzer-aperture","pu":"hematology reference values (11 and 18 week old rats)","no":"Earlier Coulter work on rat red cells (title only seen): Balazs et al. 1960 (Can J Comp Med 24:273); Valet et al. 1972 and Kachel et al. 1972 in Blut.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3724053+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"peripheral red blood cells of Sprague Dawley rats","id":"cells-0189"},{"a":317,"y":1996,"au":"Baskurt OK","t":"Deformability of red blood cells from different species studied by resistive pulse shape analysis technique","j":"Biorheology","vp":"33:169-179","doi":"10.1016/0006-355x(96)00014-5","pmid":"8679963","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"Cell Transit Analyzer filter micropores","pk":"track-etched-pore","pd":"5 um","pl":"15 um","dt":"per-cell transit time from the resistive pulse duration","sn":"eight pulse-shape parameters, correlated with cell volume","pu":"red cell deformability by micropore transit, compared across laboratory species","no":"Baskurt measured human, guinea pig, dog, rabbit, rat, mouse and sheep red cells; glutaraldehyde stiffening was harder to detect for small red cells in 5 um pores. The pore category follows the CTA filter design (micropore membrane).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8679963+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rat red blood cells","id":"cells-0237"},{"a":318,"y":1986,"au":"Leonard R, Ruben Z","t":"Hematology reference values for peripheral blood of laboratory rats","j":"Laboratory animal science","vp":"36:277-281","pmid":"3724053","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3724053/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Model S Senior apertures","pk":"hematology-analyzer-aperture","pu":"hematology reference values","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3724053+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"peripheral white blood cells of Sprague Dawley rats","id":"cells-0190"},{"a":319,"y":1986,"au":"Bucci LR, Brock WA, Johnson TS, Meistrich ML","t":"Isolation and biochemical studies of enriched populations of spermatogonia and early primary spermatocytes from rat testes","j":"Biology of reproduction","vp":"34:195-206","doi":"10.1095/biolreprod34.1.195","pmid":"3955136","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter volume measurement aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"verifying purity of separated testis cell populations","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3955136+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"zygotene/early pachytene and midpachytene spermatocytes from rat testes","id":"cells-0246"},{"a":320,"y":1986,"au":"Bucci LR, Brock WA, Johnson TS, Meistrich ML","t":"Isolation and biochemical studies of enriched populations of spermatogonia and early primary spermatocytes from rat testes","j":"Biology of reproduction","vp":"34:195-206","doi":"10.1095/biolreprod34.1.195","pmid":"3955136","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter volume measurement aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"verifying purity of separated testis cell populations","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3955136+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Sertoli cells from immature rat testes","id":"cells-0247"},{"a":321,"y":1986,"au":"Bucci LR, Brock WA, Johnson TS, Meistrich ML","t":"Isolation and biochemical studies of enriched populations of spermatogonia and early primary spermatocytes from rat testes","j":"Biology of reproduction","vp":"34:195-206","doi":"10.1095/biolreprod34.1.195","pmid":"3955136","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter volume measurement aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"verifying purity of separated testis cell populations","no":"The authors verified type B spermatogonia, early and mid-pachytene spermatocytes and Sertoli cells the same way.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3955136+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"type A spermatogonia from immature rat testes (elutriated, Percoll-purified)","id":"cells-0244"},{"a":322,"y":1986,"au":"Bucci LR, Brock WA, Johnson TS, Meistrich ML","t":"Isolation and biochemical studies of enriched populations of spermatogonia and early primary spermatocytes from rat testes","j":"Biology of reproduction","vp":"34:195-206","doi":"10.1095/biolreprod34.1.195","pmid":"3955136","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter volume measurement aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"verifying purity of separated testis cell populations","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3955136+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"type B spermatogonia from immature rat testes","id":"cells-0245"},{"a":323,"y":1986,"au":"Irving RA, Noakes TD, Rodgers AL, Swartz L","t":"Crystalluria in marathon runners. 1. Standard marathon--males","j":"Urological Research","vp":"14:289-294","doi":"10.1007/BF00262377","pmid":"3811077","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture (with population accessory unit)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"crystalluria size distributions related to stone risk","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3811077+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Urinary crystals (crystalluria) in urine of male marathon runners","id":"earth_space_industry-0105"},{"a":324,"y":1986,"au":"Morrison WR, Scott DC","t":"Measurement of the dimensions of wheat starch granule populations using a Coulter Counter with 100-channel analyzer","j":"Journal of Cereal Science","vp":"4:13-21","doi":"10.1016/s0733-5210(86)80003-0","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0733-5210(86)80003-0","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter with 100-channel analyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"dimensions of starch granule populations","no":"citation only (no abstract available to us); the title states the analyte and the Coulter measurement; other details not verified","ev":"secondary","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/s0733-5210(86)80003-0","an":"wheat starch granule populations","id":"reviews_exotic-0180"},{"a":325,"y":1987,"au":"Weiser MG","t":"Size referenced electronic leukocyte counting threshold and lysed leukocyte size distribution of common domestic animal species","j":"Veterinary pathology","vp":"24:560-563","doi":"10.1177/030098588702400615","pmid":"3455085","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"single-channel electronic cell counter aperture with particle size analyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"chloride-based diluent plus stromatolysin","b":"size histograms, threshold 30 fL referenced to latex spheres","pu":"counting threshold and size distribution","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3455085+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"bovine leukocytes (lysed)","id":"cells-0020"},{"a":326,"y":1987,"au":"Jakubovicz DE, Grinstein S, Klip A","t":"Cell swelling following recovery from acidification in C6 glioma cells: an in vitro model of postischemic brain edema","j":"Brain research","vp":"435:138-146","doi":"10.1016/0006-8993(87)91594-0","pmid":"3427448","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic sizing aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell swelling (about 50%) during pH recovery via Na+/H+ exchange","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3427448+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"C6 glioma cells (acid-loaded)","id":"cells-0145"},{"a":327,"y":1987,"au":"Tiselius HG","t":"Measurement of the risk of calcium phosphate crystallization in urine","j":"Urological research","vp":"15:79-81","doi":"10.1007/bf00260937","pmid":"3590433","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00260937","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"pH needed to form 500 crystals of 3.5-5 um, used as a crystallization risk index","no":"24 h urines of 25 stone formers and 26 normal subjects","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3590433+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"calcium phosphate crystals formed in urine on adding NaOH","id":"reviews_exotic-0033"},{"a":328,"y":1987,"au":"Weiser MG","t":"Modification and evaluation of a multichannel blood cell counting system for blood analysis in veterinary hematology","j":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","vp":"190:411-415","doi":"10.2460/javma.1987.190.04.411","pmid":"3558078","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3558078/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model S550 erythrocyte aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","v":"erythrocyte aperture current raised to 225 (instrument units)","pu":"erythrocyte count, MCV, hematocrit in veterinary samples","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3558078+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"feline erythrocytes","id":"cells-0022"},{"a":329,"y":1987,"au":"Weiser MG","t":"Size referenced electronic leukocyte counting threshold and lysed leukocyte size distribution of common domestic animal species","j":"Veterinary pathology","vp":"24:560-563","doi":"10.1177/030098588702400615","pmid":"3455085","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"single-channel electronic cell counter aperture with particle size analyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"chloride-based diluent plus stromatolysin","b":"size histograms, threshold 30 fL referenced to latex spheres","pu":"counting threshold and size distribution","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3455085+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"feline leukocytes (lysed)","id":"cells-0018"},{"a":330,"y":1987,"au":"Prod'hom B, Pietrobon D, Hess P","t":"Direct measurement of proton transfer rates to a group controlling the dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channel.","j":"Nature","vp":"329:243-246","doi":"10.1038/329243a0","pmid":"2442620","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"L-type (dihydropyridine-sensitive) Ca2+ channel","b":"protonation reduces channel conductance about threefold, independent of voltage","pu":"binding and unbinding of single protons at a single channel site","no":"Single deuterium ion binding events also resolved: an isotope (single-neutron) difference seen event by event.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2442620+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"deuterium ion (D+)","id":"bio_small-0424"},{"a":330,"y":1995,"au":"Kasianowicz JJ, Bezrukov SM","t":"Protonation dynamics of the alpha-toxin ion channel from spectral analysis of pH-dependent current fluctuations.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"69:94-105","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(95)79879-4","pmid":"7545444","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"1 M NaCl in D2O","v":"positive potentials (cis, side of protein addition)","b":"small discrete current change per protonation of one of ~4 ionizable residues in the lumen (resolved by noise analysis)","sn":"H2O to D2O substitution lowered the dissociation rate constant 3.8-fold and shifted the pK to 6.0; N = 4.1 sites","pu":"binding kinetics (single-site protonation)","no":"Single-atom (isotope) difference: deuteron versus proton binding told apart by kinetics in the same channel.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7545444+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"D+ (deuteron, in D2O)","id":"bio_small-0002"},{"a":331,"y":1987,"au":"Weiser MG","t":"Size referenced electronic leukocyte counting threshold and lysed leukocyte size distribution of common domestic animal species","j":"Veterinary pathology","vp":"24:560-563","doi":"10.1177/030098588702400615","pmid":"3455085","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"single-channel electronic cell counter aperture with particle size analyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"chloride-based diluent plus stromatolysin","b":"size histograms, threshold 30 fL referenced to latex spheres","pu":"counting threshold and size distribution","no":"Dixon et al. 1981 (Res Vet Sci 31:249) had compared canine leucocyte size distributions with Coulter standard 4C.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3455085+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"canine leukocytes (lysed)","id":"cells-0017"},{"a":332,"y":1987,"au":"Prod'hom B, Pietrobon D, Hess P","t":"Direct measurement of proton transfer rates to a group controlling the dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channel.","j":"Nature","vp":"329:243-246","doi":"10.1038/329243a0","pmid":"2442620","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"L-type (dihydropyridine-sensitive) Ca2+ channel","b":"protonation reduces channel conductance about threefold, independent of voltage","pu":"binding and unbinding of single protons at a single channel site","no":"First resolution of binding and unbinding of single protons to one site in a channel; protonation rate constant exceeds earlier estimates.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2442620+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"proton (H+)","id":"bio_small-0423"},{"a":332,"y":1994,"au":"Root MJ, MacKinnon R","t":"Two identical noninteracting sites in an ion channel revealed by proton transfer.","j":"Science","vp":"265:1852-1856","doi":"10.1126/science.7522344","pmid":"7522344","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel","pu":"single proton transfers at pore glutamates","no":"Single proton transfers reveal two identical, noninteracting titratable glutamate sites (pKa 7.6) in the pore.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7522344+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"proton (H+)","id":"bio_small-0425"},{"a":332,"y":1995,"au":"Kasianowicz JJ, Bezrukov SM","t":"Protonation dynamics of the alpha-toxin ion channel from spectral analysis of pH-dependent current fluctuations.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"69:94-105","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(95)79879-4","pmid":"7545444","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"1 M NaCl in H2O (or D2O), pH 4.5 to 7.5","v":"positive potentials (cis, side of protein addition)","b":"small discrete current change per protonation of one of ~4 ionizable residues in the lumen (resolved by noise analysis)","sn":"Lorentzian noise; kon 8e9 /M/s, koff 2.5e4 /s, effective pK 5.5, N = 4.2 ionizable sites","pu":"binding kinetics (single-site protonation)","no":"Protonation of residues inside the open alpha-toxin channel seen as current fluctuations; the same authors first reported the effect in Phys Rev Lett 1993 70:2352 (title verified only).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7545444+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"H+ (proton)","id":"bio_small-0001"},{"a":333,"y":1987,"au":"Weiser MG","t":"Modification and evaluation of a multichannel blood cell counting system for blood analysis in veterinary hematology","j":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","vp":"190:411-415","doi":"10.2460/javma.1987.190.04.411","pmid":"3558078","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3558078/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model S550 erythrocyte aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","v":"erythrocyte aperture current raised to 225 (instrument units)","pu":"erythrocyte count, MCV, hematocrit in veterinary samples","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3558078+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"equine erythrocytes","id":"cells-0023"},{"a":334,"y":1987,"au":"Weiser MG","t":"Size referenced electronic leukocyte counting threshold and lysed leukocyte size distribution of common domestic animal species","j":"Veterinary pathology","vp":"24:560-563","doi":"10.1177/030098588702400615","pmid":"3455085","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"single-channel electronic cell counter aperture with particle size analyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"chloride-based diluent plus stromatolysin","b":"size histograms, threshold 30 fL referenced to latex spheres","pu":"counting threshold and size distribution","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3455085+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"equine leukocytes (lysed)","id":"cells-0019"},{"a":335,"y":1987,"au":"van Huynh N, Decleire M","t":"Kinetics of spheroplasts formation from selected yeast strains","j":"Zentralblatt fur Mikrobiologie","vp":"142:263-268","doi":"10.1016/s0232-4393(87)80023-9","pmid":"3630440","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"kinetics of spheroplast formation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3630440+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Kluyveromyces fragilis","de":"named Kluyveromyces fragilis; spheroplasts","id":"microbes-0054"},{"a":336,"y":1987,"au":"Rotstein OD, Houston K, Grinstein S","t":"Control of cytoplasmic pH by Na+/H+ exchange in rat peritoneal macrophages activated with phorbol ester","j":"FEBS letters","vp":"215:223-227","doi":"10.1016/0014-5793(87)80150-3","pmid":"3034665","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic sizing aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"volume readout of Na+/H+ exchange and pH regulation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3034665+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"elicited rat peritoneal macrophages","id":"cells-0154"},{"a":337,"y":1987,"au":"Green WN, Weiss LB, Andersen OS","t":"Batrachotoxin-modified sodium channels in planar lipid bilayers. Characterization of saxitoxin- and tetrodotoxin-induced channel closures","j":"The Journal of general physiology","vp":"89:873-903","doi":"10.1085/jgp.89.6.873","pmid":"2440978","url":"https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.89.6.873","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"voltage-gated sodium channel, batrachotoxin-modified","sn":"frequency and duration of toxin-induced closures voltage dependent; compared with STX (+2)","pu":"electrostatics near the toxin site from single-molecule block kinetics","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2440978+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"tetrodotoxin-induced closures of single sodium channels","id":"reviews_exotic-0105"},{"a":338,"y":1988,"au":"Nagai M, Horino M, Takasuka Y, Iyanagi H, Sakamoto M, Fujino H, Niinuma K, Yoshida K, et al.","t":"Evaluation of Porous Acrylate Resin Balloons as an Extender Pigment for Cosmetic Use","j":"Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan","vp":"22:80-87","doi":"10.5107/sccj.22.80","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model ZB aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"synthesized powders freed of particles above 40 um and classified with an Alpine 100 MZR zigzag classifier; size checked by Horiba CAPA-500 centrifugal analyzer and Coulter Counter ZB","pu":"size grading of cosmetic extender pigments","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sccj1979/22/2/22_2_80/_pdf","an":"Porous hollow acrylate resin balloons (cosmetic extender pigment)","de":"made by in situ polymerization of a W/O/W emulsion (Pola and Matsumoto Yushi-Seiyaku)","id":"gap_industry-0040"},{"a":339,"y":1988,"au":"Neyton J, Miller C","t":"Discrete Ba2+ block as a probe of ion occupancy and pore structure in the high-conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ channel","j":"The Journal of general physiology","vp":"92:569-586","doi":"10.1085/jgp.92.5.569","pmid":"3235974","url":"https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.92.5.569","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"high-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (rat skeletal muscle)","pm":"single channel in planar phospholipid bilayer","co":"150 mM internal K+, external K+ 100-1000 mM","pu":"ion occupancy and pore structure from single-ion block","no":"single-ion detection in a protein pore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3235974+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"single Ba2+ ions blocking a K+ channel","id":"reviews_exotic-0107"},{"a":339,"y":2013,"au":"Yang C, Liu L, Zeng T, Yang D, Yao Z, Zhao Y, et al.","t":"Highly sensitive simultaneous detection of lead(II) and barium(II) with G-quadruplex DNA in α-hemolysin nanopore.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"85:7302-7307","doi":"10.1021/ac401198d","pmid":"23895278","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"simultaneous metal ion detection with G-quadruplex DNA probes","no":"Ion binding folds the probe into a unimolecular G-quadruplex and greatly prolongs translocation events; detection down to 0.8 nM.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A23895278+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Ba2+","id":"bio_small-0296"},{"a":340,"y":1988,"au":"Davies JA, Collins DL","t":"Comparison of the Size Distribution of Boron Powders as Measured by Malvern Diffractometer and Coulter Counter","j":"Particle &amp; Particle Systems Characterization","vp":"5:116-121","doi":"10.1002/ppsc.19880050303","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19880050303","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"predispersion with about 20 w/o wetting agent","pu":"size distribution compared with Malvern laser diffraction","no":"light scattering oversized by up to 30% relative to Coulter","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1002/ppsc.19880050303","an":"fine boron powders","id":"reviews_exotic-0166"},{"a":341,"y":1988,"au":"Nagai M, Horino M, Takasuka Y, Iyanagi H, Sakamoto M, Fujino H, Niinuma K, Yoshida K, et al.","t":"Evaluation of Porous Acrylate Resin Balloons as an Extender Pigment for Cosmetic Use","j":"Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan","vp":"22:80-87","doi":"10.5107/sccj.22.80","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model ZB aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"synthesized powders freed of particles above 40 um and classified with an Alpine 100 MZR zigzag classifier; size checked by Horiba CAPA-500 centrifugal analyzer and Coulter Counter ZB","pu":"size grading of cosmetic extender pigments","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract; one of the synthesized powders whose grading was checked with the Coulter Counter ZB. Commercial cosmetic-grade extenders were used as received.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sccj1979/22/2/22_2_80/_pdf","an":"Spherical calcium silicate particles (synthesized cosmetic extender)","de":"synthesized following Nakahara et al. and classified like the acrylate balloons","id":"gap_industry-0041"},{"a":342,"y":1988,"au":"O’Hern TJ, d’Agostino L, Acosta AJ","t":"Comparison of Holographic and Coulter Counter Measurements of Cavitation Nuclei in the Ocean","j":"Journal of Fluids Engineering","vp":"110:200-207","doi":"10.1115/1.3243535","url":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3243535","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"concentration density distribution of cavitation nuclei compared with in situ holography","no":"Coulter counts up to ten times lower than holography; possible causes include sample handling, unknown particle conductivity versus polystyrene calibration, and aggregate rupture in the orifice","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1115/1.3243535","an":"cavitation nuclei (microbubbles and particles) in ocean water","id":"reviews_exotic-0176"},{"a":343,"y":1988,"au":"Anderson CS, MacKinnon R, Smith C, Miller C","t":"Charybdotoxin block of single Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Effects of channel gating, voltage, and ionic strength","j":"The Journal of general physiology","vp":"91:317-333","doi":"10.1085/jgp.91.3.317","pmid":"2454282","url":"https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.91.3.317","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"high-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (rat skeletal muscle)","pm":"single channel in uncharged planar phospholipid bilayer","co":"ionic strength 20-300 mM","dt":"blocked and unblocked dwell times single-exponential","sn":"Kd about 10 nM at physiological ionic strength; depolarisation speeds dissociation e-fold per 28 mV","pu":"bimolecular toxin binding seen one molecule at a time","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2454282+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"charybdotoxin blocking single Ca2+-activated K+ channels","id":"reviews_exotic-0106"},{"a":344,"y":1988,"au":"Hebert R, Nanney J, Pedersoli W, Krista L, Spano J","t":"A study of erythrocyte changes in white Pekin ducks","j":"Veterinary and human toxicology","vp":"30 Suppl 1:18-19","pmid":"3212935","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3212935/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter ZBI aperture with Channelyzer and Accucomp accessory","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"erythrocyte distribution after repeated bleeding","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3212935+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"white Pekin duck erythrocytes","de":"Anas platyrhynchos domestic (white Pekin)","id":"cells-0192"},{"a":345,"y":1988,"au":"Andrade CR, Andrade PP","t":"Cell volume regulation in the trypanosomatid Herpetomonas samuelpessoai","j":"Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas","vp":"21:379-384","pmid":"3144405","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3144405/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"hypo- and hyper-osmotic shocks in buffer and culture medium","pu":"cell volume regulation after osmotic shock","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3144405+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Herpetomonas samuelpessoai","id":"microbes-0094"},{"a":346,"y":1988,"au":"Fujii Y, Watanabe O","t":"Microparticle Concentration and Electrical Conductivity of a 700 m Ice Core from Mizuho Station, Antarctica","j":"Annals of Glaciology","vp":"10:38-42","doi":"10.3189/S0260305500004134","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TAII, 30 um aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"30 um","co":"15 cm3 melt water made up to 0.85% NaCl (Isoton II equivalent) with 0.22 um filtered 10% NaCl; 0.05 cm3 analysed repeatedly; ultrasonic stirring 10 s","pu":"microparticle concentration profile for palaeoclimate","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annals-of-glaciology/article/microparticle-concentration-and-electrical-conductivity-of-a-700-m-ice-core-from-mizuho-station-antarctica/342B8721BA17A255C595A1509684B1F0","an":"Insoluble microparticles in a 700 m ice core from Mizuho Station, East Antarctica","id":"earth_space_industry-0009"},{"a":347,"y":1988,"au":"Lopez-Torres AJ, Prieto L, Hazen TC","t":"Comparison of the in situ survival and activity ofKlebsiella pneumoniae andEscherichia coli in tropical marine environments","j":"Microbial ecology","vp":"15:41-57","doi":"10.1007/bf02012951","pmid":"24202862","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"diffusion chambers in tropical marine environments","pu":"direct counts during in situ survival","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24202862+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Klebsiella pneumoniae","id":"microbes-0033"},{"a":348,"y":1988,"au":"Zhang A, Groves MJ","t":"Size characterization of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guérin) vaccine, Tice substrain","j":"Pharmaceutical research","vp":"5:607-610","doi":"10.1023/a:1015954316139","pmid":"3073388","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"cumulative size distribution fits a log-probit plot; dispersion barely changed by mild shear or surfactants","pu":"particle size characterization of reconstituted lyophilized vaccine","no":"A HIAC/Royco light-blockage counter was also used.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3073388+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine, Tice substrain","de":"reconstituted lyophilized BCG vaccine, Tice substrain; heavily aggregated suspension","id":"microbes-0104"},{"a":349,"y":1988,"au":"Pérez-Rosas N, Hazen TC","t":"In situ survival of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli in tropical coral reefs","j":"Applied and environmental microbiology","vp":"54:1-9","doi":"10.1128/aem.54.1.1-9.1988","pmid":"3278684","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture (Coulter Electronics)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"diffusion chambers in tropical coral reef seawater","sn":"densities fell by two orders of magnitude by Coulter direct counts","pu":"direct particle counts during in situ survival","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A3278684+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Vibrio cholerae","id":"microbes-0032"},{"a":350,"y":1989,"au":"Eng C, Valenstein P","t":"Standardization of yeast inocula with an electronic impedance counter","j":"Journal of clinical microbiology","vp":"27:2397-2399","doi":"10.1128/jcm.27.10.2397-2399.1989","pmid":"2584389","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic impedance particle counter","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"counts linear from 5 x 10^4 to 5 x 10^6 CFU/mL (R2 above 0.99); CV about 7% at 10^6 counts/mL","pu":"standardizing yeast inocula","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2584389+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Candida albicans","id":"microbes-0052"},{"a":350,"y":2009,"au":"Mulero R, Lee DH, Kutzler MA, Jacobson JM, Kim MJ","t":"Ultra-fast low concentration detection of Candida pathogens utilizing high resolution micropore chips","j":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","vp":"9:1590-1598","doi":"10.3390/s90301590","pmid":"22573974","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN micropore milled by focused ion beam","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"200 nm low-stress SiN membrane on 340 um Si, PTFE flow cell","pd":"10 um","pl":"200 nm","fab":"LPCVD silicon-rich SiN at 825 C; 50 x 50 um window by photolithography and KOH etching; pore milled with an FEI Strata DB 235 focused ion beam","co":"KCl electrolyte (concentration not given in the text read); cells suspended in KCl; Axopatch 200B","v":"1000 mV","b":"open pore conductance 100 nS","er":"first two events 12 min after adding 750 uL of 2 x 10^2 CFU/mL","sn":"most events single peaks; distinct paired peaks attributed to budded mother and daughter cells","pu":"rapid low-concentration detection of Candida and budding morphology","no":"Solid-state micropore detection; earlier electronic particle counter counts of C. albicans exist (see 1989 record).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3345857/fullTextXML","an":"Candida albicans","de":"ATCC 14053","id":"microbes-0012"},{"a":351,"y":1989,"au":"Eng C, Valenstein P","t":"Standardization of yeast inocula with an electronic impedance counter","j":"Journal of clinical microbiology","vp":"27:2397-2399","doi":"10.1128/jcm.27.10.2397-2399.1989","pmid":"2584389","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic impedance particle counter","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"counts linear from 5 x 10^4 to 5 x 10^6 CFU/mL (R2 above 0.99); CV about 7% at 10^6 counts/mL","pu":"standardizing yeast inocula","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2584389+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Torulopsis glabrata","de":"named Torulopsis glabrata (now Nakaseomyces glabratus)","id":"microbes-0053"},{"a":352,"y":1989,"au":"Barnard DF, Barnard SA, Carter AB, Patterson KG, Yardumian A, Machin SJ","t":"An evaluation of the Coulter VCS differential counter","j":"Clinical and laboratory haematology","vp":"11:255-266","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2257.1989.tb00217.x","pmid":"2591156","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter VCS flow cell (DC impedance volume plus RF conductivity and light scatter)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"automated five-part leukocyte differential","no":"The VCS counts agreed with 800-cell manual counts, and the analyzer ran 60 samples per hour.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2591156+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"eosinophils (with neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes) in routine blood samples","id":"cells-0256"},{"a":353,"y":1989,"au":"Nelson DM, Curran EM","t":"High glucose levels decrease proliferation of cultured human fetal cells from placenta","j":"American journal of obstetrics and gynecology","vp":"161:1553-1558","doi":"10.1016/0002-9378(89)90925-3","pmid":"2603910","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell number after growth in high glucose","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2603910+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"cultured human fetal cells from placenta","id":"cells-0146"},{"a":354,"y":1989,"au":"Sen S, Srienc F, Hu WS","t":"Distinct volume distribution of viable and non-viable hybridoma cells: A flow cytometric study","j":"Cytotechnology","vp":"2:85-94","doi":"10.1007/bf00386140","pmid":"22358620","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Elzone particle counter orifice (electrical sensing zone)","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"volume distribution with two populations; viable cells larger","pu":"viability by volume","no":"The abstract does not name the species.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A22358620+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"hybridoma cells (viable and non-viable)","id":"cells-0092"},{"a":355,"y":1989,"au":"Van Huynh N, van den Cruys K, van Roey G, Decleire M","t":"Comparative determination of the rates of Kluyveromyces bulgaricus protoplast formation by the coulter counter technique and spectrophotometry","j":"Acta Biotechnologica","vp":"9:363-368","doi":"10.1002/abio.370090414","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/abio.370090414","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"rate of protoplast formation from the loss of intact cells","no":"Coulter rates matched protein release; spectrophotometry underestimated by about 40%","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1002/abio.370090414","an":"Kluyveromyces bulgaricus cells during enzymatic protoplast formation","id":"reviews_exotic-0179"},{"a":356,"y":1989,"au":"Davies E, Kuczmarski D","t":"Effect of light and Triton X-100 on the size of protoplasts from Ulothrix gigas","j":"Photochemistry and photobiology","vp":"50:691-695","doi":"10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb04328.x","pmid":"2623052","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb04328.x","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter with Channelyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"purity, swelling, bursting and growth of protoplasts","no":"size differences seen within 2 h under low light; Triton X-100 makes them swell and burst","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2623052+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"protoplasts of the green alga Ulothrix gigas","id":"reviews_exotic-0028"},{"a":357,"y":1989,"au":"van Dissel-Emiliani FM, de Rooij DG, Meistrich ML","t":"Isolation of rat gonocytes by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity","j":"Journal of reproduction and fertility","vp":"86:759-766","doi":"10.1530/jrf.0.0860759","pmid":"2760901","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter volume measurement aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"verifying purity of velocity-sedimented gonocyte fractions","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2760901+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rat gonocytes (fetal testis, day 18 p.c.)","id":"cells-0184"},{"a":358,"y":1989,"au":"Ataya KM, Valeriote FA, Ramahi-Ataya AJ","t":"Effect of cyclophosphamide on the immature rat ovary","j":"Cancer research","vp":"49:1660-1664","pmid":"2924314","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2924314/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture with C-256 Channelyzer","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"median nuclear size distributions","pu":"cell number and nuclear size after cyclophosphamide","no":"The authors also counted and sized nucleated bone marrow cells.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2924314+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rat ovarian granulosa cells and their nuclei","id":"cells-0152"},{"a":359,"y":1989,"au":"Berge LI, Feder J, Jo/ssang T","t":"A novel method to study single-particle dynamics by the resistive pulse technique","j":"Review of Scientific Instruments","vp":"60:2756-2763","doi":"10.1063/1.1140654","url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1140654","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter-type orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"pulse fluctuations reveal tumbling (rotation) of single particles","pu":"single-particle dynamics by the resistive pulse technique","no":"described in the review by Kozak D et al. 2011 Nano Today (PMC3199578); publisher page could not be read (see failures log)","ev":"secondary","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3199578/","an":"Rochelle salt particles","de":"aspherical crystal particles tumbling in the orifice","id":"reviews_exotic-0092"},{"a":360,"y":1989,"au":"Hellung-Larsen P, Andersen AP","t":"Cell volume and dry weight of cultured Tetrahymena","j":"Journal of cell science","vp":"92 ( Pt 2):319-324","doi":"10.1242/jcs.92.2.319","pmid":"2777928","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"cells in 0.9% NaCl plus 0.1% sodium azide","pu":"cell volume versus dry weight under growth shifts","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2777928+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Tetrahymena hegewishi","id":"microbes-0062"},{"a":361,"y":1989,"au":"Hellung-Larsen P, Andersen AP","t":"Cell volume and dry weight of cultured Tetrahymena","j":"Journal of cell science","vp":"92 ( Pt 2):319-324","doi":"10.1242/jcs.92.2.319","pmid":"2777928","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"cells in 0.9% NaCl plus 0.1% sodium azide","pu":"cell volume versus dry weight under growth shifts","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2777928+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Tetrahymena malaccensis","id":"microbes-0063"},{"a":362,"y":1990,"au":"Allman R, Hann AC, Phillips AP, Martin KL, Lloyd D","t":"Growth of Azotobacter vinelandii with correlation of Coulter cell size, flow cytometric parameters, and ultrastructure","j":"Cytometry","vp":"11:822-831","doi":"10.1002/cyto.990110708","pmid":"2125552","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell volume during batch growth compared with flow cytometric light scatter","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2125552+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Azotobacter vinelandii","de":"nitrogen-fixing and NH4Cl-grown batch cultures","id":"microbes-0102"},{"a":363,"y":1990,"au":"Viertel B","t":"Suspension feeding of anuran larvae at low concentrations of Chlorella algae (Amphibia, Anura)","j":"Oecologia","vp":"85:167-177","doi":"10.1007/bf00319398","pmid":"28312552","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"algal concentrations in suspension-feeding experiments with anuran larvae","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A28312552+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Chlorella fusca","id":"microbes-0081"},{"a":364,"y":1990,"au":"Yao TD, Petit JR, Jouzel J, Lorius C, Duval P","t":"Climatic Record From an Ice Margin Area in East Antarctica","j":"Annals of Glaciology","vp":"14:323-327","doi":"10.3189/S0260305500008843","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture (model not stated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"NaCl electrolyte filtered several times through 0.22 um filters; blanks with deionized filtered water; LGGE Grenoble","pu":"microparticle concentration and volume distribution; glacial-interglacial record","no":"Total counts were checked by optical counting. Preparation followed Thompson (1977) and Petit et al. (1981).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annals-of-glaciology/article/climatic-record-from-an-ice-margin-area-in-east-antarctica/668D78F0944B084B4E7C49B04BABC10B","an":"Microparticles in the 82 m 'Caroline' marginal ice core near Dumont d'Urville, Terre Adelie, East Antarctica","id":"earth_space_industry-0010"},{"a":365,"y":1990,"au":"Thompson LG, Mosley-Thompson E, Davis ME, Bolzan JF, Dai J, Klein L, et al.","t":"Glacial Stage Ice-Core Records from the Subtropical Dunde Ice Cap, China","j":"Annals of Glaciology","vp":"14:288-297","doi":"10.3189/S0260305500008776","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA-II, 100 um aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um","co":"Class 100 clean room at Byrd Polar Research Center; very dusty samples diluted 36 times, up to 7000 times, to avoid coincidence in the aperture","pu":"dust concentration profiles and dating by annual dust layers","no":"First ice-core record of the Holocene and Late Glacial Stage from the subtropics.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annals-of-glaciology/article/glacial-stage-icecore-records-from-the-subtropical-dunde-ice-cap-china/20BB5FBABB30C76CA173D27106286844","an":"Insoluble dust (microparticles >= 2 um) in ice cores to bedrock from the Dunde ice cap, north-central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","id":"earth_space_industry-0013"},{"a":366,"y":1990,"au":"Petit JR, Mounier L, Jouzel J, Korotkevich YS, Kotlyakov VI, Lorius C","t":"Palaeoclimatological and chronological implications of the Vostok core dust record","j":"Nature","vp":"343:56-58","doi":"10.1038/343056a0","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture (model not stated in the sources read)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"dust record as a stratigraphic marker linked to orbital forcing","no":"Abstract read on nature.com. Method from Chesler et al. 2025 (EGUsphere preprint egusphere-2025-1897, Fig. 2 caption): WAIS Divide, James Ross Island and SPC14 were measured with a laser particle counter and Dome Fuji with light scattering and laser counting; 'All other records were measured using a Coulter Counter providing volume accurate measurements', with this paper among the cited records. Later Vostok dust work: Petit et al. 1999 Nature 399:429 (420,000-year record). Nature and Crossref spell the second author 'Mourner L'; other papers cite him as Mounier.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-1897/egusphere-2025-1897-manuscript-version4.pdf","an":"Aeolian dust in the Vostok ice core (East Antarctica) down to 2202 m, covering a full glacial-interglacial cycle","id":"earth_space_industry-0125"},{"a":367,"y":1990,"au":"Kobayashi A, Takai T, Kitajima N","t":"Characteristics of the gamma-FeOOH as a Standard Material","j":"Corrosion Engineering (Boshoku Gijutsu)","vp":"39:474-478","doi":"10.3323/jcorr1974.39.9_474","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA II aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size distribution of a proposed rust standard material","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract (Ebara Research).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jcorr1974/39/9/39_9_474/_pdf","an":"Lepidocrocite (gamma-FeOOH) round particles made by catalytic oxidation of ferrous iron (proposed corrosion standard material)","id":"gap_industry-0048"},{"a":368,"y":1990,"au":"Koike I, Hara S, Terauchi K, Kogure K","t":"Role of sub-micrometre particles in the ocean","j":"Nature","vp":"345:242-244","doi":"10.1038/345242a0","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Elzone particle size analyzer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"vertical distribution of sub-micrometre particles; link to dissolved organic matter","no":"Abstract read on nature.com. Instrument stated by Xiong, Zhang and Hu 2022 (Limnol Oceanogr Methods, PMC9543390): 'Using commercial instruments Elzone Particle Size Analyzer and/or the Multisizer Coulter Counter, Koike et al. (1990), Longhurst et al. (1992), and Yamasaki et al. (1998) measured submicron particles'.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9543390/fullTextXML","an":"Sub-micrometre particles (0.38 to 1 um) in the upper ocean, more than 95% non-living","id":"earth_space_industry-0030"},{"a":369,"y":1990,"au":"Chiba K, Tada M","t":"Relationship between the Emulsion Stability and Phospholipid Distribution in the Aqueous Phases Inside and Outside of an Emulsion Droplet","j":"Agricultural and Biological Chemistry","vp":"54:907-912","doi":"10.1271/bbb1961.54.907","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TAII aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"emulsion stability versus phospholipid distribution (31P-NMR with Pr3+)","no":"Paper in English.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb1961/54/4/54_4_907/_pdf","an":"n-Decane-in-water emulsion droplets stabilized by phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine","de":"emulsions of n-decane and water containing HCl, NaCl or NaOH with PC/LPC mixtures; stability judged by change of size distribution and separated water after 24 h at 25 C","id":"gap_industry-0046"},{"a":370,"y":1990,"au":"Takahashi M, Tanaka M, Sato T, Ogawa M","t":"Development of Fine Powdered Silica for Thermal Recording Paper","j":"Japan TAPPI Journal","vp":"44:181-193","doi":"10.2524/jtappij.44.181","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA-II, 50 um aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"50 um","pu":"particle size distribution of silica pigments for paper coating","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract. A later paper in the same journal (1991, 45:347) shows a Coulter Multisizer distribution of Tokuyama Soda Fine Seal X-37(B) amorphous silica filler.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jtappij1955/44/2/44_2_181/_pdf","an":"Fine powdered precipitated silica Mizukasil P-527, P-832, P-603, P-527H (thermal recording paper pigment)","de":"Mizukasil wet-process silicas used as residue-preventing pigment in thermal recording paper; some samples wet-ground in polyvinyl alcohol to mean size below 3 um","id":"gap_industry-0028"},{"a":371,"y":1990,"au":"Grootjen DRJ, Windmeijer MGA, Lans RGJMvander, Luyben KCAM","t":"The use of a coulter counter to investigate a mixed culture of Pichia stipitis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae","j":"Biotechnology techniques","vp":"4:403-408","doi":"10.1007/bf00159386","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"following each species in a mixed culture","no":"No abstract in Europe PMC; evidence is the title.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3AIND91024821+AND+SRC%3AAGR&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Pichia stipitis","de":"named Pichia stipitis; mixed culture with Saccharomyces cerevisiae","id":"microbes-0091"},{"a":372,"y":1990,"au":"Takeda T, Minagawa K","t":"Slip Casting of Duplex Phase Stainless Steel Fine Powders","j":"Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy","vp":"37:198-202","doi":"10.2497/jjspm.37.198","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA-II, 30 um aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"30 um","co":"powder wet-classified on 5 and 10 um sieves, soaked in 50% aqueous glycerin, then dispersed in 3% NaCl electrolyte","pu":"size distribution of fine metal powder for slip casting","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjspm1947/37/2/37_2_198/_pdf","an":"Duplex phase stainless steel fine powder (23% Cr-eq, 11% Ni-eq), water atomized","de":"water atomized at 82 MPa; minus 25 um sieved powder for slip casting","id":"gap_industry-0013"},{"a":373,"y":1990,"au":"Halada K, Suga H","t":"Study on Parameters for Centrifugal Atomization with Atomizing Molten Zinc","j":"Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy","vp":"37:398-404","doi":"10.2497/jjspm.37.398","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"sieving for the main size analysis; Coulter counter for detailed size distribution of part of the powder (Fig. 10)","pu":"size distribution of atomized metal powder versus disk diameter, speed and pour rate","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjspm1947/37/3/37_3_398/_pdf","an":"Zinc powder produced by centrifugal (rotating disk) atomization","id":"gap_industry-0014"},{"a":374,"y":1991,"au":"Ogbunude PO, Asiri S, Baer HP, Warhurst DC","t":"New method for detachment and quantitation of Acanthamoeba trophozoites in culture","j":"Tropical medicine and parasitology : official organ of Deutsche Tropenmedizinische Gesellschaft and of Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)","vp":"42:415-416","pmid":"1796243","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1796243/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"trophozoites detached and rounded with 0.005% Triton X-100 plus 0.05% ammonium sulphate","pu":"quantitation of trophozoites in culture","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A1796243+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Acanthamoeba polyphaga trophozoites","de":"strains RYD and 435","id":"microbes-0096"},{"a":375,"y":1991,"au":"Kitamura M, Endo H","t":"Growth Process of Ammonium Sulfate Crystals Produced by Secondary Nucleation in Stirred-Tank Crystallizer","j":"Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan","vp":"24:593-599","doi":"10.1252/jcej.24.593","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"growth and dissolution rates of secondary nuclei from cumulative size curves","no":"Abstract read on J-STAGE; the PDF text layer returned no Coulter context, so details come from the abstract.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jcej/24/5/24_5_593/_article","an":"Ammonium sulfate secondary nuclei crystals grown from a seed crystal in a stirred-tank crystallizer","id":"gap_industry-0054"},{"a":376,"y":1991,"au":"Chen QH, Lu WG, Ge QH, Sheng Q, Zhang Y, Xie XH, et al.","t":"Study on targeting drug delivery system--the characteristics of methotrexate microsphere and experimental treatment of hepatic tumor in rats by arterial embolization","j":"Yao Xue Xue Bao (Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica)","vp":"26:293-298","pmid":"1957676","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1957676/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"dissolution and swelling of microspheres in pH 7.4 buffer over time","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A1957676+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Methotrexate-loaded gelatin microspheres made by emulsion-freezing, for hepatic arterial chemoembolization","id":"earth_space_industry-0149"},{"a":376,"y":1996,"au":"Zeng FB, Lu B, Yang H, Deng XX","t":"Studies on gelatin microsphere loaded ligustrazine hydrochloride for lung targeting","j":"Yao Xue Xue Bao (Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica)","vp":"31:132-137","pmid":"8762472","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8762472/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"microsphere size for lung capillary targeting","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8762472+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Ligustrazine hydrochloride loaded gelatin microspheres (emulsion process) for lung targeting","id":"earth_space_industry-0154"},{"a":377,"y":1991,"au":"Mbassa GK, Poulsen JS","t":"Comparison between a modified haemocytometric technique and electronic counters in goat blood cell counting","j":"Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe A","vp":"38:350-356","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0442.1991.tb01021.x","pmid":"1910237","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"RBC and WBC counts compared with haemocytometer (551 samples)","no":"The authors note that goat erythrocytes are small and call for counters designed for small cell volumes.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A1910237+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"goat red blood cells","id":"cells-0193"},{"a":378,"y":1991,"au":"Mbassa GK, Poulsen JS","t":"Comparison between a modified haemocytometric technique and electronic counters in goat blood cell counting","j":"Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. 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The pore category follows the CTA filter design (micropore membrane).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8679963+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rabbit red blood cells","id":"cells-0236"},{"a":383,"y":1991,"au":"野納敏展, 前野昌弘, 前田禎美, 木村博道, 早矢仕隆司, 古宇田成巳","t":"Study on the micro silicas (part 1) properties of reinforcing spherical silicas","j":"Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi (Journal of the Society of Rubber Industry, Japan)","vp":"64:605-611","doi":"10.2324/gomu.64.605","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter (Coulter Electronics) aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size distribution and mean size of fillers","no":"Paper in Japanese (title 補強性球状シリカ粉体の特性について; English title from the J-STAGE listing); authors given in Japanese as listed. 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each oligomer gives its own conductance state; Gaussian mixture model plus hidden Markov decoding","pu":"single-molecule mass spectrometry (size discrimination)","no":"Conductance-based mass spectrum resolves the ethylene glycol repeat unit; compared with MALDI-TOF.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1866312/","an":"poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)","de":"polydisperse PEG 1500 (25 < n < 50), about 24 oligomers resolved","id":"bio_small-0011"},{"a":387,"y":2008,"au":"Nablo BJ, Halverson KM, Robertson JW, Nguyen TL, Panchal RG, Gussio R, et al.","t":"Sizing the Bacillus anthracis PA63 channel with nonelectrolyte poly(ethylene glycols).","j":"Biophys J","vp":"95:1157-1164","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.107.121715","pmid":"18645196","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"anthrax protective antigen PA63 channel","pk":"anthrax-pa63","pm":"B. anthracis PA63 heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"pore sizing with polymers","no":"PEG cutoff ~1400 g/mol, limiting diameter <2 nm; conductance-based (ensemble) measurement.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A18645196+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)","de":"PEGs of different molecular weights","id":"bio_small-0354"},{"a":387,"y":2014,"au":"Cabello-Aguilar S, Abou Chaaya A, Picaud F, Bechelany M, Pochat-Bohatier C, Yesylevskyy S, et al.","t":"Experimental and simulation studies of unusual current blockade induced by translocation of small oxidized PEG through a single nanopore.","j":"Phys Chem Chem Phys","vp":"16:17883-17892","doi":"10.1039/c4cp01954g","pmid":"25045766","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"single track-etched nanopore narrowed by ALD","pk":"track-etched-pore","pd":"5 nm","pg":"high length to diameter ratio","fab":"track etching plus atomic layer deposition","sn":"no unusual blockade (unlike PEG-carboxylate)","pu":"translocation of small polymers","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:25045766%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"neutral polyethylene glycol (PEG 200 and 600)","id":"ss_protein_small-0097"},{"a":387,"y":2015,"au":"Baaken G, Halimeh I, Bacri L, Pelta J, Oukhaled A, Behrends JC","t":"High-Resolution Size-Discrimination of Single Nonionic Synthetic Polymers with a Highly Charged Biological Nanopore.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"9:6443-6449","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5b02096","pmid":"26028280","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"size discrimination of single synthetic polymers","no":"Aerolysin current blocked by PEG with very different voltage dependence from alpha-HL; title reports high-resolution size discrimination (oligomer resolution not itemized in the abstract).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26028280+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)","de":"PEG oligomers","id":"bio_small-0352"},{"a":387,"y":2016,"au":"Aksoyoglu MA, Podgornik R, Bezrukov SM, Gurnev PA, Muthukumar M, Parsegian VA","t":"Size-dependent forced PEG partitioning into channels: VDAC, OmpC, and α-hemolysin.","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"113:9003-9008","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1602716113","pmid":"27466408","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"VDAC (mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel)","pk":"vdac","pm":"VDAC in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"forced polymer partitioning in polymer mixtures","no":"PEG mixtures of different molecular weights; less penetrating polymers push more penetrating ones into the pore (average conductance measurements).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A27466408+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)","de":"mixtures of PEGs of different molecular weights","id":"bio_small-0415"},{"a":387,"y":2016,"au":"Aksoyoglu MA, Podgornik R, Bezrukov SM, Gurnev PA, Muthukumar M, Parsegian VA","t":"Size-dependent forced PEG partitioning into channels: VDAC, OmpC, and α-hemolysin.","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"113:9003-9008","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1602716113","pmid":"27466408","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpC (E. coli outer membrane porin C)","pu":"forced polymer partitioning in polymer mixtures","no":"PEG mixtures of different molecular weights; less penetrating polymers push more penetrating ones into the pore (average conductance measurements).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A27466408+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)","de":"mixtures of PEGs of different molecular weights","id":"bio_small-0416"},{"a":387,"y":2023,"au":"Peng W, Yan S, Zhou K, Wu HC, Liu L, Zhao Y","t":"High-resolution discrimination of homologous and isomeric proteinogenic amino acids in nanopore sensors with ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2662","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38399-4","pmid":"37160961","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10169846/","pt":"journal","pc":9,"p":"ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) nanopore","pk":"carbon-nanotube-porin","pm":"SWCNT (5-10 nm long) inserted in a lipid bilayer","pd":"about 1.2 nm (1.1 to 1.5 nm)","pl":"about 5-10 nm","fab":"density gradient ultracentrifugation sorting of ultrashort SWCNTs, then insertion into lipid bilayers","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0","v":"+40 mV","sn":"100 kHz sampling, 5 kHz filter; ion mobility in SWCNT 3-5 times bulk","pu":"discrimination of homologous and isomeric amino acids","no":"Blockade change between PEG 400 and PEG 600 placed the SWCNT diameter between 1.2 and 1.5 nm.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10169846/fullTextXML","an":"poly(ethylene glycol) 62 to 4000 Da (pore sizing)","id":"ss_protein_small-0185"},{"a":387,"y":2026,"au":"Cai Y, Cressiot B, Winterhalter M, Balme S, Pelta J, Bacri L","t":"Scaling laws in confined media applied for biomarker detection.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"17:3322","doi":"10.1038/s41467-026-68912-4","pmid":"41764168","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13066624/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"12 nm SiNx membrane (Norcada)","pd":"2 to 8 nm","pl":"12 nm","fab":"automated controlled dielectric breakdown after piranha cleaning","co":"100 mM LiCl or KCl, 5 mM HEPES pH 7.5; semi-dilute PEG as crowder","v":"-700 mV","dt":"tau/c^1.5 about 7660 +/- 292 us (35 kDa, LiCl)","sn":"no entry below a threshold concentration set by mesh size versus pore size (de Gennes scaling); minority short (<100 us) bumping events","pu":"osmotic (semi-dilute polymer) control of entry into nanopores","no":"Entry threshold concentration scales as (D/a)^-1.32.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13066624/fullTextXML","an":"poly(ethylene glycol), 8 to 200 kDa (mainly 35 kDa) in the semi-dilute regime","id":"ss_protein_small-0303"},{"a":388,"y":1992,"au":"Briceño JC, Runge TM","t":"Tubing spallation in extracorporeal circuits. 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it does not name the electrical volume channel.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8246014+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Neuro-2A neuroblastoma cells under lactic acidosis","id":"cells-0248"},{"a":396,"y":1993,"au":"Snow JC, Goldstein JL, Schmidt LN, Lisitza P, Layden TJ","t":"Rabbit esophageal cells show regulatory volume decrease: ionic basis and effect of pH","j":"Gastroenterology","vp":"105:102-110","doi":"10.1016/0016-5085(93)90015-5","pmid":"8514028","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"regulatory volume decrease after hyposmotic swelling","no":"Cells swelled 1.15-fold at peak and returned to baseline by 5 min at pH 7.4.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8514028+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"isolated basal esophageal cells (rabbit)","id":"cells-0162"},{"a":397,"y":1994,"au":"Sontum PC, Christiansen C","t":"Precision and accuracy of analysis of air-filled albumin microspheres using Coulter Multisizer Mark II","j":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","vp":"12:1233-1241","doi":"10.1016/0731-7085(94)00069-7","pmid":"7841217","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0731-7085(94)00069-7","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer Mark II aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"routine size analysis; precision and accuracy of electrical sensing zone method","no":"repeatability RSD 1-2% (number) and 3-4% (volume); instrument-to-instrument variation up to 11%; accuracy 100-106% against latex standards, light diffraction, microscopy and gravimetry","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=7841217","an":"air-filled albumin microspheres (ultrasound contrast agent)","id":"reviews_exotic-0121"},{"a":398,"y":1994,"au":"Sontum PC, Christiansen C","t":"Precision and accuracy of analysis of air-filled albumin microspheres using Coulter Multisizer Mark II","j":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis","vp":"12:1233-1241","doi":"10.1016/0731-7085(94)00069-7","pmid":"7841217","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer Mark II aperture (three instruments)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"routine size analysis of a gas-filled contrast agent; accuracy checked with latex standards, light diffraction, microscopy and gravimetry","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7841217+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Air-filled albumin microspheres (Albunex ultrasound contrast agent)","id":"earth_space_industry-0084"},{"a":399,"y":1994,"au":"Hystad ME, Rofstad EK","t":"Oxygen consumption rate and mitochondrial density in human melanoma monolayer cultures and multicellular spheroids","j":"International journal of cancer","vp":"57:532-537","doi":"10.1002/ijc.2910570416","pmid":"8181856","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell volume in oxygen consumption studies","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8181856+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"COX-c human melanoma cells","id":"cells-0223"},{"a":400,"y":1994,"au":"Ranheim T, Gedde-Dahl A, Rustan AC, Drevon CA","t":"Fatty acid uptake and metabolism in CaCo-2 cells: eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5(n-3)) and oleic acid (18:1(n-9)) presented in association with micelles or albumin","j":"Biochimica et biophysica acta","vp":"1212:295-304","doi":"10.1016/0005-2760(94)90203-8","pmid":"8199200","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"resistive pulse instrument","sn":"secreted particles in the same size range as human plasma chylomicrons; mean size unchanged by micellar fatty acids","pu":"lipoprotein size","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8199200+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"lipoproteins of density below 1.006 g/ml secreted by CaCo-2 cells (compared with human plasma chylomicrons)","de":"secreted by CaCo-2 enterocyte model after micellar or albumin-bound eicosapentaenoic and oleic acid","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0202"},{"a":401,"y":1994,"au":"Takeuchi H, Yamamoto H, Niwa T, Hino T, Kawashima Y","t":"Mucoadhesion of polymer-coated liposomes to rat intestine in vitro","j":"Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin","vp":"42:1954-1956","doi":"10.1248/cpb.42.1954","pmid":"7954945","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting liposomes to measure adhesion to rat intestine","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7954945+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"polymer-coated (mucoadhesive) liposomes","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0173"},{"a":402,"y":1994,"au":"Mindell JA, Zhan H, Huynh PD, Collier RJ, Finkelstein A","t":"Reaction of diphtheria toxin channels with sulfhydryl-specific reagents: observation of chemical reactions at the single molecule level.","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"91:5272-5276","doi":"10.1073/pnas.91.12.5272","pmid":"7515494","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"diphtheria toxin T-domain channel (single cysteine mutants at residues 349 to 352)","pm":"diphtheria toxin T domain oligomer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"toxin T domain inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"reagent added trans","b":"positive charge at residue 351 or 352 gives a step decrease in conductance; 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Silicon nitride could not be run by electrical sensing zone because it was dispersed in ethanol.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jcersj1988/103/1198/103_1198_586/_pdf","an":"Boron nitride (BN) fine ceramics raw powder","de":"round-robin sample of the Japan Fine Ceramics Center; electrical sensing zone result from 1 model and 2 laboratories","id":"gap_industry-0011"},{"a":406,"y":1995,"au":"Inaba K, Matsumoto K","t":"Effect of Particle Shape on Particle Size Analysis Using the Electrical Sensing Zone Method and Laser Diffraction Method","j":"Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan","vp":"32:722-730","doi":"10.4164/sptj.32.722","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model ZB (Nikkaki), 100 um and 560 um apertures","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um and 560 um","co":"electrolytes used in the study: 1% NaCl in water, and 4% ammonium thiocyanate in isopropyl alcohol (99.5%) as a non-aqueous electrolyte; calibrated with 10 and 40 um polystyrene latex; volume median D50 from the number distribution","pu":"effect of particle shape (spherical, cubic, blocky, prismatic, platy) on electrical sensing zone sizing compared with microscopy and laser diffraction","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract; used as a high-aspect-ratio prismoidal sample.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sptj1978/32/10/32_10_722/_pdf","an":"Carbon fibre fragments (Kureha Chemical M-2007S)","de":"commercial carbon fibre M-2007S from Kureha Chemical, used as a prismoidal (rod) sample","id":"gap_industry-0007"},{"a":407,"y":1995,"au":"Başkurt OK, Sentürk UK, Dayan N, Küçükatay V, Isbir M, Erkiliç A, et al.","t":"Cyclosporin A affects red blood cell deformability in vivo but not in vitro in guinea pig","j":"The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics","vp":"274:1438-1442","doi":"10.1016/s0022-3565(25)10695-2","pmid":"7562519","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"Cell Transit Analyzer filter micropores","pk":"track-etched-pore","pu":"red cell transit time (deformability) after cyclosporin A","no":"Baskurt 1996 (Biorheology 33:169) characterized guinea pig RBC in the CTA with 5 um x 15 um pores. The pore category follows the CTA filter design.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7562519+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"guinea pig red blood cells (cyclosporin A treated and control)","id":"cells-0239"},{"a":408,"y":1995,"au":"Liu C, Benson CT, Gao D, Haag BW, McGann LE, Critser JK","t":"Water permeability and its activation energy for individual hamster pancreatic islet cells","j":"Cryobiology","vp":"32:493-502","doi":"10.1006/cryo.1995.1049","pmid":"7587287","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"kinetic cell volume changes for water permeability","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7587287+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"isolated golden hamster pancreatic exocrine cells","id":"cells-0159"},{"a":409,"y":1995,"au":"Liu C, Benson CT, Gao D, Haag BW, McGann LE, Critser JK","t":"Water permeability and its activation energy for individual hamster pancreatic islet cells","j":"Cryobiology","vp":"32:493-502","doi":"10.1006/cryo.1995.1049","pmid":"7587287","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"anisosmotic media 145 mOsm/kg to 1.35 Osm/kg; 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first noise study of this system was Benz group 1994 Biophys J 66:1388.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7539481+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"maltoheptaose","id":"bio_small-0279"},{"a":413,"y":2026,"au":"Gao X, Xiao Y, Li W, Qian L, Wang K, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Nanopore Analysis of Malto-oligosaccharides from Amylose, Amylopectin, and Cyclodextrin Hydrolysates.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"26:74-82","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.5c04591","pmid":"41475898","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter (MspA-90PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"malto-oligosaccharide chain-length identification","no":"Glucose to maltooctaose identified (validation accuracy >98%); used on gamma-cyclodextrin acidolysis products, amylose versus amylopectin and crop starch.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41475898+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"maltoheptaose","id":"bio_small-0219"},{"a":414,"y":1995,"au":"Andersen C, Jordy M, Benz R","t":"Evaluation of the rate constants of sugar transport through maltoporin (LamB) of Escherichia coli from the sugar-induced current noise.","j":"J Gen Physiol","vp":"105:385-401","doi":"10.1085/jgp.105.3.385","pmid":"7539481","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"maltoporin LamB (E. coli)","pk":"maltoporin","pm":"E. coli LamB trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"sugar binding kinetics from sugar-induced current noise","no":"Noise analysis of reconstituted channels (multichannel); first noise study of this system was Benz group 1994 Biophys J 66:1388.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7539481+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"maltotriose","id":"bio_small-0278"},{"a":414,"y":2026,"au":"Gao X, Xiao Y, Li W, Qian L, Wang K, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Nanopore Analysis of Malto-oligosaccharides from Amylose, Amylopectin, and Cyclodextrin Hydrolysates.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"26:74-82","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.5c04591","pmid":"41475898","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter (MspA-90PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"malto-oligosaccharide chain-length identification","no":"Glucose to maltooctaose identified (validation accuracy >98%); used on gamma-cyclodextrin acidolysis products, amylose versus amylopectin and crop starch.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41475898+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"maltotriose","id":"bio_small-0215"},{"a":415,"y":1995,"au":"Inaba K, Matsumoto K","t":"Effect of Particle Shape on Particle Size Analysis Using the Electrical Sensing Zone Method and Laser Diffraction Method","j":"Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan","vp":"32:722-730","doi":"10.4164/sptj.32.722","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model ZB (Nikkaki), 100 um and 560 um apertures","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um and 560 um","co":"electrolytes used in the study: 1% NaCl in water, and 4% ammonium thiocyanate in isopropyl alcohol (99.5%) as a non-aqueous electrolyte; calibrated with 10 and 40 um polystyrene latex; volume median D50 from the number distribution","pu":"effect of particle shape (spherical, cubic, blocky, prismatic, platy) on electrical sensing zone sizing compared with microscopy and laser diffraction","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract. Platy mica measured smaller by the Coulter counter than by microscopy.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sptj1978/32/10/32_10_722/_pdf","an":"Muscovite mica platelets (classified by Cyclosizer, three grades)","de":"white mica (muscovite) classified into three size grades with a Cyclosizer; thickness about 3 um by microscopy","id":"gap_industry-0008"},{"a":416,"y":1995,"au":"Inaba K, Matsumoto K","t":"Effect of Particle Shape on Particle Size Analysis Using the Electrical Sensing Zone Method and Laser Diffraction Method","j":"Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan","vp":"32:722-730","doi":"10.4164/sptj.32.722","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model ZB (Nikkaki), 100 um and 560 um apertures","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um and 560 um","co":"electrolytes used in the study: 1% NaCl in water, and 4% ammonium thiocyanate in isopropyl alcohol (99.5%) as a non-aqueous electrolyte; calibrated with 10 and 40 um polystyrene latex; volume median D50 from the number distribution","pu":"effect of particle shape (spherical, cubic, blocky, prismatic, platy) on electrical sensing zone sizing compared with microscopy and laser diffraction","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract. Prismoidal and platy particles measured smaller by the Coulter counter than by microscopy. The formula appears as K2W4O13 from the 1:4 K2CO3:WO3 synthesis (the OCR text reads K2W4OB).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sptj1978/32/10/32_10_722/_pdf","an":"Potassium tungstate K2W4O13 prismatic crystals","de":"synthesized by solid-state reaction of K2CO3 and WO3 (1:4 batch ratio) at 750 C for 72 h; one of four prismoidal samples of different aspect ratio","id":"gap_industry-0006"},{"a":417,"y":1995,"au":"Hayakawa O, Nakahira K, Tsubaki J","t":"Evaluation of Fine Ceramics Raw Powders with Particle Size Analyzers Having Different Measuring Principle and Its Problem","j":"Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan","vp":"103:586-592","doi":"10.2109/jcersj.103.586","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electrical sensing zone analyzers (several commercial models), 22 um aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"22 um","co":"dispersants chosen per sample (paper's Table 2); lower size limit about 0.44 um (2% of the aperture)","pu":"inter-laboratory comparison of particle size analyzers (laser diffraction, photo- and X-ray sedimentation, light obscuration, electrical sensing zone) on fine ceramics raw powders","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract; silicon carbide was the coarsest powder in the round robin.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jcersj1988/103/1198/103_1198_586/_pdf","an":"Silicon carbide (SiC) fine ceramics raw powder","de":"round-robin sample of the Japan Fine Ceramics Center; electrical sensing zone result from 1 model and 1 laboratory, given for reference because the powder contains submicron particles below the 0.44 um limit","id":"gap_industry-0010"},{"a":418,"y":1995,"au":"Inaba K, Matsumoto K","t":"Effect of Particle Shape on Particle Size Analysis Using the Electrical Sensing Zone Method and Laser Diffraction Method","j":"Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan","vp":"32:722-730","doi":"10.4164/sptj.32.722","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model ZB (Nikkaki), 100 um and 560 um apertures","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um and 560 um","co":"electrolytes used in the study: 1% NaCl in water, and 4% ammonium thiocyanate in isopropyl alcohol (99.5%) as a non-aqueous electrolyte; calibrated with 10 and 40 um polystyrene latex; volume median D50 from the number distribution","pu":"effect of particle shape (spherical, cubic, blocky, prismatic, platy) on electrical sensing zone sizing compared with microscopy and laser diffraction","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract. For cubic particles the Coulter counter mean size agreed with microscopy. The paper lists both electrolytes without tying each to a sample in the text read; a water-soluble crystal needs the non-aqueous NH4SCN/isopropanol electrolyte.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sptj1978/32/10/32_10_722/_pdf","an":"Sodium chloride crystals (cubic, recrystallized; four size grades)","de":"reagent NaCl (Wako, special grade) dissolved in reverse-osmosis water and recrystallized under different conditions to give cubic crystals of four mean sizes","id":"gap_industry-0005"},{"a":419,"y":1995,"au":"Andersen C, Jordy M, Benz R","t":"Evaluation of the rate constants of sugar transport through maltoporin (LamB) of Escherichia coli from the sugar-induced current noise.","j":"J Gen Physiol","vp":"105:385-401","doi":"10.1085/jgp.105.3.385","pmid":"7539481","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"maltoporin LamB (E. coli)","pk":"maltoporin","pm":"E. coli LamB trimer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"kinetics considerably slower than for maltooligosaccharides","pu":"sugar binding kinetics from sugar-induced current noise","no":"Noise analysis of reconstituted channels (multichannel); first noise study of this system was Benz group 1994 Biophys J 66:1388.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7539481+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"sucrose","id":"bio_small-0280"},{"a":419,"y":2024,"au":"Zhang S, Cao Z, Fan P, Sun W, Xiao Y, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Discrimination of Disaccharide Isomers of Different Glycosidic Linkages Using a Modified MspA Nanopore.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"63:e202316766","doi":"10.1002/anie.202316766","pmid":"38116834","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"disaccharide isomer discrimination (glycosidic linkage)","no":"Sucrose, lactose and maltose clearly discriminated; all six isomeric alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructoses (differing only in glycosidic linkage) resolved, accuracy 0.99; isomaltulose detected in yogurt. The four linkage isomers other than sucrose and isomaltulose are not named in the abstract and are not recorded here.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38116834+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"sucrose","id":"bio_small-0122"},{"a":420,"y":1995,"au":"Goka Y, Kanda H, Mitsumura S, Miyano K","t":"Toner production process","j":"US Patent 5,447,275 (Canon Inc; priority 1993-01-29, granted 1995-09-05)","url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US5447275A/en","pt":"patent","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA-II, 100 um aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um","co":"1% NaCl (reagent grade) electrolyte, 100 to 150 mL, with 0.1 to 5 mL alkylbenzenesulfonate surfactant; 2 to 20 mg sample; 1 to 3 min ultrasonic dispersion","pu":"weight-average and number-average particle size of toner during classification","no":"Toner sizing by Coulter counter is the industry norm in electrophotography patents (other examples read: WO1994027192A1 used a Coulter Multisizer, 6.3 um by number and 8.2 um by volume; US7813674 used a TA-II with 100 um aperture and 50,000 particles).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US5447275A/en","an":"Electrophotographic toner particles (pulverized and classified, weight-average size by Coulter counter)","id":"earth_space_industry-0144"},{"a":421,"y":1996,"au":"D'Hooghe TM, Hill JA, Oosterlynck DJ, Koninckx PR, Bambra CS","t":"Effect of endometriosis on white blood cell subpopulations in peripheral blood and peritoneal fluid of baboons","j":"Human reproduction (Oxford, England)","vp":"11:1736-1740","doi":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019478","pmid":"8921125","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"WBC concentration in endometriosis studies","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8921125+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"baboon white blood cells (peripheral blood and peritoneal fluid)","de":"Papio sp.","id":"cells-0232"},{"a":422,"y":1996,"au":"Francis BA, Chang EL, Haik BG","t":"Particle Size and Drug Interactions of Injectable Corticosteroids Used in Ophthalmic Practice","j":"Ophthalmology","vp":"103:1884-1888","doi":"10.1016/s0161-6420(96)30411-9","pmid":"8942886","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"each steroid measured alone and mixed with the other steroids, lidocaine, or lidocaine with epinephrine, immediately and after 1 hour","pu":"particle size of commercial intralesional corticosteroids versus manufacturer specifications and after mixing (particles above 20 um raise vascular occlusion risk)","no":"Matched manufacturer specifications; mixing steroids caused no size increase.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8942886+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Betamethasone sodium phosphate and betamethasone acetate injectable suspension particles","id":"gap_industry-0077"},{"a":423,"y":1996,"au":"Rofstad EK, Johnsen NM, Lyng H","t":"Hypoxia-induced tetraploidisation of a diploid human melanoma cell line in vitro","j":"The British journal of cancer. Supplement","vp":"27:S136-9","pmid":"8763866","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8763866/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell volume during hypoxia-induced tetraploidisation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8763866+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"BEX-c diploid human melanoma cells (after hypoxia)","id":"cells-0221"},{"a":424,"y":1996,"au":"Wang X, Li F, Said S, Capasso JM, Gerdes AM","t":"Measurement of regional myocardial blood flow in rats by unlabeled microspheres and Coulter channelyzer","j":"The American journal of physiology","vp":"271:H1656-65","doi":"10.1152/ajpheart.1996.271.4.h1656","pmid":"8897963","url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1996.271.4.h1656","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Channelyzer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"non-radioactive regional myocardial blood flow measurement","no":"94.8% of trapped microspheres recovered and counted; replaces radiolabelled microspheres","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=8897963","an":"unlabeled microspheres recovered from rat myocardium and blood","id":"reviews_exotic-0136"},{"a":425,"y":1996,"au":"Braun RD, Fisher TC, Meiselman HJ, Hatchell DL","t":"Decreased deformability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in diabetic cats","j":"Microcirculation (New York, N.Y. : 1994)","vp":"3:271-278","doi":"10.3109/10739689609148301","pmid":"8930884","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"Cell Transit Analyzer (ABX) filter pores","pk":"track-etched-pore","pd":"7.5 um","pu":"lymphocyte deformability in diabetes","no":"The pore category follows the CTA filter design.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8930884+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"small and large lymphocytes of cats (identified by sampling rate and pressure)","id":"cells-0241"},{"a":426,"y":1996,"au":"Braun RD, Fisher TC, Meiselman HJ, Hatchell DL","t":"Decreased deformability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in diabetic cats","j":"Microcirculation (New York, N.Y. : 1994)","vp":"3:271-278","doi":"10.3109/10739689609148301","pmid":"8930884","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"Cell Transit Analyzer (ABX) filter pores","pk":"track-etched-pore","pd":"7.5 um","pu":"leukocyte deformability in diabetes","no":"The pore category follows the CTA filter design.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8930884+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"polymorphonuclear leukocytes of normal and diabetic cats","id":"cells-0240"},{"a":427,"y":1996,"au":"Basavappa S, Huang CC, Mangel AW, Lebedev DV, Knauf PA, Ellory JC","t":"Swelling-activated amino acid efflux in the human neuroblastoma cell line CHP-100","j":"Journal of neurophysiology","vp":"76:764-769","doi":"10.1152/jn.1996.76.2.764","pmid":"8871197","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Multisizer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"swelling (about 35%) and biphasic regulatory volume decrease","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8871197+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"CHP-100 human neuroblastoma cells","id":"cells-0165"},{"a":428,"y":1996,"au":"Francis BA, Chang EL, Haik BG","t":"Particle Size and Drug Interactions of Injectable Corticosteroids Used in Ophthalmic Practice","j":"Ophthalmology","vp":"103:1884-1888","doi":"10.1016/s0161-6420(96)30411-9","pmid":"8942886","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"each steroid measured alone and mixed with the other steroids, lidocaine, or lidocaine with epinephrine, immediately and after 1 hour","pu":"particle size of commercial intralesional corticosteroids versus manufacturer specifications and after mixing (particles above 20 um raise vascular occlusion risk)","no":"Particle size increased when mixed with lidocaine alone, immediately and after 1 hour.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8942886+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection particles","id":"gap_industry-0078"},{"a":429,"y":1996,"au":"Kasianowicz JJ, Brandin E, Branton D, Deamer DW","t":"Characterization of individual polynucleotide molecules using a membrane channel.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"93:13770-13773","doi":"10.1073/pnas.93.24.13770","pmid":"8943010","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in solvent-free DPhPC planar bilayer","pd":"2.6 nm (as stated in paper)","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer across ~0.1 mm orifice in 25 um Teflon partition","co":"1 M KCl, 5 mM HEPES pH 7.5","v":"-120 mV (cis negative); other voltages for poly(U)","b":"blunt-ended dsDNA gave only rapid blockades like peak 1 (~100 us)","sn":"dsDNA did not traverse the 2.6 nm channel; used as internal control in trans-chamber PCR","pu":"translocation, length measurement","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC19421/","an":"100-bp double-stranded DNA (sense strand = 150-nt sequence lacking residues 49-98, annealed to antisense)","id":"bio_na_early-0008"},{"a":430,"y":1996,"au":"Kasianowicz JJ, Brandin E, Branton D, Deamer DW","t":"Characterization of individual polynucleotide molecules using a membrane channel.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"93:13770-13773","doi":"10.1073/pnas.93.24.13770","pmid":"8943010","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in solvent-free DPhPC planar bilayer","pd":"2.6 nm (as stated in paper)","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer across ~0.1 mm orifice in 25 um Teflon partition","co":"1 M KCl, 5 mM HEPES pH 7.5","v":"-120 mV (cis negative); other voltages for poly(U)","b":"indefinitely long blockades cleared only by voltage polarity reversal","pu":"translocation, length measurement","no":"single-stranded ends enter and stop at base-paired region","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC19421/","an":"mixture of poly(dC) and poly(dG) of diverse lengths (partially base paired)","id":"bio_na_early-0010"},{"a":431,"y":1996,"au":"Yamashita K, Fukutome K, Aikawa K","t":"Size Destribution Characteristics of Glass Beads for JIS Z 8901 Test Powders and Test Particles","j":"Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan","vp":"33:564-569","doi":"10.4164/sptj.33.564","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter-type electrical resistance particle counter (Isoton II electrolyte), 100, 200 or 280 um aperture tubes","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um (20 to 40 um beads); 200 or 280 um (60 and 100 um beads)","co":"manufacturer's electrolyte Isoton II, about 100 mL, dispersant Type 1A, ultrasonic dispersion 28 kHz for 2 to 3 min; 10,000 to 50,000 particles counted; volume distribution","pu":"size distribution certification of calibration test particles (JIS Z 8901 sets the bead size grades by the electrical resistance method of JIS R 6002), compared with image analysis and optical microscopy","no":"Paper in Japanese with English title. Same study as the soda-lime GBL beads; electrical resistance and image analysis agreed for GBM.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sptj1978/33/7/33_7_564/_pdf","an":"Barium titanate glass beads GBM (JIS Z 8901 test particles; grades GBM20, GBM30, GBM40)","de":"JIS Z 8901 Test Powders 2 glass beads, barium titanate glass type GBM (higher density and refractive index than GBL)","id":"gap_industry-0002"},{"a":432,"y":1996,"au":"Yamashita K, Fukutome K, Aikawa K","t":"Size Destribution Characteristics of Glass Beads for JIS Z 8901 Test Powders and Test Particles","j":"Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan","vp":"33:564-569","doi":"10.4164/sptj.33.564","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter-type electrical resistance particle counter (Isoton II electrolyte), 100, 200 or 280 um aperture tubes","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um (20 to 40 um beads); 200 or 280 um (60 and 100 um beads)","co":"manufacturer's electrolyte Isoton II, about 100 mL, dispersant Type 1A, ultrasonic dispersion 28 kHz for 2 to 3 min; 10,000 to 50,000 particles counted; volume distribution","pu":"size distribution certification of calibration test particles (JIS Z 8901 sets the bead size grades by the electrical resistance method of JIS R 6002), compared with image analysis and optical microscopy","no":"Paper in Japanese with English title. The text says JIS R 6002 (abrasive grain size test) uses the Coulter counter electrical resistance method and JIS Z 8901 adopted it for the glass bead standard. Electrical resistance and image analysis results agreed except the coarse side of GBL60.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sptj1978/33/7/33_7_564/_pdf","an":"Soda-lime-silicate glass beads GBL (JIS Z 8901 test particles; grades GBL30, GBL40, GBL60, GBL100)","de":"JIS Z 8901 Test Powders 2 glass beads, soda-lime-silicate type GBL, sold by the Association of Powder Process Industry and Engineering, Japan, for calibrating particle size instruments and testing filters","id":"gap_industry-0001"},{"a":433,"y":1996,"au":"Takeuchi H, Yamamoto H, Niwa T, Hino T, Kawashima Y","t":"Enteral absorption of insulin in rats from mucoadhesive chitosan-coated liposomes","j":"Pharmaceutical research","vp":"13:896-901","doi":"10.1023/a:1016009313548","pmid":"8792429","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle counting to measure adhesion to rat intestine","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8792429+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"insulin-loaded chitosan-coated liposomes","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0174"},{"a":434,"y":1996,"au":"Francis BA, Chang EL, Haik BG","t":"Particle Size and Drug Interactions of Injectable Corticosteroids Used in Ophthalmic Practice","j":"Ophthalmology","vp":"103:1884-1888","doi":"10.1016/s0161-6420(96)30411-9","pmid":"8942886","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"each steroid measured alone and mixed with the other steroids, lidocaine, or lidocaine with epinephrine, immediately and after 1 hour","pu":"particle size of commercial intralesional corticosteroids versus manufacturer specifications and after mixing (particles above 20 um raise vascular occlusion risk)","no":"Particles grew when mixed with lidocaine and epinephrine.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8942886+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Methylprednisolone acetate injectable suspension particles","id":"gap_industry-0075"},{"a":435,"y":1996,"au":"Roman RM, Wang Y, Fitz JG","t":"Regulation of cell volume in a human biliary cell line: activation of K+ and Cl- currents","j":"The American journal of physiology","vp":"271:G239-48","doi":"10.1152/ajpgi.1996.271.2.g239","pmid":"8770039","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"relative cell volume in hypotonic buffer (1.35) and regulatory volume decrease","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8770039+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Mz-ChA-1 human cholangiocarcinoma cells","id":"cells-0164"},{"a":436,"y":1996,"au":"Alojado ME, Morimoto Y, Morimoto Y, Kemmotsu O","t":"Mechanism of cellular swelling induced by extracellular lactic acidosis in neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid (NG108-15) cells","j":"Anesthesia and analgesia","vp":"83:1002-1008","doi":"10.1097/00000539-199611000-00018","pmid":"8895276","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"swelling under extracellular lactic acidosis","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8895276+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells","id":"cells-0166"},{"a":437,"y":1996,"au":"Raat NJ, De Smet P, van Driessche W, Bindels RJ, Van Os CH","t":"Measuring volume perturbation of proximal tubular cells in primary culture with three different techniques","j":"The American journal of physiology","vp":"271:C235-41","doi":"10.1152/ajpcell.1996.271.1.c235","pmid":"8760051","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"osmotic volume perturbation (74% swelling in hypotonic medium) compared with thickness and dye methods","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8760051+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rabbit proximal tubule cells (suspensions from primary culture)","id":"cells-0163"},{"a":438,"y":1996,"au":"Buttrum SM, Nash GB, Hatton R","t":"Changes in neutrophil rheology after acute ischemia and reperfusion in the rat hindlimb","j":"The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine","vp":"128:506-514","doi":"10.1016/s0022-2143(96)90048-7","pmid":"8900294","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"cell transit analyzer filter pores","pk":"track-etched-pore","pd":"8 um","dt":"mean pore transit time rose 16 to 31% after reperfusion","pu":"neutrophil deformability (flow resistance)","no":"The pore category follows the CTA filter design.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8900294+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rat neutrophils from arterial blood after hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion","id":"cells-0242"},{"a":439,"y":1996,"au":"Kasianowicz JJ, Brandin E, Branton D, Deamer DW","t":"Characterization of individual polynucleotide molecules using a membrane channel.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"93:13770-13773","doi":"10.1073/pnas.93.24.13770","pmid":"8943010","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in solvent-free DPhPC planar bilayer","pd":"2.6 nm (as stated in paper)","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer across ~0.1 mm orifice in 25 um Teflon partition","co":"1 M KCl, 5 mM HEPES pH 7.5","v":"-120 mV (cis negative); other voltages for poly(U)","b":"indefinitely long blockades cleared only by voltage polarity reversal","pu":"translocation, length measurement","no":"single-stranded ends enter and stop at base-paired 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solid-state nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"9(8):2953-2960","doi":"10.1021/nl901370w","pmid":"19537802","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","v":"up to about 600 mV","sn":"purine homopolymer separable from pyrimidine homopolymers by blockade current at high voltage","pu":"discriminating single- and double-stranded nucleic acids; first RNA in solid-state nanopores","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19537802+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"poly(A) RNA homopolymer","id":"ss_na-0060"},{"a":440,"y":2010,"au":"Lin J, Kolomeisky A, Meller A","t":"Helix-coil kinetics of individual polyadenylic acid molecules in a protein channel.","j":"Physical Review Letters","vp":"104:158101","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.104.158101","pmid":"20482020","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"helix-coil transitions slowed by nearly 3 orders of magnitude relative to bulk","pu":"helix-coil kinetics of poly(A) under confinement","no":"abstract only; length not given in abstract","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/20482020","an":"polyadenylic acid (poly(A)) RNA inside the channel","id":"bio_na_early-0248"},{"a":441,"y":1996,"au":"Kasianowicz JJ, Brandin E, Branton D, Deamer DW","t":"Characterization of individual polynucleotide molecules using a membrane channel.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"93:13770-13773","doi":"10.1073/pnas.93.24.13770","pmid":"8943010","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in solvent-free DPhPC planar bilayer","pd":"2.6 nm (as stated in paper)","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer across ~0.1 mm orifice in 25 um Teflon partition","co":"1 M KCl, 5 mM HEPES pH 7.5","v":"-120 mV (cis negative); other voltages for poly(U)","b":"millisecond 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(poly(C))","id":"bio_na_early-0017"},{"a":441,"y":2009,"au":"Skinner GM, van den Hout M, Broekmans O, Dekker C, Dekker NH","t":"Distinguishing single- and double-stranded nucleic acid molecules using solid-state nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"9(8):2953-2960","doi":"10.1021/nl901370w","pmid":"19537802","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","v":"up to about 600 mV","sn":"pyrimidine homopolymer separable from poly(A) by blockade current","pu":"discriminating single- and double-stranded nucleic acids; first RNA in solid-state nanopores","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19537802+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"poly(C) RNA homopolymer","id":"ss_na-0062"},{"a":442,"y":1996,"au":"Kasianowicz JJ, Brandin E, Branton D, Deamer DW","t":"Characterization of individual polynucleotide molecules using a membrane channel.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"93:13770-13773","doi":"10.1073/pnas.93.24.13770","pmid":"8943010","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in solvent-free DPhPC planar bilayer","pd":"2.6 nm (as stated in paper)","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer across ~0.1 mm orifice in 25 um Teflon partition","co":"1 M KCl, 5 mM HEPES pH 7.5","v":"-120 mV (cis negative); other voltages for poly(U)","b":"current reduced by 85-100%; open current -120 pA at -120 mV","dt":"peak 1 ~100 us (collisions, length independent); peaks 2 and 3 several hundred to several thousand us, proportional to length and inversely proportional to voltage; example events 300 and 1300 us (210 nt)","er":"blockade number proportional to polymer molar concentration (0.1 mg/ml used)","sn":"lifetime histogram has three peaks; peaks 2 and 3 hold about equal numbers of events, possibly 3' vs 5' entry","pu":"translocation, length 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reachable","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/10585944","an":"polyuridylic acid (poly(U))","id":"bio_na_early-0019"},{"a":442,"y":2009,"au":"Skinner GM, van den Hout M, Broekmans O, Dekker C, Dekker NH","t":"Distinguishing single- and double-stranded nucleic acid molecules using solid-state nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"9(8):2953-2960","doi":"10.1021/nl901370w","pmid":"19537802","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","v":"up to about 600 mV","sn":"pyrimidine homopolymer separable from poly(A) by blockade current","pu":"discriminating single- and double-stranded nucleic acids; first RNA in solid-state nanopores","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19537802+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"poly(U) RNA homopolymer","id":"ss_na-0061"},{"a":443,"y":1996,"au":"Rofstad EK, Johnsen NM, Lyng H","t":"Hypoxia-induced tetraploidisation of a diploid human melanoma cell line in vitro","j":"The British journal of cancer. Supplement","vp":"27:S136-9","pmid":"8763866","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8763866/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell volume (control line)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8763866+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"SAX-c hyperdiploid human melanoma cells","id":"cells-0222"},{"a":444,"y":1996,"au":"Baskurt OK","t":"Deformability of red blood cells from different species studied by resistive pulse shape analysis technique","j":"Biorheology","vp":"33:169-179","doi":"10.1016/0006-355x(96)00014-5","pmid":"8679963","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"Cell Transit Analyzer filter micropores","pk":"track-etched-pore","pd":"5 um","pl":"15 um","dt":"per-cell transit time from the resistive pulse duration","sn":"eight pulse-shape parameters, correlated with cell volume","pu":"red cell deformability by micropore transit, compared across laboratory species","no":"Baskurt measured human, guinea pig, dog, rabbit, rat, mouse and sheep red cells; glutaraldehyde stiffening was harder to detect for small red cells in 5 um pores. The pore category follows the CTA filter design (micropore membrane).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8679963+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"sheep red blood cells","id":"cells-0234"},{"a":445,"y":1996,"au":"Kasianowicz JJ, Brandin E, Branton D, Deamer DW","t":"Characterization of individual polynucleotide molecules using a membrane channel.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"93:13770-13773","doi":"10.1073/pnas.93.24.13770","pmid":"8943010","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in solvent-free DPhPC planar bilayer","pd":"2.6 nm (as stated in paper)","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer across ~0.1 mm orifice in 25 um Teflon partition","co":"1 M KCl, 5 mM HEPES pH 7.5","v":"-120 mV (cis negative); other voltages for poly(U)","pu":"translocation, length measurement","no":"used as competitor in PCR quantitation of translocated DNA; listed for completeness, no separate blockade data","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC19421/","an":"120-nt ssDNA (150-nt sequence lacking residues 97-126), competitive PCR standard","id":"bio_na_early-0007"},{"a":446,"y":1996,"au":"Kasianowicz JJ, Brandin E, Branton D, Deamer DW","t":"Characterization of individual polynucleotide molecules using a membrane channel.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"93:13770-13773","doi":"10.1073/pnas.93.24.13770","pmid":"8943010","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in solvent-free DPhPC planar bilayer","pd":"2.6 nm (as stated in paper)","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer across ~0.1 mm orifice in 25 um Teflon partition","co":"1 M KCl, 5 mM HEPES pH 7.5","v":"-120 mV (cis negative); other voltages for poly(U)","b":"millisecond blockades; larger share of long-lived blockades that needed polarity reversal","sn":"transport to trans chamber confirmed by competitive PCR; 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other voltages for poly(U)","b":"millisecond time scale blockades (same pattern as poly(U))","pu":"translocation, length measurement","no":"length not given","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC19421/","an":"poly(dC)","id":"bio_na_early-0005"},{"a":448,"y":1996,"au":"Kasianowicz JJ, Brandin E, Branton D, Deamer DW","t":"Characterization of individual polynucleotide molecules using a membrane channel.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"93:13770-13773","doi":"10.1073/pnas.93.24.13770","pmid":"8943010","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in solvent-free DPhPC planar bilayer","pd":"2.6 nm (as stated in paper)","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer across ~0.1 mm orifice in 25 um Teflon partition","co":"1 M KCl, 5 mM HEPES pH 7.5","v":"-120 mV (cis negative); other voltages for poly(U)","b":"millisecond time scale blockades (same pattern as poly(U))","pu":"translocation, length measurement","no":"length not given","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC19421/","an":"poly(dT)","id":"bio_na_early-0004"},{"a":449,"y":1996,"au":"Fernandez AQ","t":"Effects of processing procedures and cultivar on the properties of cassava flour and starch","j":"PhD thesis, University of Nottingham","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/ETH/321395","pt":"thesis","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"granule structure alongside rheology, WAXS and GPC","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A321395&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Native cassava starches and flours of different cultivars and origins","id":"earth_space_industry-0162"},{"a":450,"y":1996,"au":"Tester RF, Karkalas J","t":"Swelling and gelatinization of oat starches","j":"Cereal Chemistry","vp":"73:271-277","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND20539189","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"granule size alongside swelling and gelatinization properties","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3AIND20539189&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Native starch granules from five normal and one naked oat cultivar","id":"earth_space_industry-0151"},{"a":451,"y":1996,"au":"Francis BA, Chang EL, Haik BG","t":"Particle Size and Drug Interactions of Injectable Corticosteroids Used in Ophthalmic Practice","j":"Ophthalmology","vp":"103:1884-1888","doi":"10.1016/s0161-6420(96)30411-9","pmid":"8942886","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"each steroid measured alone and mixed with the other steroids, lidocaine, or lidocaine with epinephrine, immediately and after 1 hour","pu":"particle size of commercial intralesional corticosteroids versus manufacturer specifications and after mixing (particles above 20 um raise vascular occlusion risk)","no":"Particles grew 1 hour after mixing with lidocaine and further with lidocaine plus epinephrine.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8942886+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension particles","id":"gap_industry-0076"},{"a":452,"y":1996,"au":"Yamashita K, Nakagawa F, Aikawa K","t":"Size Distribution Characteristics of White Fused Alumina for JIS Z 8901 Test Powders and Test Particles","j":"Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan","vp":"33:855-861","doi":"10.4164/sptj.33.855","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter (electrical resistance test method of JIS R 6002)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"about 2 g sample in a 200 mL beaker for the electrical resistance method; compared with image analysis and liquid-phase pipette sedimentation (0.03 mol/L sodium hexametaphosphate)","pu":"checking that the size distribution meets the JIS standard values (mass-based oversize 94%, 50% and 3% sizes set by the electrical resistance method)","no":"Paper in Japanese with English title; keywords list Coulter Counter. JIS R 6002 defines abrasive grain sizing by the electrical resistance (Coulter counter) method.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sptj1978/33/11/33_11_855/_pdf","an":"White fused alumina (JIS Z 8901 Test Powders 2, abrasive-grade fused corundum)","de":"white fused alumina graded for calibrating particle size and specific surface area instruments and for filter testing","id":"gap_industry-0003"},{"a":453,"y":1996,"au":"Oguri Y, Adachi R, Tono H, Nakajima N, Endo T","t":"The Effect of Rare Earth Ion Dopants on the Grain Size of Y2O2S Phosphors","j":"Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan","vp":"104:1129-1132","doi":"10.2109/jcersj.104.1129","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA-II aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"5 mg sample suspended in 150 mL of 0.3 mol% NaCl electrolyte, ultrasonic dispersion; median D50 from log-normal fit","pu":"grain size of phosphor versus rare earth dopant","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract (Kasei Optonix and Tohoku University).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jcersj1988/104/1216/104_1216_1129/_pdf","an":"Red phosphor (Y,Eu,Ln)2O2S grown in Li2CO3+S flux with La, Nd, Gd, Yb or Lu additions","de":"red cathodoluminescent phosphor and its raw materials; La 3 mol% gave the smallest grains","id":"gap_industry-0049"},{"a":454,"y":1997,"au":"Sontum PC, Kolderup EM, in't Veldt D","t":"Coulter counting and light diffraction analysis applied to characterisation of oil-water emulsions","j":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis","vp":"15:1641-1646","doi":"10.1016/S0731-7085(96)01975-9","pmid":"9260659","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"analysis below the melting point of the oil phase to avoid dilution-induced destabilization","pu":"droplet concentration and size distribution","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A9260659+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Camphene-in-water emulsion droplets","id":"earth_space_industry-0079"},{"a":455,"y":1997,"au":"Sontum PC, Kolderup EM, in't Veldt D","t":"Coulter counting and light diffraction analysis applied to characterisation of oil-water emulsions","j":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis","vp":"15:1641-1646","doi":"10.1016/S0731-7085(96)01975-9","pmid":"9260659","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"analysis below the melting point of the oil phase to avoid dilution-induced destabilization","pu":"droplet concentration and size distribution","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A9260659+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Cyclohexane-in-water emulsion droplets","id":"earth_space_industry-0080"},{"a":456,"y":1997,"au":"Liu J, Zieger MA, Lakey JR, Woods EJ, Critser JK","t":"The determination of membrane permeability coefficients of canine pancreatic islet cells and their application to islet cryopreservation","j":"Cryobiology","vp":"35:1-13","doi":"10.1006/cryo.1997.2018","pmid":"9245505","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"2 M Me2SO at 22, 5 and -3 C","pu":"membrane permeability coefficients for cryopreservation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A9245505+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"canine pancreatic islet cells (dissociated)","id":"cells-0160"},{"a":457,"y":1997,"au":"Pedneau N, Pekguleryuz MO","t":"Equiaxed-grain size analysis in the mushy zone during solidification via an in-situ method based on the electrical sensing zone principle","j":"Scripta Materialia","vp":"37:903-909","doi":"10.1016/s1359-6462(97)00206-6","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"electrical sensing zone probe in the liquid metal","sn":"conductive grains in a less conductive melt produce negative (current-increase) pulses","pu":"in-situ density and size distribution of equiaxed grains during solidification","no":"Citation-only for the 1997 paper (no abstract reached); the method and the negative pulses of alpha-Al grains are described in the 1998 follow-up abstract (OSTI 619501).","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.osti.gov/api/v1/records/619501","an":"Equiaxed primary alpha-aluminium grains in the mushy zone of a solidifying aluminium alloy","id":"gap_industry-0025"},{"a":458,"y":1997,"au":"de Almeida LP, Simoes S, Brito P, Portugal A, Figueiredo M","t":"Modeling dissolution of sparingly soluble multisized powders","j":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","vp":"86:726-732","doi":"10.1021/js960417w","pmid":"9188056","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"dissolution profiles by following number and size of particles over time","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A9188056+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Ibuprofen powder, three size fractions","id":"earth_space_industry-0094"},{"a":459,"y":1997,"au":"Steffensen JP","t":"The size distribution of microparticles from selected segments of the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core representing different climatic periods","j":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans","vp":"102:26755-26763","doi":"10.1029/97JC01490","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture (model not stated in the sources read)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"dust size distributions across climatic periods including the Eemian","no":"Abstract read via Crossref (https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1029/97jc01490). The Coulter method is stated by Ruth et al. 2002 (Annals of Glaciology 35:237), who cite Steffensen (1997) for the 'well-established Coulter counting technique' and 'established Coulter counter' measurements. Publisher page returned HTTP 403.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annals-of-glaciology/article/highresolution-microparticle-profiles-at-northgrip-greenland-case-studies-of-the-calciumdust-relationship/E501D943D22F159012350D4D62F72D3E","an":"Insoluble microparticles (dust) in more than 1400 samples from 32 climatic periods of the GRIP deep ice core, Summit, Greenland","id":"earth_space_industry-0018"},{"a":460,"y":1997,"au":"Jackson GA, Maffione R, Costello DK, Alldredge AL, Logan BE, Dam HG","t":"Particle size spectra between 1 um and 1 cm at Monterey Bay determined using multiple instruments","j":"Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers","vp":"44:1739-1767","doi":"10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00029-0","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size spectra combining Coulter counter with optical and imaging instruments","no":"Runyan, Reynolds and Stramski 2020 (J Geophys Res Oceans, PMC7380321) list this study among those using the Coulter counter for oceanic particle size distributions; Reynolds and Stramski 2021 (PMC9285521) give the same list.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7380321/fullTextXML","an":"Suspended particles and aggregates at Monterey Bay (Coulter part of a 1 um to 1 cm size spectrum)","id":"earth_space_industry-0028"},{"a":461,"y":1997,"au":"Braha O, Walker B, Cheley S, Kasianowicz JJ, Song L, Gouaux JE, et al.","t":"Designed protein pores as components for biosensors.","j":"Chem Biol","vp":"4:497-505","doi":"10.1016/s1074-5521(97)90321-5","pmid":"9263637","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin heteroheptamer WT6-4H1","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","er":"detectable at nanomolar concentration","pu":"stochastic sensing of metal ions","no":"First engineered metal-ion binding site in a protein pore used as a sensor element.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A9263637+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Zn(II)","id":"bio_small-0020"},{"a":461,"y":2019,"au":"Wang S, Cao J, Jia W, Guo W, Yan S, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Single molecule observation of hard-soft-acid-base (HSAB) interaction in engineered Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) nanopores.","j":"Chem Sci","vp":"11:879-887","doi":"10.1039/c9sc05260g","pmid":"34123066","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA homo-octamer with His, Cys or Asp at position 91 (MspA-H, MspA-C, MspA-D)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled octameric porin inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M NaCl, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4 (pH 6.8 to 8.0 tested); ions added trans","v":"+100 mV","b":"dI = 9.8 +/- 0.7 pA (MspA-H)","sn":"events with MspA-H and MspA-C; dwell time extended ~10-fold from pH 6.8 to 8.0 with MspA-C","pu":"single-ion coordination kinetics (HSAB)","no":"Homomeric MspA mutants with His (MspA-H), Cys (MspA-C) or Asp (MspA-D) at position 91. Ca2+ gave no events and Mn2+ was not clearly resolved.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8146584/fullTextXML","an":"Zn2+","id":"bio_small-0042"},{"a":462,"y":1998,"au":"Gilmore JA, McGann LE, Ashworth E, Acker JP, Raath JP, Bush M, et al.","t":"Fundamental cryobiology of selected African mammalian spermatozoa and its role in biodiversity preservation through the development of genome resource banking","j":"Animal reproduction science","vp":"53:277-297","doi":"10.1016/s0378-4320(98)00118-3","pmid":"9835382","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"hydraulic conductivity and osmotically inactive volume","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A9835382+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"African elephant spermatozoa","de":"Loxodonta africana","id":"cells-0170"},{"a":463,"y":1998,"au":"Rostovtseva TK, Bezrukov SM","t":"ATP transport through a single mitochondrial channel, VDAC, studied by current fluctuation analysis.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"74:2365-2373","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(98)77945-7","pmid":"9591663","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"VDAC (mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel)","pk":"vdac","pm":"VDAC from mitochondrial outer membrane in planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M NaCl, up to 50 mM ATP","b":"effect of a single ATP molecule on channel conductance evaluated from saturation of the conductance decrease","sn":"ATP-induced excess current noise, flat spectrum up to several kHz; diffusion coefficient of ATP in the pore D = (1.6 to 3.3)e-11 m2/s","pu":"metabolite transport (molecular Coulter counter)","no":"ATP is attracted to the VDAC pore; the molecular Coulter counter concept applied to a metabolite.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A9591663+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"ATP","id":"bio_small-0284"},{"a":463,"y":2011,"au":"Ying YL, Wang HY, Sutherland TC, Long YT","t":"Monitoring of an ATP-binding aptamer and its conformational changes using an α-hemolysin nanopore.","j":"Small","vp":"7:87-94","doi":"10.1002/smll.201001428","pmid":"21086519","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","dt":"folded aptamer unfolding time 4.17 ms versus 0.29 ms (abstract values)","pu":"aptamer conformational change on target binding","no":"ATP detected indirectly through the conformational change of the ATP-binding aptamer.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21086519+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), via ATP-binding aptamer","id":"bio_small-0322"},{"a":463,"y":2022,"au":"Wang Y, Fan P, Zhang S, Wang L, Li X, Jia W, et al.","t":"Discrimination of Ribonucleoside Mono-, Di-, and Triphosphates Using an Engineered Nanopore.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"16:21356-21365","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.2c09662","pmid":"36475606","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"ribonucleotide phosphorylation state discrimination","no":"Twelve ribonucleotides (mono-, di- and triphosphates of C, U, A, G) discriminated with 99.9% accuracy; ATP tablets and injections analyzed. Monophosphates recorded from the earlier Nat Nanotechnol 2022 paper.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A36475606+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"ATP","id":"bio_small-0173"},{"a":463,"y":2025,"au":"Akai H, Hirano T, Mabuchi T, Shoji K","t":"Specific ATP Detection Using Molecule-Responsive DNA Nanopores","j":"Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)","vp":"21:e2409293","doi":"10.1002/smll.202409293","pmid":"40317998","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202409293","pt":"journal","pc":8,"p":"ATP-responsive DNA nanopore with split DNA aptamer at the entrance","pk":"dna-origami-nanopore","sn":"aptamer-ATP binding and release open and close the pore entrance; ATP read from open/close ratio and blocking rate","pu":"stochastic sensing of ATP with a DNA nanopore","no":"reported as the first stochastic sensing with a functionalised DNA nanopore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12288776/fullTextXML","an":"ATP binding a split aptamer on a molecule-responsive DNA nanopore","id":"reviews_exotic-0152"},{"a":463,"y":2026,"au":"Akai H, Shoji K","t":"Nanopipette-DNA-Nanopore Hybrid System for Small Molecule Detection","j":"ChemPlusChem","vp":"91:e202500720","doi":"10.1002/cplu.202500720","pmid":"41834072","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cplu.202500720","pt":"journal","pc":10,"p":"nanopipette-DNA origami hybrid nanopore (aptamer-modified 50 x 47 nm honeycomb nanoplate, 5 x 7 nm aperture)","pk":"dna-origami-nanopore","pm":"glass nanopipette with electrophoretically trapped DNA origami nanoplate","pd":"origami aperture 5 x 7 nm","sn":"four kinds of current signals; open/close ratio three times higher with ATP than without ATP or with CTP or ADP","pu":"specific small-molecule detection with a hybrid pore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12989472/fullTextXML","an":"ATP binding an aptamer on a DNA origami nanoplate trapped on a nanopipette","id":"reviews_exotic-0153"},{"a":464,"y":1998,"au":"Robertson BR, Button DK, Koch AL","t":"Determination of the biomasses of small bacteria at low concentrations in a mixture of species with forward light scatter measurements by flow cytometry","j":"Applied and environmental microbiology","vp":"64:3900-3909","doi":"10.1128/aem.64.10.3900-3909.1998","pmid":"9758817","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell volume for biomass calibration of flow cytometry","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A9758817+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Cycloclasticus oligotrophus","de":"extinction-culture isolate","id":"microbes-0041"},{"a":465,"y":1998,"au":"Maggi V, Petit JR","t":"Atmospheric dust concentration record from the Hercules Neve firn core, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica","j":"Annals of Glaciology","vp":"27:355-359","doi":"10.3189/S0260305500017729","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter TA2 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"clean laboratory (class 10,000, positive pressure); samples filtered afterwards through Nuclepore polycarbonate filters","pu":"dust concentration and size classification in firn","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annals-of-glaciology/article/atmospheric-dust-concentration-record-from-the-hercules-neve-firn-core-northern-victoria-land-antarctica/C80F631125FAD777EA4B04E3D731CE75","an":"Atmospheric dust in the Hercules Neve firn core, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica","id":"earth_space_industry-0022"},{"a":466,"y":1998,"au":"Gao DY, Chang Q, Liu C, Farris K, Harvey K, McGann LE, et al.","t":"Fundamental cryobiology of human hematopoietic progenitor cells. I: Osmotic characteristics and volume distribution","j":"Cryobiology","vp":"36:40-48","doi":"10.1006/cryo.1997.2060","pmid":"9500931","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic sizing aperture (shape-independent, Coulter-type)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"volume distribution and osmotic behavior for cryopreservation","no":"Woods et al. 2000 measured placental/umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells with a modified Coulter Counter.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A9500931+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"CD34+CD33- hematopoietic progenitor cells from human bone marrow","id":"cells-0167"},{"a":467,"y":1998,"au":"Gilmore JA, McGann LE, Ashworth E, Acker JP, Raath JP, Bush M, et al.","t":"Fundamental cryobiology of selected African mammalian spermatozoa and its role in biodiversity preservation through the development of genome resource banking","j":"Animal reproduction science","vp":"53:277-297","doi":"10.1016/s0378-4320(98)00118-3","pmid":"9835382","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"hydraulic conductivity and osmotically inactive volume for genome resource banking","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A9835382+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"impala spermatozoa","de":"Aepyceros melampus","id":"cells-0168"},{"a":468,"y":1998,"au":"Gilmore JA, McGann LE, Ashworth E, Acker JP, Raath JP, Bush M, et al.","t":"Fundamental cryobiology of selected African mammalian spermatozoa and its role in biodiversity preservation through the development of genome resource banking","j":"Animal reproduction science","vp":"53:277-297","doi":"10.1016/s0378-4320(98)00118-3","pmid":"9835382","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"hydraulic conductivity and osmotically inactive volume","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A9835382+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"lion spermatozoa","de":"Panthera leo","id":"cells-0171"},{"a":469,"y":1998,"au":"Hillbrick GC, McMahon DJ, Deeth HC","t":"Electrical impedance particle size method (Coulter Counter) detects the large fat globules in poorly homogenised UHT processed milk","j":"Australian Journal of Dairy Technology","vp":"53:17-21","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND21984458","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"detection of large fat globules as a homogenisation quality check","no":"Evidence is the bibliographic record title (Agricola via Europe PMC; no abstract available); the title states the Coulter Counter measurement.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3AIND21984458&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Large fat globules in poorly homogenised UHT-processed milk","id":"earth_space_industry-0066"},{"a":470,"y":1998,"au":"Light DB, Adler MR, Ter Beest JK, Botsford SA, Gronau RT","t":"Protein kinase C and regulatory volume decrease in mudpuppy red blood cells","j":"The Journal of membrane biology","vp":"166:119-132","doi":"10.1007/s002329900454","pmid":"9841737","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"hypotonic (0.5x) Ringer","pu":"cell volume recovery (regulatory volume decrease)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A9841737+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"mudpuppy red blood cells","de":"Necturus maculosus","id":"cells-0172"},{"a":471,"y":1998,"au":"Pekguleryuz MO, Pedneau N","t":"In-Situ Method for the Investigation of Equiaxed Grain Growth in Hypoeutectic and Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloys","j":"Scripta Materialia","vp":"38:1533-1539","doi":"10.1016/s1359-6462(98)00069-4","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"electrical sensing zone probe in the liquid metal","sn":"resistive Si crystals give positive pulses, unlike conductive alpha-Al grains (negative pulses)","pu":"in-situ monitoring of equiaxed grains in hypoeutectic and hypereutectic Al-Si alloys","no":"Abstract read on OSTI (record 619501).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.osti.gov/api/v1/records/619501","an":"Primary silicon crystals in the mushy zone of a hypereutectic Al-Si alloy","id":"gap_industry-0026"},{"a":472,"y":1998,"au":"Gilmore JA, McGann LE, Ashworth E, Acker JP, Raath JP, Bush M, et al.","t":"Fundamental cryobiology of selected African mammalian spermatozoa and its role in biodiversity preservation through the development of genome resource banking","j":"Animal reproduction science","vp":"53:277-297","doi":"10.1016/s0378-4320(98)00118-3","pmid":"9835382","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"hydraulic conductivity and osmotically inactive volume","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A9835382+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"warthog spermatozoa","de":"Phacochoerus aethiopicus","id":"cells-0169"},{"a":473,"y":1999,"au":"Gu LQ, Braha O, Conlan S, Cheley S, Bayley H","t":"Stochastic sensing of organic analytes by a pore-forming protein containing a molecular adapter.","j":"Nature","vp":"398:686-690","doi":"10.1038/19491","pmid":"10227291","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with cyclodextrin adapter (beta-CD or gamma-CD lodged in lumen)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptameric pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","b":"analyte binding to the adapter gives an extra partial block on top of the adapter level","pu":"stochastic sensing (identification and quantification)","no":"Analytes named in the Toxins 2014 review (PMC4147595, Figure 6 caption: 2-adamantanamine and 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid with beta-CD; drug molecules with beta-CD or gamma-CD) and the Life 2021 review (PMC7824896: imipramine, promethazine).","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4147595/fullTextXML","an":"1-adamantanecarboxylic acid","id":"bio_small-0016"},{"a":474,"y":1999,"au":"Gu LQ, Braha O, Conlan S, Cheley S, Bayley H","t":"Stochastic sensing of organic analytes by a pore-forming protein containing a molecular adapter.","j":"Nature","vp":"398:686-690","doi":"10.1038/19491","pmid":"10227291","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with cyclodextrin adapter (beta-CD or gamma-CD lodged in lumen)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptameric pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","b":"analyte binding to the adapter gives an extra partial block on top of the adapter level","pu":"stochastic sensing (identification and quantification)","no":"Analytes named in the Toxins 2014 review (PMC4147595, Figure 6 caption: 2-adamantanamine and 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid with beta-CD; drug molecules with beta-CD or gamma-CD) and the Life 2021 review (PMC7824896: imipramine, promethazine).","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4147595/fullTextXML","an":"2-adamantanamine","id":"bio_small-0015"},{"a":475,"y":1999,"au":"Rakitin A, Ferguson MM, Trippel EA","t":"Spermatocrit and spermatozoa density in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): correlation and variation during the spawning season","j":"Aquaculture.","vp":"170:349-358","doi":"10.1016/s0044-8486(98)00417-7","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter (Multisizer) aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"spermatozoa density versus spermatocrit over spawning seasons","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3AIND21996001+AND+SRC%3AAGR&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Atlantic cod spermatozoa","de":"Gadus morhua","id":"cells-0230"},{"a":476,"y":1999,"au":"Gu LQ, Braha O, Conlan S, Cheley S, Bayley H","t":"Stochastic sensing of organic analytes by a pore-forming protein containing a molecular adapter.","j":"Nature","vp":"398:686-690","doi":"10.1038/19491","pmid":"10227291","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with cyclodextrin adapter (beta-CD or gamma-CD lodged in lumen)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptameric pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","b":"analyte binding to the adapter gives an extra partial block on top of the adapter level","pu":"stochastic sensing (identification and quantification)","no":"beta-CD itself binds reversibly in the lumen and gives a partial block; first use of cyclodextrin adapters for stochastic sensing (abstract: cyclodextrin adapters; beta-CD named in the Toxins 2014 review Figure 6 caption, PMC4147595).","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4147595/fullTextXML","an":"beta-cyclodextrin (adapter)","id":"bio_small-0013"},{"a":476,"y":2009,"au":"Gao C, Ding S, Tan Q, Gu LQ","t":"Method of creating a nanopore-terminated probe for single-molecule enantiomer discrimination.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"81:80-86","doi":"10.1021/ac802348r","pmid":"19061410","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2642537/","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"nanopore-terminated glass pipette probe","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass capillary pipette with sealed terminal nanocavity","pd":"single-molecule scale (about 1 nS conductance for enantiomer work)","fab":"nanocavity sealed in the pipette terminal, then penetrated by external etching in 40% NH4F/49% HF monitored by ionic current","co":"1 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris, pH 7.2","sn":"Axopatch 200B, 1-5 kHz Bessel filter; open-pore noise 1.8 pA rms; single-level guest blocks indicate one trapped cyclodextrin","pu":"single-molecule chiral discrimination with a trapped cyclodextrin adapter","no":"Used to verify pore size, then trapped as a molecular adapter.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=2642537","an":"beta-cyclodextrin (translocation and single-molecule trapping)","id":"ss_protein_small-0281"},{"a":477,"y":1999,"au":"Bennett JW, Gauci MR, Le Moënic S, Schaefer FW, Lindquist HD","t":"A comparison of enumeration techniques for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts","j":"The Journal of parasitology","vp":"85:1165-1168","doi":"10.2307/3285681","pmid":"10647050","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"Coulter counting reached 10% CV at about 1,230 oocysts/mL","pu":"oocyst enumeration compared with flow cytometry and microscopy","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A10647050+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts","id":"microbes-0059"},{"a":478,"y":1999,"au":"Li BG, Eisma D, Xie QC, Kalf J, Li Y, Xia X","t":"Concentration, clay mineral composition and Coulter counter size distribution of suspended sediment in the turbidity maximum of the Jiaojiang river estuary, Zhejiang, China","j":"Journal of Sea Research","vp":"42:105-116","doi":"10.1016/S1385-1101(99)00023-4","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size distribution with concentration and clay mineralogy","no":"Evidence is the bibliographic record (Crossref) title, which states the Coulter Counter measurement; no abstract was available from Crossref or Semantic Scholar,.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/s1385-1101%2899%2900023-4","an":"Suspended sediment in the turbidity maximum of the Jiaojiang river estuary, Zhejiang, China","id":"earth_space_industry-0157"},{"a":479,"y":1999,"au":"Gu LQ, Braha O, Conlan S, Cheley S, Bayley H","t":"Stochastic sensing of organic analytes by a pore-forming protein containing a molecular adapter.","j":"Nature","vp":"398:686-690","doi":"10.1038/19491","pmid":"10227291","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with cyclodextrin adapter (beta-CD or gamma-CD lodged in lumen)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptameric pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","b":"analyte binding to the adapter gives an extra partial block on top of the adapter level","pu":"stochastic sensing (identification and quantification)","no":"Analytes named in the Toxins 2014 review (PMC4147595, Figure 6 caption: 2-adamantanamine and 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid with beta-CD; drug molecules with beta-CD or gamma-CD) and the Life 2021 review (PMC7824896: imipramine, promethazine).","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4147595/fullTextXML","an":"gamma-cyclodextrin (adapter)","id":"bio_small-0014"},{"a":480,"y":1999,"au":"Gu LQ, Braha O, Conlan S, Cheley S, Bayley H","t":"Stochastic sensing of organic analytes by a pore-forming protein containing a molecular adapter.","j":"Nature","vp":"398:686-690","doi":"10.1038/19491","pmid":"10227291","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with cyclodextrin adapter (beta-CD or gamma-CD lodged in lumen)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptameric pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","b":"analyte binding to the adapter gives an extra partial block on top of the adapter level","pu":"stochastic sensing (identification and quantification)","no":"Analytes named in the Toxins 2014 review (PMC4147595, Figure 6 caption: 2-adamantanamine and 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid with beta-CD; drug molecules with beta-CD or gamma-CD) and the Life 2021 review (PMC7824896: imipramine, promethazine).","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7824896/fullTextXML","an":"imipramine","id":"bio_small-0017"},{"a":481,"y":1999,"au":"Gu LQ, Braha O, Conlan S, Cheley S, Bayley H","t":"Stochastic sensing of organic analytes by a pore-forming protein containing a molecular adapter.","j":"Nature","vp":"398:686-690","doi":"10.1038/19491","pmid":"10227291","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with cyclodextrin adapter (beta-CD or gamma-CD lodged in lumen)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptameric pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","b":"analyte binding to the adapter gives an extra partial block on top of the adapter level","pu":"stochastic sensing (identification and quantification)","no":"Analytes named in the Toxins 2014 review (PMC4147595, Figure 6 caption: 2-adamantanamine and 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid with beta-CD; drug molecules with beta-CD or gamma-CD) and the Life 2021 review (PMC7824896: imipramine, promethazine).","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7824896/fullTextXML","an":"promethazine","id":"bio_small-0018"},{"a":482,"y":1999,"au":"Cabrita E, Alvarez R, Anel E, Herráez MP","t":"The hypoosmotic swelling test performed with coulter counter: a method to assay functional integrity of sperm membrane in rainbow trout","j":"Animal reproduction science","vp":"55:279-287","doi":"10.1016/s0378-4320(99)00014-7","pmid":"10379678","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"hypoosmotic solutions 50 to 320 mOsm/kg, 30 s to 30 min","pu":"hypoosmotic swelling test of membrane integrity","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A10379678+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rainbow trout spermatozoa","de":"Oncorhynchus mykiss","id":"cells-0173"},{"a":483,"y":1999,"au":"Akeson M, Branton D, Kasianowicz JJ, Brandin E, Deamer DW","t":"Microsecond time-scale discrimination among polycytidylic acid, polyadenylic acid, and polyuridylic acid as homopolymers or as segments within single RNA molecules.","j":"Biophysical Journal","vp":"77:3227-3233","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(99)77153-5","pmid":"10585944","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","sn":"bilevel current blockades that reflect the A and C segments (as described by Butler et al. 2006)","pu":"discrimination of purine and pyrimidine segments in single RNA molecules","no":"secondary: Butler TZ et al. 2006 Biophys J 90:190 states that Akeson 1999 reported step signals for A30C70Gp RNA; the abstract says purine and pyrimidine segments were discriminated within single RNA molecules","ev":"secondary","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1367018/","an":"A30C70Gp RNA diblock (poly(A) segment + poly(C) segment)","id":"bio_na_early-0020"},{"a":484,"y":2000,"au":"Chen S, Wang Z, Zhou YT, Grayburn PA","t":"Optimization of the size distribution and myocardial contrast effect of perfluorocarbon-filled albumin microbubbles by lyophilization under continuous negative pressure","j":"Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography","vp":"13:748-753","doi":"10.1067/mje.2000.104644","pmid":"10936818","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer II aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size distribution of contrast agents","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A10936818+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"perfluoropropane-filled albumin microbubbles (Optison, PESDA, PESFA)","de":"1% albumin with no sugar (Optison), 5% dextrose (PESDA) or 5% fructose (PESFA); some lyophilized under negative pressure","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0054"},{"a":485,"y":2000,"au":"Braha O, Gu LQ, Zhou L, Lu X, Cheley S, Bayley H","t":"Simultaneous stochastic sensing of divalent metal ions.","j":"Nat Biotechnol","vp":"18:1005-1007","doi":"10.1038/79275","pmid":"10973225","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin heteroheptamer WT6-4H1 (one subunit with His at 123, 125, 133, 135)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptameric pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","pu":"simultaneous stochastic sensing of two or more divalent metal ions","no":"Simultaneous detection of Zn(II) and Co(II) described in the Life 2021 review (PMC7824896) and Majd et al. 2010 review (PMC3121537).","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7824896/fullTextXML","an":"Co(II)","id":"bio_small-0021"},{"a":485,"y":2019,"au":"Wang S, Cao J, Jia W, Guo W, Yan S, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Single molecule observation of hard-soft-acid-base (HSAB) interaction in engineered Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) nanopores.","j":"Chem Sci","vp":"11:879-887","doi":"10.1039/c9sc05260g","pmid":"34123066","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA homo-octamer with His, Cys or Asp at position 91 (MspA-H, MspA-C, MspA-D)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled octameric porin inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M NaCl, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4 (pH 6.8 to 8.0 tested); ions added trans","v":"+100 mV","sn":"clear blockades with MspA-H","pu":"single-ion coordination kinetics (HSAB)","no":"Homomeric MspA mutants with His (MspA-H), Cys (MspA-C) or Asp (MspA-D) at position 91. Ca2+ gave no events and Mn2+ was not clearly resolved.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8146584/fullTextXML","an":"Co2+","id":"bio_small-0043"},{"a":486,"y":2000,"au":"Gu LQ, Dalla Serra M, Vincent JB, Vigh G, Cheley S, Braha O, et al.","t":"Reversal of charge selectivity in transmembrane protein pores by using noncovalent molecular adapters.","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"97:3959-3964","doi":"10.1073/pnas.97.8.3959","pmid":"10760267","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type and mutants) with cyclodextrin adapters","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"ion selectivity engineering with noncovalent adapters","no":"Negatively charged adapter lodges in the lumen and makes the pore cation selective (P_K/P_Cl range over 200-fold).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A10760267+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"hepta-6-sulfato-beta-cyclodextrin (s7betaCD)","id":"bio_small-0019"},{"a":487,"y":2000,"au":"Feranchak AP, Fitz JG, Roman RM","t":"Volume-sensitive purinergic signaling in human hepatocytes","j":"Journal of hepatology","vp":"33:174-182","doi":"10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80357-8","pmid":"10952234","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"relative volume in hypotonic buffer and volume recovery","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A10952234+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human hepatocytes within 12 h of isolation","id":"cells-0187"},{"a":488,"y":2000,"au":"Bezrukov SM, Kullman L, Winterhalter M","t":"Probing sugar translocation through maltoporin at the single channel level.","j":"FEBS Lett","vp":"476:224-228","doi":"10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01753-1","pmid":"10913618","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"maltoporin LamB (E. coli)","pk":"maltoporin","pm":"E. coli LamB trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pg":"trimer; one bound sugar blocks one of the three pores","b":"each event closes the trimer by one third of its conductance","pu":"single sugar molecule penetration events","no":"First readily observed elementary events of single sugar molecules in maltoporin; the three pores transport independently; binding constant ~20 times more asymmetric in voltage than conductance.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A10913618+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"maltohexaose","id":"bio_small-0281"},{"a":488,"y":2026,"au":"Gao X, Xiao Y, Li W, Qian L, Wang K, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Nanopore Analysis of Malto-oligosaccharides from Amylose, Amylopectin, and Cyclodextrin Hydrolysates.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"26:74-82","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.5c04591","pmid":"41475898","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter (MspA-90PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"malto-oligosaccharide chain-length identification","no":"Glucose to maltooctaose identified (validation accuracy >98%); used on gamma-cyclodextrin acidolysis products, amylose versus amylopectin and crop starch.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41475898+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"maltohexaose","id":"bio_small-0218"},{"a":489,"y":2000,"au":"Chen S, Wang Z, Zhou YT, Grayburn PA","t":"Optimization of the size distribution and myocardial contrast effect of perfluorocarbon-filled albumin microbubbles by lyophilization under continuous negative pressure","j":"Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography","vp":"13:748-753","doi":"10.1067/mje.2000.104644","pmid":"10936818","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer II aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"microbubble size distribution after lyophilization","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A10936818+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Perfluoropropane-filled albumin microbubbles: Optison (1% albumin), PESDA (albumin + 5% dextrose) and PESFA (albumin + 5% fructose), with and without lyophilization","id":"earth_space_industry-0085"},{"a":490,"y":2000,"au":"Meller A, Nivon L, Brandin E, Golovchenko J, Branton D","t":"Rapid nanopore discrimination between single polynucleotide molecules.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"97:1079-1084","doi":"10.1073/pnas.97.3.1079","pmid":"10655487","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in horizontal DPhPC bilayer","pd":"18 A (as stated)","pl":"ca 50 A (as stated)","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into bilayer on 30 um conical Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 15 to 40 C (Table 1 at 25.0 C); 500 nM DNA cis","v":"120 mV (cis negative)","b":"IP1 = 0.128 +/- 0.010 (25 C)","dt":"tP1 = 136 +/- 7 us, tauT1 = 32 +/- 2 us (25 C); tauT2 = 260 us at 20 C","er":"1-2 translocations/s at 500 nM, room temperature","sn":"events = current below 30% of open; open current ~116 pA falls to ~14 pA at 22 C; most polymers show two event groups (group 2 attributed to base-stacked conformations); tP scales ~T^-2; 100 kHz filter, 333 kHz sampling","pu":"discrimination of polynucleotides by sequence, temperature dependence","no":"tP1 matches the average of poly(dA)100 and poly(dC)100","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC15527/","an":"poly(dA50dC50) di-block","id":"bio_na_early-0013"},{"a":491,"y":2000,"au":"Meller A, Nivon L, Brandin E, Golovchenko J, Branton D","t":"Rapid nanopore discrimination between single polynucleotide molecules.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"97:1079-1084","doi":"10.1073/pnas.97.3.1079","pmid":"10655487","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in horizontal DPhPC bilayer","pd":"18 A (as stated)","pl":"ca 50 A (as stated)","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into bilayer on 30 um conical Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 15 to 40 C (Table 1 at 25.0 C); 500 nM DNA cis","v":"120 mV (cis negative)","b":"IP1 = 0.141 +/- 0.011 (25 C)","dt":"tP1 = 177 +/- 9 us, tauT1 = 38 +/- 2 us (25 C); tauT2 = 65 us at 20 C","er":"1-2 translocations/s at 500 nM, room temperature","sn":"events = current below 30% of open; open current ~116 pA falls to ~14 pA at 22 C; most polymers show two event groups (group 2 attributed to base-stacked conformations); tP scales ~T^-2; 100 kHz filter, 333 kHz sampling","pu":"discrimination of polynucleotides by sequence, temperature dependence","no":"same composition as (dA)50(dC)50 but distinct event diagram","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC15527/","an":"poly(dAdC)50 alternating","id":"bio_na_early-0014"},{"a":492,"y":2000,"au":"Meller A, Nivon L, Brandin E, Golovchenko J, Branton D","t":"Rapid nanopore discrimination between single polynucleotide molecules.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"97:1079-1084","doi":"10.1073/pnas.97.3.1079","pmid":"10655487","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in horizontal DPhPC bilayer","pd":"18 A (as stated)","pl":"ca 50 A (as stated)","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into bilayer on 30 um conical Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 15 to 40 C (Table 1 at 25.0 C); 500 nM DNA cis","v":"120 mV (cis negative)","b":"IP1 = 0.140 +/- 0.011 (25 C)","dt":"tP1 = 137 +/- 7 us, tauT1 = 25 +/- 1 us (25 C)","er":"1-2 translocations/s at 500 nM, room temperature","sn":"events = current below 30% of open; open current ~116 pA falls to ~14 pA at 22 C; most polymers show two event groups (group 2 attributed to base-stacked conformations); tP scales ~T^-2; 100 kHz filter, 333 kHz sampling","pu":"discrimination of polynucleotides by sequence, temperature dependence","no":"single event group","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC15527/","an":"poly(dC50dT50) di-block","id":"bio_na_early-0015"},{"a":493,"y":2000,"au":"Meller A, Nivon L, Brandin E, Golovchenko J, Branton D","t":"Rapid nanopore discrimination between single polynucleotide molecules.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"97:1079-1084","doi":"10.1073/pnas.97.3.1079","pmid":"10655487","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in horizontal DPhPC bilayer","pd":"18 A (as stated)","pl":"ca 50 A (as stated)","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into bilayer on 30 um conical Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 15 to 40 C (Table 1 at 25.0 C); 500 nM DNA cis","v":"120 mV (cis negative)","b":"IP1 = 0.144 +/- 0.012 (25 C)","dt":"tP1 = 82 +/- 4 us, tauT1 = 91 +/- 5 us (25 C); ~200 us at 15 C","er":"1-2 translocations/s at 500 nM, room temperature","sn":"events = current below 30% of open; open current ~116 pA falls to ~14 pA at 22 C; most polymers show two event groups (group 2 attributed to base-stacked conformations); tP scales ~T^-2; 100 kHz filter, 333 kHz sampling","pu":"discrimination of polynucleotides by sequence, temperature dependence","no":"single event group","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC15527/","an":"poly(dCdT)50 alternating","id":"bio_na_early-0016"},{"a":494,"y":2000,"au":"Meller A, Nivon L, Brandin E, Golovchenko J, Branton D","t":"Rapid nanopore discrimination between single polynucleotide molecules.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"97:1079-1084","doi":"10.1073/pnas.97.3.1079","pmid":"10655487","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in horizontal DPhPC bilayer","pd":"18 A (as stated)","pl":"ca 50 A (as stated)","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into bilayer on 30 um conical Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 15 to 40 C (Table 1 at 25.0 C); 500 nM DNA cis","v":"120 mV (cis negative)","b":"IP1 = 0.126 +/- 0.012 (I/I0, 25 C); group 1 IP1 = 0.115 and group 2 IP2 = 0.152 at 20 C","dt":"tP1 = 192 +/- 10 us, tauT1 = 55 +/- 3 us (25 C)","er":"1-2 translocations/s at 500 nM, room temperature","sn":"events = current below 30% of open; open current ~116 pA falls to ~14 pA at 22 C; most polymers show two event groups (group 2 attributed to base-stacked conformations); tP scales ~T^-2; 100 kHz filter, 333 kHz sampling","pu":"discrimination of polynucleotides by sequence, temperature dependence","no":"about 80% of events in group 1; discriminated from poly(dC)100 molecule by molecule (98% assigned with >90% confidence in mixture)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC15527/","an":"poly(dA)100","id":"bio_na_early-0011"},{"a":494,"y":2010,"au":"Hall AR, Scott A, Rotem D, Mehta KK, Bayley H, Dekker C","t":"Hybrid pore formation by directed insertion of alpha-haemolysin into solid-state nanopores.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"5:874-877","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2010.237","pmid":"21113160","pt":"journal","pc":10,"p":"alpha-hemolysin inserted into a SiN solid-state nanopore (hybrid pore)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL heteroheptamer docked in thin SiN membrane pore","pd":"SiN pore 2.4-3.6 nm","fab":"alpha-HL heteroheptamer carrying a 3 kbp dsDNA tail (via 12-nt oligo) electrophoretically threaded into a SiN nanopore; no lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris pH 8.0; 20 kHz filter","v":"-300 mV applied to cis","b":"conductance blockade bimodal, Gaussian peaks at 0.3 and 0.6 nS (hybrid pore ~1.0 nS open)","dt":"peak 360 us","pu":"first lipid-free hybrid protein/solid-state pore; DNA translocation test","no":"first ssDNA translocation through an alpha-HL/solid-state hybrid pore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3137937/","an":"poly(dA)100","id":"bio_na_early-0172"},{"a":494,"y":2010,"au":"Hall AR, Scott A, Rotem D, Mehta KK, Bayley H, Dekker C","t":"Hybrid pore formation by directed insertion of alpha-haemolysin into solid-state nanopores.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"5(12):874-877","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2010.237","pmid":"21113160","pt":"journal","pc":10,"p":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer inserted into a SiN nanopore","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL heteroheptamer with one DNA-tethered subunit, held in a 2.4-3.6 nm SiN pore","pd":"SiN pore 2.4-3.6 nm; alpha-HL constriction about 1.4 nm","fab":"directed insertion: a 3 kbp dsDNA attached to alpha-HL is electrophoretically threaded into the SiN pore, pulling the protein in","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris pH 8","v":"-300 mV (cis)","b":"transient conductance blockades from a hybrid-pore baseline of about 1.0 nS","sn":"events show the inserted alpha-HL remains functional","pu":"showing the hybrid pore works","no":"First hybrid biological/solid-state nanopore; 1 ng/uL poly(dA)100 in cis","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3137937/","an":"poly(dA)100 single-stranded DNA","sq":"A100","id":"ss_na-0080"},{"a":495,"y":2000,"au":"Meller A, Nivon L, Brandin E, Golovchenko J, Branton D","t":"Rapid nanopore discrimination between single polynucleotide molecules.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"97:1079-1084","doi":"10.1073/pnas.97.3.1079","pmid":"10655487","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in horizontal DPhPC bilayer","pd":"18 A (as stated)","pl":"ca 50 A (as stated)","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into bilayer on 30 um conical Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 15 to 40 C (Table 1 at 25.0 C); 500 nM DNA cis","v":"120 mV (cis negative)","b":"IP1 = 0.134 +/- 0.010 (25 C); group 1 0.125, group 2 0.157 at 20 C","dt":"tP1 = 76 +/- 4 us, tauT1 = 15 +/- 1 us (25 C)","er":"1-2 translocations/s at 500 nM, room temperature","sn":"events = current below 30% of open; open current ~116 pA falls to ~14 pA at 22 C; most polymers show two event groups (group 2 attributed to base-stacked conformations); tP scales ~T^-2; 100 kHz filter, 333 kHz sampling","pu":"discrimination of polynucleotides by sequence, temperature dependence","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC15527/","an":"poly(dC)100","id":"bio_na_early-0012"},{"a":496,"y":2000,"au":"Henrickson SE, Misakian M, Robertson B, Kasianowicz JJ","t":"Driven DNA transport into an asymmetric nanometer-scale pore.","j":"Physical Review Letters","vp":"85:3057-3060","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.85.3057","pmid":"11006002","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","er":"blockade frequency proportional to polymer concentration and rising exponentially with voltage; entry easier through the larger vestibule side","pu":"concentration and voltage dependence of polynucleotide entry; cis vs trans entry","no":"abstract only; also measured the minimum potential that confines a modified polymer in the pore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/11006002","an":"single-stranded polynucleotides (type not named in abstract)","id":"bio_na_early-0527"},{"a":497,"y":2000,"au":"Movileanu L, Howorka S, Braha O, Bayley H","t":"Detecting protein analytes that modulate transmembrane movement of a polymer chain within a single protein pore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"18:1091-1095","doi":"10.1038/80295","pmid":"11017049","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with a 3.4 kDa PEG chain tethered in the lumen, free end carrying biotin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","b":"capture events seen as changes in ionic current through single pores","pu":"protein detection at nanomolar concentration (tethered-ligand stochastic sensing)","no":"Early single-pore protein biosensor: the biotin end of the tethered PEG moves across the membrane and is captured by streptavidin.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A11017049+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"streptavidin (mutant), reversibly captured by the pore-tethered biotin","id":"bio_protein-0001"},{"a":498,"y":2000,"au":"Imai T, Shibata S","t":"Classification of Various Wheat Flour with Granule Size Distribution","j":"Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi","vp":"47:17-22","doi":"10.3136/nskkk.47.17","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Model TA II, 280 um aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"280 um","pu":"classifying wheat end-use quality by flour granule size distribution patterns","no":"Paper in Japanese with English abstract (title 小麦粉の粒度分布による用途分類).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/nskkk1995/47/1/47_1_17/_pdf","an":"Wheat flour particles (commercial bread, Chinese noodle, Japanese noodle and cake flours; test-milled 60% flours)","de":"commercial flours by end use and 60% flours from imported (1CW, WW and others) and domestic Japanese wheats milled on a Buhler test mill","id":"gap_industry-0031"},{"a":499,"y":2001,"au":"Saleh OA, Sohn LL","t":"Quantitative sensing of nanoscale colloids using a microchip Coulter counter","j":"Review of Scientific Instruments","vp":"72:4449-4451","doi":"10.1063/1.1419224","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"microchip Coulter counter pore on quartz substrate","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"quartz substrate sealed with a coverslip","fab":"microfabricated on quartz","sn":"pulse height scales with particle size; two-particle events show anomalous heights and widths","pu":"counting and sizing","no":"first microchip Coulter counter for nanoscale colloids; resolved colloids differing by less than 10% in diameter; particle composition not given in the abstract","ev":"abstract","src":"https://aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/article-minimal/347493","an":"nanoscale colloidal particles (smallest detected 87 nm diameter)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0003"},{"a":500,"y":2001,"au":"Verma DK, Shaw DS","t":"A comparison of international silica (alpha-quartz) calibration standards by Fourier transform-infrared spectrophotometry","j":"The Annals of Occupational Hygiene","vp":"45:429-435","doi":"10.1016/S0003-4878(00)00083-1","pmid":"11513792","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size distribution of silica standards used for occupational exposure calibration","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A11513792+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"International respirable crystalline silica (alpha-quartz) calibration standards: NIST SRM 1878, Min-U-Sil 5, Ottawa Silica Sand, Sikron F-600, A9950 (AUST 1), DQ12-Robock, DQ12-Bergbau","id":"earth_space_industry-0051"},{"a":501,"y":2001,"au":"Drummond JL, Hathorn RM, Cailas MD, Karuhn R","t":"Particle size analysis of amalgam powder and handpiece generated specimens","j":"Dental Materials","vp":"17:322-332","doi":"10.1016/S0109-5641(00)00090-7","pmid":"11356209","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electrozone aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size of dental waste stream components; comparison of five methods","no":"Electrozone judged the most effective method (small sample, not affected by density, shape or optics).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A11356209+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Dental amalgam powders","id":"earth_space_industry-0109"},{"a":502,"y":2001,"au":"Drummond JL, Hathorn RM, Cailas MD, Karuhn R","t":"Particle size analysis of amalgam powder and handpiece generated specimens","j":"Dental Materials","vp":"17:322-332","doi":"10.1016/S0109-5641(00)00090-7","pmid":"11356209","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electrozone aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size of dental waste stream components; comparison of five methods","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A11356209+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Handpiece and diamond-bur generated particles of enamel, dentin, whole tooth and condensed amalgam (dental waste stream)","id":"earth_space_industry-0110"},{"a":503,"y":2001,"au":"Li J, Stein D, McMullan C, Branton D, Aziz MJ, Golovchenko JA","t":"Ion-beam sculpting at nanometre length scales.","j":"Nature","vp":"412:166-169","doi":"10.1038/35084037","pmid":"11449268","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Ion-beam sculpted Si3N4 nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 membrane (500 nm freestanding film, sculpted region thinner)","pd":"5 nm","pl":"about 10 nm (effective, from conductance)","fab":"low-energy (3 keV) Ar+ ion-beam sculpting with feedback control of transmitted ion counts","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0","v":"120 mV","b":"current reduced to 88% of open-pore value (open pore 1.66 nA)","dt":"order of milliseconds","sn":"noise as low as 1.2 pA rms at 5 kHz in quietest pores; blockade consistent with a rod of 3-4 nm2 cross section","pu":"single-molecule detection","no":"First DNA detection with a solid-state (fabricated) nanopore. Evidence from the author manuscript posted on Harvard DASH.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/1/2797422/2/nanoscale.pdf","an":"double-stranded DNA, 500 base pairs","id":"ss_na-0001"},{"a":504,"y":2001,"au":"Krishan A, Wen J, Thomas RA, Sridhar KS, Smith WI","t":"NASA/American Cancer Society High-Resolution Flow Cytometry Project - III. Multiparametric analysis of DNA content and electronic nuclear volume in human solid tumors","j":"Cytometry","vp":"43:16-22","doi":"10.1002/1097-0320(20010101)43:1<16::aid-cyto1014>3.0.co;2-8","pmid":"11122480","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"NASA/American Cancer Society high-resolution flow cytometer with electronic (Coulter) volume orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","b":"electronic nuclear volume (ENV) with DNA fluorescence; ENV/DNA = nuclear packing efficiency","pu":"discriminating aneuploid tumor nuclei","no":"The authors used trout erythrocytes as internal standards.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A11122480+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"nuclei from frozen human solid tumors (DAPI-stained)","id":"cells-0200"},{"a":505,"y":2001,"au":"Ninomiya JT, Struve JA, Stelloh CT, Toth JM, Crosby KE","t":"Effects of hydroxyapatite particulate debris on the production of cytokines and proteases in human fibroblasts","j":"Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society","vp":"19:621-628","doi":"10.1016/s0736-0266(00)00061-9","pmid":"11518271","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0736-0266(00)00061-9","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size before fibroblast exposure studies","no":"compared with titanium and cobalt chromium particles in cell studies","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=11518271","an":"synthetic hydroxyapatite particulate debris","id":"reviews_exotic-0127"},{"a":506,"y":2001,"au":"Ninomiya JT, Struve JA, Stelloh CT, Toth JM, Crosby KE","t":"Effects of hydroxyapatite particulate debris on the production of cytokines and proteases in human fibroblasts","j":"Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society","vp":"19:621-628","doi":"10.1016/s0736-0266(00)00061-9","pmid":"11518271","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0736-0266(00)00061-9","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size before fibroblast exposure studies","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=11518271","an":"hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate particulate debris","id":"reviews_exotic-0128"},{"a":507,"y":2001,"au":"Fedorow C, McGann LE, Korbutt GS, Rayat GR, Rajotte RV, Lakey JR","t":"Osmotic and cryoprotectant permeation characteristics of islet cells isolated from the newborn pig pancreas","j":"Cell transplantation","vp":"10:651-659","doi":"10.3727/000000001783986323","pmid":"11714201","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture interfaced to a computer","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"osmotic and cryoprotectant permeation parameters","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A11714201+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"islet cells from newborn pig pancreas","id":"cells-0161"},{"a":508,"y":2001,"au":"Isama K, Tsuchiya T","t":"Change in the particle size distribution of poly (L-lactide) wear debris by gamma-ray irradiation","j":"Bulletin of National Institute of Health Sciences (Kokuritsu Iyakuhin Shokuhin Eisei Kenkyujo Hokoku)","vp":"61-64","pmid":"11915287","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11915287/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"wear debris size for implant biocompatibility","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A11915287+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Poly(L-lactide) wear debris from a wear test, before and after gamma irradiation (10, 25, 50 kGy)","id":"earth_space_industry-0146"},{"a":509,"y":2001,"au":"Isama K, Tsuchiya T","t":"Change in the particle size distribution of poly (L-lactide) wear debris by gamma-ray irradiation","j":"Kokuritsu Iyakuhin Shokuhin Eisei Kenkyujo hokoku = Bulletin of National Institute of Health Sciences","vp":":61-64","pmid":"11915287","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size of implant wear debris after gamma irradiation (10, 25, 50 kGy)","no":"mean debris diameter fell with irradiation dose as PLLA molecular weight fell","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=11915287","an":"poly(L-lactide) wear debris from a wear test","id":"reviews_exotic-0126"},{"a":510,"y":2001,"au":"Bosquillon C, Lombry C, Preat V, Vanbever R","t":"Comparison of particle sizing techniques in the case of inhalation dry powders","j":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","vp":"90:2032-2041","doi":"10.1002/jps.1154","pmid":"11745762","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electrical zone sensing aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"primary particle size of aggregated spray-dried powders","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A11745762+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Spray-dried inhalation dry powders of albumin, lactose (or mannitol) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine","id":"earth_space_industry-0099"},{"a":511,"y":2001,"au":"Howorka S, Movileanu L, Braha O, Bayley H","t":"Kinetics of duplex formation for individual DNA strands within a single protein nanopore.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"98:12996-13001","doi":"10.1073/pnas.231434698","pmid":"11606775","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin H6(17C-oligo-A)1 DNA-nanopore (tethered 5'-CATTCACC-3')","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heteroheptamer in DPhPC 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Biotechnology","vp":"19:248-252","doi":"10.1038/85696","pmid":"11231558","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl (per follow-up papers)","v":"120 mV","b":"current amplitude falls from ~82 pA (3 bp) to ~38 pA (9 bp) with open current 120 pA","sn":"3-7 bp stems give a single conductance state; 8 bp gives two; 9 bp gates among four states","pu":"discriminate hairpins by stem length, mismatch and loop length (SVM)","no":"secondary: described in Vercoutere et al. 2003 NAR (PMC150236) and DeGuzman et al. 2006 NAR; Nat Biotech abstract confirms discrimination by stem length, mismatch and loop length; sequences not seen","ev":"secondary","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC150236/","an":"blunt-ended DNA hairpin, 7 bp stem","id":"bio_na_early-0070"},{"a":519,"y":2001,"au":"Vercoutere W, Winters-Hilt S, Olsen H, 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seen","ev":"secondary","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC150236/","an":"blunt-ended DNA hairpin, 8 bp stem","id":"bio_na_early-0071"},{"a":520,"y":2001,"au":"Vercoutere W, Winters-Hilt S, Olsen H, Deamer D, Haussler D, Akeson M","t":"Rapid discrimination among individual DNA hairpin molecules at single-nucleotide resolution using an ion channel.","j":"Nature Biotechnology","vp":"19:248-252","doi":"10.1038/85696","pmid":"11231558","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl (per follow-up papers)","v":"120 mV","b":"current amplitude falls from ~82 pA (3 bp) to ~38 pA (9 bp) with open current 120 pA","sn":"3-7 bp stems give a single conductance state; 8 bp gives two; 9 bp gates among four states","pu":"discriminate hairpins by stem length, mismatch and loop length (SVM)","no":"secondary: described in Vercoutere et al. 2003 NAR (PMC150236) and DeGuzman et al. 2006 NAR; Nat Biotech abstract confirms discrimination by stem length, mismatch and loop length; sequences not seen","ev":"secondary","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC150236/","an":"blunt-ended DNA hairpin, 9 bp stem","id":"bio_na_early-0072"},{"a":521,"y":2001,"au":"Howorka S, Cheley S, Bayley H","t":"Sequence-specific detection of individual DNA strands using engineered nanopores.","j":"Nature Biotechnology","vp":"19:636-639","doi":"10.1038/90236","pmid":"11433274","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with one covalently tethered DNA oligonucleotide in the lumen (DNA-nanopore)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"engineered alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer","fab":"oligonucleotide covalently attached to an engineered cysteine inside the lumen","sn":"strands identified by duplex lifetimes with the tethered probe","pu":"sequence-specific detection of single strands by duplex lifetime","no":"abstract only; sequences not seen; single-base discrimination","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/11433274","an":"ssDNA strands (up to 30 nt) with and without a single-base substitution, including an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase drug-resistance mutation","id":"bio_na_early-0076"},{"a":522,"y":2001,"au":"Meller A, Nivon L, Branton D","t":"Voltage-driven DNA translocations through a nanopore.","j":"Physical Review Letters","vp":"86:3435-3438","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.86.3435","pmid":"11327989","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer","sn":"polymers longer than the pore translocate at constant speed; shorter ones speed up with decreasing length; velocity nonlinear in field","pu":"length and voltage dependence of ssDNA translocation velocity","no":"abstract only; Bates et al. 2003 (PMC1302803) cites this work for tp scaling linearly with length above 12 nt","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/11327989","an":"single-stranded DNA polymers of different lengths (poly(dA) series)","id":"bio_na_early-0526"},{"a":523,"y":2001,"au":"Howorka S, Cheley S, Bayley H","t":"Sequence-specific detection of individual DNA strands using engineered nanopores.","j":"Nature Biotechnology","vp":"19:636-639","doi":"10.1038/90236","pmid":"11433274","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with one covalently tethered DNA oligonucleotide in the lumen (DNA-nanopore)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"engineered alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer","fab":"oligonucleotide covalently attached to an engineered cysteine inside the lumen","pu":"sequence-specific detection of single strands by duplex lifetime","no":"abstract only: a complete codon in a tethered strand was sequenced","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/11433274","an":"individual DNA strand tethered to the nanopore whose codon was sequenced with probe oligonucleotides","id":"bio_na_early-0077"},{"a":524,"y":2002,"au":"Nestorovich EM, Danelon C, Winterhalter M, Bezrukov SM","t":"Designed to penetrate: time-resolved interaction of single antibiotic molecules with bacterial pores.","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"99:9789-9794","doi":"10.1073/pnas.152206799","pmid":"12119404","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpF (E. coli outer membrane porin F)","pk":"ompf","pm":"E. coli OmpF trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pg":"trimer of beta-barrel channels, each narrowed by a constriction zone","fab":"purified porin reconstituted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 1 mM CaCl2, pH 6.0 (pH 4 to 9 and 0.01 to 1 M KCl also tested); drug on one or both sides","v":"-100 mV (range +/-200 mV)","b":"blocks one monomer of the OmpF trimer per molecule","dt":"~140 to 150 us (residence time; spectral fit 1.41e-4 s, histogram 1.48e-4 s)","er":"~40 events/s at 7.2 mM from pH 6 to 9; peak 280 /s at pH 4.3","sn":"two-state Markov blockages; binding constant 1.9 /M at pH 4.3, -100 mV; residence time doubles at 0.01 M KCl","pu":"antibiotic translocation kinetics through a bacterial porin","no":"First time-resolved single antibiotic molecules in a porin; ampicillin zwitterion fits the OmpF constriction charges.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC125017/","an":"ampicillin","id":"bio_small-0231"},{"a":524,"y":2011,"au":"Asandei A, Apetrei A, Luchian T","t":"Uni-molecular detection and quantification of selected β-lactam antibiotics with a hybrid α-hemolysin protein pore.","j":"J Mol Recognit","vp":"24:199-207","doi":"10.1002/jmr.1038","pmid":"21360610","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with gamma-cyclodextrin adapter","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","er":"tau_on = 3.1 +/- 0.4 ms","pu":"beta-lactam antibiotic detection and discrimination","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21360610+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"ampicillin","id":"bio_small-0314"},{"a":525,"y":2002,"au":"Ebertz SL, McGann LE","t":"Osmotic parameters of cells from a bioengineered human corneal equivalent and consequences for cryopreservation","j":"Cryobiology","vp":"45:109-117","doi":"10.1016/s0011-2240(02)00116-5","pmid":"12482376","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"isotonic 300 to anisotonic 150-1500 mosm/kg","pu":"hydraulic conductivity and osmotically inactive volume","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A12482376+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"isolated human corneal endothelial cells (bioengineered corneal equivalent)","id":"cells-0174"},{"a":526,"y":2002,"au":"Ebertz SL, McGann LE","t":"Osmotic parameters of cells from a bioengineered human corneal equivalent and consequences for cryopreservation","j":"Cryobiology","vp":"45:109-117","doi":"10.1016/s0011-2240(02)00116-5","pmid":"12482376","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"hydraulic conductivity and osmotically inactive volume","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A12482376+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"isolated human corneal epithelial cells","id":"cells-0176"},{"a":527,"y":2002,"au":"Ebertz SL, McGann LE","t":"Osmotic parameters of cells from a bioengineered human corneal equivalent and consequences for cryopreservation","j":"Cryobiology","vp":"45:109-117","doi":"10.1016/s0011-2240(02)00116-5","pmid":"12482376","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"hydraulic conductivity and osmotically inactive volume","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A12482376+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"isolated human corneal stroma cells","id":"cells-0175"},{"a":528,"y":2002,"au":"Delmonte B, Petit JR, Maggi V","t":"Glacial to Holocene implications of the new 27000-year dust record from the EPICA Dome C (East Antarctica) ice core","j":"Climate Dynamics","vp":"18:647-660","doi":"10.1007/s00382-001-0193-9","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture (model not stated in the sources read)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"dust concentration and volume size distribution; glacial to Holocene changes","no":"Secondary: Lambert et al. 2012 (Climate of the Past 8:609) state that particulate insoluble dust volume at Dome C 'has been measured by the Coulter counter technique (e.g. Delmonte et al., 2002) at low-resolution' and that Lambert et al. (2008, Nature 452:616, doi 10.1038/nature06763) supplied low-resolution Coulter counter data over 800,000 years used for calibration. The old Dome C core (1978) was measured earlier (Petit et al. 1981 Nature 293:391; Thompson and Mosley-Thompson 1981 Science 212:812), but the method of those papers was not confirmed here.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/8/609/2012/cp-8-609-2012.pdf","an":"Insoluble dust in the EPICA Dome C ice core (27,000-year record), East Antarctica","id":"earth_space_industry-0019"},{"a":529,"y":2002,"au":"Ruth U, Wagenbach D, Bigler M, Steffensen JP, Rothlisberger R, Miller H","t":"High-resolution microparticle profiles at NorthGRIP, Greenland: case studies of the calcium-dust relationship","j":"Annals of Glaciology","vp":"35:237-242","doi":"10.3189/172756402781817347","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture (used to calibrate a flow-through laser particle detector)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size calibration of a continuous laser particle sensor using Coulter spectra of NorthGRIP samples","no":"The continuous record itself comes from the laser sensor; Coulter counter used for calibration on the same depths.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annals-of-glaciology/article/highresolution-microparticle-profiles-at-northgrip-greenland-case-studies-of-the-calciumdust-relationship/E501D943D22F159012350D4D62F72D3E","an":"Insoluble microparticles in the NorthGRIP ice core, Greenland, from different climatic periods (Coulter calibration of a laser sensor)","id":"earth_space_industry-0017"},{"a":530,"y":2002,"au":"Cheley S, Gu LQ, Bayley H","t":"Stochastic sensing of nanomolar inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate with an engineered pore.","j":"Chem Biol","vp":"9:829-838","doi":"10.1016/s1074-5521(02)00172-2","pmid":"12144927","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with a ring of arginines near the constriction (e.g. P(RR-2), 14 Arg)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"pH 7.5","er":"low nanomolar affinity for P(RR-2)","pu":"stochastic sensing of phosphate-containing signaling molecules","no":"cAMP did not bind.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A12144927+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)","id":"bio_small-0023"},{"a":531,"y":2002,"au":"Ayannides CA, Ktistis G","t":"Stability estimation of emulsions of isopropyl myristate in mixtures of water and glycerol","j":"Journal of cosmetic science","vp":"53:165-173","pmid":"12053207","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"droplet size and emulsion stability","no":"droplet size fell with more glycerol and polysorbate","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A12053207+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"isopropyl myristate oil-in-water emulsion droplets","de":"polysorbate 80, glycerol and water; cosmetic emulsions","id":"reviews_exotic-0043"},{"a":532,"y":2002,"au":"Ayannides CA, Ktistis G","t":"Stability estimation of emulsions of isopropyl myristate in mixtures of water and glycerol","j":"Journal of Cosmetic Science","vp":"53:165-173","pmid":"12053207","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12053207/","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"droplet size and emulsion stability","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A12053207+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Isopropyl myristate oil-in-water emulsions with polysorbate 80 in water-glycerol mixtures (cosmetic emulsions)","id":"earth_space_industry-0081"},{"a":533,"y":2002,"au":"Kohane DS, Holmes GL, Chau Y, Zurakowski D, Langer R, Cha BH","t":"Effectiveness of muscimol-containing microparticles against pilocarpine-induced focal seizures","j":"Epilepsia","vp":"43:1462-1468","doi":"10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.11202.x","pmid":"12460246","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle sizing of intracerebral drug carriers","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A12460246+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Spray-dried lipid-protein-sugar particles (LPSPs) with and without 2% muscimol","id":"earth_space_industry-0150"},{"a":534,"y":2002,"au":"Kullman L, Winterhalter M, Bezrukov SM","t":"Transport of maltodextrins through maltoporin: a single-channel study.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"82:803-812","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75442-8","pmid":"11806922","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"maltoporin LamB","pk":"maltoporin","b":"one sugar molecule completely blocks one pore of the trimer","pu":"maltodextrin transport kinetics (single events)","no":"All sugars from maltotriose to maltoheptaose studied; residence time independent of side of addition and voltage dependent.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A11806922+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"maltopentaose","id":"bio_small-0283"},{"a":534,"y":2026,"au":"Gao X, Xiao Y, Li W, Qian L, Wang K, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Nanopore Analysis of Malto-oligosaccharides from Amylose, Amylopectin, and Cyclodextrin Hydrolysates.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"26:74-82","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.5c04591","pmid":"41475898","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter (MspA-90PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"malto-oligosaccharide chain-length identification","no":"Glucose to maltooctaose identified (validation accuracy >98%); used on gamma-cyclodextrin acidolysis products, amylose versus amylopectin and crop starch.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41475898+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"maltopentaose","id":"bio_small-0217"},{"a":535,"y":2002,"au":"Kullman L, Winterhalter M, Bezrukov SM","t":"Transport of maltodextrins through maltoporin: a single-channel study.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"82:803-812","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75442-8","pmid":"11806922","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"maltoporin LamB","pk":"maltoporin","b":"one sugar molecule completely blocks one pore of the trimer","pu":"maltodextrin transport kinetics (single events)","no":"All sugars from maltotriose to maltoheptaose studied; residence time independent of side of addition and voltage dependent.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A11806922+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"maltotetraose","id":"bio_small-0282"},{"a":535,"y":2026,"au":"Gao X, Xiao Y, Li W, Qian L, Wang K, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Nanopore Analysis of Malto-oligosaccharides from Amylose, Amylopectin, and Cyclodextrin Hydrolysates.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"26:74-82","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.5c04591","pmid":"41475898","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter (MspA-90PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"malto-oligosaccharide chain-length identification","no":"Glucose to maltooctaose identified (validation accuracy >98%); used on gamma-cyclodextrin acidolysis products, amylose versus amylopectin and crop starch.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41475898+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"maltotetraose","id":"bio_small-0216"},{"a":536,"y":2002,"au":"Cheley S, Gu LQ, Bayley H","t":"Stochastic sensing of nanomolar inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate with an engineered pore.","j":"Chem Biol","vp":"9:829-838","doi":"10.1016/s1074-5521(02)00172-2","pmid":"12144927","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with a ring of arginines near the constriction (e.g. P(RR-2), 14 Arg)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"pH 7.5","b":"almost complete block of the arginine-ring pore","pu":"stochastic sensing of phosphate-containing signaling molecules","no":"Nitrate, sulfate, perchlorate and citrate gave no block.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A12144927+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"phosphate anion","id":"bio_small-0022"},{"a":537,"y":2002,"au":"Howorka S, Bayley H","t":"Probing distance and electrical potential within a protein pore with tethered DNA.","j":"Biophysical Journal","vp":"83:3202-3210","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75322-8","pmid":"12496089","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with one tethered oligonucleotide at an engineered cysteine in the cavity","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"engineered alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer","fab":"oligonucleotide attached to engineered cysteine in the internal cavity","sn":"longer overhangs approach and then thread into the transmembrane beta-barrel","pu":"probe distances and potential in the pore with DNA overhangs","no":"abstract only; each overhang length is a distinct molecule but sequences were not reachable","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/12496089","an":"complementary oligonucleotides with 5' (dA)n overhangs, n up to 9","id":"bio_na_early-0078"},{"a":538,"y":2002,"au":"Howorka S, Bayley H","t":"Probing distance and electrical potential within a protein pore with tethered DNA.","j":"Biophysical Journal","vp":"83:3202-3210","doi":"10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75322-8","pmid":"12496089","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with one tethered oligonucleotide at an engineered cysteine in the cavity","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"engineered alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer","fab":"oligonucleotide attached to engineered cysteine in the internal cavity","pu":"probe distances and potential in the pore with DNA overhangs","no":"abstract only","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/12496089","an":"complementary oligonucleotides with 5' (dT)n overhangs, n up to 9","id":"bio_na_early-0079"},{"a":539,"y":2002,"au":"Kerby JH, Everson JM, Harrell RM, Geiger JG, Starling CC, Revels H","t":"Performance comparisons between diploid and triploid sunshine bass in fresh water ponds","j":"Aquaculture.","vp":"1:91-108","doi":"10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00009-1","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"ploidy determination to segregate triploids","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3AIND23327258+AND+SRC%3AAGR&resultType=core&format=json","an":"blood cells of diploid and triploid sunshine bass","de":"hybrid white bass (Morone chrysops) female x striped bass (M. saxatilis) male","id":"cells-0198"},{"a":540,"y":2003,"au":"Van Nijlen T, Brennan K, Van den Mooter G, Blaton N, Kinget R, Augustijns P","t":"Improvement of the dissolution rate of artemisinin by means of supercritical fluid technology and solid dispersions","j":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","vp":"254:173-181","doi":"10.1016/S0378-5173(03)00009-7","pmid":"12623193","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size of processed drug","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A12623193+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Artemisinin particles processed by supercritical fluid technology and in solid dispersions","id":"earth_space_industry-0095"},{"a":541,"y":2003,"au":"Rapp JH, Pan XM, Yu B, Swanson RA, Higashida RT, Simpson P, et al.","t":"Cerebral ischemia and infarction from atheroemboli <100 microm in Size","j":"Stroke","vp":"34:1976-1980","doi":"10.1161/01.STR.0000083400.80296.38","pmid":"12855822","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting embolic fragments before injection into rats","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A12855822+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Atherosclerotic plaque fragments released by ex vivo carotid angioplasty of excised human plaques (calcified and fibrotic)","id":"earth_space_industry-0114"},{"a":542,"y":2003,"au":"Bachmeyer C, Orlik F, Barth H, Aktories K, Benz R","t":"Mechanism of C2-toxin inhibition by fluphenazine and related compounds: investigation of their binding kinetics to the C2II-channel using the current noise analysis.","j":"J Mol Biol","vp":"333:527-540","doi":"10.1016/j.jmb.2003.08.044","pmid":"14556742","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"C. botulinum C2 toxin binding component channel","fab":"activated binding component inserted into planar lipid bilayer","sn":"Lorentzian ligand-induced current noise in multichannel membranes; binding constants from conductance titration","pu":"drug binding kinetics from ligand-induced current noise","no":"Noise analysis of many channels; individual binding events are not resolved one by one.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A14556742+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"chloroquine","id":"bio_small-0270"},{"a":542,"y":2005,"au":"Orlik F, Schiffler B, Benz R","t":"Anthrax toxin protective antigen: inhibition of channel function by chloroquine and related compounds and study of binding kinetics using the current noise analysis.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"88:1715-1724","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.104.050336","pmid":"15596516","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"anthrax protective antigen PA63 channel","pk":"anthrax-pa63","pm":"B. anthracis PA63 heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"open channels show 1/f noise; ligand-induced noise is Lorentzian; on-rates 1e6 to 1e8 /M/s","pu":"drug binding kinetics from ligand-induced current noise","no":"Noise analysis of many channels; individual binding events are not resolved one by one.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A15596516+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"chloroquine","id":"bio_small-0275"},{"a":543,"y":2003,"au":"Bachmeyer C, Orlik F, Barth H, Aktories K, Benz R","t":"Mechanism of C2-toxin inhibition by fluphenazine and related compounds: investigation of their binding kinetics to the C2II-channel using the current noise analysis.","j":"J Mol Biol","vp":"333:527-540","doi":"10.1016/j.jmb.2003.08.044","pmid":"14556742","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"C. botulinum C2 toxin binding component channel","fab":"activated binding component inserted into planar lipid bilayer","sn":"Lorentzian ligand-induced current noise in multichannel membranes; binding constants from conductance titration","pu":"drug binding kinetics from ligand-induced current noise","no":"Noise analysis of many channels; individual binding events are not resolved one by one.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A14556742+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"chlorpromazine","id":"bio_small-0273"},{"a":544,"y":2003,"au":"Li J, Gershow M, Stein D, Brandin E, Golovchenko JA","t":"DNA molecules and configurations in a solid-state nanopore microscope.","j":"Nat Mater","vp":"2(9):611-615","doi":"10.1038/nmat965","pmid":"12942073","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Ion-beam sculpted Si3N4 nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pu":"observing DNA folding configurations","no":"Nanopore microscope paper; the abstract does not give the DNA length. Chen 2004 (PMC4160839) cites it for the interpretation of quantized multi-level events.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A12942073+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"individual double-stranded DNA molecules and their folding configurations","id":"ss_na-0309"},{"a":544,"y":2010,"au":"Merchant CA, Healy K, Wanunu M, Ray V, Peterman N, Bartel J, et al.","t":"DNA translocation through graphene nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"10(8):2915-2921","doi":"10.1021/nl101046t","pmid":"20698604","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"graphene nanopore (electron-beam sculpted), some with 5 nm ALD TiO2","pk":"graphene-nanopore","pm":"graphene membrane 1-5 nm thick","pd":"5-10 nm","pl":"1-5 nm (6-10 nm with TiO2)","fab":"electron-beam sculpting; atomic layer deposition of 5 nm TiO2 to lower noise","b":"larger blocked currents than in conventional solid-state pores","sn":"current noise orders of magnitude above SiN pores; reduced by TiO2 coating","pu":"first graphene nanopore DNA sensing","no":"Abstract does not give the DNA length.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A20698604+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"DNA (translocations through graphene pores)","id":"ss_na-0078"},{"a":544,"y":2013,"au":"Liu S, Lu B, Zhao Q, Li J, Gao T, Chen Y, et al.","t":"Boron nitride nanopores: highly sensitive DNA single-molecule detectors.","j":"Adv Mater","vp":"25(33):4549-4554","doi":"10.1002/adma.201301336","pmid":"23775629","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"boron nitride nanopore","pk":"hbn-ws2-nanopore","pm":"ultrathin BN membrane","sn":"much higher detection sensitivity than SiN pores","pu":"first electronic DNA detection with BN nanopores","no":"Abstract does not give the DNA used.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A23775629+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"DNA (translocations through ultrathin BN pores)","id":"ss_na-0099"},{"a":544,"y":2019,"au":"Mojtabavi M, VahidMohammadi A, Liang W, Beidaghi M, Wanunu M","t":"Single-Molecule Sensing Using Nanopores in Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbide (MXene) Membranes.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"13(3):3042-3053","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.8b08017","pmid":"30844249","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"Ti3C2 MXene nanopore","pm":"MXene sheets self-assembled at a liquid-liquid interface into mm-sized films","fab":"liquid-liquid interface transfer, focused electron beam drilling","pu":"first DNA translocation through MXene nanopores","no":"Abstract does not give the DNA length.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A30844249+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"DNA (translocation through MXene nanopores)","id":"ss_na-0169"},{"a":545,"y":2003,"au":"Sauer-Budge AF, Nyamwanda JA, Lubensky DK, Branton D","t":"Unzipping kinetics of double-stranded DNA in a nanopore.","j":"Physical Review Letters","vp":"90:238101","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.90.238101","pmid":"12857290","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"PCR gave first direct proof of unzipping; 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individual binding events are not resolved one by one.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A14556742+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"fluphenazine","id":"bio_small-0274"},{"a":546,"y":2005,"au":"Orlik F, Schiffler B, Benz R","t":"Anthrax toxin protective antigen: inhibition of channel function by chloroquine and related compounds and study of binding kinetics using the current noise analysis.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"88:1715-1724","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.104.050336","pmid":"15596516","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"anthrax protective antigen PA63 channel","pk":"anthrax-pa63","pm":"B. anthracis PA63 heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"open channels show 1/f noise; ligand-induced noise is Lorentzian; on-rates 1e6 to 1e8 /M/s","pu":"drug binding kinetics from ligand-induced current noise","no":"Noise analysis of many channels; individual binding events are not resolved one by one.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A15596516+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"fluphenazine","id":"bio_small-0276"},{"a":547,"y":2003,"au":"Saleh OA, Sohn LL","t":"Direct detection of antibody-antigen binding using an on-chip artificial pore","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA","vp":"100:820-824","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0337563100","pmid":"12552089","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"on-chip PDMS pore","pk":"chitoporin","pm":"PDMS mold sealed to glass coverslip with Pt electrodes","pd":"1 um nominal (effective about 900 nm)","pl":"7-9 um","fab":"soft lithography (PDMS micromolding)","co":"0.5x PBS pH 7.3, 0.05% Pluronic F127, 0.2 mg/ml BSA; 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nanochannels by FIB milling of about 100 nm pores then ALD","co":"1 M salt","v":"200 mV and higher (trans positive)","sn":"fewer folded events than lambda; mobility independent of length and voltage","pu":"translocation dynamics and folding","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4160839/","an":"10 kbp double-stranded DNA","id":"ss_na-0009"},{"a":574,"y":2010,"au":"Garaj S, Hubbard W, Reina A, Kong J, Branton D, Golovchenko JA","t":"Graphene as a subnanometre trans-electrode membrane.","j":"Nature","vp":"467(7312):190-193","doi":"10.1038/nature09379","pmid":"20720538","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"graphene nanopore (CVD graphene)","pk":"graphene-nanopore","pm":"CVD graphene (1-2 layers) over a 200 nm aperture in 250 nm SiNx","pd":"5 nm","pl":"sub-nanometre (effective)","fab":"pore drilled in suspended CVD graphene with a focused electron beam","co":"3 M KCl, pH 10","v":"160 mV","b":"mean blockade used to infer an insulating length of graphene below 1 nm (open pore 105 +/- 1 nS)","sn":"folded entries show larger transient blockades","pu":"measuring graphene membrane effective thickness with DNA","no":"16 ug/ml DNA in cis","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2956266/","an":"10 kbp restriction fragments of lambda dsDNA","id":"ss_na-0079"},{"a":574,"y":2018,"au":"Cadinu P, Campolo G, Pud S, Yang W, Edel JB, et al.","t":"Double Barrel Nanopores as a New Tool for Controlling Single-Molecule Transport.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"18(4):2738-2745","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00860","pmid":"29569930","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"double-barrel quartz nanopipette","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"theta quartz capillary","fab":"laser-pulled double-barrel (theta) quartz capillary","co":"2 M LiCl in TE pH 8","v":"400 mV on both barrels","sn":"molecules bridge both barrels and can be held and moved between pores (300 pM)","pu":"active control of single-molecule transport","no":"Included for the double-barrel glass pore. PubMed lists the first author twice.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5969804/","an":"10 kbp dsDNA","id":"ss_na-0162"},{"a":575,"y":2004,"au":"Heng JB, Ho C, Kim T, Timp R, Aksimentiev A, Grinkova YV, et al.","t":"Sizing DNA using a nanometer-diameter pore.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"87(4):2905-2911","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.104.041814","pmid":"15326034","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Si3N4 nanopore (e-beam sputtered)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 membrane, 10 nm or 30 nm thick","pd":"2.4 nm (radius 1.2 nm); also 3.5 nm pore","pl":"30 nm","fab":"electron-beam-stimulated decomposition and sputtering in a 200 keV TEM (JEOL 2010F)","co":"1 M KCl with TE buffer pH 8.0","v":"200 mV (also 500 mV)","dt":"most probable long-duration transient under 125 us (bandwidth limited)","pu":"discriminating ssDNA from dsDNA and sizing DNA length","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1304707/","an":"100 bp double-stranded DNA","id":"ss_na-0005"},{"a":575,"y":2008,"au":"Kececi K, Sexton LT, Buyukserin F, Martin CR","t":"Resistive-pulse detection of short dsDNAs using a chemically functionalized conical nanopore sensor.","j":"Nanomedicine (Lond)","vp":"3(6):787-796","doi":"10.2217/17435889.3.6.787","pmid":"19025453","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"ethanolamine-functionalized conical track-etched PET nanopore","pk":"track-etched-pore","pg":"conical","sn":"resistive-pulse signature distinguishable from 50 bp DNA","pu":"detecting short dsDNA","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19025453+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"100 bp dsDNA","id":"ss_na-0055"},{"a":575,"y":2013,"au":"Larkin J, Henley R, Bell DC, Cohen-Karni T, Rosenstein JK, Wanunu M","t":"Slow DNA transport through nanopores in hafnium oxide membranes.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"7(11):10121-10128","doi":"10.1021/nn404326f","pmid":"24083444","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"HfO2 nanopore","pk":"al2o3-hfo2-nanopore","pm":"freestanding HfO2 membrane 2-7 nm thick","pl":"2-7 nm","fab":"ALD HfO2 membrane, TEM-drilled pore","co":"1 M KCl buffer, pH 8.0","v":"+175 mV","sn":"50,000 translocations without detectable pore growth; slower than comparable SiN pores","no":"Included for the HfO2 pore material.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4729694/","an":"100 bp dsDNA","id":"ss_na-0101"},{"a":576,"y":2004,"au":"Chang H, Kosari F, Andreadakis G, Alam MA, Vasmatzis G, Bashir R","t":"DNA-Mediated Fluctuations in Ionic Current through Silicon Oxide Nanopore Channels","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"4(8):1551-1556","doi":"10.1021/nl049267c","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiO2 nanopore channel in micromachined SOI membrane","pk":"sio2-nanopore","pm":"thermally oxidized silicon-on-insulator membrane","pd":"4-5 nm","pl":"50-60 nm","pg":"inverted pyramid etched in SOI, then oxide-shrunk channel","fab":"e-beam lithography, anisotropic etch of SOI, thermal oxidation, electron-beam shrinking with real-time feedback","co":"0.1 M KCl, 2 mM Tris pH 8.5","v":"200 mV","b":"current INCREASE, about 11.4 pA on 55-75 pA open-pore current","dt":"about 4 ms (mean pulse width of 40 pulses)","sn":"current rises during each event at 0.1 M KCl, attributed to counterions on DNA gating surface current","pu":"translocation physics","no":"First report of DNA-induced current increases in a solid-state pore; 300 Hz low-pass filter.","ev":"full_text","src":"http://libna.mntl.illinois.edu/pdf/publications/2004-Bashir_pub50.pdf","an":"200 bp dsDNA fragment of the human CRISP-3 gene (PCR product)","de":"PCR amplified from a prostate cancer specimen, GenBank NM_006061","id":"ss_na-0016"},{"a":577,"y":2004,"au":"Chen P, Gu J, Brandin E, Kim YR, Wang Q, Branton D","t":"Probing single DNA molecule transport using fabricated nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"4(11):2293-2298","doi":"10.1021/nl048654j","pmid":"25221441","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Ion-beam sculpted Si3N4 nanopore with ALD Al2O3 coating","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 membrane with 3 nm ALD alumina (nanochannels: FIB pore plus 40 nm ALD Al2O3)","pd":"about 15 nm (one pore 7.5 nm)","fab":"ion-beam sculpting plus atomic layer deposition of Al2O3; nanochannels by FIB milling of about 100 nm pores then ALD","co":"1 M salt","v":"200 mV and higher (trans positive)","pu":"translocation dynamics and folding","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4160839/","an":"3 kbp double-stranded DNA","id":"ss_na-0010"},{"a":578,"y":2004,"au":"Heng JB, Ho C, Kim T, Timp R, Aksimentiev A, Grinkova YV, et al.","t":"Sizing DNA using a nanometer-diameter pore.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"87(4):2905-2911","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.104.041814","pmid":"15326034","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Si3N4 nanopore (e-beam sputtered)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 membrane, 10 nm or 30 nm thick","pd":"1.0 nm (radius 0.5 nm)","pl":"10 nm","fab":"electron-beam-stimulated decomposition and sputtering in a 200 keV TEM (JEOL 2010F)","co":"1 M KCl with TE buffer pH 8.0","v":"200 mV (also 500 mV)","sn":"fewer long-duration (about 1 ms) events than ssDNA; gel showed dsDNA did not translocate the 0.5 nm radius pore","pu":"discriminating ssDNA from dsDNA and sizing DNA length","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1304707/","an":"50 bp double-stranded DNA","id":"ss_na-0004"},{"a":578,"y":2008,"au":"Kececi K, Sexton LT, Buyukserin F, Martin CR","t":"Resistive-pulse detection of short dsDNAs using a chemically functionalized conical nanopore sensor.","j":"Nanomedicine (Lond)","vp":"3(6):787-796","doi":"10.2217/17435889.3.6.787","pmid":"19025453","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"ethanolamine-functionalized conical track-etched PET nanopore","pk":"track-etched-pore","pg":"conical","sn":"resistive-pulse signature distinguishable from 100 bp DNA","pu":"detecting short dsDNA","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19025453+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"50 bp dsDNA","id":"ss_na-0054"},{"a":579,"y":2004,"au":"Heng JB, Ho C, Kim T, Timp R, Aksimentiev A, Grinkova YV, et al.","t":"Sizing DNA using a nanometer-diameter pore.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"87(4):2905-2911","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.104.041814","pmid":"15326034","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Si3N4 nanopore (e-beam sputtered)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 membrane, 10 nm or 30 nm thick","pd":"2.4 nm (radius 1.2 nm)","pl":"30 nm","fab":"electron-beam-stimulated decomposition and sputtering in a 200 keV TEM (JEOL 2010F)","co":"1 M KCl with TE buffer pH 8.0","v":"200 mV (also 500 mV)","dt":"most probable long-duration transient 425 us","pu":"discriminating ssDNA from dsDNA and sizing DNA length","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1304707/","an":"600 bp double-stranded DNA","id":"ss_na-0006"},{"a":580,"y":2004,"au":"Sutherland TC, Dinsmore MJ, Kraatz HB, Lee JS","t":"An analysis of mismatched duplex DNA unzipping through a bacterial nanopore.","j":"Biochemistry and Cell Biology","vp":"82:407-412","doi":"10.1139/o04-005","pmid":"15181475","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl","dt":"590 +/- 45 us","pu":"unzipping of mismatched duplexes during translocation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/15181475","an":"Guide strand hybridized to 10-base target with one mismatch","id":"bio_na_early-0088"},{"a":581,"y":2004,"au":"Sutherland TC, Dinsmore MJ, Kraatz HB, Lee JS","t":"An analysis of mismatched duplex DNA unzipping through a bacterial nanopore.","j":"Biochemistry and Cell Biology","vp":"82:407-412","doi":"10.1139/o04-005","pmid":"15181475","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl","dt":"270 +/- 50 us","pu":"unzipping of mismatched duplexes during translocation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/15181475","an":"Guide strand hybridized to 10-base target with two mismatches","id":"bio_na_early-0089"},{"a":582,"y":2004,"au":"Sutherland TC, Dinsmore MJ, Kraatz HB, Lee JS","t":"An analysis of mismatched duplex DNA unzipping through a bacterial nanopore.","j":"Biochemistry and Cell Biology","vp":"82:407-412","doi":"10.1139/o04-005","pmid":"15181475","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl","dt":"indistinguishable from Guide ssDNA (120 us)","pu":"unzipping of mismatched duplexes during translocation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/15181475","an":"Guide strand mixed with 10-base target with three mismatches","id":"bio_na_early-0090"},{"a":583,"y":2004,"au":"Sutherland TC, Dinsmore MJ, Kraatz HB, Lee JS","t":"An analysis of mismatched duplex DNA unzipping through a bacterial nanopore.","j":"Biochemistry and Cell Biology","vp":"82:407-412","doi":"10.1139/o04-005","pmid":"15181475","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl","dt":"840 +/- 60 us","pu":"unzipping of mismatched duplexes during translocation","no":"duplex must unzip to pass","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/15181475","an":"Guide strand hybridized to fully complementary 10-base target","id":"bio_na_early-0087"},{"a":584,"y":2004,"au":"Chen P, Gu J, Brandin E, Kim YR, Wang Q, Branton D","t":"Probing single DNA molecule transport using fabricated nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"4(11):2293-2298","doi":"10.1021/nl048654j","pmid":"25221441","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Ion-beam sculpted Si3N4 nanopore with ALD Al2O3 coating","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 membrane with 3 nm ALD alumina (nanochannels: FIB pore plus 40 nm ALD Al2O3)","pd":"about 15 nm (one pore 7.5 nm)","fab":"ion-beam sculpting plus atomic layer deposition of Al2O3; nanochannels by FIB milling of about 100 nm pores then ALD","co":"1 M salt","v":"200 mV and higher (trans positive)","er":"translocations per second linear in voltage at 5 ug/ml","sn":"quantized blockade levels: single-file, folded (2 strands) and 3-strand passages; unfolded fraction rises with voltage","pu":"translocation dynamics and folding","no":"Earliest lambda DNA translocation through a fabricated nanopore that we found.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4160839/","an":"bacteriophage lambda DNA (48.5 kbp)","id":"ss_na-0008"},{"a":584,"y":2005,"au":"Storm AJ, Chen JH, Zandbergen HW, Dekker C","t":"Translocation of double-strand DNA through a silicon oxide nanopore.","j":"Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys","vp":"71(5 Pt 1):051903","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevE.71.051903","pmid":"16089567","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiO2 nanopore","pk":"sio2-nanopore","pd":"about 10 nm","sn":"linear and folded passages","pu":"translocation and folding; length discrimination in a mixture","no":"First lambda-length DNA through a silicon oxide pore; abstract states 48 500 bp.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16089567+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"dsDNA 48,500 bp (lambda-length)","id":"ss_na-0014"},{"a":584,"y":2006,"au":"Wu S, Park SR, Ling XS","t":"Lithography-free formation of nanopores in plastic membranes using laser heating.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"6(11):2571-2576","doi":"10.1021/nl0619498","pmid":"17090093","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"laser-heat-shrunk nanopore in a plastic membrane","fab":"pore shrinking in a plastic membrane fluidized by laser heating (no lithography)","pu":"showing biomolecule sensing with a laser-shrunk polymer pore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A17090093+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"lambda DNA","id":"ss_na-0022"},{"a":584,"y":2006,"au":"Smeets RM, Keyser UF, Krapf D, Wu MY, Dekker NH, Dekker C","t":"Salt dependence of ion transport and DNA translocation through solid-state nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"6(1):89-95","doi":"10.1021/nl052107w","pmid":"16402793","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiO2-coated SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","co":"50 mM to 1 M KCl","b":"current decrease above 0.4 M KCl, current increase below 0.4 M; the two effects cancel at 370 +/- 40 mM KCl","sn":"current increases attributed to counterions screening the DNA backbone","pu":"salt dependence of translocation","no":"Included for the crossover from current blockades to current enhancements.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16402793+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"16.5-um-long dsDNA (lambda length)","id":"ss_na-0019"},{"a":584,"y":2010,"au":"Schneider GF, Kowalczyk SW, Calado VE, Pandraud G, Zandbergen HW, Vandersypen LM, et al.","t":"DNA translocation through graphene nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"10(8):3163-3167","doi":"10.1021/nl102069z","pmid":"20608744","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"graphene nanopore (TEM-drilled)","pk":"graphene-nanopore","pm":"graphene monolayer (also multilayers, 0.3-2.7 nm) on SiN with 5 um hole","pd":"22 nm (pores 5-25 nm studied)","pl":"about 0.3 nm (monolayer)","fab":"wedging transfer of graphene, pore drilled with a 300 kV TEM beam","co":"1 M KCl, TE, pH 8.0","v":"200 mV","b":"dG 1.5 +/- 0.4 nS unfolded, 2.9 +/- 0.4 nS folded","dt":"2.7 +/- 0.8 ms (unfolded)","sn":"unfolded, partly folded and fully folded events (n = 1222); slower than about 1.2 ms in 20 nm SiN","pu":"first DNA translocation through graphene","no":"One of three simultaneous 2010 reports of DNA through graphene nanopores. Text from the arXiv preprint 1005.4754.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1005.4754","an":"48.5 kb lambda dsDNA","id":"ss_na-0077"},{"a":584,"y":2010,"au":"Steinbock LJ, Otto O, Chimerel C, Gornall J, Keyser UF","t":"Detecting DNA folding with nanocapillaries.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"10(7):2493-2497","doi":"10.1021/nl100997s","pmid":"20515038","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"pulled glass nanocapillary","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass capillary","pd":"down to 45 nm","fab":"laser-pulled glass capillary","sn":"current change reveals folding state of single lambda molecules","pu":"label-free DNA folding detection","no":"First resistive-pulse detection of DNA folding in glass nanocapillaries.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A20515038+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"lambda DNA","id":"ss_na-0076"},{"a":584,"y":2012,"au":"Bell NA, Engst CR, Ablay M, Divitini G, Ducati C, Liedl T, Keyser UF","t":"DNA origami nanopores","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"12:512-517","doi":"10.1021/nl204098n","pmid":"22196850","pt":"journal","pc":10,"p":"DNA origami plate inserted into a solid-state nanopore","pk":"hybrid-protein-in-solid-state","pm":"DNA origami in ~15 nm solid-state nanopore","pd":"~15 nm solid-state pore","fab":"DNA origami electrophoretically inserted into and ejected from solid-state nanopores","pu":"single-molecule sensing with hybrid DNA origami nanopores","no":"first hybrid DNA origami/solid-state nanopore detecting DNA","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:22196850&resultType=core&format=json","an":"lambda DNA","id":"bio_na_modern-0476"},{"a":584,"y":2012,"au":"Bell NA, Engst CR, Ablay M, Divitini G, Ducati C, Liedl T, et al.","t":"DNA origami nanopores","j":"Nano letters","vp":"12:512-517","doi":"10.1021/nl204098n","pmid":"22196850","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/nl204098n","pt":"journal","pc":10,"p":"DNA origami nanopore inserted into a solid-state nanopore","pk":"dna-origami-nanopore","pd":"solid-state pore about 15 nm","fab":"DNA origami structures repeatedly inserted into and ejected from solid-state pores","pu":"first functional hybrid DNA origami/solid-state nanopore","no":"first report of DNA origami nanopores used for single-molecule sensing","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A22196850+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"lambda DNA through a DNA origami-solid-state hybrid pore","id":"reviews_exotic-0161"},{"a":584,"y":2012,"au":"Bell NA, Engst CR, Ablay M, Divitini G, Ducati C, Liedl T, et al.","t":"DNA origami nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"12(1):512-517","doi":"10.1021/nl204098n","pmid":"22196850","pt":"journal","pc":10,"p":"DNA origami nanopore inserted into a SiN nanopore","pk":"dna-origami-nanopore","pm":"DNA origami plate with central aperture docked in a about 15 nm SiN pore","pd":"SiN pore about 15 nm","pu":"first DNA sensing with a DNA origami-solid state hybrid pore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A22196850+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"lambda DNA","id":"ss_na-0093"},{"a":584,"y":2013,"au":"Zhou Z, Hu Y, Wang H, Xu Z, Wang W, Bai X, et al.","t":"DNA translocation through hydrophilic nanopore in hexagonal boron nitride.","j":"Sci Rep","vp":"3:3287","doi":"10.1038/srep03287","pmid":"24256703","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"h-BN nanopore (UV-ozone treated)","pk":"hbn-ws2-nanopore","pm":"few-layer hexagonal boron nitride","pd":"under 10 nm studied","fab":"h-BN transfer over a SiN window, pore drilled by focused electron beam, UV-ozone hydrophilization","co":"1 M KCl, TE, pH 7.8, room temperature","v":"100-250 mV","sn":"abundant translocation events; strong DNA-pore interaction in pores under 10 nm; 30 kHz filter","pu":"DNA translocation through h-BN","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3836030/","an":"lambda DNA (New England Biolabs)","id":"ss_na-0100"},{"a":584,"y":2014,"au":"Mikheyev AS, Tin MM","t":"A first look at the Oxford Nanopore MinION sequencer","j":"Mol Ecol Resour","vp":"14:1097-1102","doi":"10.1111/1755-0998.12324","pmid":"25187008","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ONT MinION early-access flow cell","sn":"at most a quarter of reads mapped; 16x coverage of the 48 kb reference in a 36 h run","pu":"nanopore sequencing","no":"first independent MinION evaluation; also sequenced snake venom gland transcriptome amplicons","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:25187008&resultType=core&format=json","an":"bacteriophage lambda genomic DNA (resequencing)","id":"bio_na_modern-0307"},{"a":584,"y":2015,"au":"Feng J, Liu K, Bulushev RD, Khlybov S, Dumcenco D, Kis A, et al.","t":"Identification of single nucleotides in MoS2 nanopores.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"10(12):1070-1076","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2015.219","pmid":"26389660","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"single-layer MoS2 nanopore (TEM-drilled)","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer MoS2 suspended over a 100 nm opening in SiNx","pd":"2.8 nm","pl":"about 0.7 nm (monolayer MoS2)","fab":"TEM drilling of suspended monolayer MoS2","co":"viscosity gradient: cis room-temperature ionic liquid BmimPF6, trans 2 M KCl","v":"400 mV","dt":"mean 130 ms in the viscosity gradient vs 1.4 ms in plain KCl","pu":"slowing translocation with an ionic-liquid viscosity gradient to identify nucleotides","no":"Included for the MoS2 pore and the large slowing.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1505.01608","an":"48.5 kbp lambda dsDNA","id":"ss_na-0107"},{"a":584,"y":2019,"au":"Choi J, Lee CC, Park S","t":"Scalable fabrication of sub-10 nm polymer nanopores for DNA analysis.","j":"Microsyst Nanoeng","vp":"5:12","doi":"10.1038/s41378-019-0050-9","pmid":"31057939","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"SU-8 polymer nanopore in a freestanding membrane","pd":"6-12 nm","fab":"single-step nanoimprint lithography, then post-imprint polymer reflow (2.7 nm/min shrinkage)","sn":"translocation events through 6 nm and 12 nm SU-8 pores","no":"First sub-10 nm freestanding polymer nanopore DNA translocation (authors' claim of first fabrication).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6453903/","an":"lambda DNA (New England BioLabs, 2 ng/ul)","id":"ss_na-0269"},{"a":584,"y":2021,"au":"Athapattu US, Rathnayaka C, Vaidyanathan S, Gamage SST, Choi J, Riahipour R, et al.","t":"Tailoring Thermoplastic In-Plane Nanopore Size by Thermal Fusion Bonding for the Analysis of Single Molecules.","j":"ACS Sens","vp":"6(8):3133-3143","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.1c01359","pmid":"34406743","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"in-plane nanopore in a thermoplastic nanofluidic device","pd":"about 10 nm (reduced from 30 nm by bonding pressure)","fab":"nanoimprint lithography from resin stamps, pore shrunk during thermal fusion bonding of the cover plate","sn":"higher current amplitude and better SNR in smaller in-plane pores","no":"Included for the thermoplastic in-plane pore kind.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8482307/","an":"lambda DNA","id":"ss_na-0268"},{"a":584,"y":2025,"au":"Tsutsui M, Hsu WL, Yokota K, Komoto Y, Daiguji H, Kawai T","t":"On-Site Unzipping of Single-Molecule DNA in a Spot-Heated Nanopore.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"19(31):28900-28912","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c09740","pmid":"40730355","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore with a lithographed Pt nanocoil heater","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"single-molecule detection after local thermal unzipping","no":"Included for the locally heated pore.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A40730355+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"lambda DNA unzipped by local heating above 564 K","id":"ss_na-0253"},{"a":585,"y":2004,"au":"Chen P, Gu J, Brandin E, Kim YR, Wang Q, Branton D","t":"Probing single DNA molecule transport using fabricated nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"4(11):2293-2298","doi":"10.1021/nl048654j","pmid":"25221441","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Ion-beam sculpted Si3N4 nanopore with ALD Al2O3 coating","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 membrane with 3 nm ALD alumina (nanochannels: FIB pore plus 40 nm ALD Al2O3)","pd":"about 15 nm (one pore 7.5 nm)","fab":"ion-beam sculpting plus atomic layer deposition of Al2O3; 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open pore 0.82 nS; 100 kHz filter, 1 MHz sampling","v":"120 mV threading; unzipping at 30-150 mV constant or ramps 0.5-100 V/s","dt":"tauU(0) ~1.2 +/- 0.1 s","pu":"voltage-driven unzipping kinetics of hairpins","no":"single mismatch shortens unzipping time","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1304790/","an":"HP2: same hairpin with a single T-T mismatch at the fifth base from the 5' end","id":"bio_na_early-0092"},{"a":600,"y":2004,"au":"Mathe J, Visram H, Viasnoff V, Rabin Y, Meller A","t":"Nanopore unzipping of individual DNA hairpin molecules.","j":"Biophysical Journal","vp":"87:3205-3212","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.104.047274","pmid":"15347593","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in horizontal planar bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 15.0 C; open pore 0.82 nS; 100 kHz filter, 1 MHz sampling","v":"120 mV threading; unzipping at 30-150 mV constant or ramps 0.5-100 V/s","dt":"tauU(0) ~0.34 +/- 0.05 s","pu":"voltage-driven unzipping kinetics of hairpins","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1304790/","an":"HP3: 7 bp hairpin with 3' (dA)50 overhang","id":"bio_na_early-0093"},{"a":601,"y":2004,"au":"Heng JB, Ho C, Kim T, Timp R, Aksimentiev A, Grinkova YV, et al.","t":"Sizing DNA using a nanometer-diameter pore.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"87(4):2905-2911","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.104.041814","pmid":"15326034","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Si3N4 nanopore (e-beam sputtered)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 membrane, 10 nm or 30 nm thick","pd":"1.0 nm (radius 0.5 nm)","pl":"10 nm","fab":"electron-beam-stimulated decomposition and sputtering in a 200 keV TEM (JEOL 2010F)","co":"1 M KCl with TE buffer pH 8.0","v":"200 mV (also 500 mV)","sn":"translocation verified by PCR amplification of DNA collected at the positive electrode","pu":"discriminating ssDNA from dsDNA and sizing DNA length","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1304707/","an":"58-mer single-stranded DNA","id":"ss_na-0003"},{"a":602,"y":2004,"au":"Wang H, Dunning JE, Huang AP, Nyamwanda JA, Branton D","t":"DNA heterogeneity and phosphorylation unveiled by single-molecule electrophoresis.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"101:13472-13477","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0405568101","pmid":"15342914","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8, 1 mM EDTA, 17 C; 2 us sampling","v":"120 mV","pu":"assess purity, phosphorylation state and chemical integrity of nucleic acid samples","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC518781/","an":"dA1300 homopolymer (Amersham)","id":"bio_na_early-0434"},{"a":603,"y":2004,"au":"Mathe J, Visram H, Viasnoff V, Rabin Y, Meller A","t":"Nanopore unzipping of individual DNA hairpin molecules.","j":"Biophysical Journal","vp":"87:3205-3212","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.104.047274","pmid":"15347593","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in horizontal planar bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 15.0 C; open pore 0.82 nS; 100 kHz filter, 1 MHz sampling","v":"120 mV threading; unzipping at 30-150 mV constant or ramps 0.5-100 V/s","b":"current falls to ~10% of open during translocation","dt":"most probable translocation time tp = 0.5 ms (120 mV, 15 C), exponential tail 0.32 ms","pu":"voltage-driven unzipping kinetics of hairpins","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1304790/","an":"poly(dA)90","id":"bio_na_early-0094"},{"a":604,"y":2004,"au":"Wang H, Dunning JE, Huang AP, Nyamwanda JA, Branton D","t":"DNA heterogeneity and phosphorylation unveiled by single-molecule electrophoresis.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"101:13472-13477","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0405568101","pmid":"15342914","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8, 1 mM EDTA, 17 C; 2 us sampling","v":"120 mV","pu":"assess purity, phosphorylation state and chemical integrity of nucleic acid samples","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC518781/","an":"dC500 homopolymer (Amersham)","id":"bio_na_early-0433"},{"a":605,"y":2004,"au":"Heng JB, Ho C, Kim T, Timp R, Aksimentiev A, Grinkova YV, et al.","t":"Sizing DNA using a nanometer-diameter pore.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"87(4):2905-2911","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.104.041814","pmid":"15326034","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Si3N4 nanopore (e-beam sputtered)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 membrane, 10 nm or 30 nm thick","pd":"1.0 nm (radius 0.5 nm)","pl":"10 nm","fab":"electron-beam-stimulated decomposition and sputtering in a 200 keV TEM (JEOL 2010F)","co":"1 M KCl with TE buffer pH 8.0","v":"200 mV (also 500 mV)","dt":"two peaks, most probable 150 us and 1.4 ms (long events = translocations)","sn":"long-duration, >30% blocking events taken as translocations; ssDNA passage through 0.5 nm radius pore confirmed by PCR and gel","pu":"discriminating ssDNA from dsDNA and sizing DNA length","no":"First ssDNA homopolymer measured in a solid-state nanopore that we found.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1304707/","an":"50-mer poly(dT) single-stranded DNA","sq":"T50","id":"ss_na-0002"},{"a":605,"y":2007,"au":"Butler TZ, Gundlach JH, Troll M","t":"Ionic current blockades from DNA and RNA molecules in the alpha-hemolysin nanopore.","j":"Biophysical Journal","vp":"93:3229-3240","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.107.107003","pmid":"17675346","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin (EMD Biosciences) in DPhPC/hexadecene bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into horizontal bilayer across ~20 um Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8, 21 +/- 2 C; 1-2 uM polymer cis","v":"120 mV (100-200 mV range studied)","b":"Mid IM/IOS 0.58 (M0, M1), 0.63 (M2)","dt":"Mid tM 288 +/- 27 us (M0), 605 +/- 83 us (M1); ~20% of Deep states very long, exponential tau ~3.7 ms","sn":"escape probability 0.48 +/- 0.05","pu":"substate (vestibule vs threaded) analysis of homopolymer blockades","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2025643/","an":"dT50","de":"IDT, PAGE purified","id":"bio_na_early-0027"},{"a":605,"y":2008,"au":"Butler TZ, Pavlenok M, Derrington IM, Niederweis M, Gundlach JH","t":"Single-molecule DNA detection with an engineered MspA protein nanopore","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"105:20647-20652","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0807514106","pmid":"19098105","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M1 (D90N/D91N/D93N)","pk":"mspa","pm":"Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A octamer in diphytanoyl lipid bilayer","pg":"octameric porin with a short narrow constriction","fab":"engineered MspA purified from M. smegmatis, single pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8, 21 +/- 2 C","v":"180 mV","b":"partial (80-50% of open current) and deep (<50%) blockades","dt":"mostly <30 us","er":"~5 blockades/s at ~8 uM, 180 mV (~20x no-DNA rate)","pu":"ssDNA detection and translocation","no":"first DNA detection with an engineered MspA nanopore; wild-type MspA did not show DNA translocation","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2634888/","an":"dT50 (poly(dT) 50-mer)","id":"bio_na_modern-0001"},{"a":605,"y":2008,"au":"Butler TZ, Pavlenok M, Derrington IM, Niederweis M, Gundlach JH","t":"Single-molecule DNA detection with an engineered MspA protein nanopore","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"105:20647-20652","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0807514106","pmid":"19098105","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (D90N/D91N/D93N/D118R/D134R/E139K)","pk":"mspa","pm":"Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A octamer in diphytanoyl lipid bilayer","pg":"octameric porin with a short narrow constriction","fab":"engineered MspA purified from M. smegmatis, single pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8, 21 +/- 2 C","v":"80-180 mV (data at 180 mV)","dt":"partial blockades ~100 us (about 100x longer than M1); translocation spikes <~30 us","er":"~25 blockades/s at 2 uM, 180 mV (~20x the M1 rate)","pu":"ssDNA detection; effect of vestibule charge on capture","no":"M2 adds positive vestibule charges; about 20x higher interaction rate, half the voltage threshold of M1","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2634888/","an":"dT50 (poly(dT) 50-mer)","id":"bio_na_modern-0002"},{"a":605,"y":2009,"au":"Kawano R, Schibel AE, Cauley C, White HS","t":"Controlling the translocation of single-stranded DNA through alpha-hemolysin ion channels using viscosity.","j":"Langmuir","vp":"25:1233-1237","doi":"10.1021/la803556p","pmid":"19138164","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin in bilayer on glass nanopore membrane","co":"1 M KCl in glycerol/water mixtures up to 63/37 vol%","dt":"translocation velocity about 20 times lower in 63/37 glycerol/water than in water","sn":"conductance and entry rate also fall with viscosity","pu":"slow translocation with viscosity","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19138164","an":"poly(dT) 50-mer","id":"bio_na_early-0262"},{"a":606,"y":2005,"au":"Guan X, Gu LQ, Cheley S, Braha O, Bayley H","t":"Stochastic sensing of TNT with a genetically engineered pore.","j":"Chembiochem","vp":"6:1875-1881","doi":"10.1002/cbic.200500064","pmid":"16118820","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with a ring of seven aromatic side chains","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"other nitroaromatics distinguished from TNT by event amplitude and duration","pu":"stochastic sensing of explosives","no":"Aromatic rings of fewer than seven side chains bound more weakly.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16118820+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)","id":"bio_small-0024"},{"a":607,"y":2005,"au":"Movileanu L, Schmittschmitt JP, Scholtz JM, Bayley H","t":"Interactions of peptides with a protein pore.","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"89:1030-1045","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.104.057406","pmid":"15923222","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"2 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 100 uM EDTA, 24 C (rate table at 1 M KCl); peptide 80 uM in trans","v":"+40 to +180 mV (+100 mV for kinetics)","b":"two levels: -42.5 pA and -102.5 pA at +100 mV (-20.1/-41.7 pA at +40 mV; -75.2/-157.5 pA at +160 mV)","dt":"220 +/- 14 us at +100 mV (single exponential); koff = 7.5 x 10^3 s-1 (1 M KCl)","pu":"peptide-pore binding kinetics (kon, koff, exit side)","no":"Cationic peptides of the series Ac-(AAKAA)mY-NH2; binding strengthens with voltage; rate constants fall with length.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1366589/","an":"P2, Ac-(AAKAA)2Y-NH2","id":"bio_protein-0002"},{"a":608,"y":2005,"au":"Movileanu L, Schmittschmitt JP, Scholtz JM, Bayley H","t":"Interactions of peptides with a protein pore.","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"89:1030-1045","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.104.057406","pmid":"15923222","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"2 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 100 uM EDTA, 24 C (rate table at 1 M KCl); peptide 80 uM in trans","v":"+40 to +180 mV (+100 mV for kinetics)","dt":"a few hundred us (major peak); koff = 4.4 x 10^3 s-1 at +100 mV (1 M KCl)","pu":"peptide-pore binding kinetics (kon, koff, exit side)","no":"Cationic peptides of the series Ac-(AAKAA)mY-NH2; binding strengthens with voltage; rate constants fall with length.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1366589/","an":"P3, Ac-(AAKAA)3Y-NH2","id":"bio_protein-0003"},{"a":609,"y":2005,"au":"Movileanu L, Schmittschmitt JP, Scholtz JM, Bayley H","t":"Interactions of peptides with a protein pore.","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"89:1030-1045","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.104.057406","pmid":"15923222","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"2 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 100 uM EDTA, 24 C (rate table at 1 M KCl); peptide 80 uM in trans","v":"+40 to +180 mV (+100 mV for kinetics)","dt":"koff = 3.3 x 10^3 s-1 at +100 mV (1 M KCl)","pu":"peptide-pore binding kinetics (kon, koff, exit side)","no":"Cationic peptides of the series Ac-(AAKAA)mY-NH2; binding strengthens with voltage; rate constants fall with length.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1366589/","an":"P4, Ac-(AAKAA)4Y-NH2","id":"bio_protein-0004"},{"a":610,"y":2005,"au":"Movileanu L, Schmittschmitt JP, Scholtz JM, Bayley H","t":"Interactions of peptides with a protein pore.","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"89:1030-1045","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.104.057406","pmid":"15923222","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"2 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 100 uM EDTA, 24 C (rate table at 1 M KCl); peptide 80 uM in trans","v":"+40 to +180 mV (+100 mV for kinetics)","b":"two levels: -80.5 pA and -141.5 pA at +100 mV (-29.8/-55.0 pA at +40 mV; -117.5/-227.5 pA at +160 mV)","dt":"78 +/- 8 us and 790 +/- 35 us at +100 mV (two exponentials); koff = 3.2 x 10^3 s-1 (1 M KCl)","pu":"peptide-pore binding kinetics (kon, koff, exit side)","no":"Cationic peptides of the series Ac-(AAKAA)mY-NH2; binding strengthens with voltage; rate constants fall with length.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1366589/","an":"P5, Ac-(AAKAA)5Y-NH2","id":"bio_protein-0005"},{"a":610,"y":2010,"au":"Romero-Ruiz M, Mahendran KR, Eckert R, Winterhalter M, Nussberger S","t":"Interactions of mitochondrial presequence peptides with the mitochondrial outer membrane preprotein translocase TOM.","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"99:774-781","doi":"10.1016/j.bpj.2010.05.010","pmid":"20682254","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"TOM core complex (Neurospora crassa; Tom40, Tom22, Tom7, Tom6, Tom5)","pm":"mitochondrial outer membrane preprotein translocase reconstituted in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"purified TOM core complex inserted into planar bilayer (200 mV insertion potential)","co":"1 M KCl, 20 mM K2HPO4, pH 7.5","v":"-40 to +40 mV","dt":"< 100 us (instrument resolution limit)","er":"hardly any events at 10 uM; short, infrequent events at 20 uM","pu":"polypeptide interaction kinetics with the mitochondrial protein import channel","no":"Open single-channel conductance 2.9 +/- 0.2 nS; presented as first quantitative kinetics of polypeptide interaction with TOM.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2913200/","an":"pAK5, alanine-based model peptide Ac-(AAKAA)5Y-NH2","id":"bio_protein-0040"},{"a":611,"y":2005,"au":"Movileanu L, Schmittschmitt JP, Scholtz JM, Bayley H","t":"Interactions of peptides with a protein pore.","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"89:1030-1045","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.104.057406","pmid":"15923222","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"2 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 100 uM EDTA, 24 C (rate table at 1 M KCl); peptide 80 uM in trans","v":"+40 to +180 mV (+100 mV for kinetics)","dt":"koff = 2.9 x 10^3 s-1 at +100 mV (1 M KCl)","pu":"peptide-pore binding kinetics (kon, koff, exit side)","no":"Cationic peptides of the series Ac-(AAKAA)mY-NH2; binding strengthens with voltage; rate constants fall with length.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1366589/","an":"P6, Ac-(AAKAA)6Y-NH2","id":"bio_protein-0006"},{"a":612,"y":2005,"au":"Movileanu L, Schmittschmitt JP, Scholtz JM, Bayley H","t":"Interactions of peptides with a protein pore.","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"89:1030-1045","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.104.057406","pmid":"15923222","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"2 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 100 uM EDTA, 24 C (rate table at 1 M KCl); peptide 80 uM in trans","v":"+40 to +180 mV (+100 mV for kinetics)","b":"two levels: -83.5 pA and -145.5 pA at +100 mV (-32.5/-57.5 pA at +40 mV; -130.5/-240 pA at +160 mV)","dt":"koff = 2.8 x 10^3 s-1 at +100 mV (1 M KCl)","pu":"peptide-pore binding kinetics (kon, koff, exit side)","no":"Cationic peptides of the series Ac-(AAKAA)mY-NH2; binding strengthens with voltage; rate constants fall with length.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1366589/","an":"P7, Ac-(AAKAA)7Y-NH2","id":"bio_protein-0007"},{"a":613,"y":2005,"au":"Halverson KM, Panchal RG, Nguyen TL, Gussio R, Little SF, Misakian M, et al.","t":"Anthrax biosensor, protective antigen ion channel asymmetric blockade.","j":"The Journal of biological chemistry","vp":"280:34056-34062","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m507928200","pmid":"16087661","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"anthrax protective antigen PA63 heptameric channel","pk":"anthrax-pa63","pm":"B. anthracis PA63 heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"pH 6.6","b":"binding converts the PA63 current-voltage relation from slightly nonlinear to highly rectifying, diode-like (asymmetric blockade)","pu":"toxin detection; PA63 nanopore biosensor","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16087661+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"anthrax edema factor (EF), full length","id":"bio_protein-0015"},{"a":614,"y":2005,"au":"Halverson KM, Panchal RG, Nguyen TL, Gussio R, Little SF, Misakian M, et al.","t":"Anthrax biosensor, protective antigen ion channel asymmetric blockade.","j":"The Journal of biological chemistry","vp":"280:34056-34062","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m507928200","pmid":"16087661","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"anthrax protective antigen PA63 heptameric channel","pk":"anthrax-pa63","pm":"B. anthracis PA63 heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"pH 6.6","b":"binding converts the PA63 current-voltage relation from slightly nonlinear to highly rectifying, diode-like (asymmetric blockade)","pu":"toxin detection; PA63 nanopore biosensor","no":"A neutralizing PA63 monoclonal antibody prevented LF binding; lethal toxin was also detected in plasma of infected animals.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16087661+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"anthrax lethal factor (LF), full length","id":"bio_protein-0014"},{"a":615,"y":2005,"au":"Xie H, Braha O, Gu LQ, Cheley S, Bayley H","t":"Single-molecule observation of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase binding to an inhibitor peptide.","j":"Chemistry & biology","vp":"12:109-120","doi":"10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.11.013","pmid":"15664520","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin bearing a PKA inhibitor peptide near the entrance of the beta barrel","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","b":"binding events detected as changes in single-pore ionic current","sn":"kinetic and thermodynamic constants strongly depend on membrane potential; MgATP acts synergistically on binding","pu":"protein-peptide binding kinetics; proposed kinase inhibitor screening","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A15664520+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"catalytic (C) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)","id":"bio_protein-0008"},{"a":615,"y":2006,"au":"Cheley S, Xie H, Bayley H","t":"A genetically encoded pore for the stochastic detection of a protein kinase.","j":"Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology","vp":"7:1923-1927","doi":"10.1002/cbic.200600274","pmid":"17068836","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"heteroheptameric alpha-hemolysin with one subunit carrying a genetically encoded PKA inhibitor peptide sequence","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heteroheptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"heteroheptamer assembled from wild-type and genetically fused subunits, inserted into planar bilayer","pu":"protein detection; kinase inhibitor screening","no":"Described as the first genetically encoded stochastic sensor element for detecting a protein.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A17068836+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"catalytic subunit of protein kinase A","id":"bio_protein-0009"},{"a":616,"y":2005,"au":"Agca Y, Liu J, Mullen S, Johnson-Ward J, Gould K, Chan A, et al.","t":"Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) spermatozoa osmotic tolerance and cryoprotectant permeability characteristics","j":"Journal of andrology","vp":"26:470-477","doi":"10.2164/jandrol.04169","pmid":"15955885","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"osmotic tolerance and cryoprotectant permeability","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A15955885+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"chimpanzee spermatozoa","de":"Pan troglodytes","id":"cells-0177"},{"a":617,"y":2005,"au":"Karhanek M, Kemp JT, Pourmand N, Davis RW, Webb CD","t":"Single DNA molecule detection using nanopipettes and nanoparticles.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"5(2):403-407","doi":"10.1021/nl0480464","pmid":"15794633","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"pulled glass nanopipette tip","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass capillary","fab":"laser-pulled glass capillary","b":"ionic current blockades","pu":"single-molecule detection with nanopipettes","no":"Earliest nanopipette resistive-pulse detection of DNA that we found; abstract does not give DNA length or particle type.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A15794633+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"single DNA molecules labeled with nanoparticles","id":"ss_na-0018"},{"a":618,"y":2005,"au":"Storm AJ, Chen JH, Zandbergen HW, Dekker C","t":"Translocation of double-strand DNA through a silicon oxide nanopore.","j":"Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys","vp":"71(5 Pt 1):051903","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevE.71.051903","pmid":"16089567","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiO2 nanopore","pk":"sio2-nanopore","pd":"about 10 nm","sn":"linear and folded passages; events sorted by folding state","pu":"translocation and folding; length discrimination in a mixture","no":"Abstract gives the length range 6,557 to 48,500 bp and also circular DNA.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16089567+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"dsDNA 6557 bp","id":"ss_na-0013"},{"a":619,"y":2005,"au":"Storm AJ, Storm C, Chen J, Zandbergen H, Joanny JF, Dekker C","t":"Fast DNA translocation through a solid-state nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"5(7):1193-1197","doi":"10.1021/nl048030d","pmid":"16178209","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiO2 nanopore","pk":"sio2-nanopore","pm":"silicon oxide membrane","pd":"10 nm","pu":"translocation time scaling","no":"Abstract gives lengths 6,500 to 97,000 bp; hydrodynamic drag model predicts exponent 1.22.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16178209+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"dsDNA 97,000 bp","id":"ss_na-0015"},{"a":620,"y":2005,"au":"Fologea D, Uplinger J, Thomas B, McNabb DS, Li J","t":"Slowing DNA translocation in a solid-state nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"5(9):1734-1737","doi":"10.1021/nl051063o","pmid":"16159215","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Ion-beam sculpted Si3N4 nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"280 nm thick Si3N4 membrane (pore region thinned)","pd":"4-8 nm","fab":"FIB milling plus feedback-controlled ion-beam sculpting","co":"1-3 M KCl in TE (10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5), 0-50% glycerol, varied temperature","v":"20-120 mV (120 mV default)","b":"about 120 pA (10% glycerol) and 50 pA (50% glycerol) for unfolded events; about 22 pA at 20 mV","dt":"about 140 us (10% glycerol) to 550 us (50% glycerol); speed down to 3 bases/us","sn":"two folding states; blockade falls as 1/viscosity, dwell rises linearly with viscosity","pu":"slowing translocation with viscosity, salt, temperature and voltage","no":"10 nM in cis chamber; 3,000 to 12,000 events per data set","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3037730/","an":"linear 3 kbp plasmid pSP65","id":"ss_na-0012"},{"a":621,"y":2005,"au":"Neumann G, Veeranagouda Y, Karegoudar TB, Sahin O, Mäusezahl I, Kabelitz N, et al.","t":"Cells of Pseudomonas putida and Enterobacter sp. adapt to toxic organic compounds by increasing their size","j":"Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions","vp":"9:163-168","doi":"10.1007/s00792-005-0431-x","pmid":"15765202","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"the counter reports rod-shaped cells as diameters of equivalent spheres; cells grew larger with more toxic compound","pu":"cell size change after exposure to toxic organic compounds","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A15765202+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Enterobacter sp.","de":"species not named in abstract","id":"microbes-0036"},{"a":622,"y":2005,"au":"Siwy Z, Trofin L, Kohli P, Baker LA, Trautmann C, Martin CR","t":"Protein biosensors based on biofunctionalized conical gold nanotubes.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"127:5000-5001","doi":"10.1021/ja043910f","pmid":"15810817","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"biofunctionalized conical gold nanotube","pk":"gold-nanotube","pm":"gold nanotube embedded in a polymeric membrane","pg":"conical","sn":"binding of the protein to the recognition agent at the nanotube mouth causes complete blockage of the ion current; no transient pulses","pu":"binding-based protein biosensing","no":"Pore category inferred from the Martin and Siwy groups' track-etched conical pores; the abstract says only conical gold nanotubes embedded in a polymeric membrane.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:15810817%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"immunoglobulin (IgG)","de":"captured by protein G attached to the nanotube","id":"ss_protein_small-0002"},{"a":622,"y":2011,"au":"Sha J, Ni Z, Liu L, Yi H, Chen Y","t":"A novel method of fabricating a nanopore based on a glass tube for single-molecule detection.","j":"Nanotechnology","vp":"22:175304","doi":"10.1088/0957-4484/22/17/175304","pmid":"21411929","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"glass-tube nanopore (paraffin-assisted two-step pulling)","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass tube","pd":"minimum about 40 nm","fab":"two-step thermal pulling with sealed paraffin forming a terminal nanocavity, then rubbing the terminal open","co":"pure water and KCl solutions of varied concentration","sn":"in pure water a transient current increase then decrease (attributed to Y-shaped IgG); peak orientation inverts from low to high salt","pu":"testing a new glass nanopore with a protein","no":"Earliest glass-nanopore IgG translocation found in this survey.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:21411929%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"IgG","id":"ss_protein_small-0286"},{"a":622,"y":2013,"au":"Li W, Bell NA, Hernandez-Ainsa S, Thacker VV, Thackray AM, Bujdoso R, et al.","t":"Single protein molecule detection by glass nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"7:4129-4134","doi":"10.1021/nn4004567","pmid":"23607870","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"glass nanopore (laser-pulled capillary)","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass capillary","fab":"laser-assisted capillary pulling","pu":"label-free detection of single proteins","no":"One of a range of proteins detected with low-cost glass nanopores in this paper.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:23607870%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"IgG","id":"ss_protein_small-0058"},{"a":622,"y":2014,"au":"Sha J, Zhang L, Liu L, Bi K, Yi H, Chen Y, et al.","t":"Immunoglobulin molecules detection with nanopore sensors fabricated from glass tubes.","j":"J Nanosci Nanotechnol","vp":"14:4043-4049","doi":"10.1166/jnn.2014.8228","pmid":"24738349","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"glass-tube nanopore","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass capillary","pd":"minimum about 50 nm","fab":"paraffin-assisted thermal compression and pulling of glass capillary, nanocavity at the broken terminal","co":"10 mM KCl","sn":"different modulated current modes for the three immunoglobulins; discriminated by duration and amplitude","pu":"discriminating immunoglobulin classes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:24738349%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"IgG","id":"ss_protein_small-0064"},{"a":622,"y":2016,"au":"Balme S, Coulon PE, Lepoitevin M, Charlot B, Yandrapalli N, Favard C, et al.","t":"Influence of adsorption on proteins and amyloid detection by silicon nitride nanopore.","j":"Langmuir","vp":"32:8916-8925","doi":"10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02048","pmid":"27506271","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"piranha-treated SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride","pd":"17 nm","sn":"capture rates lower than expected and correlated with protein affinity for the surface","pu":"effect of adsorption on protein and amyloid detection","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:27506271%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"IgG","id":"ss_protein_small-0095"},{"a":622,"y":2025,"au":"Cui Y, Gao L, Ying C, Tian J, Liu Z","t":"Graphene nanochannels for label-free protein detection and protein-protein interaction analysis.","j":"ACS Sens","vp":"10:7157-7165","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c02567","pmid":"40936077","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"graphene nanochannel","pk":"graphene-nanopore","pm":"graphene","fab":"layer assembly","sn":"low noise and minimal nonspecific adsorption; five proteins differentiated by resistive pulses (not named in abstract)","pu":"label-free protein detection and interaction analysis","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40936077%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"immunoglobulin G (binding dynamics)","id":"ss_protein_small-0290"},{"a":622,"y":2026,"au":"Li Y, Awasthi S, Liu P, Protopopova AD, Mayer M","t":"Selective and controllable trapping of single proteins in nanopores using reversible covalent bonds.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:879-891","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c16000","pmid":"41422547","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12810480/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"phenylboronic acid (PBA)-functionalized polymer-coated SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride with PAcrAm-g-PEG polymer coating bearing PBA groups","pd":"11 to 20 nm","sn":"trapped glycated proteins give long events (>0.4 ms) from reversible boronate esters; 500 kHz sampling, 50 kHz filter; streptavidin used to calibrate pore length","pu":"selective trapping for accurate size and shape of glycated proteins","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12810480/fullTextXML","an":"human immunoglobulin G (naturally glycated)","id":"ss_protein_small-0243"},{"a":623,"y":2005,"au":"Woofter RT, Brendtro K, Ramsdell JS","t":"Uptake and elimination of brevetoxin in blood of striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) after aqueous exposure to Karenia brevis","j":"Environmental health perspectives","vp":"113:11-16","doi":"10.1289/ehp.7274","pmid":"15626641","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Multisizer 3 Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell densities of cultures used for fish exposure","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC1253703/fullTextXML","an":"Karenia brevis","id":"microbes-0232"},{"a":623,"y":2019,"au":"Hardison DR, Holland WC, Currier RD, Kirkpatrick B, Stumpf R, Fanara T, et al.","t":"HABscope: A tool for use by citizen scientists to facilitate early warning of respiratory irritation caused by toxic blooms of Karenia brevis","j":"PloS one","vp":"14:e0218489","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0218489","pmid":"31220134","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"reference cell concentrations for the HABscope","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6586399/fullTextXML","an":"Karenia brevis","id":"microbes-0134"},{"a":624,"y":2005,"au":"Humberd CM, Murray CK, Stuart SK, Reeb BA, Hospenthal DR","t":"Enumerating leptospires using the coulter counter","j":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene","vp":"73:962-963","doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.962","pmid":"16282312","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"enumeration of leptospires compared with Petroff-Hausser chamber and dark-field microscopy","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16282312+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"leptospires","de":"species not named in the abstract","id":"microbes-0101"},{"a":625,"y":2005,"au":"Miller CR, Vogel R, Surawski PP, Jack KS, Corrie SR, Trau M","t":"Functionalized organosilica microspheres via a novel emulsion-based route","j":"Langmuir","vp":"21:9733-9740","doi":"10.1021/la0514112","pmid":"16207060","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size distribution of synthesized microspheres","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16207060+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Thiol-functionalized organosilica microspheres made from 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane by an emulsion route","id":"earth_space_industry-0054"},{"a":626,"y":2005,"au":"Karginov VA, Nestorovich EM, Moayeri M, Leppla SH, Bezrukov SM","t":"Blocking anthrax lethal toxin at the protective antigen channel by using structure-inspired drug design.","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"102:15075-15080","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0507488102","pmid":"16214885","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"anthrax protective antigen PA63 channel","pk":"anthrax-pa63","pm":"B. anthracis PA63 heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"0.1 M KCl (subnanomolar block)","pu":"pore blocker (anthrax toxin inhibitor)","no":"Designed with sevenfold symmetry to match the heptameric pore; blocks at subnanomolar concentration in 0.1 M KCl; Nestorovich et al. 2010 Biophys J 99:134 resolved single closure events (two-state Markov at high salt).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16214885+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"per-6-(3-aminopropylthio)-beta-cyclodextrin (AmPrbetaCD)","id":"bio_small-0264"},{"a":626,"y":2012,"au":"Bezrukov SM, Liu X, Karginov VA, Wein AN, Leppla SH, Popoff MR, et al.","t":"Interactions of high-affinity cationic blockers with the translocation pores of B. anthracis, C. botulinum, and C. perfringens binary toxins.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"103:1208-1217","doi":"10.1016/j.bpj.2012.07.050","pmid":"22995493","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"C. botulinum C2 toxin binding component channel (C2IIa)","fab":"activated binding component inserted into planar lipid bilayer","pu":"binding kinetics of cationic blockers in binary toxin pores","no":"AMBnTbetaCD (extra aromatic groups) binds more strongly than AmPrbetaCD in all three channels: longer residence time, similar on-rate.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A22995493+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"AmPrbetaCD","id":"bio_small-0265"},{"a":626,"y":2012,"au":"Bezrukov SM, Liu X, Karginov VA, Wein AN, Leppla SH, Popoff MR, et al.","t":"Interactions of high-affinity cationic blockers with the translocation pores of B. anthracis, C. botulinum, and C. perfringens binary toxins.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"103:1208-1217","doi":"10.1016/j.bpj.2012.07.050","pmid":"22995493","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"C. perfringens iota toxin binding component channel (Ib)","fab":"activated binding component inserted into planar lipid bilayer","pu":"binding kinetics of cationic blockers in binary toxin pores","no":"AMBnTbetaCD (extra aromatic groups) binds more strongly than AmPrbetaCD in all three channels: longer residence time, similar on-rate.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A22995493+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"AmPrbetaCD","id":"bio_small-0266"},{"a":627,"y":2005,"au":"Heins EA, Siwy ZS, Baker LA, Martin CR","t":"Detecting single porphyrin molecules in a conically shaped synthetic nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"5:1824-1829","doi":"10.1021/nl050925i","pmid":"16159231","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"single conical track-etched nanopore","pk":"track-etched-pore","pd":"about 4.5 nm (small opening)","pg":"conical","pu":"detection of a molecular analyte","no":"Authors call this the first abiotic resistive-pulse sensing of a molecular (not particle or macromolecular) analyte. The specific porphyrin is not named in the abstract and could not be confirmed from sources reached (ACS and RSC pages returned 403). Polyimide membrane per review: Chem Sci 2017, 8:890-913 (PMC5452273).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:16159231%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"porphyrin","id":"ss_protein_small-0004"},{"a":628,"y":2005,"au":"Neumann G, Veeranagouda Y, Karegoudar TB, Sahin O, Mäusezahl I, Kabelitz N, et al.","t":"Cells of Pseudomonas putida and Enterobacter sp. adapt to toxic organic compounds by increasing their size","j":"Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions","vp":"9:163-168","doi":"10.1007/s00792-005-0431-x","pmid":"15765202","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"the counter reports rod-shaped cells as diameters of equivalent spheres; cells grew larger with more toxic compound","pu":"cell size change after exposure to toxic organic compounds","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A15765202+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Pseudomonas putida","id":"microbes-0035"},{"a":629,"y":2005,"au":"Siwy Z, Trofin L, Kohli P, Baker LA, Trautmann C, Martin CR","t":"Protein biosensors based on biofunctionalized conical gold nanotubes.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"127:5000-5001","doi":"10.1021/ja043910f","pmid":"15810817","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"biofunctionalized conical gold nanotube","pk":"gold-nanotube","pm":"gold nanotube embedded in a polymeric membrane","pg":"conical","sn":"binding of the protein to the recognition agent at the nanotube mouth causes complete blockage of the ion current; no transient pulses","pu":"binding-based protein biosensing","no":"Pore category inferred from the Martin and Siwy groups' track-etched conical pores; the abstract says only conical gold nanotubes embedded in a polymeric membrane.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:15810817%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"ricin","de":"captured by an anti-ricin antibody attached to the nanotube","id":"ss_protein_small-0003"},{"a":630,"y":2005,"au":"Mathe J, Aksimentiev A, Nelson DR, Schulten K, Meller A","t":"Orientation discrimination of single-stranded DNA inside the alpha-hemolysin membrane channel.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"102:12377-12382","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0502947102","pmid":"16113083","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in horizontal planar bilayer","pd":"~1.5 nm (as stated)","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 15.0 C","v":"120 mV threading; 0 V or negative probe voltages","b":"I/I0 = 0.12 +/- 0.03 (5' end threaded)","dt":"stay probability decays with 8,800 us (amplitude 0.32)","pu":"3' vs 5' orientation effects on current and diffusion","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1194911/","an":"HP5': mirror hairpin with 5' (dA)50 tail, threads 5' end first","id":"bio_na_early-0096"},{"a":631,"y":2005,"au":"Mathe J, Aksimentiev A, Nelson DR, Schulten K, Meller A","t":"Orientation discrimination of single-stranded DNA inside the alpha-hemolysin membrane channel.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"102:12377-12382","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0502947102","pmid":"16113083","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in horizontal planar bilayer","pd":"~1.5 nm (as stated)","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 15.0 C","v":"120 mV threading; 0 V or negative probe voltages","b":"I/I0 = 0.09 +/- 0.02 (3' end threaded)","dt":"zero-voltage stay probability decays with 15,000 us (amplitude 0.78) after threading","pu":"3' vs 5' orientation effects on current and diffusion","no":"3'-threaded DNA diffuses two times slower than 5'-threaded","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1194911/","an":"HP3': 10 bp hairpin with 6-nt loop and 3' (dA)50 tail, threads 3' end first","id":"bio_na_early-0095"},{"a":632,"y":2005,"au":"Ashkenasy N, Sanchez-Quesada J, Bayley H, Ghadiri MR","t":"Recognizing a single base in an individual DNA strand: a step toward DNA sequencing in nanopores.","j":"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)","vp":"44:1401-1404","doi":"10.1002/anie.200462114","pmid":"15666419","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer; DNA held as alpha-HL-DNA pseudorotaxane by terminal hairpin","co":"500 mM KCl, 5 mM MOPS pH 7.5 (symmetric); 1 uM DNA cis; 5 kHz filter","v":"+170 mV (+10 to +170 mV studied)","b":"each gives A-type or C-type IR depending on the base 10 to 20 nt from the hairpin","pu":"single-base recognition in strands held in the pore","no":"four distinct molecules; sequences not reachable","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1828035/","an":"dA/dC block copolymer threads with terminal hairpin (sequences 5-8)","id":"bio_na_early-0100"},{"a":633,"y":2005,"au":"Fologea D, Gershow M, Ledden B, McNabb DS, Golovchenko JA, Li J","t":"Detecting single stranded DNA with a solid state nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"5(10):1905-1909","doi":"10.1021/nl051199m","pmid":"16218707","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Ion-beam sculpted Si3N4 nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"280 nm Si3N4 membrane, local 5-10 nm thick region","pd":"8 nm (4 nm pore imaged)","pl":"5-10 nm (local membrane)","fab":"FIB milling plus feedback-controlled ion-beam sculpting","co":"1.6 M KCl, 10 mM TE, 20% glycerol, pH 13 (KOH) for ssDNA, pH 7 for dsDNA","v":"120 mV","b":"peak about 100 pA (dsDNA at pH 7 about 200 pA)","dt":"peak about 120 us","sn":"constant event charge deficit (ecd) rule; folded and unfolded configurations, large unfolded fraction","pu":"detecting ssDNA","no":"First long ssDNA detected in a solid-state nanopore (denatured at room temperature by high pH).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2543124/","an":"single-stranded DNA from alkali-denatured linearized pSP65 plasmid (about 3 kb)","de":"pSP65 cut once with SmaI, denatured at pH above 11.6","id":"ss_na-0017"},{"a":634,"y":2005,"au":"Ashkenasy N, Sanchez-Quesada J, Bayley H, Ghadiri MR","t":"Recognizing a single base in an individual DNA strand: a step toward DNA sequencing in nanopores.","j":"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)","vp":"44:1401-1404","doi":"10.1002/anie.200462114","pmid":"15666419","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer; DNA held as alpha-HL-DNA pseudorotaxane by terminal hairpin","co":"500 mM KCl, 5 mM MOPS pH 7.5 (symmetric); 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DNA held as alpha-HL-DNA pseudorotaxane by terminal hairpin","co":"500 mM KCl, 5 mM MOPS pH 7.5 (symmetric); 1 uM DNA cis; 5 kHz filter","v":"+170 mV (+10 to +170 mV studied)","b":"mostly A-type events (IR < 27%)","pu":"single-base recognition in strands held in the pore","no":"a single adenine 20 nt from the stem-loop is recognized","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1828035/","an":"poly d(C) thread with single dA at position 20 (sequence 11)","id":"bio_na_early-0103"},{"a":638,"y":2005,"au":"Ashkenasy N, Sanchez-Quesada J, Bayley H, Ghadiri MR","t":"Recognizing a single base in an individual DNA strand: a step toward DNA sequencing in nanopores.","j":"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)","vp":"44:1401-1404","doi":"10.1002/anie.200462114","pmid":"15666419","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer; DNA held as alpha-HL-DNA pseudorotaxane by terminal hairpin","co":"500 mM KCl, 5 mM MOPS pH 7.5 (symmetric); 1 uM DNA cis; 5 kHz filter","v":"+170 mV (+10 to +170 mV studied)","b":"mostly C-type events","pu":"single-base recognition in strands held in the pore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1828035/","an":"poly d(C) thread with single dA at position 21 (sequence 12)","id":"bio_na_early-0104"},{"a":639,"y":2005,"au":"Ashkenasy N, Sanchez-Quesada J, Bayley H, Ghadiri MR","t":"Recognizing a single base in an individual DNA strand: a step toward DNA sequencing in nanopores.","j":"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)","vp":"44:1401-1404","doi":"10.1002/anie.200462114","pmid":"15666419","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer; DNA held as alpha-HL-DNA pseudorotaxane by terminal hairpin","co":"500 mM KCl, 5 mM MOPS pH 7.5 (symmetric); 1 uM DNA cis; 5 kHz filter","v":"+170 mV (+10 to +170 mV studied)","b":"mostly C-type events","pu":"single-base recognition in strands held in the pore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1828035/","an":"poly d(C) thread with single dA at position 22 (sequence 13)","id":"bio_na_early-0105"},{"a":640,"y":2005,"au":"Ashkenasy N, Sanchez-Quesada J, Bayley H, Ghadiri MR","t":"Recognizing a single base in an individual DNA strand: a step toward DNA sequencing in nanopores.","j":"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)","vp":"44:1401-1404","doi":"10.1002/anie.200462114","pmid":"15666419","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer; DNA held as alpha-HL-DNA pseudorotaxane by terminal hairpin","co":"500 mM KCl, 5 mM MOPS pH 7.5 (symmetric); 1 uM DNA cis; 5 kHz filter","v":"+170 mV (+10 to +170 mV studied)","b":"IR = 31 +/- 3% at +170 mV ('C-type')","pu":"single-base recognition in strands held in the pore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1828035/","an":"poly d(C) thread with terminal hairpin (sequences 2 and 4)","id":"bio_na_early-0099"},{"a":641,"y":2005,"au":"Siwy Z, Trofin L, Kohli P, Baker LA, Trautmann C, Martin CR","t":"Protein biosensors based on biofunctionalized conical gold nanotubes.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"127:5000-5001","doi":"10.1021/ja043910f","pmid":"15810817","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"biofunctionalized conical gold nanotube","pk":"gold-nanotube","pm":"gold nanotube embedded in a polymeric membrane","pg":"conical","sn":"binding of the protein to the recognition agent at the nanotube mouth causes complete blockage of the ion current; no transient pulses","pu":"binding-based protein biosensing","no":"Pore category inferred from the Martin and Siwy groups' track-etched conical pores; the abstract says only conical gold nanotubes embedded in a polymeric membrane.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:15810817%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"streptavidin","de":"captured by biotin attached to the nanotube","id":"ss_protein_small-0001"},{"a":641,"y":2011,"au":"Yusko EC, Johnson JM, Majd S, Prangkio P, Rollings RC, Li J, et al.","t":"Controlling protein translocation through nanopores with bio-inspired fluid walls.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"6:253-260","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2011.12","pmid":"21336266","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3071889/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"lipid bilayer-coated SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 window coated with fluid supported lipid bilayer (POPC or DdPPC, optionally biotin-PE)","pd":"19.2 nm area-equivalent (before coating)","pl":"18 nm","fab":"focused ion beam milling of silicon nitride, then liposome spreading to form the bilayer coating","co":"2.0 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 7.4 (pH varied for charge study)","v":"-0.1 V","dt":"114 +/- 15 us (POPC coating), 81 +/- 10 us (DdPPC coating), most frequent","er":"30-100 events/s at only 0.006 nM with biotinylated lipids","sn":"lipid-anchored proteins translocate slowly enough to time-resolve dI and td; Axopatch 200B","pu":"volume, charge, shape and ligand affinity of single proteins","no":"Translocation time matched predictions from lipid diffusion and protein net charge.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3071889","an":"streptavidin (SA)","id":"ss_protein_small-0021"},{"a":641,"y":2012,"au":"Nelson EM, Kurz V, Shim J, Timp W, Timp G","t":"Using a nanopore for single molecule detection and single cell transfection.","j":"Analyst","vp":"137:3020-3027","doi":"10.1039/c2an35571j","pmid":"22645737","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3384492/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore embedded in a microfluidic device","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride membrane 11-31 nm thick","pd":"7.4 nm (BSA example)","co":"100 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8; 10-15 pM protein","v":"1 V","sn":"10 kHz 8-pole Bessel filter, 100 kHz sampling; microfluidic delivery gave inter-arrival times of about 820 us at 15 pM","pu":"protein discrimination and single-cell transfection","no":"Compared with BSA of similar mass for protein discrimination.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3384492","an":"streptavidin (STR)","id":"ss_protein_small-0287"},{"a":641,"y":2015,"au":"Fahie M, Chisholm C, Chen M","t":"Resolved single-molecule detection of individual species within a mixture of anti-biotin antibodies using an engineered monomeric nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"9:1089-1098","doi":"10.1021/nn506606e","pmid":"25575121","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpG with biotin tethered to loop 6 through PEG (OmpG-PEG11-biotin and OmpG-PEG2-biotin, D224C)","pk":"ompg","pm":"E. coli outer membrane protein G (monomeric beta barrel) in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"refolded monomeric porin, cysteine-labelled with PEG-biotin, inserted into bilayer","co":"10 mM sodium phosphate pH 5.7, 150 mM KCl","v":"+50 mV (-50 to +50 mV)","sn":"irreversible change in gating; bending events shortened 5.1 to 3.8 ms; open probability 0.58 to 0.51 (PEG11); stronger effect with PEG2","pu":"protein detection by changes in loop gating","no":"Gating parameters (open probability, frequency, duration, current) form a fingerprint for each biotin-binding protein.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4958048","an":"streptavidin","id":"bio_protein-0109"},{"a":641,"y":2025,"au":"Shivanka S, Shiri F, Chibuike M, McKinney C, Verber M, Choi J, et al.","t":"Insights on using plastic-based dual in-plane nanopore sensors for differentiation and shape determinations of single protein molecules.","j":"Sci Rep","vp":"15:13742","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-96232-y","pmid":"40258844","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12012063/","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"thermoplastic dual in-plane nanopore sensor","pm":"cyclic olefin polymer (COP) with thermally bonded cover plate","pd":"about 10 nm after bonding (30 nm molded)","pg":"two in-plane nanopores flanking a 50 x 50 nm, 5 um long nanochannel","fab":"nano-injection molding and thermal fusion bonding","co":"1 M KCl in 1x PBS, pH 7.4; 1 nM protein","v":"600 to 1600 mV","sn":"paired peaks give apparent electrophoretic mobility (time of flight between pores); 250 kHz sampling, 10 kHz filter","pu":"label-free protein differentiation and shape","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12012063/fullTextXML","an":"streptavidin","id":"ss_protein_small-0230"},{"a":641,"y":2025,"au":"Straathof S, Di Muccio G, Maglia G","t":"Nanopores with an Engineered Selective Entropic Gate Detect Proteins at Nanomolar Concentration in Complex Biological Sample.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"147:15050-15065","doi":"10.1021/jacs.4c17147","pmid":"40261977","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"YaxAB with disordered polypeptide linkers carrying Strep-tag II (YaxA-delta40-B-strepII-linker) forming an entropic gate","pk":"yaxab","pm":"engineered YaxAB pore in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"genetically functionalized YaxB with 10-70 aa disordered linkers","dt":"caged in the nanopore for minutes","sn":"target detected at nanomolar concentration directly in blood; non-target capture reduced about 4-fold (35 kDa thrombin) to 14-fold (transferrin, CRP)","pu":"selective protein detection in blood behind an entropic gate","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12063177/fullTextXML","an":"streptavidin captured by Strep-tag II peptides on the gate","id":"bio_protein-0231"},{"a":641,"y":2026,"au":"Khatri S, He J","t":"Probing streptavidin-biotin interaction and complex structure at the single-molecule level using a self-crowded nanopipette.","j":"Small","vp":"22:e08579","doi":"10.1002/smll.202508579","pmid":"41474016","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"self-crowded nanopipette","pk":"glass-nanopipette","sn":"streptavidin-biotin complexes give multipeak spikes (one large and up to four small peaks) reporting stoichiometry and surface contour","pu":"small-molecule binding stoichiometry and complex structure","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:41474016%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"streptavidin","id":"ss_protein_small-0246"},{"a":642,"y":2005,"au":"Cal RM, Vidal S, Camacho T, Piferrer F, Guitian FJ","t":"Effect of triploidy on turbot haematology","j":"Comparative biochemistry and physiology. 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Life 2021 review (PMC7824896): S and R ibuprofen give distinct signatures with beta-CD on cis or trans side; thalidomide best analyzed when added trans.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16910655+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"(R)-ibuprofen","id":"bio_small-0025"},{"a":643,"y":2009,"au":"Gao C, Ding S, Tan Q, Gu LQ","t":"Method of creating a nanopore-terminated probe for single-molecule enantiomer discrimination.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"81:80-86","doi":"10.1021/ac802348r","pmid":"19061410","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2642537/","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"nanopore-terminated glass pipette probe","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass capillary pipette with sealed terminal nanocavity","pd":"single-molecule scale (about 1 nS conductance for enantiomer work)","fab":"nanocavity sealed in the pipette terminal, then penetrated by external etching in 40% NH4F/49% HF monitored by ionic current","co":"1 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris, pH 7.2","dt":"0.79 +/- 0.21 ms","sn":"Axopatch 200B, 1-5 kHz Bessel filter; open-pore noise 1.8 pA rms; single-level guest blocks indicate one trapped cyclodextrin","pu":"single-molecule chiral discrimination with a trapped cyclodextrin adapter","no":"Separated from (S)-ibuprofen in mixtures by duration and amplitude.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=2642537","an":"(R)-ibuprofen","id":"ss_protein_small-0285"},{"a":644,"y":2006,"au":"Kang XF, Cheley S, Guan X, Bayley H","t":"Stochastic detection of enantiomers.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"128:10684-10685","doi":"10.1021/ja063485l","pmid":"16910655","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin mutant with beta-cyclodextrin adapter","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"enantiomer discrimination (stochastic sensing)","no":"Enantiomeric composition determined in under 1 s. Life 2021 review (PMC7824896): S and R ibuprofen give distinct signatures with beta-CD on cis or trans side; thalidomide best analyzed when added trans.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16910655+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"(R)-thalidomide","id":"bio_small-0027"},{"a":645,"y":2006,"au":"Kang XF, Cheley S, Guan X, Bayley H","t":"Stochastic detection of enantiomers.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"128:10684-10685","doi":"10.1021/ja063485l","pmid":"16910655","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin mutant with beta-cyclodextrin adapter","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"enantiomer discrimination (stochastic sensing)","no":"Enantiomeric composition determined in under 1 s. Life 2021 review (PMC7824896): S and R ibuprofen give distinct signatures with beta-CD on cis or trans side; thalidomide best analyzed when added trans.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16910655+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"(S)-ibuprofen","id":"bio_small-0026"},{"a":645,"y":2009,"au":"Gao C, Ding S, Tan Q, Gu LQ","t":"Method of creating a nanopore-terminated probe for single-molecule enantiomer discrimination.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"81:80-86","doi":"10.1021/ac802348r","pmid":"19061410","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2642537/","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"nanopore-terminated glass pipette probe","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass capillary pipette with sealed terminal nanocavity","pd":"single-molecule scale (about 1 nS conductance for enantiomer work)","fab":"nanocavity sealed in the pipette terminal, then penetrated by external etching in 40% NH4F/49% HF monitored by ionic current","co":"1 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris, pH 7.2","b":"about 17 pA","dt":"2.0 +/- 0.3 ms","sn":"Axopatch 200B, 1-5 kHz Bessel filter; open-pore noise 1.8 pA rms; single-level guest blocks indicate one trapped cyclodextrin","pu":"single-molecule chiral discrimination with a trapped cyclodextrin adapter","no":"Camphanic acid enantiomers and adamantanes were also separated (supplementary material, not recorded here).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=2642537","an":"(S)-ibuprofen","id":"ss_protein_small-0284"},{"a":646,"y":2006,"au":"Kang XF, Cheley S, Guan X, Bayley H","t":"Stochastic detection of enantiomers.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"128:10684-10685","doi":"10.1021/ja063485l","pmid":"16910655","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin mutant with beta-cyclodextrin adapter","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"enantiomer discrimination (stochastic sensing)","no":"Enantiomeric composition determined in under 1 s. Life 2021 review (PMC7824896): S and R ibuprofen give distinct signatures with beta-CD on cis or trans side; thalidomide best analyzed when added trans.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16910655+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"(S)-thalidomide","id":"bio_small-0028"},{"a":647,"y":2006,"au":"Danelon C, Nestorovich EM, Winterhalter M, Ceccarelli M, Bezrukov SM","t":"Interaction of zwitterionic penicillins with the OmpF channel facilitates their translocation.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"90:1617-1627","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.105.075192","pmid":"16339889","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpF (E. coli outer membrane porin F)","pk":"ompf","pm":"E. coli OmpF trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pg":"trimer of beta-barrel channels, each narrowed by a constriction zone","sn":"time-resolvable transient blockages; relatively high affinity like ampicillin","pu":"penicillin translocation through OmpF","no":"Carbenicillin, azlocillin and piperacillin showed no or only weak interaction.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16339889+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"amoxicillin","id":"bio_small-0232"},{"a":647,"y":2011,"au":"Asandei A, Apetrei A, Luchian T","t":"Uni-molecular detection and quantification of selected β-lactam antibiotics with a hybrid α-hemolysin protein pore.","j":"J Mol Recognit","vp":"24:199-207","doi":"10.1002/jmr.1038","pmid":"21360610","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with gamma-cyclodextrin adapter","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","er":"tau_on = 2.1 +/- 0.2 ms (time between binding events)","pu":"beta-lactam antibiotic detection and discrimination","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21360610+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"amoxicillin","id":"bio_small-0312"},{"a":648,"y":2006,"au":"Astier Y, Braha O, Bayley H","t":"Toward single molecule DNA sequencing: direct identification of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates by using an engineered protein nanopore equipped with a molecular adapter.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"128:1705-1710","doi":"10.1021/ja057123+","pmid":"16448145","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (M113R)7 with noncovalent adapter heptakis-(6-deoxy-6-amino)-beta-cyclodextrin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"engineered alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer","b":"distinct current block level for each of the four members of a set","pu":"identify nucleoside 5'-monophosphates (exonuclease sequencing concept)","no":"abstract only; first identification of individual nucleotides with an adapter-equipped nanopore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16448145","an":"AMP","id":"bio_na_early-0230"},{"a":648,"y":2022,"au":"Wang Y, Zhang S, Jia W, Fan P, Wang L, Li X, et al.","t":"Identification of nucleoside monophosphates and their epigenetic modifications using an engineered nanopore.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"17:976-983","doi":"10.1038/s41565-022-01169-2","pmid":"35851382","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"nucleotide and RNA modification identification","no":"Monophosphates of canonical and modified nucleosides directly distinguished (accuracy 0.996); used on microRNA and tRNA digests.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35851382+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)","id":"bio_small-0157"},{"a":648,"y":2024,"au":"Rathnayaka C, Chandrosoma IA, Choi J, Childers K, Chibuike M, Akabirov K, et al.","t":"Detection and identification of single ribonucleotide monophosphates using a dual in-plane nanopore sensor made in a thermoplastic via replication.","j":"Lab Chip","vp":"24(10):2721-2735","doi":"10.1039/d3lc01062g","pmid":"38656267","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"dual in-plane nanopores in a thermoplastic (PMMA or COP) nanochannel","pd":"about 8 nm (effective)","pg":"two in-plane pores in series separated by a 10 um nanochannel flight tube","fab":"nanoimprint lithography in thermoplastic, sealed with a cover plate","sn":"identified from current blockade plus time of flight between the two in-plane pores","no":"First rNMP resistive-pulse detection with an in-plane polymer nanopore that we found.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11091956/","an":"rAMP (adenosine 5'-monophosphate)","id":"ss_na-0230"},{"a":649,"y":2006,"au":"Loudwig S, Bayley H","t":"Photoisomerization of an individual azobenzene molecule in water: an on-off switch triggered by light at a fixed wavelength.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"128:12404-12405","doi":"10.1021/ja0642818","pmid":"16984176","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with an azobenzene tethered at a single lumen cysteine (PAZO)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"irradiation at 330 nm","pu":"single-molecule photoisomerization","no":"Tether: 4-((4-(2-chloroethanoamido)phenyl)diazenyl)benzenesulfonate; trans and cis states read from the current and held in the dark.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16984176+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"cis-azobenzene tether (Z isomer)","id":"bio_small-0341"},{"a":650,"y":2006,"au":"Loudwig S, Bayley H","t":"Photoisomerization of an individual azobenzene molecule in water: an on-off switch triggered by light at a fixed wavelength.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"128:12404-12405","doi":"10.1021/ja0642818","pmid":"16984176","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with an azobenzene tethered at a single lumen cysteine (PAZO)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"irradiation at 330 nm","pu":"single-molecule photoisomerization","no":"Tether: 4-((4-(2-chloroethanoamido)phenyl)diazenyl)benzenesulfonate; trans and cis states read from the current and held in the dark.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16984176+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"trans-azobenzene tether (E isomer)","id":"bio_small-0340"},{"a":651,"y":2006,"au":"Gurnev PA, Oppenheim AB, Winterhalter M, Bezrukov SM","t":"Docking of a single phage lambda to its membrane receptor maltoporin as a time-resolved event.","j":"Journal of molecular biology","vp":"359(5):1447-1455","doi":"10.1016/j.jmb.2006.04.034","pmid":"16697410","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"maltoporin (LamB) trimer from Escherichia coli","pk":"maltoporin","pm":"single trimeric maltoporin channel reconstituted in a planar lipid bilayer","pg":"three monomer channels per trimer, each a narrow sugar-binding pathway","fab":"purified maltoporin inserted into a planar lipid bilayer, single-channel conductance recording","b":"irreversible stepwise conductance change as the phage tail engages all three monomers of the trimer","sn":"after docking, sugar binding to the free side of the trimer still gave the usual single-monomer blockade statistics, and the three monomers of the complex shared a new common ion pathway","pu":"watching the first step of infection, the docking of a whole phage particle onto its receptor channel, event by event","no":"The analyte is the whole lambda virion, which binds to and gates the channel rather than passing through it. High-resolution conductance recording from one maltoporin trimer in a bilayer. The related study by Berkane et al. 2005 titrated the isolated gpJ tail protein, not virions.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16697410&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"bacteriophage lambda (whole virion docking on maltoporin)","de":"whole phage particles added to the cis side of a bilayer holding one maltoporin trimer; docking engaged all three monomers simultaneously and irreversibly","id":"gap_viruses-0002"},{"a":652,"y":2006,"au":"Han A, Schurmann G, Mondin G, Bitterli RA, Hegelbach NG, de Rooij NF, Staufer U","t":"Sensing protein molecules using nanofabricated pores","j":"Appl Phys Lett","vp":"88:093901","doi":"10.1063/1.2180868","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"20 nm silicon nitride membrane","pd":"about 55 nm","pl":"membrane 20 nm","b":"current spike trains, magnitude consistent with 7-9 nm particles","sn":"spikes seen only after BSA was added to the negatively biased compartment","pu":"counting and sizing single proteins (nano-Coulter counter)","no":"Earliest report found in this survey of a protein detected by resistive pulse sensing in a solid-state nanopore.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/article-minimal/331679","an":"bovine serum albumin (BSA)","id":"ss_protein_small-0005"},{"a":652,"y":2007,"au":"Fologea D, Ledden B, McNabb DS, Li J","t":"Electrical characterization of protein molecules by a solid-state nanopore.","j":"Appl Phys Lett","vp":"91:053901","doi":"10.1063/1.2767206","pmid":"18392111","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2288568/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride membrane","pd":"about 16 nm (pH series), about 18 nm (chemiluminescence and fibrinogen runs)","pl":"about 10 nm (effective thickness about 20 nm from I0)","fab":"focused ion beam hole preparation (acknowledged), details in earlier work","co":"0.4 M KCl, TE buffer, pH 7.0 (BSA also at pH 4.5, 4.1, 2.4, 10.4)","v":"120 mV (200 mV for 18 nm pore chemiluminescence run)","b":"pH 7.0 cluster 1 dI about 50 pA, cluster 2 about 20 pA; pH 4.5 dI about 71 pA; dI = 52 +/- 13 pA (comparison run)","dt":"about 110 us (cluster 1), about 50 us (cluster 2) at pH 7; about 269 us at pH 4.5; 95 +/- 28 us (comparison run)","sn":"about 10,000 events per data set; 100 kHz low-pass; integral of blockage (Aecd) used as charge measure","pu":"estimating relative charge and size of single proteins","no":"Translocation confirmed by chemiluminescent detection of about 10^7 BSA molecules (1.8 pg) in the trans chamber; protein charge change with pH followed from the blockage integral.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2288568/","an":"bovine serum albumin (BSA)","id":"ss_protein_small-0006"},{"a":652,"y":2007,"au":"Sexton LT, Horne LP, Sherrill SA, Bishop GW, Baker LA, Martin CR","t":"Resistive-pulse studies of proteins and protein/antibody complexes using a conical nanotube sensor.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"129:13144-13152","doi":"10.1021/ja0739943","pmid":"17918938","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"conical nanotube sensor","pk":"gold-nanotube","pg":"conical","sn":"free BSA pulses distinguished from BSA/Fab complex pulses","pu":"selective protein detection using an antibody fragment that changes the pulse signature","no":"Pore category follows the Martin group's track-etched conical nanotube sensors; the abstract says only conical nanotube sensor. Full text (pubs.acs.org) returned 403.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:17918938%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"bovine serum albumin (BSA)","id":"ss_protein_small-0008"},{"a":652,"y":2010,"au":"Niedzwiecki DJ, Grazul J, Movileanu L","t":"Single-molecule observation of protein adsorption onto an inorganic surface.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"132:10816-10822","doi":"10.1021/ja1026858","pmid":"20681715","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2917251/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"20 nm amorphous low-stress silicon nitride film","pd":"3 to 25 nm (over 40 pores); about 9 nm for mixed-event study","pl":"20 nm","fab":"drilled with a concentrated electron beam (TEM)","co":"conductivity 112 mS/cm (1 M KCl), pH 7.4","v":"+150 mV (typical)","b":"short events up to about 2500 pA (typical maximum); events above 2000 pA rare (<1%)","dt":"short-lived events about 20 us or less (near 15 us resolution); long-lived captures tens of ms to several minutes","sn":"two event classes: transient translocations and long-lived captures from nonspecific adsorption to the nitride wall, with two distinct current patterns (orientations)","pu":"single-molecule protein adsorption onto silicon nitride","no":"Short-event frequency scaled linearly with BSA concentration; long-lived capture frequency did not.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=2917251","an":"bovine serum albumin (BSA)","id":"ss_protein_small-0018"},{"a":652,"y":2013,"au":"Li W, Bell NA, Hernandez-Ainsa S, Thacker VV, Thackray AM, Bujdoso R, et al.","t":"Single protein molecule detection by glass nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"7:4129-4134","doi":"10.1021/nn4004567","pmid":"23607870","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"glass nanopore (laser-pulled capillary)","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass capillary","fab":"laser-assisted capillary pulling","pu":"label-free detection of single proteins","no":"One of a range of proteins detected with low-cost glass nanopores in this paper.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:23607870%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"bovine serum albumin (BSA)","id":"ss_protein_small-0061"},{"a":652,"y":2015,"au":"Wang C, Fu Q, Wang X, Kong D, Sheng Q, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Atomic layer deposition modified track-etched conical nanochannels for protein sensing.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"87:8227-8233","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01501","pmid":"26202979","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"ALD Al2O3-modified track-etched conical nanochannel","pk":"track-etched-pore","pm":"track-etched polymer with atomic layer deposited Al2O3","pg":"conical","fab":"ion track etching followed by atomic layer deposition of Al2O3","sn":"high capture rate, well time-resolved events, unusual biphasic current waveshapes attributed to transient ion redistribution","pu":"protein sensing","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:26202979%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"bovine serum albumin","id":"ss_protein_small-0071"},{"a":652,"y":2022,"au":"Gu C, Yu Z, Li X, Zhu X, Jin C, Cao Z, et al.","t":"Experimental study on single biomolecule sensing using MoS2-graphene heterostructure nanopores.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"15:266-274","doi":"10.1039/d2nr04485d","pmid":"36477179","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"MoS2-graphene heterostructure nanopore","pk":"graphene-nanopore","pd":"sub-10 nm","sn":"special multi-level signals that may reflect shape changes","pu":"slowing biomolecule passage with 2D heterostructures","no":"Authors describe this as the first experimental protein test in MoS2-graphene heterostructure nanopores.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:36477179%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"native bovine serum albumin (BSA)","id":"ss_protein_small-0154"},{"a":652,"y":2022,"au":"Soni N, Freundlich N, Ohayon S, Huttner D, Meller A","t":"Single-file translocation dynamics of SDS-denatured, whole proteins through sub-5 nm solid-state nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"16:11405-11414","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.2c05391","pmid":"35785960","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7613183/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"sub-5 nm SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"locally thinned silicon nitride","pd":"below 5 nm","fab":"dielectric breakdown or laser drilling in thinned SiNx regions","co":"0.4 M NaCl nanopore buffer with SDS (about 175-700 uM); proteins SDS-denatured","v":"300 mV typical","b":"1.1-1.3 nA (SDS micelles 0.67 nA)","dt":"SDS micelle events peaked at 100-150 us","pu":"single-file translocation of whole unfolded proteins","no":"Open pore 3.6 nA at 300 mV (G = 12 nS).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7613183/fullTextXML","an":"bovine serum albumin (SDS-denatured)","id":"ss_protein_small-0146"},{"a":652,"y":2025,"au":"Zhou J, Gao C, Ding Y, Nie Z, Xu M, Fu P, et al.","t":"Multidimensional investigations of single molecule unfolding of bovine serum albumin using plasmonic nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"25:6325-6331","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.5c01214","pmid":"40179073","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"gold plasmonic nanopore","pm":"gold","pu":"single-molecule protein unfolding","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40179073%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"bovine serum albumin (BSA), voltage-unfolded","id":"ss_protein_small-0226"},{"a":653,"y":2006,"au":"Astier Y, Braha O, Bayley H","t":"Toward single molecule DNA sequencing: direct identification of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates by using an engineered protein nanopore equipped with a molecular adapter.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"128:1705-1710","doi":"10.1021/ja057123+","pmid":"16448145","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (M113R)7 with noncovalent adapter heptakis-(6-deoxy-6-amino)-beta-cyclodextrin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"engineered alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer","b":"distinct current block level for each of the four members of a set","pu":"identify nucleoside 5'-monophosphates (exonuclease sequencing concept)","no":"abstract only; first identification of individual nucleotides with an adapter-equipped nanopore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16448145","an":"CMP","id":"bio_na_early-0231"},{"a":653,"y":2022,"au":"Wang Y, Zhang S, Jia W, Fan P, Wang L, Li X, et al.","t":"Identification of nucleoside monophosphates and their epigenetic modifications using an engineered nanopore.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"17:976-983","doi":"10.1038/s41565-022-01169-2","pmid":"35851382","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"nucleotide and RNA modification identification","no":"Monophosphates of canonical and modified nucleosides directly distinguished (accuracy 0.996); used on microRNA and tRNA digests.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35851382+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"cytidine 5'-monophosphate (CMP)","id":"bio_small-0159"},{"a":653,"y":2024,"au":"Rathnayaka C, Chandrosoma IA, Choi J, Childers K, Chibuike M, Akabirov K, et al.","t":"Detection and identification of single ribonucleotide monophosphates using a dual in-plane nanopore sensor made in a thermoplastic via replication.","j":"Lab Chip","vp":"24(10):2721-2735","doi":"10.1039/d3lc01062g","pmid":"38656267","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"dual in-plane nanopores in a thermoplastic (PMMA or COP) nanochannel","pd":"about 8 nm (effective)","pg":"two in-plane pores in series separated by a 10 um nanochannel flight tube","fab":"nanoimprint lithography in thermoplastic, sealed with a cover plate","sn":"identified from current blockade plus time of flight between the two in-plane pores","no":"First rNMP resistive-pulse detection with an in-plane polymer nanopore that we found.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11091956/","an":"rCMP (cytidine 5'-monophosphate)","id":"ss_na-0232"},{"a":654,"y":2006,"au":"Astier Y, Braha O, Bayley H","t":"Toward single molecule DNA sequencing: direct identification of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates by using an engineered protein nanopore equipped with a molecular adapter.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"128:1705-1710","doi":"10.1021/ja057123+","pmid":"16448145","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (M113R)7 with noncovalent adapter heptakis-(6-deoxy-6-amino)-beta-cyclodextrin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"engineered alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer","b":"distinct current block level for each of the four members of a set","pu":"identify nucleoside 5'-monophosphates (exonuclease sequencing concept)","no":"abstract only; first identification of individual nucleotides with an adapter-equipped nanopore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16448145","an":"dAMP","id":"bio_na_early-0226"},{"a":654,"y":2009,"au":"Clarke J, Wu HC, Jayasinghe L, Patel A, Reid S, Bayley H","t":"Continuous base identification for single-molecule nanopore DNA sequencing.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"4:265-270","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2009.12","pmid":"19350039","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin mutant with covalently attached cyclodextrin adapter","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","fab":"adapter molecule covalently attached inside the engineered pore","b":"unlabelled nucleoside 5'-monophosphates identified with average accuracy 99.8%","pu":"continuous identification of nucleoside monophosphates for exonuclease sequencing","no":"abstract only; kinetics show high probability of translocation (not read twice)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19350039","an":"dAMP","id":"bio_na_early-0234"},{"a":654,"y":2015,"au":"Feng J, Liu K, Bulushev RD, Khlybov S, Dumcenco D, Kis A, et al.","t":"Identification of single nucleotides in MoS2 nanopores.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"10(12):1070-1076","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2015.219","pmid":"26389660","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"single-layer MoS2 nanopore (TEM-drilled)","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer MoS2 suspended over a 100 nm opening in SiNx","pd":"2.8 nm","pl":"about 0.7 nm (monolayer MoS2)","fab":"TEM drilling of suspended monolayer MoS2","co":"viscosity gradient: cis room-temperature ionic liquid BmimPF6, trans 2 M KCl","v":"200 mV range","sn":"four nucleotides statistically distinguished by current drop and dwell time; dwell times comparable to 30-mer homopolymers; over 10,000 events in 8 consecutive runs in one pore","pu":"slowing translocation with an ionic-liquid viscosity gradient to identify nucleotides","no":"First identification of all four single nucleotides with a solid-state (2D) nanopore. Text from the arXiv preprint 1505.01608.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1505.01608","an":"dAMP (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate)","id":"ss_na-0112"},{"a":654,"y":2019,"au":"Goto Y, Matsui K, Yanagi I, Takeda KI","t":"Silicon nitride nanopore created by dielectric breakdown with a divalent cation: deceleration of translocation speed and identification of single nucleotides.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"11(30):14426-14433","doi":"10.1039/c9nr03563j","pmid":"31334729","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore made by controlled dielectric breakdown with Ca2+","pk":"sinx-nanopore","fab":"controlled dielectric breakdown in Ca2+ electrolyte","dt":"0.1-10 ms per nucleotide","sn":"four dNMPs statistically identified by blockade current","pu":"slowing ssDNA (about 100 us per base) and identifying dNMPs","no":"Included for the SiN (CBD with Ca2+) pore kind.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31334729+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"dAMP","id":"ss_na-0170"},{"a":655,"y":2006,"au":"Astier Y, Braha O, Bayley H","t":"Toward single molecule DNA sequencing: direct identification of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates by using an engineered protein nanopore equipped with a molecular adapter.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"128:1705-1710","doi":"10.1021/ja057123+","pmid":"16448145","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (M113R)7 with noncovalent adapter heptakis-(6-deoxy-6-amino)-beta-cyclodextrin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"engineered alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer","b":"distinct current block level for each of the four members of a set","pu":"identify nucleoside 5'-monophosphates (exonuclease sequencing concept)","no":"abstract only; first identification of individual nucleotides with an adapter-equipped nanopore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16448145","an":"dCMP","id":"bio_na_early-0227"},{"a":655,"y":2009,"au":"Clarke J, Wu HC, Jayasinghe L, Patel A, Reid S, Bayley H","t":"Continuous base identification for single-molecule nanopore DNA sequencing.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"4:265-270","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2009.12","pmid":"19350039","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin mutant with covalently attached cyclodextrin adapter","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","fab":"adapter molecule covalently attached inside the engineered pore","b":"unlabelled nucleoside 5'-monophosphates identified with average accuracy 99.8%","pu":"continuous identification of nucleoside monophosphates for exonuclease sequencing","no":"abstract only; kinetics show high probability of translocation (not read twice)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19350039","an":"dCMP","id":"bio_na_early-0235"},{"a":655,"y":2015,"au":"Feng J, Liu K, Bulushev RD, Khlybov S, Dumcenco D, Kis A, et al.","t":"Identification of single nucleotides in MoS2 nanopores.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"10(12):1070-1076","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2015.219","pmid":"26389660","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"single-layer MoS2 nanopore (TEM-drilled)","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer MoS2 suspended over a 100 nm opening in SiNx","pd":"2.8 nm","pl":"about 0.7 nm (monolayer MoS2)","fab":"TEM drilling of suspended monolayer MoS2","co":"viscosity gradient: cis room-temperature ionic liquid BmimPF6, trans 2 M KCl","v":"200 mV range","sn":"four nucleotides statistically distinguished by current drop and dwell time; dwell times comparable to 30-mer homopolymers; over 10,000 events in 8 consecutive runs in one pore","pu":"slowing translocation with an ionic-liquid viscosity gradient to identify nucleotides","no":"First identification of all four single nucleotides with a solid-state (2D) nanopore. Text from the arXiv preprint 1505.01608.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1505.01608","an":"dCMP (2'-deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate)","id":"ss_na-0115"},{"a":655,"y":2019,"au":"Goto Y, Matsui K, Yanagi I, Takeda KI","t":"Silicon nitride nanopore created by dielectric breakdown with a divalent cation: deceleration of translocation speed and identification of single nucleotides.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"11(30):14426-14433","doi":"10.1039/c9nr03563j","pmid":"31334729","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore made by controlled dielectric breakdown with Ca2+","pk":"sinx-nanopore","fab":"controlled dielectric breakdown in Ca2+ electrolyte","dt":"0.1-10 ms per nucleotide","sn":"four dNMPs statistically identified by blockade current","pu":"slowing ssDNA (about 100 us per base) and identifying dNMPs","no":"Included for the SiN (CBD with Ca2+) pore kind.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31334729+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"dCMP","id":"ss_na-0173"},{"a":656,"y":2006,"au":"Astier Y, Braha O, Bayley H","t":"Toward single molecule DNA sequencing: direct identification of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates by using an engineered protein nanopore equipped with a molecular adapter.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"128:1705-1710","doi":"10.1021/ja057123+","pmid":"16448145","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (M113R)7 with noncovalent adapter heptakis-(6-deoxy-6-amino)-beta-cyclodextrin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"engineered alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer","b":"distinct current block level for each of the four members of a set","pu":"identify nucleoside 5'-monophosphates (exonuclease sequencing concept)","no":"abstract only; first identification of individual nucleotides with an adapter-equipped nanopore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16448145","an":"dGMP","id":"bio_na_early-0225"},{"a":656,"y":2009,"au":"Clarke J, Wu HC, Jayasinghe L, Patel A, Reid S, Bayley H","t":"Continuous base identification for single-molecule nanopore DNA sequencing.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"4:265-270","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2009.12","pmid":"19350039","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin mutant with covalently attached cyclodextrin adapter","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","fab":"adapter molecule covalently attached inside the engineered pore","b":"unlabelled nucleoside 5'-monophosphates identified with average accuracy 99.8%","pu":"continuous identification of nucleoside monophosphates for exonuclease sequencing","no":"abstract only; kinetics show high probability of translocation (not read twice)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19350039","an":"dGMP","id":"bio_na_early-0233"},{"a":656,"y":2015,"au":"Feng J, Liu K, Bulushev RD, Khlybov S, Dumcenco D, Kis A, et al.","t":"Identification of single nucleotides in MoS2 nanopores.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"10(12):1070-1076","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2015.219","pmid":"26389660","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"single-layer MoS2 nanopore (TEM-drilled)","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer MoS2 suspended over a 100 nm opening in SiNx","pd":"2.8 nm","pl":"about 0.7 nm (monolayer MoS2)","fab":"TEM drilling of suspended monolayer MoS2","co":"viscosity gradient: cis room-temperature ionic liquid BmimPF6, trans 2 M KCl","v":"200 mV range","sn":"four nucleotides statistically distinguished by current drop and dwell time; dwell times comparable to 30-mer homopolymers; over 10,000 events in 8 consecutive runs in one pore","pu":"slowing translocation with an ionic-liquid viscosity gradient to identify nucleotides","no":"First identification of all four single nucleotides with a solid-state (2D) nanopore. Text from the arXiv preprint 1505.01608.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1505.01608","an":"dGMP (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate)","id":"ss_na-0114"},{"a":656,"y":2019,"au":"Goto Y, Matsui K, Yanagi I, Takeda KI","t":"Silicon nitride nanopore created by dielectric breakdown with a divalent cation: deceleration of translocation speed and identification of single nucleotides.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"11(30):14426-14433","doi":"10.1039/c9nr03563j","pmid":"31334729","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore made by controlled dielectric breakdown with Ca2+","pk":"sinx-nanopore","fab":"controlled dielectric breakdown in Ca2+ electrolyte","dt":"0.1-10 ms per nucleotide","sn":"four dNMPs statistically identified by blockade current","pu":"slowing ssDNA (about 100 us per base) and identifying dNMPs","no":"Included for the SiN (CBD with Ca2+) pore kind.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31334729+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"dGMP","id":"ss_na-0172"},{"a":657,"y":2006,"au":"Harrell CC, Choi Y, Horne LP, Baker LA, Siwy ZS, Martin CR","t":"Resistive-pulse DNA detection with a conical nanopore sensor.","j":"Langmuir","vp":"22(25):10837-10843","doi":"10.1021/la061234k","pmid":"17129068","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"conical track-etched polycarbonate nanopore","pk":"track-etched-pore","pm":"track-etched polycarbonate membrane","pd":"tip 40 nm, base 1.5 um","pg":"conical","sn":"too large to enter the 40 nm tip; gives much shorter current blocks (collisions, no translocation)","pu":"resistive-pulse DNA detection","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A17129068+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"double-stranded plasmid DNA (6600 base pairs)","id":"ss_na-0021"},{"a":658,"y":2006,"au":"Astier Y, Braha O, Bayley H","t":"Toward single molecule DNA sequencing: direct identification of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates by using an engineered protein nanopore equipped with a molecular adapter.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"128:1705-1710","doi":"10.1021/ja057123+","pmid":"16448145","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (M113R)7 with noncovalent adapter heptakis-(6-deoxy-6-amino)-beta-cyclodextrin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"engineered alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer","b":"distinct current block level for each of the four members of a set","pu":"identify nucleoside 5'-monophosphates (exonuclease sequencing concept)","no":"abstract only; first identification of individual nucleotides with an adapter-equipped nanopore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16448145","an":"dTMP","id":"bio_na_early-0228"},{"a":658,"y":2009,"au":"Clarke J, Wu HC, Jayasinghe L, Patel A, Reid S, Bayley H","t":"Continuous base identification for single-molecule nanopore DNA sequencing.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"4:265-270","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2009.12","pmid":"19350039","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin mutant with covalently attached cyclodextrin adapter","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","fab":"adapter molecule covalently attached inside the engineered pore","b":"unlabelled nucleoside 5'-monophosphates identified with average accuracy 99.8%","pu":"continuous identification of nucleoside monophosphates for exonuclease sequencing","no":"abstract only; kinetics show high probability of translocation (not read twice)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19350039","an":"dTMP","id":"bio_na_early-0236"},{"a":658,"y":2015,"au":"Feng J, Liu K, Bulushev RD, Khlybov S, Dumcenco D, Kis A, et al.","t":"Identification of single nucleotides in MoS2 nanopores.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"10(12):1070-1076","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2015.219","pmid":"26389660","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"single-layer MoS2 nanopore (TEM-drilled)","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer MoS2 suspended over a 100 nm opening in SiNx","pd":"2.8 nm","pl":"about 0.7 nm (monolayer MoS2)","fab":"TEM drilling of suspended monolayer MoS2","co":"viscosity gradient: cis room-temperature ionic liquid BmimPF6, trans 2 M KCl","v":"200 mV range","sn":"four nucleotides statistically distinguished by current drop and dwell time; dwell times comparable to 30-mer homopolymers; over 10,000 events in 8 consecutive runs in one pore","pu":"slowing translocation with an ionic-liquid viscosity gradient to identify nucleotides","no":"First identification of all four single nucleotides with a solid-state (2D) nanopore. Text from the arXiv preprint 1505.01608.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1505.01608","an":"dTMP (thymidine 5'-monophosphate)","id":"ss_na-0113"},{"a":658,"y":2019,"au":"Goto Y, Matsui K, Yanagi I, Takeda KI","t":"Silicon nitride nanopore created by dielectric breakdown with a divalent cation: deceleration of translocation speed and identification of single nucleotides.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"11(30):14426-14433","doi":"10.1039/c9nr03563j","pmid":"31334729","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore made by controlled dielectric breakdown with Ca2+","pk":"sinx-nanopore","fab":"controlled dielectric breakdown in Ca2+ electrolyte","dt":"0.1-10 ms per nucleotide","sn":"four dNMPs statistically identified by blockade current","pu":"slowing ssDNA (about 100 us per base) and identifying dNMPs","no":"Included for the SiN (CBD with Ca2+) pore kind.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31334729+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"dTMP","id":"ss_na-0171"},{"a":659,"y":2006,"au":"Smeets RM, Keyser UF, Wu MY, Dekker NH, Dekker C","t":"Nanobubbles in solid-state nanopores","j":"Physical review letters","vp":"97:088101","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.97.088101","pmid":"17026338","url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.97.088101","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"nanobubbles raise low-frequency noise by up to 5 orders of magnitude in power spectral density; double-peak conductance profile when the pore is scanned through an IR laser focus","pu":"conductance and noise origin","no":"identifies nanobubbles as the dominant noise source in solid-state nanopores; measurement is conductance and noise, not discrete translocation events","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A17026338+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"nanobubbles in solid-state nanopores","id":"reviews_exotic-0015"},{"a":660,"y":2006,"au":"Astier Y, Braha O, Bayley H","t":"Toward single molecule DNA sequencing: direct identification of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates by using an engineered protein nanopore equipped with a molecular adapter.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"128:1705-1710","doi":"10.1021/ja057123+","pmid":"16448145","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (M113R)7 with noncovalent adapter heptakis-(6-deoxy-6-amino)-beta-cyclodextrin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"engineered alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer","b":"distinct current block level for each of the four members of a set","pu":"identify nucleoside 5'-monophosphates (exonuclease sequencing concept)","no":"abstract only; first identification of individual nucleotides with an adapter-equipped nanopore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16448145","an":"GMP","id":"bio_na_early-0229"},{"a":660,"y":2022,"au":"Wang Y, Zhang S, Jia W, Fan P, Wang L, Li X, et al.","t":"Identification of nucleoside monophosphates and their epigenetic modifications using an engineered nanopore.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"17:976-983","doi":"10.1038/s41565-022-01169-2","pmid":"35851382","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"nucleotide and RNA modification identification","no":"Monophosphates of canonical and modified nucleosides directly distinguished (accuracy 0.996); used on microRNA and tRNA digests.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35851382+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP)","id":"bio_small-0158"},{"a":660,"y":2024,"au":"Rathnayaka C, Chandrosoma IA, Choi J, Childers K, Chibuike M, Akabirov K, et al.","t":"Detection and identification of single ribonucleotide monophosphates using a dual in-plane nanopore sensor made in a thermoplastic via replication.","j":"Lab Chip","vp":"24(10):2721-2735","doi":"10.1039/d3lc01062g","pmid":"38656267","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"dual in-plane nanopores in a thermoplastic (PMMA or COP) nanochannel","pd":"about 8 nm (effective)","pg":"two in-plane pores in series separated by a 10 um nanochannel flight tube","fab":"nanoimprint lithography in thermoplastic, sealed with a cover plate","sn":"identified from current blockade plus time of flight between the two in-plane pores","no":"First rNMP resistive-pulse detection with an in-plane polymer nanopore that we found.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11091956/","an":"rGMP (guanosine 5'-monophosphate)","id":"ss_na-0233"},{"a":661,"y":2006,"au":"Davis ME, Thompson LG","t":"An Andean ice-core record of a Middle Holocene mega-drought in North Africa and Asia","j":"Annals of Glaciology","vp":"43:34-41","doi":"10.3189/172756406781812456","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"two Coulter Counters Model TAII, 30 um and 100 um aperture tubes","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"30 um and 100 um","pu":"dust concentration and size distribution time series","no":"Sample lengths 17 to 2 cm down the 160.4 m core 1.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annals-of-glaciology/article/an-andean-icecore-record-of-a-middle-holocene-megadrought-in-north-africa-and-asia/45FF2EF2D92697EB0F93A640C3FF5E5E","an":"Dust in the 1993 Nevado Huascaran col ice core (6050 m), Cordillera Blanca, Peru, since the end of the last glacial stage","id":"earth_space_industry-0023"},{"a":662,"y":2006,"au":"Lewis A","t":"Fines Formation (and Prevention) in Seeded Precipitation Processes","j":"KONA Powder and Particle Journal","vp":"24:119-125","doi":"10.14356/kona.2006014","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Multisizer III aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size distribution of fines formed when removing dissolved nickel as hydroxy-carbonate onto seed particles (growth plus aggregation)","no":"Metal sulphide fines in the same overview were not sized by the Coulter counter.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kona/24/0/24_2006014/_pdf","an":"Nickel hydroxy-carbonate precipitate fines from seeded precipitation in a fluidised bed reactor","id":"gap_industry-0090"},{"a":663,"y":2006,"au":"Uram JD, Ke K, Hunt AJ, Mayer M","t":"Submicrometer pore-based characterization and quantification of antibody-virus interactions.","j":"Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)","vp":"2(8-9):967-972","doi":"10.1002/smll.200600006","pmid":"17193151","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"conical submicrometer pore in a borosilicate glass cover slide, 650 nm diameter","pm":"borosilicate glass cover slide","pd":"650 nm","pg":"conical","fab":"machined with a femtosecond-pulsed laser","b":"pulse amplitude grows as antibodies bind to the virion surface","pu":"counting virions and following antibody binding to them","no":"Described in Yang L, Yamamoto T 2016 Front Microbiol 7:1500 (PMC5031608) and in Yasuura et al. 2023 Sensors 23:6830 (PMC10422600), which give the pore (650 nm conical, femtosecond-laser machined glass) and the virus diameter (about 175 to 190 nm). The publisher page returned HTTP 403, and the Europe PMC record has no abstract.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5031608/fullTextXML","an":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1)","de":"counted and sized in a submicrometer glass pore","id":"viruses-0063"},{"a":663,"y":2008,"au":"Uram JD, Ke K, Mayer M","t":"Noise and bandwidth of current recordings from submicrometer pores and nanopores.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"2(5):857-872","doi":"10.1021/nn700322m","pmid":"19206482","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"single submicrometer pore or nanopore in a poly(ethylene terephthalate) membrane (compared with a glass pore)","pk":"track-etched-pore","pm":"poly(ethylene terephthalate) membrane; glass membranes measured alongside","fab":"heavy-ion track etching (PET); the glass pores were laser machined","sn":"signal bandwidth sets the time resolution while the noise level sets the sensitivity of a given pore; measured noise with no applied voltage was predicted to within 12% from 1 to 40 kHz","pu":"measuring and predicting the noise and signal bandwidth of resistive-pulse recordings, with virions as the test particles","no":"Described in Hiemenz-era reviews and in Lee et al. 2019 Anal Chem 91:622-636 (PMC6472978), which states that PBCV-1 particles were measured on pores fabricated in glass and in PET in this study.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:19206482&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1)","de":"test particle for a noise and bandwidth study comparing glass and track-etched PET pores","id":"viruses-0098"},{"a":664,"y":2006,"au":"Uram JD, Ke K, Hunt AJ, Mayer M","t":"Submicrometer pore-based characterization and quantification of antibody-virus interactions.","j":"Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)","vp":"2(8-9):967-972","doi":"10.1002/smll.200600006","pmid":"17193151","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"conical submicrometer pore in a borosilicate glass cover slide, 650 nm diameter","pm":"borosilicate glass cover slide","pd":"650 nm","pg":"conical","fab":"machined with a femtosecond-pulsed laser","b":"pulse amplitude grows as antibodies bind to the virion surface","sn":"pulse amplitude rose as antibodies bound; about 4,200 antibodies bound per virion in its native conformation in solution, with no immobilization (as reported in Gyurcsanyi 2026 Chimia 80:487)","pu":"counting virions and following antibody binding to them","no":"Described in Yang L, Yamamoto T 2016 Front Microbiol 7:1500 (PMC5031608) and in Yasuura et al. 2023 Sensors 23:6830 (PMC10422600), which give the pore (650 nm conical, femtosecond-laser machined glass) and the virus diameter (about 175 to 190 nm). The publisher page returned HTTP 403, and the Europe PMC record has no abstract. Gyurcsanyi RE 2026 Chimia 80:487-493 states that this work followed virus-antibody complex formation in real time and gave about 4,200 antibodies bound per virion.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5031608/fullTextXML","an":"PBCV-1 bound to virus-specific antibody","de":"antibodies added to the virus sample; the maximum number bound per virion and the binding kinetics were estimated from the rise in pulse amplitude","id":"viruses-0064"},{"a":665,"y":2006,"au":"Jagtiani AV, Zhe J, Hu J, Carletta J","t":"Detection and counting of micro-scale particles and pollen using a multi-aperture Coulter counter","j":"Measurement Science and Technology","vp":"17:1706-1714","doi":"10.1088/0957-0233/17/7/008","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"multi-aperture (four micro-aperture) microfabricated Coulter counter","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","co":"particles suspended in deionized water and forced through the micro-apertures","sn":"about 300% higher counting efficiency than a single-aperture device; voltage pulses recorded across each aperture","pu":"simultaneous counting through four apertures; pollen distinguished from polymethacrylate particles by surface charge","ev":"abstract","src":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/17/7/008","an":"Juniperus scopulorum (Rocky Mountain juniper) pollen","id":"microbes-0261"},{"a":666,"y":2006,"au":"Jagtiani AV, Zhe J, Hu J, Carletta J","t":"Detection and counting of micro-scale particles and pollen using a multi-aperture Coulter counter","j":"Measurement Science and Technology","vp":"17:1706-1714","doi":"10.1088/0957-0233/17/7/008","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"multi-aperture (four micro-aperture) microfabricated Coulter counter","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","co":"particles suspended in deionized water and forced through the micro-apertures","sn":"about 300% higher counting efficiency than a single-aperture device; voltage pulses recorded across each aperture","pu":"simultaneous counting through four apertures; pollen distinguished from polymethacrylate particles by surface charge","ev":"abstract","src":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/17/7/008","an":"cottonwood pollen","de":"cottonwood species not named on the abstract page","id":"microbes-0262"},{"a":667,"y":2006,"au":"Butler TZ, Gundlach JH, Troll MA","t":"Determination of RNA orientation during translocation through a biological nanopore.","j":"Biophysical Journal","vp":"90:190-199","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.105.068957","pmid":"16214857","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin (EMD Biosciences) in DPhPC/hexadecene bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into bilayer across ~20 um Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8, 21 +/- 2 C; ~1 uM RNA cis","v":"120 mV (cis negative)","b":"bilevel: Lo level matches poly(C) group, Hi level matches poly(A) (~0.13)","er":"~0.5-2 events/s at ~1 uM","sn":"75% of events classed LoHi, indicating 3'-first entry","pu":"orientation of RNA during translocation","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1367018/","an":"A25C50 RNA diblock","de":"Dharmacon, PAGE purified","id":"bio_na_early-0023"},{"a":668,"y":2006,"au":"Butler TZ, Gundlach JH, Troll MA","t":"Determination of RNA orientation during translocation through a biological nanopore.","j":"Biophysical Journal","vp":"90:190-199","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.105.068957","pmid":"16214857","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin (EMD Biosciences) in DPhPC/hexadecene bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into bilayer across ~20 um Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8, 21 +/- 2 C; ~1 uM RNA cis","v":"120 mV (cis negative)","b":"bilevel step events between poly(C) and poly(A) levels","er":"~0.5-2 events/s at ~1 uM","sn":"time order of the two levels gives entry orientation","pu":"orientation of RNA during translocation","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1367018/","an":"C50A25 RNA diblock","de":"Dharmacon, PAGE purified","id":"bio_na_early-0024"},{"a":669,"y":2006,"au":"Butler TZ, Gundlach JH, Troll MA","t":"Determination of RNA orientation during translocation through a biological nanopore.","j":"Biophysical Journal","vp":"90:190-199","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.105.068957","pmid":"16214857","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin (EMD Biosciences) in DPhPC/hexadecene bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into bilayer across ~20 um Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8, 21 +/- 2 C; ~1 uM RNA cis","v":"120 mV (cis negative)","b":"translocation state I/I0 ~0.14 (one main group); poly(A) ~0.13 regardless of orientation","er":"~0.5-2 events/s at ~1 uM","sn":"frequent step signals and larger current fluctuations (TS variance ~88 pA2 vs 55 pA2 open); mid-states longer than for C50","pu":"orientation of RNA during translocation","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1367018/","an":"A50 RNA","de":"Dharmacon, PAGE purified","id":"bio_na_early-0021"},{"a":669,"y":2007,"au":"Butler TZ, Gundlach JH, Troll M","t":"Ionic current blockades from DNA and RNA molecules in the alpha-hemolysin nanopore.","j":"Biophysical Journal","vp":"93:3229-3240","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.107.107003","pmid":"17675346","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin (EMD Biosciences) in DPhPC/hexadecene bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into horizontal bilayer across ~20 um Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8, 21 +/- 2 C; 1-2 uM polymer cis","v":"120 mV (100-200 mV range studied)","b":"Mid IM/IOS 0.50 (M0, M1)","dt":"Mid tM 171 +/- 17 us (M0), 154 +/- 12 us (M1)","sn":"escape probability 0.59 +/- 0.03","pu":"substate (vestibule vs threaded) analysis of homopolymer blockades","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2025643/","an":"rA50","de":"Dharmacon, PAGE purified","id":"bio_na_early-0028"},{"a":670,"y":2006,"au":"Butler TZ, Gundlach JH, Troll MA","t":"Determination of RNA orientation during translocation through a biological nanopore.","j":"Biophysical Journal","vp":"90:190-199","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.105.068957","pmid":"16214857","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin (EMD Biosciences) in DPhPC/hexadecene bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into bilayer across ~20 um Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8, 21 +/- 2 C; ~1 uM RNA cis","v":"120 mV (cis negative)","b":"two groups: I/I0 ~0.03 (3'-first entry, 64% of events) and ~0.08 (5'-first entry, 36%)","er":"~0.5-2 events/s at ~1 uM","sn":"mean open current 128 pA; mid-state (vestibule) at ~35-85% of open current precedes translocation state; 50 kHz filter, 250 kHz sampling","pu":"orientation of RNA during translocation","no":"orientation of poly(C) sets blockade depth","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1367018/","an":"C50 RNA","de":"Dharmacon, PAGE purified","id":"bio_na_early-0022"},{"a":670,"y":2007,"au":"Butler TZ, Gundlach JH, Troll M","t":"Ionic current blockades from DNA and RNA molecules in the alpha-hemolysin nanopore.","j":"Biophysical Journal","vp":"93:3229-3240","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.107.107003","pmid":"17675346","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin (EMD Biosciences) in DPhPC/hexadecene bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into horizontal bilayer across ~20 um Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8, 21 +/- 2 C; 1-2 uM polymer cis","v":"120 mV (100-200 mV range studied)","b":"Mid IM/IOS 0.60 (M0), 0.59 (M1)","dt":"Mid tM 61 +/- 4 us (M0), 59 +/- 7 us (M1)","sn":"escape probability 0.57 +/- 0.07; two Deep-state groups by entry orientation","pu":"substate (vestibule vs threaded) analysis of homopolymer blockades","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2025643/","an":"rC50","de":"Dharmacon, PAGE purified","id":"bio_na_early-0029"},{"a":671,"y":2006,"au":"Stefureac R, Long YT, Kraatz HB, Howard P, Lee JS","t":"Transport of alpha-helical peptides through alpha-hemolysin and aerolysin pores.","j":"Biochemistry","vp":"45:9172-9179","doi":"10.1021/bi0604835","pmid":"16866363","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","b":"type II (translocation) events have larger i_block than type I (bumping) events; i_block rises with peptide length","dt":"type II t_block shorter than type I; t_block rises with peptide length","sn":"type II/type I ratio rises with dipole moment; uncharged peptides gave mostly bumping events","pu":"peptide structure and translocation","no":"Many thousands of events per peptide; specific peptide list in full paper (not fetched).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16866363+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"negatively charged alpha-helical peptides Fmoc-D(x)A(y)K(z) (x and z = 1, 2 or 3; y = 10, 14, 18 or 22)","id":"bio_protein-0010"},{"a":671,"y":2006,"au":"Stefureac R, Long YT, Kraatz HB, Howard P, Lee JS","t":"Transport of alpha-helical peptides through alpha-hemolysin and aerolysin pores.","j":"Biochemistry","vp":"45:9172-9179","doi":"10.1021/bi0604835","pmid":"16866363","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin","pk":"aerolysin","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","b":"type II (translocation) events have larger i_block than type I (bumping) events; i_block rises with peptide length","dt":"type II t_block shorter than type I; t_block rises with peptide length","sn":"type II/type I ratio rises with dipole moment; uncharged peptides gave mostly bumping events","pu":"peptide structure and translocation","no":"Aerolysin has no vestibule but a longer pore of similar diameter (per abstract).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16866363+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"negatively charged alpha-helical peptides Fmoc-D(x)A(y)K(z) (x and z = 1, 2 or 3; y = 10, 14, 18 or 22)","id":"bio_protein-0011"},{"a":672,"y":2006,"au":"DeGuzman VS, Lee CC, Deamer DW, Vercoutere WA","t":"Sequence-dependent gating of an ion channel by DNA hairpin molecules.","j":"Nucleic Acids Research","vp":"34:6425-6437","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkl754","pmid":"17130164","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC/hexadecane bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into horizontal bilayer on 20 um Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 8.0, 23 C (10 to 44 C for activation energies); 10 uM DNA cis","v":"120 mV","dt":"IL 1 ms, UL 20 ms, LL 242 ms (23 C)","sn":"9-12 bp hairpins gate among IL, UL and LL conductance states (about 35%, 49% and 32% I/Io for 9 bp)","pu":"mechanism of hairpin gating; terminal nucleotide effects","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1702491/","an":"DNA hairpin 9bpC.G with 5' abasic overhang","id":"bio_na_early-0047"},{"a":673,"y":2006,"au":"DeGuzman VS, Lee CC, Deamer DW, Vercoutere WA","t":"Sequence-dependent gating of an ion channel by DNA hairpin molecules.","j":"Nucleic Acids Research","vp":"34:6425-6437","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkl754","pmid":"17130164","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC/hexadecane bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into horizontal bilayer on 20 um Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 8.0, 23 C (10 to 44 C for activation energies); 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terminal nucleotide effects","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1702491/","an":"DNA hairpin 10bpT.- (5' T overhang on 9bpC.G)","id":"bio_na_early-0053"},{"a":687,"y":2006,"au":"DeGuzman VS, Lee CC, Deamer DW, Vercoutere WA","t":"Sequence-dependent gating of an ion channel by DNA hairpin molecules.","j":"Nucleic Acids Research","vp":"34:6425-6437","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkl754","pmid":"17130164","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC/hexadecane bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into horizontal bilayer on 20 um Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 8.0, 23 C (10 to 44 C for activation energies); 10 uM DNA cis","v":"120 mV","dt":"IL 40 ms, UL 23 ms, LL 627 ms (23 C)","sn":"9-12 bp hairpins gate among IL, UL and LL conductance states (about 35%, 49% and 32% I/Io for 9 bp)","pu":"mechanism of hairpin gating; terminal nucleotide effects","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1702491/","an":"10 bp blunt-ended DNA hairpin 10bpT.A","id":"bio_na_early-0058"},{"a":688,"y":2006,"au":"DeGuzman VS, Lee CC, Deamer DW, Vercoutere WA","t":"Sequence-dependent gating of an ion channel by DNA hairpin molecules.","j":"Nucleic Acids Research","vp":"34:6425-6437","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkl754","pmid":"17130164","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC/hexadecane bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into horizontal bilayer on 20 um Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 8.0, 23 C (10 to 44 C for activation energies); 10 uM DNA cis","v":"120 mV","dt":"IL 30 ms, UL 49 ms, LL 155 ms (23 C)","sn":"9-12 bp hairpins gate among IL, UL and LL conductance states (about 35%, 49% and 32% I/Io for 9 bp)","pu":"mechanism of hairpin gating; terminal nucleotide effects","no":"terminal T-T mismatch","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1702491/","an":"10 bp blunt-ended DNA hairpin 10bpT--T","id":"bio_na_early-0057"},{"a":689,"y":2006,"au":"DeGuzman VS, Lee CC, Deamer DW, Vercoutere WA","t":"Sequence-dependent gating of an ion channel by DNA hairpin molecules.","j":"Nucleic Acids Research","vp":"34:6425-6437","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkl754","pmid":"17130164","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC/hexadecane bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into horizontal bilayer on 20 um Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 8.0, 23 C (10 to 44 C for activation energies); 10 uM DNA cis","v":"120 mV","b":"gates among IL, UL and LL states; IL and LL resistance plateau near 2.5 Gohm, UL near 1.3 Gohm","sn":"9-12 bp hairpins gate among IL, UL and LL conductance states (about 35%, 49% and 32% I/Io for 9 bp)","pu":"mechanism of hairpin gating; terminal nucleotide effects","no":"series built by adding or removing base pairs from a 6 bp hairpin; sequences in Table 1 (image, not read)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1702491/","an":"DNA hairpin with 10 bp stem (stem-length series)","id":"bio_na_early-0062"},{"a":690,"y":2006,"au":"DeGuzman VS, Lee CC, Deamer DW, Vercoutere WA","t":"Sequence-dependent gating of an ion channel by DNA hairpin molecules.","j":"Nucleic Acids Research","vp":"34:6425-6437","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkl754","pmid":"17130164","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC/hexadecane bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into horizontal bilayer on 20 um Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 8.0, 23 C (10 to 44 C for activation energies); 10 uM DNA cis","v":"120 mV","b":"gates among IL, UL and LL states; IL and LL resistance plateau near 2.5 Gohm, UL near 1.3 Gohm","sn":"9-12 bp hairpins gate among IL, UL and LL conductance states (about 35%, 49% and 32% I/Io for 9 bp)","pu":"mechanism of hairpin gating; terminal nucleotide effects","no":"series built by adding or removing base pairs from a 6 bp hairpin; sequences in Table 1 (image, not read)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1702491/","an":"DNA hairpin with 11 bp stem (stem-length series)","id":"bio_na_early-0063"},{"a":691,"y":2006,"au":"DeGuzman VS, Lee CC, Deamer DW, Vercoutere WA","t":"Sequence-dependent gating of an ion channel by DNA hairpin molecules.","j":"Nucleic Acids Research","vp":"34:6425-6437","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkl754","pmid":"17130164","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC/hexadecane bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into horizontal bilayer on 20 um Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 8.0, 23 C (10 to 44 C for activation energies); 10 uM DNA cis","v":"120 mV","b":"gates among IL, UL and LL states; IL and LL resistance plateau near 2.5 Gohm, UL near 1.3 Gohm","sn":"9-12 bp hairpins gate among IL, UL and LL conductance states (about 35%, 49% and 32% I/Io for 9 bp)","pu":"mechanism of hairpin gating; terminal nucleotide effects","no":"series built by adding or removing base pairs from a 6 bp hairpin; sequences in Table 1 (image, not read)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1702491/","an":"DNA hairpin with 12 bp stem (stem-length series)","id":"bio_na_early-0064"},{"a":692,"y":2006,"au":"DeGuzman VS, Lee CC, Deamer DW, Vercoutere WA","t":"Sequence-dependent gating of an ion channel by DNA hairpin molecules.","j":"Nucleic Acids Research","vp":"34:6425-6437","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkl754","pmid":"17130164","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC/hexadecane bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into horizontal bilayer on 20 um Teflon aperture","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 8.0, 23 C (10 to 44 C for activation energies); 10 uM DNA cis","v":"120 mV","b":"single near-full, long-duration blockade, resistance 2.85 Gohm, no gating","sn":"9-12 bp hairpins gate among IL, UL and LL conductance states (about 35%, 49% and 32% I/Io for 9 bp)","pu":"mechanism of hairpin gating; terminal nucleotide effects","no":"hairpins longer than 12 bp did not gate","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1702491/","an":"DNA hairpin with 21 bp stem","id":"bio_na_early-0065"},{"a":693,"y":2006,"au":"Harrell CC, Choi Y, Horne LP, Baker LA, Siwy ZS, Martin CR","t":"Resistive-pulse DNA detection with a conical nanopore sensor.","j":"Langmuir","vp":"22(25):10837-10843","doi":"10.1021/la061234k","pmid":"17129068","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"conical track-etched polycarbonate nanopore","pk":"track-etched-pore","pm":"track-etched polycarbonate membrane","pd":"tip 40 nm, base 1.5 um","pg":"conical","dt":"event duration decreases with increasing potential","er":"event frequency linear in DNA concentration and in applied potential","sn":"translocation from tip to base observed as transient current blocks","pu":"resistive-pulse DNA detection","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A17129068+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"single-stranded phage DNA (7250 bases)","id":"ss_na-0020"},{"a":694,"y":2006,"au":"Astier Y, Braha O, Bayley H","t":"Toward single molecule DNA sequencing: direct identification of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates by using an engineered protein nanopore equipped with a molecular adapter.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"128:1705-1710","doi":"10.1021/ja057123+","pmid":"16448145","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (M113R)7 with noncovalent adapter heptakis-(6-deoxy-6-amino)-beta-cyclodextrin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"engineered alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer","b":"distinct current block level for each of the four members of a set","pu":"identify nucleoside 5'-monophosphates (exonuclease sequencing concept)","no":"abstract only; first identification of individual nucleotides with an adapter-equipped nanopore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16448145","an":"UMP","id":"bio_na_early-0232"},{"a":694,"y":2022,"au":"Wang Y, Zhang S, Jia W, Fan P, Wang L, Li X, et al.","t":"Identification of nucleoside monophosphates and their epigenetic modifications using an engineered nanopore.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"17:976-983","doi":"10.1038/s41565-022-01169-2","pmid":"35851382","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"nucleotide and RNA modification identification","no":"Monophosphates of canonical and modified nucleosides directly distinguished (accuracy 0.996); used on microRNA and tRNA digests.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35851382+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP)","id":"bio_small-0160"},{"a":694,"y":2024,"au":"Rathnayaka C, Chandrosoma IA, Choi J, Childers K, Chibuike M, Akabirov K, et al.","t":"Detection and identification of single ribonucleotide monophosphates using a dual in-plane nanopore sensor made in a thermoplastic via replication.","j":"Lab Chip","vp":"24(10):2721-2735","doi":"10.1039/d3lc01062g","pmid":"38656267","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"dual in-plane nanopores in a thermoplastic (PMMA or COP) nanochannel","pd":"about 8 nm (effective)","pg":"two in-plane pores in series separated by a 10 um nanochannel flight tube","fab":"nanoimprint lithography in thermoplastic, sealed with a cover plate","sn":"identified from current blockade plus time of flight between the two in-plane pores","no":"First rNMP resistive-pulse detection with an in-plane polymer nanopore that we found.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11091956/","an":"rUMP (uridine 5'-monophosphate)","id":"ss_na-0231"},{"a":695,"y":2007,"au":"Sexton LT, Horne LP, Sherrill SA, Bishop GW, Baker LA, Martin CR","t":"Resistive-pulse studies of proteins and protein/antibody complexes using a conical nanotube sensor.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"129:13144-13152","doi":"10.1021/ja0739943","pmid":"17918938","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"conical nanotube sensor","pk":"gold-nanotube","pg":"conical","sn":"free Fab pulses distinguishable from BSA/Fab complex pulses","pu":"selective protein detection using an antibody fragment that changes the pulse signature","no":"Pore category follows the Martin group's track-etched conical nanotube sensors; the abstract says only conical nanotube sensor. Full text (pubs.acs.org) returned 403.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:17918938%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Fab fragment from a BSA-binding polyclonal antibody","id":"ss_protein_small-0009"},{"a":696,"y":2007,"au":"Stefaniak AB, Hoover MD, Dickerson RM, Day GA, Breysse PN, Scripsick RC","t":"Differences in estimates of size distribution of beryllium powder materials using phase contrast microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and liquid suspension counter techniques","j":"Particle and Fibre Toxicology","vp":"4:3","doi":"10.1186/1743-8977-4-3","pmid":"17328812","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer II, 30 um aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"30 um","co":"dilute suspension in physiologic saline, 30 s ultrasonic agitation, aliquot added to Coulter electrolyte; calibrated with 5 um and checked with 2 um polystyrene latex; actual cutoff range 0.6 to 18 um; tens of thousands of particles per sample, background corrected","pu":"geometric mean size of cyclone-separated beryllium materials compared with phase contrast microscopy and computer-controlled SEM","no":"Submicrometer particles detached from metal particles in liquid, halving the size versus phase contrast microscopy. BeO powder was also measured but BeO is recorded from an earlier ASTM method.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC1810321/fullTextXML","an":"Beryllium metal powder (Brush Wellman type I-400), cyclone size fractions","id":"gap_industry-0056"},{"a":697,"y":2007,"au":"Astier Y, Kainov DE, Bayley H, Tuma R, Howorka S","t":"Stochastic detection of motor protein-RNA complexes by single-channel current recording.","j":"Chemphyschem","vp":"8:2189-2194","doi":"10.1002/cphc.200700179","pmid":"17886244","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","dt":"tens to hundreds of ms; long events vanish on adding ATP","er":"depends on P4 concentration and RNA length","pu":"detect RNA-protein complex formation by translocation dwell times","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/17886244","an":"RNA complex with phi8 packaging ATPase P4","id":"bio_na_early-0208"},{"a":698,"y":2007,"au":"Sexton LT, Horne LP, Sherrill SA, Bishop GW, Baker LA, Martin CR","t":"Resistive-pulse studies of proteins and protein/antibody complexes using a conical nanotube sensor.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"129:13144-13152","doi":"10.1021/ja0739943","pmid":"17918938","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"conical nanotube sensor","pk":"gold-nanotube","pg":"conical","sn":"larger complex gives a distinct pulse signature that reports size and stoichiometry of the complex","pu":"selective protein detection using an antibody fragment that changes the pulse signature","no":"Pore category follows the Martin group's track-etched conical nanotube sensors; the abstract says only conical nanotube sensor. Full text (pubs.acs.org) returned 403.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:17918938%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"BSA/Fab complex","id":"ss_protein_small-0010"},{"a":699,"y":2007,"au":"Hornblower B, Coombs A, Whitaker RD, Kolomeisky A, Picone SJ, Meller A, et al.","t":"Single-molecule analysis of DNA-protein complexes using nanopores.","j":"Nature Methods","vp":"4:315-317","doi":"10.1038/nmeth1021","pmid":"17339846","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"voltage pulls the complex apart; ion current reports dissociation rate (nanopore force spectroscopy)","pu":"nanopore force spectroscopy of DNA-protein dissociation","no":"abstract only","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/17339846","an":"ssDNA-exonuclease I complexes","id":"bio_na_early-0111"},{"a":700,"y":2007,"au":"Zhao Q, Sigalov G, Dimitrov V, Dorvel B, Mirsaidov U, Sligar S, et al.","t":"Detecting SNPs using a synthetic nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"7(6):1680-1685","doi":"10.1021/nl070668c","pmid":"17500578","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Si3N4 nanopore (TEM-sputtered)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 membrane, nominally 10 nm thick","pd":"about 2 nm","pl":"10 nm","fab":"TEM electron-beam sputtering","co":"KCl electrolyte; enzyme bound without Mg2+ so no cleavage","pu":"SNP detection from the voltage threshold for rupturing an enzyme-DNA complex","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2565804/","an":"900 bp dsDNA from pTWIN1 with EcoRI and BamHI sites, bound to EcoRI or BamHI","de":"PCR primers GAATGACATCATTGTACACA and GCCAACTCAGCTTCCTTTCG","id":"ss_na-0035"},{"a":701,"y":2007,"au":"Zhao Q, Sigalov G, Dimitrov V, Dorvel B, Mirsaidov U, Sligar S, et al.","t":"Detecting SNPs using a synthetic nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"7(6):1680-1685","doi":"10.1021/nl070668c","pmid":"17500578","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Si3N4 nanopore (TEM-sputtered)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 membrane, nominally 10 nm thick","pd":"about 2 nm","pl":"10 nm","fab":"TEM electron-beam sputtering","co":"KCl electrolyte; enzyme bound without Mg2+ so no cleavage","v":"threshold for permeation about 1.5 V for the cognate complex in a 2 nm pore (bare 105 bp DNA also has a threshold)","sn":"permeation counted by qPCR of DNA at the positive electrode; threshold reflects nN force to rupture the complex","pu":"SNP detection from the voltage threshold for rupturing an enzyme-DNA complex","no":"First DNA-protein complex measured in a solid-state nanopore that we found.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2565804/","an":"EcoRI bound to 105 bp dsDNA at its cognate site (GAATTC)","id":"ss_na-0033"},{"a":702,"y":2007,"au":"Zhao Q, Sigalov G, Dimitrov V, Dorvel B, Mirsaidov U, Sligar S, et al.","t":"Detecting SNPs using a synthetic nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"7(6):1680-1685","doi":"10.1021/nl070668c","pmid":"17500578","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Si3N4 nanopore (TEM-sputtered)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 membrane, nominally 10 nm thick","pd":"about 2 nm","pl":"10 nm","fab":"TEM electron-beam sputtering","co":"KCl electrolyte; enzyme bound without Mg2+ so no cleavage","sn":"lower threshold voltage than the cognate complex, matching the bulk change in dissociation energy","pu":"SNP detection from the voltage threshold for rupturing an enzyme-DNA complex","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2565804/","an":"EcoRI bound to 105 bp dsDNA with a single G-to-T mutation in the cognate site","de":"first cognate base from the 5' end mutated G to T","id":"ss_na-0034"},{"a":703,"y":2007,"au":"Benner S, Chen RJ, Wilson NA, Abu-Shumays R, Hurt N, Lieberman KR, et al.","t":"Sequence-specific detection of individual DNA polymerase complexes in real time using a nanopore.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"2:718-724","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2007.344","pmid":"18654412","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.0, 5 mM MgCl2, 23 C; 10 kHz filter","v":"180 mV (trans positive); 165 mV control","b":"I = 23 pA, then terminal 20 pA step when KF dissociates","dt":"median ~3 ms","sn":"open current 60 pA at 180 mV in 0.3 M KCl","pu":"detect DNA polymerase binary and ternary complexes; FPGA control","no":"KF at 2 uM","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2507869/","an":"Klenow fragment bound to 14-bphp (binary complex)","id":"bio_na_early-0107"},{"a":704,"y":2007,"au":"Benner S, Chen RJ, Wilson NA, Abu-Shumays R, Hurt N, Lieberman KR, et al.","t":"Sequence-specific detection of individual DNA polymerase complexes in real time using a nanopore.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"2:718-724","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2007.344","pmid":"18654412","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.0, 5 mM MgCl2, 23 C; 10 kHz filter","v":"180 mV (trans positive); 165 mV control","b":"~24 pA for most of the event, then ~5 ms at 20 pA","dt":"~90-150 ms","sn":"FPGA finite state machine detected ternary complexes and reversed voltage after 20 ms","pu":"detect DNA polymerase binary and ternary complexes; FPGA control","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2507869/","an":"Klenow fragment-14-bphp-dGTP ternary complex","id":"bio_na_early-0108"},{"a":705,"y":2007,"au":"Benner S, Chen RJ, Wilson NA, Abu-Shumays R, Hurt N, Lieberman KR, et al.","t":"Sequence-specific detection of individual DNA polymerase complexes in real time using a nanopore.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"2:718-724","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2007.344","pmid":"18654412","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.0, 5 mM MgCl2, 23 C; 10 kHz filter","v":"180 mV (trans positive); 165 mV control","b":"I = 23-24 pA","dt":"median 242 ms (dCTP), 159 ms (dATP), 51 ms (dTTP), 111 ms (dGTP)","sn":"open current 60 pA at 180 mV in 0.3 M KCl","pu":"detect DNA polymerase binary and ternary complexes; FPGA control","no":"no long events without Mg2+ (median 2.6 ms)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2507869/","an":"KF ternary complexes with primer/template and complementary dNTP (n0 G + dCTP, T + dATP, A + dTTP, C + dGTP)","id":"bio_na_early-0110"},{"a":706,"y":2007,"au":"Stefaniak AB, Hoover MD, Dickerson RM, Day GA, Breysse PN, Scripsick RC","t":"Differences in estimates of size distribution of beryllium powder materials using phase contrast microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and liquid suspension counter techniques","j":"Particle and Fibre Toxicology","vp":"4:3","doi":"10.1186/1743-8977-4-3","pmid":"17328812","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer II, 30 um aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"30 um","co":"dilute suspension in physiologic saline, 30 s ultrasonic agitation, aliquot added to Coulter electrolyte; calibrated with 5 um and checked with 2 um polystyrene latex; actual cutoff range 0.6 to 18 um; tens of thousands of particles per sample, background corrected","pu":"geometric mean size of cyclone-separated beryllium materials compared with phase contrast microscopy and computer-controlled SEM","no":"Process aerosol from the copper-beryllium alloy production line.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC1810321/fullTextXML","an":"Copper-beryllium alloy arc furnace aerosol particles (process-sampled)","id":"gap_industry-0057"},{"a":707,"y":2007,"au":"Fologea D, Brandin E, Uplinger J, Branton D, Li J","t":"DNA conformation and base number simultaneously determined in a nanopore.","j":"Electrophoresis","vp":"28(18):3186-3192","doi":"10.1002/elps.200700047","pmid":"17854121","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Ion-beam sculpted Si3N4 nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"280 nm Si3N4 membrane (thinned locally)","pd":"10-20 nm (18 nm and 12 nm pores used)","fab":"FIB milling plus feedback-controlled ion-beam sculpting","co":"1-2 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.0, with or without 20% glycerol","v":"120 mV","sn":"one of six ecd peaks used to calibrate length; 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recapture rates and times fit a drift-diffusion model","pu":"recapture and trapping of single molecules","no":"Earlier than the 2008 Wanunu record for this length.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3174059/","an":"6 kbp dsDNA fragment (equimolar mixture with 4 kbp)","id":"ss_na-0282"},{"a":713,"y":2008,"au":"Wanunu M, Sutin J, McNally B, Chow A, Meller A","t":"DNA translocation governed by interactions with solid-state nanopores.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"95(10):4716-4725","doi":"10.1529/biophysj.108.140475","pmid":"18708467","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore (TEM-drilled, hourglass)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"30 nm SiN membrane (effective thickness about 10 nm)","pd":"2.7-8 nm (mostly 4 nm)","pl":"about 10 nm effective","pg":"hourglass","fab":"TEM drilling","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5, temperature controlled (21 C typical)","v":"300 mV","dt":"mean translocation time scales as L^1.40 (150-3500 bp) and L^2.28 (longer)","sn":"fractional blocked current length-independent for short DNA, grows with length for long DNA","pu":"length, pore size, voltage and temperature dependence of translocation","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2576395/","an":"6000 bp linear dsDNA (NoLimits)","id":"ss_na-0045"},{"a":714,"y":2007,"au":"Fologea D, Brandin E, Uplinger J, Branton D, Li J","t":"DNA conformation and base number simultaneously determined in a nanopore.","j":"Electrophoresis","vp":"28(18):3186-3192","doi":"10.1002/elps.200700047","pmid":"17854121","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Ion-beam sculpted Si3N4 nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"280 nm Si3N4 membrane (thinned locally)","pd":"10-20 nm (18 nm and 12 nm pores used)","fab":"FIB milling plus feedback-controlled ion-beam sculpting","co":"1-2 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.0, with or without 20% glycerol","v":"120 mV","sn":"resolved as an ecd peak in a ladder mixture","pu":"determining DNA conformation and length from event charge deficit (ecd)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3039600/","an":"lambda HindIII ladder fragment 9,416 bp","id":"ss_na-0031"},{"a":715,"y":2007,"au":"Kim YR, Min J, Lee IH, Kim S, Kim AG, Kim K, et al.","t":"Nanopore sensor for fast label-free detection of short double-stranded DNAs.","j":"Biosens Bioelectron","vp":"22(12):2926-2931","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2006.12.003","pmid":"17218091","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"aminosilane-functionalized solid-state nanopore","pm":"fabricated nanopore surface derivatized with gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)","pu":"label-free detection of short dsDNA","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A17218091+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"910 bp double-stranded DNA","id":"ss_na-0024"},{"a":716,"y":2007,"au":"Fologea D, Brandin E, Uplinger J, Branton D, Li J","t":"DNA conformation and base number simultaneously determined in a nanopore.","j":"Electrophoresis","vp":"28(18):3186-3192","doi":"10.1002/elps.200700047","pmid":"17854121","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Ion-beam sculpted Si3N4 nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"280 nm Si3N4 membrane (thinned locally)","pd":"10-20 nm (18 nm and 12 nm pores used)","fab":"FIB milling plus feedback-controlled ion-beam sculpting","co":"1-2 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.0, with or without 20% glycerol","v":"120 mV","b":"about 228 pA (12 nm pore, 2 M KCl); ecd about 204 ke","pu":"determining DNA conformation and length from event charge deficit (ecd)","no":"threshold set about 40 pA below baseline","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3039600/","an":"linear phiX174 dsDNA (5.4 kbp)","id":"ss_na-0026"},{"a":717,"y":2007,"au":"Fologea D, Brandin E, Uplinger J, Branton D, Li J","t":"DNA conformation and base number simultaneously determined in a nanopore.","j":"Electrophoresis","vp":"28(18):3186-3192","doi":"10.1002/elps.200700047","pmid":"17854121","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Ion-beam sculpted Si3N4 nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"280 nm Si3N4 membrane (thinned locally)","pd":"10-20 nm (18 nm and 12 nm pores used)","fab":"FIB milling plus feedback-controlled ion-beam sculpting","co":"1-2 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.0, with or without 20% glycerol","v":"120 mV","b":"distinct blockade pattern from linear and relaxed forms; same ecd (about 204 ke) as other forms","sn":"current blockade magnitude depends on form while ecd depends only on base-pair number","pu":"determining DNA conformation and length from event charge deficit (ecd)","no":"18 nm pore, 1 M KCl with 20% glycerol","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3039600/","an":"phiX174 RFI supercoiled dsDNA (5.4 kbp)","id":"ss_na-0025"},{"a":718,"y":2007,"au":"Benner S, Chen RJ, Wilson NA, Abu-Shumays R, Hurt N, Lieberman KR, et al.","t":"Sequence-specific detection of individual DNA polymerase complexes in real time using a nanopore.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"2:718-724","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2007.344","pmid":"18654412","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.0, 5 mM MgCl2, 23 C; 10 kHz filter","v":"180 mV (trans positive); 165 mV control","b":"I = 20 pA","dt":"median ~4 ms with KF and incorrect dNTPs","sn":"open current 60 pA at 180 mV in 0.3 M KCl","pu":"detect DNA polymerase binary and ternary complexes; FPGA control","no":"four distinct templates differing only at n=0; sequences in supplement (not reachable)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2507869/","an":"primer/template duplexes: 100-nt template + 21-nt ddC primer, template base n=0 = G, T, A or C (four constructs)","id":"bio_na_early-0109"},{"a":719,"y":2007,"au":"Fologea D, Ledden B, McNabb DS, Li J","t":"Electrical characterization of protein molecules by a solid-state nanopore.","j":"Appl Phys Lett","vp":"91:053901","doi":"10.1063/1.2767206","pmid":"18392111","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2288568/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride membrane","pd":"about 18 nm","pl":"about 10 nm (effective thickness about 20 nm from I0)","fab":"focused ion beam hole preparation (acknowledged), details in earlier work","co":"0.4 M KCl, TE buffer, pH 7.0 (BSA also at pH 4.5, 4.1, 2.4, 10.4)","v":"120 mV (200 mV for 18 nm pore chemiluminescence run)","b":"dI = 95 +/- 29 pA","dt":"170 +/- 48 us; a few events about 1 ms","sn":"about 10,000 events per data set; 100 kHz low-pass; integral of blockage (Aecd) used as charge measure","pu":"estimating relative charge and size of single proteins","no":"Distinguished from BSA by larger blockage and longer duration.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2288568/","an":"fibrinogen","de":"Sigma","id":"ss_protein_small-0007"},{"a":720,"y":2007,"au":"Duplessis MR, Karol KG, Adman ET, Choi LY, Jacobs MA, Cattolico RA","t":"Chloroplast His-to-Asp signal transduction: a potential mechanism for plastid gene regulation in Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae)","j":"BMC evolutionary biology","vp":"7:70","doi":"10.1186/1471-2148-7-70","pmid":"17477873","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Z2 Coulter Particle Count and Size Analyzer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 x 120 um (as given)","pu":"cell counts","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC1885438/fullTextXML","an":"Heterosigma akashiwo","id":"microbes-0201"},{"a":721,"y":2007,"au":"Xu J, Hou S, Ren J, Petit JR","t":"Insoluble dust in a new core from Dome Argus, Central East Antarctica","j":"Journal of Glaciology","vp":"53:154-156","doi":"10.3189/172756507781833910","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer IIe (256-channel) aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"class 100 clean room at LGGE, France; samples cut with bandsaw and cleaned by three baths in Milli-Q water","pu":"dust concentration and size in a new Antarctic core","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-glaciology/article/insoluble-dust-in-a-new-core-from-dome-argus-central-east-antarctica/27494FFE53651E3A0B8DF7B9C9AE29F1","an":"Insoluble dust in a firn core from Dome Argus (Dome A), central East Antarctica, mid-Holocene samples at 109.68 to 109.86 m","id":"earth_space_industry-0012"},{"a":722,"y":2007,"au":"Mayer M, Uram J, Ke K, Hunt A","t":"Use of resistive-pulse sensing with submicrometer pores or nanopores for the detection of the assembly of submicrometer or nanometer sized objects","j":"US patent application US20070202495A1 (University of Michigan)","url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US20070202495A1/en","pt":"patent","pc":11,"p":"conical submicrometer pore in borosilicate glass coverslip","pm":"borosilicate glass coverslip","pd":"narrowest 575, 650 or 900 nm","pg":"conical, 35 um cylinder on the wide side","fab":"femtosecond-pulsed laser nanomachining (no masks or etching)","v":"0.2 V","b":"mean 123 +/- 40 pA in a 650 nm pore; 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main blockade level between 40% and 60% of baseline","dt":"captures from a few ms to minutes; some toggle captures lasted 30 min or more","sn":"several blockade classes attributed to different capture orientations; antigen addition changed toggle patterns; urea changed level occupancy","pu":"antibody detection and antibody-antigen binding","no":"Anti-HIV and anti-GFP IgG1 antibodies gave similar signals (data not shown); albumin and streptavidin gave little interaction.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC2099489/fullTextXML","an":"mouse anti-biotin monoclonal IgG1 antibody (Stressgen)","id":"bio_protein-0020"},{"a":725,"y":2007,"au":"Winters-Hilt S","t":"The alpha-hemolysin nanopore transduction detector - single-molecule binding studies and immunological screening of antibodies and aptamers.","j":"BMC bioinformatics","vp":"8 Suppl 7:S9","doi":"10.1186/1471-2105-8-s7-s9","pmid":"18047732","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","sn":"multiple capture blockade classes; blockade signal changed seconds to minutes after adding the 200 kD multivalent antigen (Y,E)-A--K","pu":"antibody-antigen binding detection (nanopore transduction detector)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC2099501/fullTextXML","an":"murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody against the synthetic polypeptide antigen (Y,E)-A--K","id":"bio_protein-0022"},{"a":726,"y":2007,"au":"Herreras MV, Montero FE, Marcogliese DJ, Raga JA, Balbuena JA","t":"Comparison of a manual and an automated method to estimate the number of uterine eggs in anisakid nematodes: to Coulter or not to Coulter. Is that the question?","j":"The Journal of parasitology","vp":"93:423-425","doi":"10.1645/ge-974r.1","pmid":"17539430","url":"https://doi.org/10.1645/ge-974r.1","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting eggs in vagina and uterus of 50 females","no":"automated counts correlated with manual counts (r > 0.9) and were more precise","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=17539430","an":"uterine eggs of Anisakis simplex","id":"reviews_exotic-0129"},{"a":727,"y":2007,"au":"Herreras MV, Montero FE, Marcogliese DJ, Raga JA, Balbuena JA","t":"Comparison of a manual and an automated method to estimate the number of uterine eggs in anisakid nematodes: to Coulter or not to Coulter. Is that the question?","j":"The Journal of parasitology","vp":"93:423-425","doi":"10.1645/ge-974r.1","pmid":"17539430","url":"https://doi.org/10.1645/ge-974r.1","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting eggs","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=17539430","an":"uterine eggs of Contracaecum osculatum","id":"reviews_exotic-0131"},{"a":728,"y":2007,"au":"Herreras MV, Montero FE, Marcogliese DJ, Raga JA, Balbuena JA","t":"Comparison of a manual and an automated method to estimate the number of uterine eggs in anisakid nematodes: to Coulter or not to Coulter. Is that the question?","j":"The Journal of parasitology","vp":"93:423-425","doi":"10.1645/ge-974r.1","pmid":"17539430","url":"https://doi.org/10.1645/ge-974r.1","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting eggs","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=17539430","an":"uterine eggs of Pseudoterranova decipiens","id":"reviews_exotic-0130"},{"a":729,"y":2007,"au":"Li Z, Li Q, Simon S, Guven N, Borges K, Youan BB","t":"Formulation of spray-dried phenytoin loaded poly(epsilon-caprolactone) microcarrier intended for brain delivery to treat epilepsy","j":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","vp":"96:1018-1030","doi":"10.1002/jps.20935","pmid":"17455322","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"microcarrier size characterization","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A17455322+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Spray-dried phenytoin-loaded poly(epsilon-caprolactone) microcarriers for brain delivery","id":"earth_space_industry-0100"},{"a":730,"y":2007,"au":"Robertson JW, Rodrigues CG, Stanford VM, Rubinson KA, Krasilnikov OV, Kasianowicz JJ","t":"Single-molecule mass spectrometry in solution using a solitary nanopore.","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"104:8207-8211","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0611085104","pmid":"17494764","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer (on ~70 um hole in 25 um Teflon)","fab":"self-assembled heptameric pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 5 mM Tris, pH 7.5 (citric acid)","v":"-40 mV","b":"I/Iopen = 0.250 +/- 0.005","dt":"2.8 +/- 0.1 ms (mean residence time)","sn":"PEG added to trans; each oligomer gives its own conductance state; Gaussian mixture model plus hidden Markov decoding","pu":"single-molecule mass spectrometry (size discrimination)","no":"Monodisperse standard (Polypure). 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tubulin added cis","v":"-25 mV (-20 mV for residence times; voltage series)","sn":"qualitatively similar VDAC blockage to brain tubulin","pu":"protein-channel interaction","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2596221/","an":"tubulin from Leishmania tarentolae","id":"bio_protein-0018"},{"a":795,"y":2008,"au":"Rostovtseva TK, Sheldon KL, Hassanzadeh E, Monge C, Saks V, Bezrukov SM, et al.","t":"Tubulin binding blocks mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel and regulates respiration.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"105:18746-18751","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0806303105","pmid":"19033201","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"VDAC (rat liver; Neurospora crassa VDAC also used)","pk":"vdac","pm":"mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel in planar lipid bilayer (asolectin/cholesterol or DPhPC)","fab":"purified VDAC reconstituted into planar bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 5 mM HEPES pH 7.4 (also 0.25 M KCl); tubulin added cis","v":"-25 mV (-20 mV for residence times; voltage series)","b":"fast reversible blockage to a single closed state at 0.4 of open-state conductance","dt":"blocked times 2.4 +/- 0.1 ms and 30.4 +/- 5.7 ms (50 nM); 2.8 and 23.7 ms at -20 mV","er":"open time 198.7 +/- 3.5 ms at 50 nM; open time drops 10-fold for a 10-fold rise in tubulin","sn":"on-rate rises steeply with voltage (n = 4.97); blockage requires the anionic C-terminal tails","pu":"protein-channel interaction (VDAC regulation by tubulin)","no":"Nanomolar tubulin closes VDAC; effect needs tubulin C-terminal tail peptides.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2596221/","an":"dimeric alpha/beta tubulin from bovine and rat brain","id":"bio_protein-0016"},{"a":796,"y":2008,"au":"Rostovtseva TK, Sheldon KL, Hassanzadeh E, Monge C, Saks V, Bezrukov SM, et al.","t":"Tubulin binding blocks mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel and regulates respiration.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"105:18746-18751","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0806303105","pmid":"19033201","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"VDAC (rat liver; Neurospora crassa VDAC also used)","pk":"vdac","pm":"mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel in planar lipid bilayer (asolectin/cholesterol or DPhPC)","fab":"purified VDAC reconstituted into planar bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 5 mM HEPES pH 7.4 (also 0.25 M KCl); tubulin added cis","v":"-25 mV (-20 mV for residence times; voltage series)","dt":"current interruptions shorter than 1 ms","sn":"no reversible tubulin-type blockage; only short interruptions","pu":"control for role of C-terminal tails","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2596221/","an":"tubulin-S (subtilisin-cleaved rat brain tubulin lacking C-terminal tails)","id":"bio_protein-0017"},{"a":797,"y":2008,"au":"Turner S, Sieber J, Vetter T, Zeisler R, Marlow A, Moreno-Ramirez M, Davis M, Kennedy G, et al.","t":"Characterization of chemical properties, unit cell parameters and particle size distribution of three zeolite reference materials: RM 8850 - zeolite Y, RM 8851 - zeolite A and RM 8852 - ammonium ZSM-5 zeolite","j":"Microporous and Mesoporous Materials","vp":"107:252-267","doi":"10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.03.019","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electric sensing zone instrument (not named in the report)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"information values for particle size distribution of NIST zeolite reference materials, compared with laser scattering, laser extinction and X-ray sedimentation","no":"Numbers come from the NIST Report of Investigation for RM 8851. The ZSM-5 reference material (RM 8852) report gives no electric sensing zone table.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://tsapps.nist.gov/srmext/certificates/8851.pdf","an":"Zeolite A, NIST Reference Material 8851","de":"industrial zeolite A donated by a zeolite producer; riffle-split subsamples (six samples) measured","id":"gap_industry-0024"},{"a":798,"y":2008,"au":"Turner S, Sieber J, Vetter T, Zeisler R, Marlow A, Moreno-Ramirez M, Davis M, Kennedy G, et al.","t":"Characterization of chemical properties, unit cell parameters and particle size distribution of three zeolite reference materials: RM 8850 - zeolite Y, RM 8851 - zeolite A and RM 8852 - ammonium ZSM-5 zeolite","j":"Microporous and Mesoporous Materials","vp":"107:252-267","doi":"10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.03.019","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electric sensing zone instrument (not named in the report)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"information values for particle size distribution of NIST zeolite reference materials, compared with laser scattering, laser extinction and X-ray sedimentation","no":"Numbers come from the NIST Report of Investigation for RM 8850, which the 2008 paper describes; the OSTI abstract of the paper lists electric sensing zone among the methods.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://tsapps.nist.gov/srmext/certificates/8850.pdf","an":"Zeolite Y, NIST Reference Material 8850","de":"industrial zeolite Y donated by a zeolite producer; riffle-split subsamples (six samples) measured","id":"gap_industry-0023"},{"a":799,"y":2009,"au":"Gao C, Ding S, Tan Q, Gu LQ","t":"Method of creating a nanopore-terminated probe for single-molecule enantiomer discrimination.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"81:80-86","doi":"10.1021/ac802348r","pmid":"19061410","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2642537/","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"nanopore-terminated glass pipette probe","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass capillary pipette with sealed terminal nanocavity","pd":"single-molecule scale (about 1 nS conductance for enantiomer work)","fab":"nanocavity sealed in the pipette terminal, then penetrated by external etching in 40% NH4F/49% HF monitored by ionic current","co":"1 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris, pH 7.2","sn":"discrete stochastic blocks only with the trapped beta-cyclodextrin","pu":"single-molecule chiral discrimination with a trapped cyclodextrin adapter","no":"Camphanic acid enantiomers and adamantanes were also separated (supplementary material, not recorded here).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=2642537","an":"(+)-catechin","id":"ss_protein_small-0282"},{"a":800,"y":2009,"au":"Clarke J, Wu HC, Jayasinghe L, Patel A, Reid S, Bayley H","t":"Continuous base identification for single-molecule nanopore DNA sequencing.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"4:265-270","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2009.12","pmid":"19350039","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin mutant with covalently attached cyclodextrin adapter","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","fab":"adapter molecule covalently attached inside the engineered pore","pu":"continuous identification of nucleoside monophosphates for exonuclease sequencing","no":"abstract only; first nanopore discrimination of a methylated nucleotide","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19350039","an":"methylated cytosine nucleotide (5-methyl-dCMP)","id":"bio_na_early-0237"},{"a":801,"y":2009,"au":"Uldahl SA, Knutsen G","t":"Spore swelling and germination as a bioassay for the rapid screening of crude biological extracts for antifungal activity","j":"Journal of microbiological methods","vp":"79:82-88","doi":"10.1016/j.mimet.2009.08.007","pmid":"19699766","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"inhibition read as change in volume of germinating spores; sorbic and benzoic acid as reference fungicides","pu":"bioassay of antifungal activity by sporangiospore swelling during germination","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19699766+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Absidia glauca Hagem sporangiospores","de":"germinating sporangiospores","id":"microbes-0109"},{"a":802,"y":2009,"au":"Llaveria G, Figueroa RI, Garcés E, Berdalet E","t":"CELL CYCLE AND CELL MORTALITY OF ALEXANDRIUM MINUTUM (DINOPHYCEAE) UNDER SMALL-SCALE TURBULENCE CONDITIONS(1)","j":"Journal of phycology","vp":"45:1106-1115","doi":"10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00740.x","pmid":"27032355","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"small-scale turbulence experiments","pu":"cell mortality from biovolume of broken cells and thecae","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A27032355+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Alexandrium minutum","id":"microbes-0076"},{"a":803,"y":2009,"au":"Talaga DS, Li J","t":"Single-molecule protein unfolding in solid state nanopores.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"131:9287-9297","doi":"10.1021/ja901088b","pmid":"19530678","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2717167/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride membrane","pd":"8 +/- 2 nm (TEM); 4 +/- 1 nm for the 8 M urea comparison","pl":"physical thickness 10-15 nm; effective thickness 20 +/- 2 nm (DNA calibrated)","fab":"ion beam sculpting","co":"2 M KCl, 10 mM buffer, pH 7.0 or 4.6, 0 to 8 M urea","v":"120 mV and 60 mV (-120 mV at pH 4.6)","b":"cluster 1 dI about 40 pA, cluster 2 about 100 pA (0 M urea); about 36 pA (5 M urea); about 28 pA (8 M urea); 26 +/- 6 pA in 4 nm pore, 8 M urea","dt":"about 70 to 200 us (cluster 1)","er":"about 10 events/s at 35 +/- 15 nM","sn":"Axopatch 200B, 10 kHz 4-pole Bessel filter; excluded volume calibrated with 2,706 bp dsDNA","pu":"folding state of single proteins from excluded volume","no":"Event polarity reversed below the pI (pH 4.6).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=2717167","an":"bovine beta-lactoglobulin variant A (bLGa)","de":"native, partially folded (5 M urea) and unfolded (8 M urea) states","id":"ss_protein_small-0013"},{"a":804,"y":2009,"au":"Gao C, Ding S, Tan Q, Gu LQ","t":"Method of creating a nanopore-terminated probe for single-molecule enantiomer discrimination.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"81:80-86","doi":"10.1021/ac802348r","pmid":"19061410","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2642537/","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"nanopore-terminated glass pipette probe","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass capillary pipette with sealed terminal nanocavity","pd":"single-molecule scale (about 1 nS conductance for enantiomer work)","fab":"nanocavity sealed in the pipette terminal, then penetrated by external etching in 40% NH4F/49% HF monitored by ionic current","co":"1 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris, pH 7.2","sn":"Axopatch 200B, 1-5 kHz Bessel filter; open-pore noise 1.8 pA rms; single-level guest blocks indicate one trapped cyclodextrin","pu":"single-molecule chiral discrimination with a trapped cyclodextrin adapter","no":"Camphanic acid enantiomers and adamantanes were also separated (supplementary material, not recorded here).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=2642537","an":"(-)-catechin","id":"ss_protein_small-0283"},{"a":804,"y":2024,"au":"Fan P, Cao Z, Zhang S, Wang Y, Xiao Y, Jia W, et al.","t":"Nanopore analysis of cis-diols in fruits.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"15:1969","doi":"10.1038/s41467-024-46303-x","pmid":"38443434","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 100 mM MOPS, pH 7.0; analyte in both chambers","v":"+160 mV","sn":"1,2-diphenols, alditols and saccharides give negative-going events; alpha-hydroxy acids give positive-going events","pu":"cis-diol identification in fruit","no":"Ten model cis-diols (also D-sorbitol, xylitol, D-glucose, D-fructose); prune, grape, lemon and kiwifruit juices analyzed; accuracy 99.3%.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10915164/fullTextXML","an":"catechin","id":"bio_small-0139"},{"a":805,"y":2009,"au":"Wanunu M, Sutin J, Meller A","t":"DNA profiling using solid-state nanopores: detection of DNA-binding molecules.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"9(10):3498-3502","doi":"10.1021/nl901691v","pmid":"19585985","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore in ultrathin membrane (TEM-drilled)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"SiN membrane, hourglass pore, effective length about 7 nm","pd":"about 3.5 nm (ssDNA work about 2 nm)","fab":"TEM drilling","co":"1 M KCl, pH 8","b":"free DNA about 1 nA; deeper blockade that grows with ethidium loading","sn":"mean residual current tracks the bound fraction; open-pore current changed less than 0.2%","pu":"measuring small-molecule binding to DNA (binding isotherms)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2871189/","an":"400 bp dsDNA intercalated with ethidium bromide","id":"ss_na-0063"},{"a":806,"y":2009,"au":"Wanunu M, Sutin J, Meller A","t":"DNA profiling using solid-state nanopores: detection of DNA-binding molecules.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"9(10):3498-3502","doi":"10.1021/nl901691v","pmid":"19585985","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore in ultrathin membrane (TEM-drilled)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"SiN membrane, hourglass pore, effective length about 7 nm","pd":"about 3.5 nm (ssDNA work about 2 nm)","fab":"TEM drilling","co":"1 M KCl, pH 8","sn":"blockade amplitude depends on dye concentration (nanopore titration)","pu":"measuring small-molecule binding to DNA (binding isotherms)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2871189/","an":"400 bp dsDNA with bound ethidium homodimer","id":"ss_na-0065"},{"a":807,"y":2009,"au":"Wanunu M, Sutin J, Meller A","t":"DNA profiling using solid-state nanopores: detection of DNA-binding molecules.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"9(10):3498-3502","doi":"10.1021/nl901691v","pmid":"19585985","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore in ultrathin membrane (TEM-drilled)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"SiN membrane, hourglass pore, effective length about 7 nm","pd":"about 3.5 nm (ssDNA work about 2 nm)","fab":"TEM drilling","co":"1 M KCl, pH 8","sn":"blockade amplitude depends on dye concentration (nanopore titration)","pu":"measuring small-molecule binding to DNA (binding isotherms)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2871189/","an":"400 bp dsDNA with bound propidium","id":"ss_na-0064"},{"a":808,"y":2009,"au":"Wilson NA, Abu-Shumays R, Gyarfas B, Wang H, Lieberman KR, Akeson M, et al.","t":"Electronic control of DNA polymerase binding and unbinding to single DNA molecules.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"3:995-1003","doi":"10.1021/nn9000897","pmid":"19338283","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 5 mM MgCl2, 23 C; 1 uM DNA cis; KF 2 uM, dGTP 400 uM; 5 kHz filter, 200 kHz sampling","v":"160 or 180 mV with FPGA active voltage control","b":"enzyme-bound state ~21.5 pA then ~18.5 pA terminal step after KF leaves (160 mV)","sn":"FPGA logic diagnosed binding states and switched voltage within <1 ms to control exposure to KF and dGTP","pu":"iterative capture of single DNA substrates to probe Klenow fragment binding","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2708927/","an":"Klenow fragment-DNA-dGTP ternary complex on tethered 23 bphp","id":"bio_na_early-0193"},{"a":809,"y":2009,"au":"Hurt N, Wang H, Akeson M, Lieberman KR","t":"Specific nucleotide binding and rebinding to individual DNA polymerase complexes captured on a nanopore.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"131:3772-3778","doi":"10.1021/ja809663f","pmid":"19275265","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","dt":"average dwell time rises without saturation over 4 orders of magnitude of correct dNTP concentration","sn":"KF holds duplex atop the vestibule (higher current), then terminal step on dissociation, then translocation","pu":"dNTP binding and rebinding kinetics of captured Klenow fragment complexes","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2666922/","an":"DNA-Klenow fragment binary and DNA-KF-dNTP ternary complexes across dNTP concentrations","id":"bio_na_early-0202"},{"a":810,"y":2009,"au":"Tabard-Cossa V, Wiggin M, Trivedi D, Jetha NN, Dwyer JR, Marziali A","t":"Single-molecule bonds characterized by solid-state nanopore force spectroscopy.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"3(10):3009-3014","doi":"10.1021/nn900713a","pmid":"19751064","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore (about 3 nm)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"about 3 nm","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 7, room temperature","v":"400-900 mV (500 mV typical)","dt":"bond lifetime (dwell before dissociation) measured versus voltage for thousands of complexes","sn":"ssDNA threads, the protein cannot pass, the field pulls until the biotin-neutravidin bond breaks","pu":"nanopore force spectroscopy of a receptor-ligand bond","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2800075/","an":"neutravidin bound to a 5'-biotinylated 94-nt ssDNA","id":"ss_na-0071"},{"a":811,"y":2009,"au":"Smeets RM, Kowalczyk SW, Hall AR, Dekker NH, Dekker C","t":"Translocation of RecA-coated double-stranded DNA through solid-state nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"9(9):3089-3096","doi":"10.1021/nl803189k","pmid":"19053490","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","b":"conductance blockades 3-14 nS overall; RecA-dsDNA filaments 11.4 +/- 0.7 nS","dt":"1e-4 to 1e-1 s","er":"rises exponentially with voltage below 150 mV, constant above","sn":"also confirmed with bead-tethered molecules in optical tweezers and by changing molecular length","pu":"detecting protein-coated DNA","no":"First RecA filament translocation through a solid-state nanopore.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19053490+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"RecA-coated double-stranded DNA filaments","id":"ss_na-0057"},{"a":811,"y":2012,"au":"Venkatesan BM, Estrada D, Banerjee S, Jin X, Dorgan VE, Bae MH, et al.","t":"Stacked graphene-Al2O3 nanopore sensors for sensitive detection of DNA and DNA-protein complexes.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"6(1):441-450","doi":"10.1021/nn203769e","pmid":"22165962","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"graphene-Al2O3 nanolaminate nanopore","pk":"graphene-nanopore","pm":"stacked graphene and Al2O3 layers (embedded graphene electrode)","fab":"sequential graphene transfer and Al2O3 deposition; pore by electron-beam sculpting","sn":"folded and unfolded transport of DNA and RecA-DNA discerned with high temporal resolution; low noise compared with pure graphene pores","pu":"DNA and DNA-protein sensing in a graphene-containing pore","no":"Included as a different pore kind (graphene-Al2O3 laminate).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A22165962+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"RecA-coated DNA complexes","id":"ss_na-0091"},{"a":812,"y":2009,"au":"Wanunu M, Sutin J, Meller A","t":"DNA profiling using solid-state nanopores: detection of DNA-binding molecules.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"9(10):3498-3502","doi":"10.1021/nl901691v","pmid":"19585985","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore in ultrathin membrane (TEM-drilled)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"SiN membrane, hourglass pore, effective length about 7 nm","pd":"about 2 nm","fab":"TEM drilling","co":"1 M KCl, pH 8","sn":"two current levels within single events, from dye bound selectively in one segment","pu":"measuring small-molecule binding to DNA (binding isotherms)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2871189/","an":"single-stranded DNA with SYBR Green II bound to one of two segments","id":"ss_na-0066"},{"a":813,"y":2009,"au":"Gyarfas B, Olasagasti F, Benner S, Garalde D, Lieberman KR, Akeson M","t":"Mapping the position of DNA polymerase-bound DNA templates in a nanopore at 5 A resolution.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"3:1457-1466","doi":"10.1021/nn900303g","pmid":"19489560","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","pu":"map template position in polymerase complexes with abasic inserts","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2918045/","an":"bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase bound to abasic-insert templates","id":"bio_na_early-0204"},{"a":814,"y":2009,"au":"Umysová D, Vítová M, Dousková I, Bisová K, Hlavová M, Cízková M, et al.","t":"Bioaccumulation and toxicity of selenium compounds in the green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda","j":"BMC plant biology","vp":"9:58","doi":"10.1186/1471-2229-9-58","pmid":"19445666","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer III aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell concentrations and size distributions under selenium compounds","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC2695443/fullTextXML","an":"Scenedesmus quadricauda","de":"named Scenedesmus quadricauda","id":"microbes-0233"},{"a":814,"y":2021,"au":"Moudříková Š, Ivanov IN, Vítová M, Nedbal L, Zachleder V, Mojzeš P, et al.","t":"Comparing Biochemical and Raman Microscopy Analyses of Starch, Lipids, Polyphosphate, and Guanine Pools during the Cell Cycle of <i>Desmodesmus quadricauda</i>","j":"Cells","vp":"10:E62","doi":"10.3390/cells10010062","pmid":"33401566","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Multisizer 3 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um","pu":"cell size and number through the cell cycle","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7824393/fullTextXML","an":"Desmodesmus quadricauda","id":"microbes-0124"},{"a":815,"y":2009,"au":"Steinbock LJ, Stober G, Keyser UF","t":"Sensing DNA-coatings of microparticles using micropipettes","j":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","vp":"24:2423-2427","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2008.12.026","pmid":"19171475","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"glass microcapillary Coulter counter","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pd":"2-6 um opening","co":"2-40 mM NaCl, pressure-driven","sn":"current amplitude differs between bare and DNA-coated colloids at low salt","pu":"detecting surface charge (DNA coating) on colloids","no":"optical access with high-NA objective during translocation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19171475+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"DNA-coated colloids (1 and 2 um)","de":"a few tens of DNA strands bound per colloid","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0009"},{"a":816,"y":2009,"au":"Wendell D, Jing P, Geng J, Subramaniam V, Lee TJ, Montemagno C, Guo P","t":"Translocation of double-stranded DNA through membrane-adapted phi29 motor protein nanopores","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"4:765-772","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2009.259","pmid":"19893523","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"phi29 connector channel (gp10 dodecamer, modified)","pk":"phi29-connector","pm":"bacteriophage phi29 gp10 connector dodecamer reconstituted via liposomes into planar lipid bilayer","pd":"3.6 nm (narrow end) to 6 nm","fab":"connector (modified gp10) reconstituted into liposomes, fused with BLM","b":"similar blockades to linear plasmid DNA","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=2777743&rettype=xml","an":"35-bp dsDNA","id":"bio_na_modern-0466"},{"a":817,"y":2009,"au":"Mirsaidov U, Timp W, Zou X, Dimitrov V, Schulten K, Feinberg AP, et al.","t":"Nanoelectromechanics of methylated DNA in a synthetic nanopore.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"96(4):L32-4","doi":"10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.3760","pmid":"19217843","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"sub-2 nm Si3N4 nanopore (TEM-sputtered)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 membrane about 20 nm thick","pd":"under 2 nm","pl":"about 20 nm","fab":"TEM electron-beam sputtering","v":"threshold voltages of several volts; permeation counted by qPCR and gel","sn":"threshold tracks methylation level and stays the same across sequences (similar to fully methylated MS3)","pu":"detecting cytosine methylation from the permeation threshold","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2717226/","an":"BRCA1 DNA fragment, fully methylated","id":"ss_na-0070"},{"a":818,"y":2009,"au":"Venkatesan BM, Dorvel B, Yemenicioglu S, Watkins N, Petrov I, Bashir R","t":"Highly Sensitive, Mechanically Stable Nanopore Sensors for DNA Analysis.","j":"Adv Mater","vp":"21(27):2771","doi":"10.1002/adma.200803786","pmid":"20098720","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Al2O3 nanopore (TEM-sputtered)","pk":"al2o3-hfo2-nanopore","pm":"ALD Al2O3 membrane, about 60 nm thick","pd":"5-5.3 nm","pl":"about 60 nm membrane","pg":"symmetric double cone","fab":"atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 membrane; pore by decompositional sputtering with a focused 200 kV TEM beam","co":"1 M KCl","v":"500 mV","b":"deep blockades with high signal-to-noise","sn":"no secondary (folded) population in the about 5 nm pore","pu":"showing Al2O3 nanopore sensors work","no":"6 nM in cis; first Al2O3 nanopore DNA detection that we found","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2808638/","an":"5 kbp linear dsDNA","id":"ss_na-0056"},{"a":818,"y":2014,"au":"Kwok H, Briggs K, Tabard-Cossa V","t":"Nanopore fabrication by controlled dielectric breakdown.","j":"PLoS One","vp":"9(3):e92880","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0092880","pmid":"24658537","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore made by controlled dielectric breakdown (CBD)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"10-30 nm SiNx membrane","pd":"down to about 2 nm","fab":"controlled dielectric breakdown in electrolyte (high field, leakage-current cutoff)","co":"1 M KCl pH 8","sn":"over 2,400 events; quantized levels for zero, one and two strands in the pore","no":"100 bp and 10 kbp NoLimits fragments also used. Included as the first DNA measured in a CBD-fabricated pore.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3962464/","an":"5 kb dsDNA (NoLimits)","id":"ss_na-0128"},{"a":818,"y":2021,"au":"Yang W, Radha B, Choudhary A, You Y, Mettela G, Geim AK, et al.","t":"Translocation of DNA through Ultrathin Nanoslits.","j":"Adv Mater","vp":"33(11):e2007682","doi":"10.1002/adma.202007682","pmid":"33522015","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"2D nanoslit between exfoliated graphene or hBN crystals","pk":"graphene-nanopore","pg":"slit a few nm high between atomically flat 2D crystals; entry reservoir 160 x 110 x 500 nm","sn":"long blockades from translocation and short ones from collisions; 10 kbp gave no translocations, 1 kbp also tested","no":"Included for the 2D nanoslit pore kind.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8011289/","an":"5 kbp linear dsDNA","id":"ss_na-0277"},{"a":819,"y":2009,"au":"Mirsaidov U, Timp W, Zou X, Dimitrov V, Schulten K, Feinberg AP, et al.","t":"Nanoelectromechanics of methylated DNA in a synthetic nanopore.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"96(4):L32-4","doi":"10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.3760","pmid":"19217843","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"sub-2 nm Si3N4 nanopore (TEM-sputtered)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 membrane about 20 nm thick","pd":"under 2 nm","pl":"about 20 nm","fab":"TEM electron-beam sputtering","v":"threshold voltages of several volts; permeation counted by qPCR and gel","sn":"threshold differs by more than 1 V/20 nm from unmethylated DNA; faster translocation in simulations","pu":"detecting cytosine methylation from the permeation threshold","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2717226/","an":"MS3 DNA, fully methylated","id":"ss_na-0069"},{"a":820,"y":2009,"au":"Mirsaidov U, Timp W, Zou X, Dimitrov V, Schulten K, Feinberg AP, et al.","t":"Nanoelectromechanics of methylated DNA in a synthetic nanopore.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"96(4):L32-4","doi":"10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.3760","pmid":"19217843","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"sub-2 nm Si3N4 nanopore (TEM-sputtered)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 membrane about 20 nm thick","pd":"under 2 nm","pl":"about 20 nm","fab":"TEM electron-beam sputtering","v":"threshold voltages of several volts; permeation counted by qPCR and gel","sn":"lower threshold than unmethylated MS3","pu":"detecting cytosine methylation from the permeation threshold","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2717226/","an":"MS3 DNA, hemimethylated","id":"ss_na-0068"},{"a":821,"y":2009,"au":"Mirsaidov U, Timp W, Zou X, Dimitrov V, Schulten K, Feinberg AP, et al.","t":"Nanoelectromechanics of methylated DNA in a synthetic nanopore.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"96(4):L32-4","doi":"10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.3760","pmid":"19217843","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"sub-2 nm Si3N4 nanopore (TEM-sputtered)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 membrane about 20 nm thick","pd":"under 2 nm","pl":"about 20 nm","fab":"TEM electron-beam sputtering","v":"threshold voltages of several volts; permeation counted by qPCR and gel","sn":"highest permeation threshold of the MS3 set","pu":"detecting cytosine methylation from the permeation threshold","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2717226/","an":"MS3 DNA, unmethylated","id":"ss_na-0067"},{"a":822,"y":2009,"au":"Wendell D, Jing P, Geng J, Subramaniam V, Lee TJ, Montemagno C, Guo P","t":"Translocation of double-stranded DNA through membrane-adapted phi29 motor protein nanopores","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"4:765-772","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2009.259","pmid":"19893523","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"phi29 connector channel (gp10 dodecamer, modified)","pk":"phi29-connector","pm":"bacteriophage phi29 gp10 connector dodecamer reconstituted via liposomes into planar lipid bilayer","pd":"3.6 nm (narrow end) to 6 nm","fab":"connector (modified gp10) reconstituted into liposomes, fused with BLM","co":"TMS buffer, 0.5-1 M NaCl; conductance 4.8 nS in 1 M KCl","b":"25-45% current reduction per connector","sn":"circular plasmid did not translocate; DNase-digested DNA gave bursts of blockades","no":"first dsDNA translocation through a membrane-embedded phage connector","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=2777743&rettype=xml","an":"linear Cx43 plasmid DNA (5.5 kb)","id":"bio_na_modern-0465"},{"a":823,"y":2009,"au":"Wilson NA, Abu-Shumays R, Gyarfas B, Wang H, Lieberman KR, Akeson M, et al.","t":"Electronic control of DNA polymerase binding and unbinding to single DNA molecules.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"3:995-1003","doi":"10.1021/nn9000897","pmid":"19338283","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 5 mM MgCl2, 23 C; 1 uM DNA cis; KF 2 uM, dGTP 400 uM; 5 kHz filter, 200 kHz sampling","v":"160 or 180 mV with FPGA active voltage control","b":"capture events 22.3 pA median (no KF); KF-bound state 24.8 pA at 180 mV","sn":"open channel 53 pA at 160 mV in 0.3 M KCl","pu":"iterative capture of single DNA substrates to probe Klenow fragment binding","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2708927/","an":"79-mer template annealed to 23-mer ddC primer (all-DNA control)","id":"bio_na_early-0191"},{"a":824,"y":2009,"au":"Wilson NA, Abu-Shumays R, Gyarfas B, Wang H, Lieberman KR, Akeson M, et al.","t":"Electronic control of DNA polymerase binding and unbinding to single DNA molecules.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"3:995-1003","doi":"10.1021/nn9000897","pmid":"19338283","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 5 mM MgCl2, 23 C; 1 uM DNA cis; KF 2 uM, dGTP 400 uM; 5 kHz filter, 200 kHz sampling","v":"160 or 180 mV with FPGA active voltage control","b":"capture 21.6 pA (no KF); KF-bound state 33.1 pA vs 24.8 pA for control at 180 mV","sn":"open channel 53 pA at 160 mV in 0.3 M KCl","pu":"iterative capture of single DNA substrates to probe Klenow fragment binding","no":"abasic block raises current when held in the barrel, which reports KF position","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2708927/","an":"79-mer template with six abasic residues annealed to 23-mer ddC primer","id":"bio_na_early-0192"},{"a":825,"y":2009,"au":"Gyarfas B, Olasagasti F, Benner S, Garalde D, Lieberman KR, Akeson M","t":"Mapping the position of DNA polymerase-bound DNA templates in a nanopore at 5 A resolution.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"3:1457-1466","doi":"10.1021/nn900303g","pmid":"19489560","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","sn":"current amplitude map for DNA-KF-dNTP ternary complexes has a single peak vs abasic distance from n=0; 5 A precision","pu":"map template position in polymerase complexes with abasic inserts","no":"several distinct templates; sequences not read","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2918045/","an":"primer/template series with blocks of three abasic residues at stepped distances from n=0","id":"bio_na_early-0203"},{"a":826,"y":2009,"au":"Skinner GM, van den Hout M, Broekmans O, Dekker C, Dekker NH","t":"Distinguishing single- and double-stranded nucleic acid molecules using solid-state nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"9(8):2953-2960","doi":"10.1021/nl901370w","pmid":"19537802","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","v":"up to about 600 mV","sn":"blockade current distinguishes double-stranded from single-stranded molecules","pu":"discriminating single- and double-stranded nucleic acids; first RNA in solid-state nanopores","no":"Authors state this is the first translocation of RNA through solid-state nanopores.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19537802+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"double-stranded RNA","id":"ss_na-0059"},{"a":827,"y":2009,"au":"Talaga DS, Li J","t":"Single-molecule protein unfolding in solid state nanopores.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"131:9287-9297","doi":"10.1021/ja901088b","pmid":"19530678","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2717167/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride membrane","pd":"4 +/- 1 nm","pl":"physical thickness 10-15 nm; effective thickness 20 +/- 2 nm (DNA calibrated)","fab":"ion beam sculpting","co":"2 M KCl, 8 M urea, pH 7","v":"120 mV","b":"dI = 22 +/- 3 pA (most probable)","sn":"Axopatch 200B, 10 kHz 4-pole Bessel filter; excluded volume calibrated with 2,706 bp dsDNA","pu":"folding state of single proteins from excluded volume","no":"Measured in the same pore as unfolded beta-lactoglobulin; similar excluded volume despite half the size.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=2717167","an":"histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein (HPr)","de":"fully denatured in 8 M urea","id":"ss_protein_small-0014"},{"a":828,"y":2009,"au":"Bult W, Seevinck PR, Krijger GC, Visser T, Kroon-Batenburg LM, Bakker CJ, et al.","t":"Microspheres with ultrahigh holmium content for radioablation of malignancies","j":"Pharmaceutical Research","vp":"26:1371-1378","doi":"10.1007/s11095-009-9848-8","pmid":"19240985","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size characterization of neutron-activatable microspheres","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19240985+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Microspheres made solely of holmium acetylacetonate (HoAcAc) crystals by solvent evaporation, for radioablation","id":"earth_space_industry-0145"},{"a":829,"y":2009,"au":"Glazar AI, Mullen SF, Liu J, Benson JD, Critser JK, Squires EL, et al.","t":"Osmotic tolerance limits and membrane permeability characteristics of stallion spermatozoa treated with cholesterol","j":"Cryobiology","vp":"59:201-206","doi":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2009.07.009","pmid":"19646432","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"linear osmometer behavior and membrane permeability","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19646432+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"stallion spermatozoa (with and without cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin)","id":"cells-0178"},{"a":830,"y":2009,"au":"Ding S, Gao C, Gu LQ","t":"Capturing single molecules of immunoglobulin and ricin with an aptamer-encoded glass nanopore.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"81:6649-6655","doi":"10.1021/ac9006705","pmid":"19627120","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3009471/","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"aptamer-encoded glass nanopore","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass micropipette tip, aldehyde-silanized, amino-terminated aptamer attached","pd":"about 53-63 nm (stepwise blocks seen in 40-100 nm pores)","pg":"wineglass-shaped nanocavity at the pipette terminal","fab":"pipette tip sealed by melting, then HF/ammonium fluoride etching monitored by ionic current","co":"PBS","v":"+100 mV","er":"stepwise binding blocks about 0.5 per min at 5 nM IgE","sn":"stepwise, long-lived current blocks, one block level per captured molecule (binding, not translocation)","pu":"label-free single-molecule protein capture and detection","no":"No stepwise blocks with unmodified pores, control aptamer, or IgE pre-mixed with free aptamer. Human IgG gave no stepwise blocks.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3009471","an":"human myeloma plasma immunoglobulin E (IgE)","de":"captured by anti-IgE DNA aptamer 5'-GGGGCACGTTTATCCGTCCCTCCTAGTGGCGTGCCCC-NH2-3'","id":"ss_protein_small-0015"},{"a":831,"y":2009,"au":"Wu G, Yao T, Xu B, Tian L, Zhang C, Zhang X","t":"Volume-size distribution of microparticles in ice cores from the Tibetan Plateau","j":"Journal of Glaciology","vp":"55:859-868","doi":"10.3189/002214309790152492","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3, 50 um aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"50 um","co":"class 1000 clean room under class 100 hood; 256 or 300 log-spaced channels from 1 to 30 um; most samples measured within 4 h of melting","pu":"volume-size distributions of dust; log-normal fits","no":"Same paper also measured the Dunde core (recorded from Thompson et al. 1990).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-glaciology/article/volumesize-distribution-of-microparticles-in-ice-cores-from-the-tibetan-plateau/86854AE355B78D9346E1607E117E695C","an":"Atmospheric dust microparticles (1 to 30 um) in the Dasuopu (Xixiabangma) ice core","id":"earth_space_industry-0015"},{"a":832,"y":2009,"au":"Wu G, Yao T, Xu B, Tian L, Zhang C, Zhang X","t":"Volume-size distribution of microparticles in ice cores from the Tibetan Plateau","j":"Journal of Glaciology","vp":"55:859-868","doi":"10.3189/002214309790152492","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3, 50 um aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"50 um","co":"class 1000 clean room under class 100 hood; 256 or 300 log-spaced channels from 1 to 30 um; most samples measured within 4 h of melting","pu":"volume-size distributions of dust; log-normal fits","no":"Same paper also measured the Dunde core (recorded from Thompson et al. 1990).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-glaciology/article/volumesize-distribution-of-microparticles-in-ice-cores-from-the-tibetan-plateau/86854AE355B78D9346E1607E117E695C","an":"Atmospheric dust microparticles (1 to 30 um) in the Everest ice core","id":"earth_space_industry-0016"},{"a":833,"y":2009,"au":"Wu G, Yao T, Xu B, Tian L, Zhang C, Zhang X","t":"Volume-size distribution of microparticles in ice cores from the Tibetan Plateau","j":"Journal of Glaciology","vp":"55:859-868","doi":"10.3189/002214309790152492","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3, 50 um aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"50 um","co":"class 1000 clean room under class 100 hood; 256 or 300 log-spaced channels from 1 to 30 um; most samples measured within 4 h of melting","pu":"volume-size distributions of dust; log-normal fits","no":"Same paper also measured the Dunde core (recorded from Thompson et al. 1990).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-glaciology/article/volumesize-distribution-of-microparticles-in-ice-cores-from-the-tibetan-plateau/86854AE355B78D9346E1607E117E695C","an":"Atmospheric dust microparticles (1 to 30 um) in the Muztagata ice core","id":"earth_space_industry-0014"},{"a":834,"y":2009,"au":"Bhatia M, McIntyre P","t":"Phase 1 Final Technical Report - MgB2 Synthesis for High Field Performance","j":"Accelerator Technology Corp. report DOE/ER/84908-1","doi":"10.2172/966981","url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/966981","pt":"report","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size distribution of superconducting powder for powder-in-tube conductor","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.osti.gov/api/v1/records/966981","an":"Magnesium diboride (MgB2) superconducting powder (after wet-chemical removal of B2O3)","id":"gap_industry-0087"},{"a":835,"y":2009,"au":"Pastoriza-Gallego M, Gibrat G, Thiebot B, Betton JM, Pelta J","t":"Polyelectrolyte and unfolded protein pore entrance depends on the pore geometry.","j":"Biochimica et biophysica acta","vp":"1788:1377-1386","doi":"10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.03.011","pmid":"19328774","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (; also urea-denatured cap)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","b":"transient, well-defined decreases in single-channel current","dt":"two characteristic, relatively fast residence times for denatured protein","sn":"entry more likely from the cap side than the stem side; denaturing the cap lowered cap-side entry","pu":"unfolded protein entry versus pore geometry","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19328774+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"maltose binding protein (MBP), native and urea-denatured","id":"bio_protein-0041"},{"a":835,"y":2011,"au":"Oukhaled A, Cressiot B, Bacri L, Pastoriza-Gallego M, Betton JM, Bourhis E, et al.","t":"Dynamics of completely unfolded and native proteins through solid-state nanopores as a function of electric driving force.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"5:3628-3638","doi":"10.1021/nn1034795","pmid":"21476590","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"20 nm (per Cressiot 2012 abstract comparison)","v":"50 to 250 mV (per Freedman 2013 Sci Rep)","sn":"event frequency rises exponentially and transport time falls exponentially with voltage; normalized blockage constant for folded, decreasing for unfolded protein; native dwell about 10 times longer than unfolded; low event frequency","pu":"transport dynamics of native and unfolded protein","no":"Protein identity (maltose binding protein) and voltage range from Freedman et al. 2013 Sci Rep 3:1638 (PMC3622078); other details from the Oukhaled 2011 abstract (Europe PMC).","ev":"secondary","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3622078/","an":"maltose binding protein (native and completely unfolded)","de":"folded and chemically unfolded states","id":"ss_protein_small-0020"},{"a":835,"y":2011,"au":"Pastoriza-Gallego M, Rabah L, Gibrat G, Thiebot B, van der Goot FG, Auvray L, et al.","t":"Dynamics of unfolded protein transport through an aerolysin pore.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"133:2923-2931","doi":"10.1021/ja1073245","pmid":"21319816","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","dt":"transport time falls exponentially with voltage","er":"blockade frequency rises exponentially with voltage and linearly with concentration","pu":"unfolded protein transport dynamics","no":"Abstract (Europe PMC) describes unfolded proteins of different stabilities through aerolysin; protein identity (MBP, 370 aa, -8e) and energy barrier U* = 4 kBT taken from Cressiot et al. 2015, which reports this work as done under conditions identical to its own (1 M KCl, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 1 M GdnHCl).","ev":"secondary","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4835817","an":"unfolded maltose binding protein (MBP)","id":"bio_protein-0044"},{"a":835,"y":2012,"au":"Krasniqi B, Lee JS","t":"The importance of adding EDTA for the nanopore analysis of proteins.","j":"Metallomics : integrated biometal science","vp":"4:539-544","doi":"10.1039/c2mt20050c","pmid":"22544081","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.8 (also Tris or HEPES, with or without EDTA and 0.01 mM divalent metal ions)","b":"bumping events above -40 pA; intercalation events between -40 pA and -100 pA","sn":"intercalation event frequency also reduced by maltose (ligand) but not lactose","pu":"effect of buffer, trace metal ions and EDTA on protein events","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A22544081+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"maltose binding protein","id":"bio_protein-0043"},{"a":835,"y":2020,"au":"Zernia S, Zernia S, van der Heide NJ, Galenkamp NS, Gouridis G, Maglia G","t":"Current Blockades of Proteins inside Nanopores for Real-Time Metabolome Analysis.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"14:2296-2307","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.9b09434","pmid":"32003969","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS type I","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"engineered ClyA oligomer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5; adaptor protein cis","v":"-70 mV","b":"Ires open 59.3 +/- 0.7%, closed 56.7 +/- 0.8% (maltose)","pu":"protein adaptors for metabolite detection (13 adaptors compared)","no":"KD(pore) 1780 nM; first measurement of MBP in ClyA in this slice","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7045694/fullTextXML","an":"MBP maltose-binding protein","id":"bio_protein-0214"},{"a":835,"y":2023,"au":"Yu L, Kang X, Li F, Mehrafrooz B, Makhamreh A, Fallahi A, et al.","t":"Unidirectional single-file transport of full-length proteins through a nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"41:1130-1139","doi":"10.1038/s41587-022-01598-3","pmid":"36624148","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in block copolymer membrane","pd":"about 1.4 nm (narrowest part)","fab":"heptamer inserted into GdmCl-compatible polymer membrane","co":"1 M KCl + 2.0 M GdmCl (denaturing); also 2.5 M KCl","v":"up to > 350 mV","sn":"full denaturation above about 1.2 M GdmCl; single-file electro-osmotic transport","pu":"enzyme-free unidirectional single-file transport of full-length proteins (electro-osmosis)","no":"Translocation time scales linearly with length; orientation and identity classified with > 90% accuracy.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=10329728","an":"unfolded maltose-binding protein (no tail)","id":"bio_protein-0239"},{"a":836,"y":2009,"au":"Plumley C, Gorman EM, El-Gendy N, Bybee CR, Munson EJ, Berkland C","t":"Nifedipine nanoparticle agglomeration as a dry powder aerosol formulation strategy","j":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","vp":"369:136-143","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.10.016","pmid":"19015016","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer III, 100 um aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um","co":"about 3 mL of the agglomerate suspension analysed until more than 10,000 particles counted","pu":"agglomerate geometric size in solution, compared with aerodynamic size (Aerosizer)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2778603/","an":"Nifedipine nanoparticle agglomerates (dry powder aerosol 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plotted in Fig. 3 (Table S4); peaks define recognition sites R1 (~9), R2 (~14), R3 (~17-18)","sn":"DNA held in the pore by streptavidin; each capture gives a steady residual current IRES; poly(dC) gives IRES ~37% in NN pore","pu":"map base recognition sites R1, R2, R3 in the beta barrel","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2683137/","an":"poly(dC)40 with single A at position 9 from 3' biotin (A1 scan)","id":"bio_na_early-0120"},{"a":855,"y":2009,"au":"Stoddart D, Heron AJ, Mikhailova E, Maglia G, Bayley H","t":"Single-nucleotide discrimination in immobilized DNA oligonucleotides with a biological nanopore.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"106:7702-7707","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0901054106","pmid":"19380741","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin wild type and E111N/K147N (NN) mutant","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted 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America","vp":"106:7702-7707","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0901054106","pmid":"19380741","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin wild type and E111N/K147N (NN) mutant","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"1 M KCl, 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.1 mM EDTA; 200 nM DNA-streptavidin cis","v":"+160 mV capture (1.8 s), -140 mV eject","b":"dIRES vs poly(dC)40 in WT and NN plotted in Fig. 3 (Table S4); peaks define recognition sites R1 (~9), R2 (~14), R3 (~17-18)","sn":"DNA held in the pore by streptavidin; each capture gives a steady residual current IRES; poly(dC) gives IRES ~37% in NN pore","pu":"map base recognition sites R1, R2, R3 in the beta barrel","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2683137/","an":"poly(dC)40 with single A at position 7 from 3' biotin (A1 scan)","id":"bio_na_early-0118"},{"a":857,"y":2009,"au":"Stoddart D, Heron AJ, Mikhailova E, Maglia G, Bayley H","t":"Single-nucleotide discrimination in immobilized DNA oligonucleotides with a biological nanopore.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"106:7702-7707","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0901054106","pmid":"19380741","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin wild type and E111N/K147N (NN) mutant","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"1 M KCl, 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.1 mM EDTA; 200 nM DNA-streptavidin cis","v":"+160 mV capture (1.8 s), -140 mV eject","b":"dIRES = 0 for WT and NN (A5 in vestibule)","sn":"DNA held in the pore by streptavidin; each capture gives a steady residual current IRES; poly(dC) gives IRES ~37% in NN pore","pu":"map base recognition sites R1, R2, R3 in the beta barrel","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2683137/","an":"A5 oligonucleotide i (A5 at positions 1-5) in poly(dC)40","id":"bio_na_early-0114"},{"a":858,"y":2009,"au":"Stoddart D, Heron AJ, Mikhailova E, Maglia G, Bayley H","t":"Single-nucleotide discrimination in immobilized DNA oligonucleotides with a biological nanopore.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"106:7702-7707","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0901054106","pmid":"19380741","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin wild type and E111N/K147N (NN) mutant","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"1 M KCl, 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.1 mM EDTA; 200 nM DNA-streptavidin cis","v":"+160 mV capture (1.8 s), -140 mV eject","b":"R1: neither WT nor NN separates all four bases","sn":"DNA held in the pore by streptavidin; each capture gives a steady residual current IRES; poly(dC) gives IRES ~37% in NN pore","pu":"map base recognition sites R1, R2, R3 in the beta barrel","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2683137/","an":"poly(dC)40 with single G at position 9 (base set for R1)","id":"bio_na_early-0132"},{"a":859,"y":2009,"au":"Stoddart D, Heron AJ, Mikhailova E, Maglia G, Bayley H","t":"Single-nucleotide discrimination in immobilized DNA oligonucleotides with a biological nanopore.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"106:7702-7707","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0901054106","pmid":"19380741","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin wild type and E111N/K147N (NN) mutant","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"1 M KCl, 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.1 mM EDTA; 200 nM DNA-streptavidin cis","v":"+160 mV capture (1.8 s), -140 mV eject","b":"R1: neither WT nor NN separates all four bases","sn":"DNA held in the pore by streptavidin; each capture gives a steady residual current IRES; poly(dC) gives IRES ~37% in NN pore","pu":"map base recognition sites R1, R2, R3 in the beta barrel","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2683137/","an":"poly(dC)40 with single T at position 9 (base set for R1)","id":"bio_na_early-0133"},{"a":860,"y":2009,"au":"Stoddart D, Heron AJ, Mikhailova E, Maglia G, Bayley H","t":"Single-nucleotide discrimination in immobilized DNA oligonucleotides with a biological nanopore.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"106:7702-7707","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0901054106","pmid":"19380741","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin wild type and E111N/K147N (NN) mutant","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in 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America","vp":"106:7702-7707","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0901054106","pmid":"19380741","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin wild type and E111N/K147N (NN) mutant","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"1 M KCl, 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.1 mM EDTA; 200 nM DNA-streptavidin cis","v":"+160 mV capture (1.8 s), -140 mV eject","b":"R2: WT and NN separate C, T, A, G in order of increasing IRES; C to G span 2.8% (NN), 1.2% (WT)","sn":"DNA held in the pore by streptavidin; each capture gives a steady residual current IRES; poly(dC) gives IRES ~37% in NN pore","pu":"map base recognition sites R1, R2, R3 in the beta barrel","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2683137/","an":"poly(dC)40 with single T at position 14 (base set for R2)","id":"bio_na_early-0135"},{"a":862,"y":2009,"au":"Stoddart D, Heron AJ, Mikhailova E, Maglia G, Bayley H","t":"Single-nucleotide discrimination in immobilized DNA oligonucleotides with a biological nanopore.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"106:7702-7707","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0901054106","pmid":"19380741","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin wild type and E111N/K147N (NN) mutant","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"1 M KCl, 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.1 mM EDTA; 200 nM DNA-streptavidin cis","v":"+160 mV capture (1.8 s), -140 mV eject","b":"R3: only NN separates the four bases, in order G, A, T, C","sn":"DNA held in the pore by streptavidin; each capture gives a steady residual current IRES; poly(dC) gives IRES ~37% in NN pore","pu":"map base recognition sites R1, R2, R3 in the beta 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in the pore by streptavidin; each capture gives a steady residual current IRES; poly(dC) gives IRES ~37% in NN pore","pu":"map base recognition sites R1, R2, R3 in the beta barrel","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2683137/","an":"poly(dC)40 with single T at position 18 (base set for R3)","id":"bio_na_early-0137"},{"a":864,"y":2009,"au":"Wilson NA, Abu-Shumays R, Gyarfas B, Wang H, Lieberman KR, Akeson M, et al.","t":"Electronic control of DNA polymerase binding and unbinding to single DNA molecules.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"3:995-1003","doi":"10.1021/nn9000897","pmid":"19338283","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 5 mM MgCl2, 23 C; 1 uM DNA cis; KF 2 uM, dGTP 400 uM; 5 kHz filter, 200 kHz sampling","v":"160 or 180 mV with FPGA active voltage 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KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 5 mM MgCl2, 23 C; 1 uM DNA cis; KF 2 uM, dGTP 400 uM; 5 kHz filter, 200 kHz sampling","v":"160 or 180 mV with FPGA active voltage control","sn":"open channel 53 pA at 160 mV in 0.3 M KCl","pu":"iterative capture of single DNA substrates to probe Klenow fragment binding","no":"hybridizes to the 5' end of the template on the trans side to hold the DNA in the pore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2708927/","an":"20-mer tethering oligonucleotide","id":"bio_na_early-0190"},{"a":866,"y":2009,"au":"Borsenberger V, Mitchell N, Howorka S","t":"Chemically labeled nucleotides and oligonucleotides encode DNA for sensing with nanopores.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"131:7530-7531","doi":"10.1021/ja902004s","pmid":"19441786","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"tags give characteristic electrical signatures within translocation blockades","pu":"chemical tags on DNA encode sequence in translocation signatures","no":"abstract only","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19441786","an":"chemically tagged DNA strands distinguishing drug-resistance point mutations","id":"bio_na_early-0263"},{"a":867,"y":2009,"au":"Stoddart D, Heron AJ, Mikhailova E, Maglia G, Bayley H","t":"Single-nucleotide discrimination in immobilized DNA oligonucleotides with a biological nanopore.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"106:7702-7707","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0901054106","pmid":"19380741","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin E111N/K147N (NN)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"1 M KCl, 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.1 mM EDTA; 200 nM DNA-streptavidin cis","v":"+160 mV capture (1.8 s), -140 mV eject","b":"four bases resolved in order C, T, A, G of increasing IRES; C to G span 2.9%","sn":"DNA held in the pore by streptavidin; each capture gives a steady residual current IRES; poly(dC) gives IRES ~37% in NN pore","pu":"map base recognition sites R1, R2, R3 in the beta barrel","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2683137/","an":"heteropolymeric 40-mer with base A at position 14 (context 5'-CTGAACA-3')","id":"bio_na_early-0140"},{"a":868,"y":2009,"au":"Stoddart D, Heron AJ, Mikhailova E, Maglia G, Bayley H","t":"Single-nucleotide discrimination in immobilized DNA oligonucleotides with a biological nanopore.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"106:7702-7707","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0901054106","pmid":"19380741","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin E111N/K147N (NN)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to 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National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"106:7702-7707","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0901054106","pmid":"19380741","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin E111N/K147N (NN)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"1 M KCl, 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.1 mM EDTA; 200 nM DNA-streptavidin cis","v":"+160 mV capture (1.8 s), -140 mV eject","b":"four bases resolved in order C, T, A, G of increasing IRES; C to G span 2.9%","sn":"DNA held in the pore by streptavidin; each capture gives a steady residual current IRES; poly(dC) gives IRES ~37% in NN pore","pu":"map base recognition sites R1, R2, R3 in the beta barrel","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2683137/","an":"heteropolymeric 40-mer with base T at position 14 (context 5'-CTGTACA-3')","id":"bio_na_early-0139"},{"a":871,"y":2009,"au":"Stoddart D, Heron AJ, Mikhailova E, Maglia G, Bayley H","t":"Single-nucleotide discrimination in immobilized DNA oligonucleotides with a biological nanopore.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"106:7702-7707","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0901054106","pmid":"19380741","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin wild type and E111N/K147N (NN) mutant","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"1 M KCl, 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.1 mM EDTA; 200 nM DNA-streptavidin cis","v":"+160 mV capture (1.8 s), -140 mV eject","b":"WT: dIRES poly(dA)-poly(dC) = +0.6%; E111N/K147N gives better A/C discrimination and residual currents nearly twice WT","sn":"DNA held in the pore by streptavidin; each capture gives a steady residual current IRES; poly(dC) gives IRES ~37% in NN pore","pu":"map base recognition sites R1, R2, R3 in the beta barrel","no":"60-nt homopolymers per figure legend; sequences in Table S5","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2683137/","an":"poly(dA) homopolymer, 3'-biotin, immobilized (5' entry)","id":"bio_na_early-0113"},{"a":872,"y":2009,"au":"Stoddart D, Heron AJ, Mikhailova E, Maglia G, Bayley H","t":"Single-nucleotide discrimination in immobilized DNA oligonucleotides with a biological nanopore.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"106:7702-7707","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0901054106","pmid":"19380741","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin wild type and E111N/K147N (NN) mutant","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"1 M KCl, 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 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T40","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19694456","an":"poly(dT)40 (T40) immobilized","id":"bio_na_early-0259"},{"a":874,"y":2009,"au":"Purnell RF, Schmidt JJ","t":"Discrimination of single base substitutions in a DNA strand immobilized in a biological nanopore.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"3:2533-2538","doi":"10.1021/nn900441x","pmid":"19694456","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer","b":"adenine substitutions increase the mean blockade current; most sensitive near the constriction","pu":"single base substitutions in immobilized T40","no":"abstract only; 12 distinct molecules","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19694456","an":"T40 with single A substitutions at 12 positions (series)","id":"bio_na_early-0256"},{"a":875,"y":2009,"au":"Purnell RF, Schmidt JJ","t":"Discrimination of single base substitutions in a DNA strand immobilized in a biological nanopore.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"3:2533-2538","doi":"10.1021/nn900441x","pmid":"19694456","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer","b":"base-identity sensitive over most positions","pu":"single base substitutions in immobilized T40","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19694456","an":"T40 with single C substitutions at 12 positions (series)","id":"bio_na_early-0257"},{"a":876,"y":2009,"au":"Purnell RF, Schmidt JJ","t":"Discrimination of single base substitutions in a DNA strand immobilized in a biological nanopore.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"3:2533-2538","doi":"10.1021/nn900441x","pmid":"19694456","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer","b":"base-identity sensitive over most positions","pu":"single base substitutions in immobilized T40","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19694456","an":"T40 with single G substitutions at 12 positions (series)","id":"bio_na_early-0258"},{"a":877,"y":2009,"au":"Hagedorn M, Ricker J, McCarthy M, Meyers SA, Tiersch TR, Varga ZM, et al.","t":"Biophysics of zebrafish (Danio rerio) sperm","j":"Cryobiology","vp":"58:12-19","doi":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2008.09.013","pmid":"18951888","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cryobiological parameters (Vb, Lp)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A18951888+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"zebrafish spermatozoa","de":"Danio rerio, wild type","id":"cells-0231"},{"a":878,"y":2010,"au":"Demeule B, Messick S, Shire SJ, Liu J","t":"Characterization of particles in protein solutions: reaching the limits of current technologies","j":"The AAPS Journal","vp":"12:708-715","doi":"10.1208/s12248-010-9233-x","pmid":"20953747","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 4, 100 um aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um","co":"aperture tube filled with Isoton II (or with formulation buffer for low-conductivity samples); daily check with 10 um latex standards; vacuum adjusted for 80 mPa s samples","pu":"comparison of Coulter counter, light obscuration and flow microscopy for protein formulations","no":"Coulter counts were consistent from 7.5 to 150 mg/mL protein but needed adequate solution conductivity.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC2977008/fullTextXML","an":"Subvisible particles (2 to 10 um) in formulations of MAb1, a recombinant humanized IgG1 (kappa) at up to 150 mg/mL, and silicone oil droplets from pre-filled syringes","de":"MAb1 in 20 mM histidine HCl, 200 mM arginine HCl, 0.04% polysorbate 20, pH 6.0 (Genentech); low-conductivity formulation also tested","id":"earth_space_industry-0083"},{"a":879,"y":2010,"au":"Firnkes M, Pedone D, Knezevic J, Doblinger M, Rant U","t":"Electrically facilitated translocations of proteins through silicon nitride nanopores: conjoint and competitive action of diffusion, electrophoresis, and electroosmosis.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"10:2162-2167","doi":"10.1021/nl100861c","pmid":"20438117","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride membrane","sn":"translocation direction set by the difference of protein and pore zeta potentials; diffusion carries protein across when electrophoresis and electroosmosis cancel","pu":"electrokinetics of protein translocation","no":"Model protein; electroosmosis can dominate and reverse electrophoretic transport.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:20438117%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"avidin","id":"ss_protein_small-0017"},{"a":879,"y":2013,"au":"Plesa C, Kowalczyk SW, Zinsmeester R, Grosberg AY, Rabin Y, Dekker C","t":"Fast translocation of proteins through solid state nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"13:658-663","doi":"10.1021/nl3042678","pmid":"23343345","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4151282/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"40 nm (protein size series); 5 to 40 nm (pore-size series)","co":"1 M NaCl, pH 7.5; 1 uM protein","v":"50 mV","er":"fell to less than half its initial value after 20 min (adsorption)","sn":"Axopatch 200B; minimum detectable pulse about 25 us; noise floor 0.3-0.5 false events/s; most translocations judged too fast to detect","pu":"capture-rate anomaly versus Smoluchowski theory","no":"Aprotinin (6.5 kDa) and hCG (37 kDa) gave event rates within the noise floor, so they are not recorded as detected.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4151282","an":"avidin","id":"ss_protein_small-0040"},{"a":879,"y":2013,"au":"Li W, Bell NA, Hernandez-Ainsa S, Thacker VV, Thackray AM, Bujdoso R, et al.","t":"Single protein molecule detection by glass nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"7:4129-4134","doi":"10.1021/nn4004567","pmid":"23607870","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"glass nanopore (laser-pulled capillary)","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass capillary","fab":"laser-assisted capillary pulling","pu":"label-free detection of single proteins","no":"One of a range of proteins detected with low-cost glass nanopores in this paper.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:23607870%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"avidin","id":"ss_protein_small-0057"},{"a":879,"y":2015,"au":"Fahie MA, Chen M","t":"Electrostatic Interactions between OmpG Nanopore and Analyte Protein Surface Can Distinguish between Glycosylated Isoforms.","j":"The journal of physical chemistry. B","vp":"119:10198-10206","doi":"10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06435","pmid":"26181080","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpG-PEG2-biotin","pk":"ompg","pm":"E. coli outer membrane protein G in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"refolded monomeric porin with tethered biotin inserted into bilayer","b":"permanent decrease in open-pore current from 25.8 +/- 2.7 pA","sn":"gating frequency rose from 160 to 227 per s","pu":"discrimination of glycosylated and deglycosylated protein isoforms","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4958047","an":"avidin (egg white, glycosylated)","id":"bio_protein-0114"},{"a":879,"y":2016,"au":"Balme S, Coulon PE, Lepoitevin M, Charlot B, Yandrapalli N, Favard C, et al.","t":"Influence of adsorption on proteins and amyloid detection by silicon nitride nanopore.","j":"Langmuir","vp":"32:8916-8925","doi":"10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02048","pmid":"27506271","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"piranha-treated SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride","pd":"17 nm","sn":"capture rates lower than expected and correlated with protein affinity for the surface","pu":"effect of adsorption on protein and amyloid detection","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:27506271%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"avidin","id":"ss_protein_small-0093"},{"a":879,"y":2016,"au":"Fahie MA, Yang B, Pham B, Chen M","t":"Tuning the selectivity and sensitivity of an OmpG nanopore sensor by adjusting ligand tether length.","j":"ACS sensors","vp":"1:614-622","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.6b00014","pmid":"27500277","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpG-PEGn-biotin (PEG2, PEG11, PEG45 tethers)","pk":"ompg","pm":"E. coli outer membrane protein G in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"refolded monomeric porin with biotin on PEG tethers of different lengths","v":"+50 mV","b":"open current fell from 27.4 +/- 0.9 to 14.4 +/- 3.4 pA (about 45% decrease, PEG2)","sn":"two distinct binding conformations (B1, B2) with the long PEG45 tether, sensitive to salt and voltage","pu":"effect of ligand tether length on selectivity and sensitivity","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4972499","an":"avidin","id":"bio_protein-0116"},{"a":879,"y":2023,"au":"Wen C, Bertosin E, Shi X, Dekker C, Schmid S","t":"Orientation-Locked DNA Origami for Stable Trapping of Small Proteins in the Nanopore Electro-Osmotic Trap","j":"Nano letters","vp":"23:788-794","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03569","pmid":"36507712","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03569","pt":"journal","pc":10,"p":"NEOtrap: cholesterol-locked DNA origami sphere docked on a lipid-coated solid-state nanopore","pk":"hybrid-protein-in-solid-state","v":"100 mV","dt":"about 50 ms (vertical); under 1 ms with non-functionalised origami","pu":"electro-osmotic trapping of single proteins","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9912335/fullTextXML","an":"avidin trapped in the NEOtrap","id":"reviews_exotic-0158"},{"a":880,"y":2010,"au":"Le Foll F, Rioult D, Boussa S, Pasquier J, Dagher Z, Leboulenger F","t":"Characterisation of Mytilus edulis hemocyte subpopulations by single cell time-lapse motility imaging","j":"Fish & shellfish immunology","vp":"28:372-386","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2009.11.011","pmid":"19944763","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"flow cytometer with Coulter-type cell volume determination","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell volume of hemocyte subpopulations combined with motility imaging","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19944763+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"blue mussel hemocyte subpopulations","de":"Mytilus edulis","id":"cells-0229"},{"a":881,"y":2010,"au":"Stefureac RI, Madampage CA, Andrievskaia O, Lee JS","t":"Nanopore analysis of the interaction of metal ions with prion proteins and peptides.","j":"Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire","vp":"88:347-358","doi":"10.1139/o09-176","pmid":"20453935","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"about 37% translocation events; Cu(II) or Zn(II) leave only bumping events; Mn(II) raises translocations to about 64%","pu":"metal-ion-induced conformational change","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A20453935+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"full-length bovine recombinant prion protein (BrecPrP)","id":"bio_protein-0035"},{"a":882,"y":2010,"au":"Madampage CA, Andrievskaia O, Lee JS","t":"Nanopore detection of antibody prion interactions.","j":"Analytical biochemistry","vp":"396:36-41","doi":"10.1016/j.ab.2009.08.028","pmid":"19699704","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"translocations reduced; at 2:1 peptide:IgG only bumping events","pu":"antibody-prion binding detection","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19699704+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"complex of PrP(143-169) with monoclonal antibody M2188 (IgG)","id":"bio_protein-0037"},{"a":883,"y":2010,"au":"Singer A, Wanunu M, Morrison W, Kuhn H, Frank-Kamenetskii M, Meller A","t":"Nanopore based sequence specific detection of duplex DNA for genomic profiling.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"10(2):738-742","doi":"10.1021/nl100058y","pmid":"20088590","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore (TEM-drilled)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"30 nm thick low-stress SiN window","pd":"4-5 nm","pl":"30 nm membrane","fab":"TEM drilling","co":"1 M KCl buffered","v":"300 mV","b":"untagged DNA about 1 nA; tagged molecules show an extra deeper secondary level","er":"over 1 molecule/s at sub-nM DNA","sn":"secondary blockade level marks the PNA tag position","pu":"sequence-specific barcoding of dsDNA with bis-PNA tags","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2834191/","an":"3,500 bp genomic dsDNA fragment F2 tagged with one bis-PNA probe","id":"ss_na-0072"},{"a":884,"y":2010,"au":"Singer A, Wanunu M, Morrison W, Kuhn H, Frank-Kamenetskii M, Meller A","t":"Nanopore based sequence specific detection of duplex DNA for genomic profiling.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"10(2):738-742","doi":"10.1021/nl100058y","pmid":"20088590","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore (TEM-drilled)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"30 nm thick low-stress SiN window","pd":"4-5 nm","pl":"30 nm membrane","fab":"TEM drilling","co":"1 M KCl buffered","v":"300 mV","er":"over 1 molecule/s at sub-nM DNA","sn":"two secondary blockade levels in one event (barcode)","pu":"sequence-specific barcoding of dsDNA with bis-PNA tags","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2834191/","an":"3,500 bp dsDNA fragment F2 tagged with two bis-PNA probes 855 bp apart","id":"ss_na-0073"},{"a":885,"y":2010,"au":"Kowalczyk SW, Hall AR, Dekker C","t":"Detection of local protein structures along DNA using solid-state nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"10(1):324-328","doi":"10.1021/nl903631m","pmid":"19902919","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"RecA patches and bare DNA give very different blockade levels, so patch positions can be mapped along single molecules; spatial resolution about 8 nm (5 RecA on 15 bp)","pu":"mapping protein positions along DNA","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19902919+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"DNA with discrete patches of RecA protein along its length","id":"ss_na-0058"},{"a":886,"y":2010,"au":"Madampage CA, Andrievskaia O, Lee JS","t":"Nanopore detection of antibody prion interactions.","j":"Analytical biochemistry","vp":"396:36-41","doi":"10.1016/j.ab.2009.08.028","pmid":"19699704","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"antibody prevents translocation of full-length prion protein","pu":"antibody-prion binding detection","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19699704+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"full-length prion protein in the presence of mAb M2188","id":"bio_protein-0038"},{"a":887,"y":2010,"au":"Sischka A, Spiering A, Khaksar M, Laxa M, Konig J, Dietz KJ, et al.","t":"Dynamic translocation of ligand-complexed DNA through solid-state nanopores with optical tweezers.","j":"J Phys Condens Matter","vp":"22(45):454121","doi":"10.1088/0953-8984/22/45/454121","pmid":"21339608","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore with 3D optical tweezers","sn":"force and ionic current recorded during inward and outward sliding; asymmetric single-molecule fingerprints","pu":"locating single bound proteins with force and current","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21339608+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"single peroxiredoxin protein molecules bound to lambda DNA","id":"ss_na-0086"},{"a":888,"y":2010,"au":"Lieberman KR, Cherf GM, Doody MJ, Olasagasti F, Kolodji Y, Akeson M","t":"Processive replication of single DNA molecules in a nanopore catalyzed by phi29 DNA polymerase.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"132:17961-17972","doi":"10.1021/ja1087612","pmid":"21121604","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","sn":"complexes stable under load; real-time stepwise nucleotide additions seen as template is drawn through the pore, limited only by template length","pu":"processive replication by phi29 DNAP held atop the pore","no":"first phi29 DNAP replication on a nanopore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3076064/","an":"phi29 DNA polymerase-primer/template DNA complexes (exonuclease activates 3'-H primer at the pore)","id":"bio_na_early-0205"},{"a":889,"y":2010,"au":"Olasagasti F, Lieberman KR, Benner S, Cherf GM, Dahl JM, Deamer DW, et al.","t":"Replication of individual DNA molecules under electronic control using a protein nanopore.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"5:798-806","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2010.177","pmid":"20871614","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin in ~30 um DPhPC/hexadecane horizontal bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM K-HEPES pH 8.0, 23 C; 5 mM MgCl2 and 1 uM KF, or thioredoxin, DTT, MgCl2 and 1 uM T7DNAP; 5-10 kHz filter","v":"180 mV capture; 80 mV load during replication (FPGA control)","sn":"T7DNAP advanced against an 80 mV load; single nucleotide additions resolved on the millisecond scale for hundreds of molecules","pu":"replication of DNA held at the pore, blocked in bulk by an acridine blocking oligomer","no":"replication by KF not observed while held on the pore under load","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3711841/","an":"bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase (exo-)-primer/template complexes replicating at the pore","id":"bio_na_early-0201"},{"a":890,"y":2010,"au":"Meng H, Detillieux D, Baran C, Krasniqi B, Christensen C, Madampage C, et al.","t":"Nanopore analysis of tethered peptides.","j":"Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society","vp":"16:701-708","doi":"10.1002/psc.1289","pmid":"20814890","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","v":"-50, -100 and -150 mV","sn":"bumping and translocation events only","pu":"peptide bundle translocation and protein unfolding requirements","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A20814890+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"CY12-T1 (one 12-residue peptide strand on a mono-bromomethyl benzene)","de":"12-residue peptides tethered by a terminal cysteine to bromomethyl-substituted benzene scaffolds","id":"bio_protein-0026"},{"a":891,"y":2010,"au":"Meng H, Detillieux D, Baran C, Krasniqi B, Christensen C, Madampage C, et al.","t":"Nanopore analysis of tethered peptides.","j":"Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society","vp":"16:701-708","doi":"10.1002/psc.1289","pmid":"20814890","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","v":"-50, -100 and -150 mV","sn":"bumping and translocation events only","pu":"peptide bundle translocation and protein unfolding requirements","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A20814890+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"CY12-T2 (two-strand peptide bundle)","de":"12-residue peptides tethered by a terminal cysteine to bromomethyl-substituted benzene scaffolds","id":"bio_protein-0027"},{"a":892,"y":2010,"au":"Meng H, Detillieux D, Baran C, Krasniqi B, Christensen C, Madampage C, et al.","t":"Nanopore analysis of tethered peptides.","j":"Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society","vp":"16:701-708","doi":"10.1002/psc.1289","pmid":"20814890","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","v":"-50, -100 and -150 mV","sn":"bumping, translocation and intercalation events (T rises with voltage); some very long events","pu":"peptide bundle translocation and protein unfolding requirements","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A20814890+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"CY12-T3 (three-strand peptide bundle)","de":"12-residue peptides tethered by a terminal cysteine to bromomethyl-substituted benzene scaffolds","id":"bio_protein-0028"},{"a":893,"y":2010,"au":"Meng H, Detillieux D, Baran C, Krasniqi B, Christensen C, Madampage C, et al.","t":"Nanopore analysis of tethered peptides.","j":"Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society","vp":"16:701-708","doi":"10.1002/psc.1289","pmid":"20814890","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","v":"-50, -100 and -150 mV","sn":"bumping, translocation and intercalation events; some very long events; three uncoiled strands cannot thread the pore together","pu":"peptide bundle translocation and protein unfolding requirements","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A20814890+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"CY12-T4 (four-strand peptide bundle)","de":"12-residue peptides tethered by a terminal cysteine to bromomethyl-substituted benzene scaffolds","id":"bio_protein-0029"},{"a":894,"y":2010,"au":"Derrington IM, Butler TZ, Collins MD, Manrao E, Pavlenok M, Niederweis M, Gundlach JH","t":"Nanopore DNA sequencing with MspA","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"107:16060-16065","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1001831107","pmid":"20798343","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M1-NNN (D90N/D91N/D93N)","pk":"mspa","pm":"MspA octamer in diphytanoyl PC/PA bilayer on ~20 um Teflon aperture","pd":"~1.2 nm (constriction)","fab":"MspA mutant extracted from M. smegmatis; 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DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"immobilized with 3'-biotin-TEG and streptavidin (buffer in ESI, not read)","v":"+160 mV; best discrimination at +110 mV","b":"at +110 mV each XpGR1 oligo gave a distinct level in NNY; dIRES 5mCpG - CpG = -8.3 +/- 0.1% (n = 4); ApG and GpG overlap 7.6%","sn":"immobilized strands give steady residual currents","pu":"detect 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in single strands","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3147113/","an":"ApGR1 oligo: A at position 9 with G at position 8","id":"bio_na_early-0164"},{"a":938,"y":2010,"au":"Wallace EV, Stoddart D, Heron AJ, Mikhailova E, Maglia G, Donohoe TJ, Bayley H","t":"Identification of epigenetic DNA modifications with a protein nanopore.","j":"Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)","vp":"46:8195-8197","doi":"10.1039/c0cc02864a","pmid":"20927439","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin E111N/K147N/M113Y (NNY)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"immobilized with 3'-biotin-TEG and streptavidin (buffer in ESI, not read)","v":"+160 mV; best discrimination at +110 mV","b":"at +110 mV each XpGR1 oligo gave a distinct level in NNY; dIRES 5mCpG - CpG = -8.3 +/- 0.1% (n = 4); ApG and GpG overlap 7.6%","sn":"immobilized strands give steady residual currents","pu":"detect 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in single strands","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3147113/","an":"CpGR1 oligo: C at position 9 with G at position 8","id":"bio_na_early-0166"},{"a":939,"y":2010,"au":"Wallace EV, Stoddart D, Heron AJ, Mikhailova E, Maglia G, Donohoe TJ, Bayley H","t":"Identification of epigenetic DNA modifications with a protein nanopore.","j":"Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)","vp":"46:8195-8197","doi":"10.1039/c0cc02864a","pmid":"20927439","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin E111N/K147N/M113Y (NNY)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"immobilized with 3'-biotin-TEG and streptavidin (buffer in ESI, not read)","v":"+160 mV; best discrimination at +110 mV","b":"at +110 mV each XpGR1 oligo gave a distinct level in NNY; dIRES 5mCpG - CpG = -8.3 +/- 0.1% (n = 4); ApG and GpG overlap 7.6%","sn":"immobilized strands give steady residual currents","pu":"detect 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in single strands","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3147113/","an":"GpGR1 oligo: G at position 9 with G at position 8","id":"bio_na_early-0163"},{"a":940,"y":2010,"au":"Wallace EV, Stoddart D, Heron AJ, Mikhailova E, Maglia G, Donohoe TJ, Bayley H","t":"Identification of epigenetic DNA modifications with a protein nanopore.","j":"Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)","vp":"46:8195-8197","doi":"10.1039/c0cc02864a","pmid":"20927439","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin E111N/K147N/M113Y (NNY)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"immobilized with 3'-biotin-TEG and streptavidin (buffer in ESI, not read)","v":"+160 mV; best discrimination at +110 mV","b":"at +110 mV each XpGR1 oligo gave a distinct level in NNY; dIRES 5mCpG - CpG = -8.3 +/- 0.1% (n = 4); ApG and GpG overlap 7.6%","sn":"immobilized strands give steady residual currents","pu":"detect 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in single strands","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3147113/","an":"TpGR1 oligo: T at position 9 with G at position 8","id":"bio_na_early-0165"},{"a":941,"y":2010,"au":"Wallace EV, Stoddart D, Heron AJ, Mikhailova E, Maglia G, Donohoe TJ, Bayley H","t":"Identification of epigenetic DNA modifications with a protein nanopore.","j":"Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)","vp":"46:8195-8197","doi":"10.1039/c0cc02864a","pmid":"20927439","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin E111N/K147N (NN)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"immobilized with 3'-biotin-TEG and streptavidin (buffer in ESI, not read)","v":"+160 mV; best discrimination at +110 mV","b":"XpGR2 set did not give six distinct levels at +160 mV","sn":"immobilized strands give steady residual currents","pu":"detect 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in single strands","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3147113/","an":"CpGR2 oligo: C at position 14 with G at position 13","id":"bio_na_early-0160"},{"a":942,"y":2010,"au":"Stoddart D, Maglia G, Mikhailova E, Heron AJ, Bayley H","t":"Multiple base-recognition sites in a biological nanopore: two heads are better than one.","j":"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)","vp":"49:556-559","doi":"10.1002/anie.200905483","pmid":"20014084","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin E111N/K147N/M113Y (NNY)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"1 M KCl buffered (as in Stoddart 2009); DNA-streptavidin cis","v":"+160 mV capture","b":"dIRES relative to poly(dC) in Fig. 4 (Table S9); NNY R1 dispersion dIRES T-C = -2.8%, R2 dIRES G-C = +2.9%","sn":"DNA held in the pore by streptavidin; each capture gives a steady residual current IRES; poly(dC) gives IRES ~37% in NN pore","pu":"read two recognition sites (R1 and R2) at once","no":"one of 16 N9N14 oligonucleotides (5'-C26 N C4 N C8-biotin); T9T14 and T9A14 predicted to overlap","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3128935/","an":"poly(dC)40 with A at position 9 and G at position 14 (A9G14)","id":"bio_na_early-0144"},{"a":943,"y":2010,"au":"Stoddart D, Maglia G, Mikhailova E, Heron AJ, Bayley H","t":"Multiple base-recognition sites in a biological nanopore: two heads are better than one.","j":"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)","vp":"49:556-559","doi":"10.1002/anie.200905483","pmid":"20014084","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin E111N/K147N/M113Y (NNY)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"1 M KCl buffered (as in Stoddart 2009); DNA-streptavidin cis","v":"+160 mV capture","b":"dIRES relative to poly(dC) in Fig. 4 (Table S9); NNY R1 dispersion dIRES T-C = -2.8%, R2 dIRES G-C = +2.9%","sn":"DNA held in the pore by streptavidin; each capture gives a steady residual current IRES; poly(dC) gives IRES ~37% in NN pore","pu":"read two recognition sites (R1 and R2) at once","no":"one of 16 N9N14 oligonucleotides (5'-C26 N C4 N C8-biotin); T9T14 and T9A14 predicted to overlap","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3128935/","an":"poly(dC)40 with G at position 9 and G at position 14 (G9G14)","id":"bio_na_early-0150"},{"a":944,"y":2010,"au":"Stoddart D, Maglia G, Mikhailova E, Heron AJ, Bayley H","t":"Multiple base-recognition sites in a biological nanopore: two heads are better than one.","j":"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)","vp":"49:556-559","doi":"10.1002/anie.200905483","pmid":"20014084","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin E111N/K147N/M113Y (NNY)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"1 M KCl buffered (as in Stoddart 2009); DNA-streptavidin cis","v":"+160 mV capture","b":"dIRES relative to poly(dC) in Fig. 4 (Table S9); NNY R1 dispersion dIRES T-C = -2.8%, R2 dIRES G-C = +2.9%","sn":"DNA held in the pore by streptavidin; each capture gives a steady residual current IRES; poly(dC) gives IRES ~37% in NN pore","pu":"read two recognition sites (R1 and R2) at once","no":"one of 16 N9N14 oligonucleotides (5'-C26 N C4 N C8-biotin); T9T14 and T9A14 predicted to overlap","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3128935/","an":"poly(dC)40 with T at position 9 and G at position 14 (T9G14)","id":"bio_na_early-0147"},{"a":945,"y":2010,"au":"Wallace EV, Stoddart D, Heron AJ, Mikhailova E, Maglia G, Donohoe TJ, Bayley H","t":"Identification of epigenetic DNA modifications with a protein nanopore.","j":"Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)","vp":"46:8195-8197","doi":"10.1039/c0cc02864a","pmid":"20927439","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin E111N/K147N (NN)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"immobilized with 3'-biotin-TEG and streptavidin (buffer in ESI, not read)","v":"+160 mV; best discrimination at +110 mV","b":"XpGR2 set did not give six distinct levels at +160 mV","sn":"immobilized strands give steady residual currents","pu":"detect 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in single strands","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3147113/","an":"GpGR2 oligo: G at position 14 with G at position 13","id":"bio_na_early-0157"},{"a":946,"y":2010,"au":"Stoddart D, Maglia G, Mikhailova E, Heron AJ, Bayley H","t":"Multiple base-recognition sites in a biological nanopore: two heads are better than one.","j":"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)","vp":"49:556-559","doi":"10.1002/anie.200905483","pmid":"20014084","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin E111N/K147N/M113Y (NNY)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"1 M KCl buffered (as in Stoddart 2009); DNA-streptavidin cis","v":"+160 mV capture","b":"dIRES relative to poly(dC) in Fig. 4 (Table S9); NNY R1 dispersion dIRES T-C = -2.8%, R2 dIRES G-C = +2.9%","sn":"DNA held in the pore by streptavidin; each capture gives a steady residual current IRES; poly(dC) gives IRES ~37% in NN pore","pu":"read two recognition sites (R1 and R2) at once","no":"one of 16 N9N14 oligonucleotides (5'-C26 N C4 N C8-biotin); T9T14 and T9A14 predicted to overlap","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3128935/","an":"poly(dC)40 with A at position 9 and T at position 14 (A9T14)","id":"bio_na_early-0143"},{"a":947,"y":2010,"au":"Stoddart D, Maglia G, Mikhailova E, Heron AJ, Bayley H","t":"Multiple base-recognition sites in a biological nanopore: two heads are better than one.","j":"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)","vp":"49:556-559","doi":"10.1002/anie.200905483","pmid":"20014084","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin E111N/K147N/M113Y (NNY)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"1 M KCl buffered (as in Stoddart 2009); DNA-streptavidin cis","v":"+160 mV capture","b":"dIRES relative to poly(dC) in Fig. 4 (Table S9); NNY R1 dispersion dIRES T-C = -2.8%, R2 dIRES G-C = +2.9%","sn":"DNA held in the pore by streptavidin; each capture gives a steady residual current IRES; poly(dC) gives IRES ~37% in NN pore","pu":"read two recognition sites (R1 and R2) at once","no":"one of 16 N9N14 oligonucleotides (5'-C26 N C4 N C8-biotin); T9T14 and T9A14 predicted to overlap","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3128935/","an":"poly(dC)40 with G at position 9 and T at position 14 (G9T14)","id":"bio_na_early-0149"},{"a":948,"y":2010,"au":"Stoddart D, Maglia G, Mikhailova E, Heron AJ, Bayley H","t":"Multiple base-recognition sites in a biological nanopore: two heads are better than one.","j":"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)","vp":"49:556-559","doi":"10.1002/anie.200905483","pmid":"20014084","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin E111N/K147N/M113Y (NNY)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"1 M KCl buffered (as in Stoddart 2009); DNA-streptavidin cis","v":"+160 mV capture","b":"dIRES relative to poly(dC) in Fig. 4 (Table S9); NNY R1 dispersion dIRES T-C = -2.8%, R2 dIRES G-C = +2.9%","sn":"DNA held in the pore by streptavidin; each capture gives a steady residual current IRES; poly(dC) gives IRES ~37% in NN pore","pu":"read two recognition sites (R1 and R2) at once","no":"one of 16 N9N14 oligonucleotides (5'-C26 N C4 N C8-biotin); T9T14 and T9A14 predicted to overlap","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3128935/","an":"poly(dC)40 with T at position 9 and T at position 14 (T9T14)","id":"bio_na_early-0146"},{"a":949,"y":2010,"au":"Wallace EV, Stoddart D, Heron AJ, Mikhailova E, Maglia G, Donohoe TJ, Bayley H","t":"Identification of epigenetic DNA modifications with a protein nanopore.","j":"Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)","vp":"46:8195-8197","doi":"10.1039/c0cc02864a","pmid":"20927439","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin E111N/K147N (NN)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"recombinant heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; DNA immobilized by 3'-biotin-TEG bound to streptavidin (cis)","co":"immobilized with 3'-biotin-TEG and streptavidin (buffer in ESI, not read)","v":"+160 mV; best discrimination at +110 mV","b":"XpGR2 set did not give six distinct levels at +160 mV","sn":"immobilized strands give steady residual currents","pu":"detect 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in single strands","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3147113/","an":"TpGR2 oligo: T at position 14 with G at position 13","id":"bio_na_early-0159"},{"a":950,"y":2010,"au":"Olasagasti F, Lieberman KR, Benner S, Cherf GM, Dahl JM, Deamer DW, et al.","t":"Replication of individual DNA molecules under electronic control using a protein nanopore.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"5:798-806","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2010.177","pmid":"20871614","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin in ~30 um DPhPC/hexadecane horizontal bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM K-HEPES pH 8.0, 23 C; 5 mM MgCl2 and 1 uM KF, or thioredoxin, DTT, MgCl2 and 1 uM T7DNAP; 5-10 kHz filter","v":"180 mV capture; 80 mV load during replication (FPGA control)","sn":"open channel 60 +/- 2 pA at 180 mV in 0.3 M KCl; enzyme-bound state then terminal step then translocation","pu":"replication of DNA held at the pore, blocked in bulk by an acridine blocking oligomer","no":"abasic block position reports template movement (current rises as abasic residues reach the barrel)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3711841/","an":"79-mer template with three abasic (1',2'-dideoxy) residues, primed with 23-mer","id":"bio_na_early-0194"},{"a":951,"y":2010,"au":"Olasagasti F, Lieberman KR, Benner S, Cherf GM, Dahl JM, Deamer DW, et al.","t":"Replication of individual DNA molecules under electronic control using a protein nanopore.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"5:798-806","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2010.177","pmid":"20871614","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin in ~30 um DPhPC/hexadecane horizontal bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM K-HEPES pH 8.0, 23 C; 5 mM MgCl2 and 1 uM KF, or thioredoxin, DTT, MgCl2 and 1 uM T7DNAP; 5-10 kHz filter","v":"180 mV capture; 80 mV load during replication (FPGA control)","sn":"open channel 60 +/- 2 pA at 180 mV in 0.3 M KCl; enzyme-bound state then terminal step then translocation","pu":"replication of DNA held at the pore, blocked in bulk by an acridine blocking oligomer","no":"hybridizes downstream of the primer to block replication in bulk; stripped off by the pore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3711841/","an":"blocking oligomer ii (no acridine)","id":"bio_na_early-0196"},{"a":952,"y":2010,"au":"Derrington IM, Butler TZ, Collins MD, Manrao E, Pavlenok M, Niederweis M, Gundlach JH","t":"Nanopore DNA sequencing with MspA","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"107:16060-16065","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1001831107","pmid":"20798343","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M1-NNN (D90N/D91N/D93N)","pk":"mspa","pm":"MspA octamer in diphytanoyl PC/PA bilayer on ~20 um Teflon aperture","pd":"~1.2 nm (constriction)","fab":"MspA mutant extracted from M. smegmatis; single pore in planar bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8, 23 +/- 1 C","v":"180 mV and 140 mV","b":"residual current 48.4 +/- 1.1 pA at 180 mV; 29.2 +/- 0.3 pA at 140 mV","dt":"hairpin dissociation ~10 ms at 180 mV, about 30x longer at 140 mV","sn":"the hairpin duplex halts translocation and holds the tail nucleotides in the constriction","pu":"nucleotide identification with the strand held by a duplex","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2941267/","an":"14 bp DNA hairpin with (dC)50 tail","id":"bio_na_modern-0010"},{"a":953,"y":2010,"au":"Derrington IM, Butler TZ, Collins MD, Manrao E, Pavlenok M, Niederweis M, Gundlach JH","t":"Nanopore DNA sequencing with MspA","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"107:16060-16065","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1001831107","pmid":"20798343","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M1-NNN (D90N/D91N/D93N)","pk":"mspa","pm":"MspA octamer in diphytanoyl PC/PA bilayer on ~20 um Teflon aperture","pd":"~1.2 nm (constriction)","fab":"MspA mutant extracted from M. smegmatis; single pore in planar bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8, 23 +/- 1 C","v":"180 mV and 140 mV","b":"residual current 65.5 +/- 1.5 pA at 180 mV; 43.6 +/- 0.4 pA at 140 mV","dt":"hairpin dissociation ~10 ms at 180 mV, about 30x longer at 140 mV","sn":"the hairpin duplex halts translocation and holds the tail nucleotides in the constriction","pu":"nucleotide identification with the strand held by a duplex","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2941267/","an":"14 bp DNA hairpin with (dA)50 tail","id":"bio_na_modern-0009"},{"a":954,"y":2010,"au":"Derrington IM, Butler TZ, Collins MD, Manrao E, Pavlenok M, Niederweis M, Gundlach JH","t":"Nanopore DNA sequencing with MspA","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"107:16060-16065","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1001831107","pmid":"20798343","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M1-NNN (D90N/D91N/D93N)","pk":"mspa","pm":"MspA octamer in diphytanoyl PC/PA bilayer on ~20 um Teflon aperture","pd":"~1.2 nm (constriction)","fab":"MspA mutant extracted from M. smegmatis; single pore in planar bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8, 23 +/- 1 C","v":"180 mV and 140 mV","b":"residual current 41.9 +/- 1.2 pA at 180 mV; 24.4 +/- 0.5 pA at 140 mV","dt":"hairpin dissociation ~10 ms at 180 mV, about 30x longer at 140 mV","sn":"the hairpin duplex halts translocation and holds the tail nucleotides in the constriction","pu":"nucleotide identification with the strand held by a duplex","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2941267/","an":"14 bp DNA hairpin with (dT)50 tail","id":"bio_na_modern-0011"},{"a":955,"y":2010,"au":"Derrington IM, Butler TZ, Collins MD, Manrao E, Pavlenok M, Niederweis M, Gundlach JH","t":"Nanopore DNA sequencing with MspA","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"107:16060-16065","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1001831107","pmid":"20798343","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M1-NNN (D90N/D91N/D93N)","pk":"mspa","pm":"MspA octamer in diphytanoyl PC/PA bilayer on ~20 um Teflon aperture","pd":"~1.2 nm (constriction)","fab":"MspA mutant extracted from M. smegmatis; single pore in planar bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8, 23 +/- 1 C","v":"180 mV and 140 mV","b":"residual current 59.4 +/- 1.2 pA at 180 mV; 37.5 +/- 0.6 pA at 140 mV","dt":"hairpin dissociation ~10 ms at 180 mV, about 30x longer at 140 mV","sn":"the hairpin duplex halts translocation and holds the tail nucleotides in the constriction","pu":"nucleotide identification with the strand held by a duplex","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2941267/","an":"14 bp DNA hairpin with (dG)3(dA)47 tail","id":"bio_na_modern-0012"},{"a":956,"y":2010,"au":"Olasagasti F, Lieberman KR, Benner S, Cherf GM, Dahl JM, Deamer DW, et al.","t":"Replication of individual DNA molecules under electronic control using a protein nanopore.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"5:798-806","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2010.177","pmid":"20871614","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin in ~30 um DPhPC/hexadecane horizontal bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM K-HEPES pH 8.0, 23 C; 5 mM MgCl2 and 1 uM KF, or thioredoxin, DTT, MgCl2 and 1 uM T7DNAP; 5-10 kHz filter","v":"180 mV capture; 80 mV load during replication (FPGA control)","sn":"open channel 60 +/- 2 pA at 180 mV in 0.3 M KCl; enzyme-bound state then terminal step then translocation","pu":"replication of DNA held at the pore, blocked in bulk by an acridine blocking oligomer","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3711841/","an":"23-mer 3'-OH synthesis primer","id":"bio_na_early-0195"},{"a":957,"y":2010,"au":"Liu H, He J, Tang J, Liu H, Pang P, Cao D, et al.","t":"Translocation of single-stranded DNA through single-walled carbon nanotubes","j":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","vp":"327:64-67","doi":"10.1126/science.1181799","pmid":"20044570","url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1181799","pt":"journal","pc":9,"p":"single-walled carbon nanotube channel (2 um long)","pk":"swcnt-channel","pm":"CVD-grown SWCNT spanning a PMMA barrier on oxidized Si, PDMS cover","pd":"outer diameter 1 to 2 nm (growth target)","pl":"2 um","fab":"CVD growth (Co catalyst, ethanol), e-beam lithography opening of reservoirs in 700 nm PMMA, oxygen plasma cut of exposed tube","co":"1 or 2 M KCl, 1 mM phosphate pH 7","v":"onset 0.1 to 0.4 V depending on tube","b":"current INCREASE of about 5% of baseline; about 1 pC (about 10^7 charges) per spike","dt":"3-100 ms","sn":"spikes vanish on polarity reversal; translocation confirmed by PCR of the trans reservoir","pu":"translocation through a carbon nanotube","no":"first DNA translocation through a carbon nanotube pore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2801077/","an":"60-nt single-stranded DNA oligomer","de":"sequence given only in the supplement","id":"reviews_exotic-0004"},{"a":958,"y":2010,"au":"Japrung D, Henricus M, Li Q, Maglia G, Bayley H","t":"Urea facilitates the translocation of single-stranded DNA and RNA through the alpha-hemolysin nanopore.","j":"Biophysical Journal","vp":"98:1856-1863","doi":"10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.4333","pmid":"20441749","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer on 100 um orifice","fab":"heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 5 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 0 to 8 M urea; 1 uM nucleic acid cis; 50 kHz filter","v":"+150 and +180 mV (+100 to +200 mV)","b":"translocations 75-95% block in 4 M urea","sn":"no translocation without urea (long blockades); translocates in 4 M urea at +180 mV","pu":"denature secondary structure with urea to allow translocation","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2862201/","an":"95-nt ssDNA with hairpins (T7 promoter region sequence)","id":"bio_na_early-0170"},{"a":959,"y":2010,"au":"Schibel AE, An N, Jin Q, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ, White HS","t":"Nanopore detection of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine in immobilized single-stranded DNA via adduct formation to the DNA damage site.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"132:17992-17995","doi":"10.1021/ja109501x","pmid":"21138270","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer suspended across a glass nanopore membrane (GNM, orifice radius 500-1000 nm)","fab":"alpha-HL reconstituted in a bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane; DNA immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","v":"-120 mV (cis vs trans)","b":"K-ras-Gw14 and K-ras-OGw14 peaks separated by ~1% (G less blocking)","sn":"%I/Io reported relative to C40 (set to 0)","pu":"detect oxidative DNA damage (OG, Sp, Gh) and amine adducts in immobilized strands","no":"sequence shown in Figure 5 (not read)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3021242/","an":"Btn-K-ras-OGw14: K-ras codon 12 region in poly(dT) background, 8-oxoguanine at w14","id":"bio_na_early-0185"},{"a":960,"y":2010,"au":"Schibel AE, An N, Jin Q, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ, White HS","t":"Nanopore detection of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine in immobilized single-stranded DNA via adduct formation to the DNA damage site.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"132:17992-17995","doi":"10.1021/ja109501x","pmid":"21138270","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer suspended across a glass nanopore membrane (GNM, orifice radius 500-1000 nm)","fab":"heptamer reconstituted in bilayer over glass nanopore membrane; 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translocation confirmed by PCR","no":"sequence chosen to avoid secondary structure (given in SOM)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2801077/","an":"60 nt ssDNA oligomer","id":"ss_na-0081"},{"a":966,"y":2010,"au":"Aoki T, Hirano M, Takeuchi Y, Kobayashi T, Yanagida T, Ide T","t":"Single channel properties of lysenin measured in artificial lipid bilayers and their applications to biomolecule detection","j":"Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci","vp":"86:920-925","doi":"10.2183/pjab.86.920","pmid":"21084775","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"lysenin channel","pk":"lysenin","pm":"lysenin oligomer in lipid bilayer formed on a glass micropipette tip","co":"KCl; channel conductance 474 +/- 87 pS","pu":"biomolecule detection with lysenin","no":"first nucleic acid measurement with a lysenin channel; poly(L-lysine) also tested","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:21084775&resultType=core&format=json","an":"poly(deoxyadenine)","id":"bio_na_modern-0472"},{"a":967,"y":2010,"au":"Schibel AE, An N, Jin Q, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ, White HS","t":"Nanopore detection of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine in immobilized single-stranded DNA via adduct formation to the DNA damage site.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"132:17992-17995","doi":"10.1021/ja109501x","pmid":"21138270","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer suspended across a glass nanopore membrane (GNM, orifice radius 500-1000 nm)","fab":"heptamer reconstituted in bilayer over glass nanopore membrane; DNA immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","v":"-120 mV (cis vs trans)","b":"nearly identical to G","sn":"%I/Io reported relative to C40 (set to 0)","pu":"detect oxidative DNA damage (OG, Sp, Gh) and amine adducts in immobilized strands","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3021242/","an":"C39OGw14: poly(dC) 40-mer with 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine at position w14","id":"bio_na_early-0175"},{"a":968,"y":2010,"au":"Schibel AE, An N, Jin Q, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ, White HS","t":"Nanopore detection of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine in immobilized single-stranded DNA via adduct formation to the DNA damage site.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"132:17992-17995","doi":"10.1021/ja109501x","pmid":"21138270","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer suspended across a glass nanopore membrane (GNM, orifice radius 500-1000 nm)","fab":"heptamer reconstituted in bilayer over glass nanopore membrane; 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DNA immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","v":"-120 mV (cis vs trans)","b":"multiple peaks up to 7% more blocking than C39Gw14","sn":"%I/Io reported relative to C40 (set to 0)","pu":"detect oxidative DNA damage (OG, Sp, Gh) and amine adducts in immobilized strands","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3021242/","an":"C39Spmw14: poly(dC) 40-mer with Sp-spermine adduct at position w14","id":"bio_na_early-0182"},{"a":976,"y":2010,"au":"Schibel AE, An N, Jin Q, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ, White HS","t":"Nanopore detection of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine in immobilized single-stranded DNA via adduct formation to the DNA damage site.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"132:17992-17995","doi":"10.1021/ja109501x","pmid":"21138270","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer suspended across a glass nanopore membrane (GNM, orifice radius 500-1000 nm)","fab":"heptamer reconstituted in bilayer over glass nanopore membrane; DNA immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","v":"-120 mV (cis vs trans)","b":"shifted from G and OG, broader histogram","sn":"%I/Io reported relative to C40 (set to 0)","pu":"detect oxidative DNA damage (OG, Sp, Gh) and amine adducts in immobilized strands","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3021242/","an":"C39Spw14: poly(dC) 40-mer with spiroiminodihydantoin at position w14","id":"bio_na_early-0176"},{"a":977,"y":2010,"au":"Schibel AE, An N, Jin Q, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ, White HS","t":"Nanopore detection of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine in immobilized single-stranded DNA via adduct formation to the DNA damage site.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"132:17992-17995","doi":"10.1021/ja109501x","pmid":"21138270","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer suspended across a glass nanopore membrane (GNM, orifice radius 500-1000 nm)","fab":"heptamer reconstituted in bilayer over glass nanopore membrane; DNA immobilized by biotin-streptavidin","v":"-120 mV (cis vs trans)","b":"reference level (%I/Io set to 0)","sn":"%I/Io reported relative to C40 (set to 0)","pu":"detect oxidative DNA damage (OG, Sp, Gh) and amine adducts in immobilized strands","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3021242/","an":"C40 (Strep-Btn-C40) reference","id":"bio_na_early-0173"},{"a":978,"y":2010,"au":"Kowalczyk SW, Tuijtel MW, Donkers SP, Dekker C","t":"Unraveling single-stranded DNA in a solid-state nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"10(4):1414-1420","doi":"10.1021/nl100271c","pmid":"20235508","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","dt":"exponential in voltage, tau ~ exp(-V/V0) (dsDNA scales as 1/V)","sn":"strong blockades as entangled coils unravel at the pore; ssDNA-dsDNA constructs compared","pu":"ssDNA translocation physics","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A20235508+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"7 kb random-sequence single-stranded DNA","id":"ss_na-0084"},{"a":979,"y":2010,"au":"Saragosti E, Tchernov D, Katsir A, Shaked Y","t":"Extracellular production and degradation of superoxide in the coral Stylophora pistillata and cultured Symbiodinium","j":"PloS one","vp":"5:e12508","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0012508","pmid":"20856857","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Z2 Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell counts for specific growth rates","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC2939047/fullTextXML","an":"Symbiodinium goreaui CCMP 2466 (clade C)","de":"CCMP 2466, clade C; clade A strain CCMP 831 also grown","id":"microbes-0208"},{"a":980,"y":2010,"au":"Kolewe ME, Henson MA, Roberts SC","t":"Characterization of aggregate size in Taxus suspension cell culture","j":"Plant cell reports","vp":"29:485-494","doi":"10.1007/s00299-010-0837-5","pmid":"20217417","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"specially equipped Coulter counter system for large aggregates","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"aggregate size distribution and biomass accumulation","no":"The Coulter counter was faster, more reliable and better resolved than filtration or image analysis.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A20217417+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Taxus suspension culture cell aggregates (50 to 2000 um)","de":"yew (Taxus) plant cell suspension culture","id":"cells-0250"},{"a":981,"y":2010,"au":"Kukwikila M, Howorka S","t":"Electrically sensing protease activity with nanopores.","j":"Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal","vp":"22:454103","doi":"10.1088/0953-8984/22/45/454103","pmid":"21339591","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","b":"released fragment driven through the pore gives detectable current blockades","pu":"electrical sensing of protease (trypsin) activity","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21339591+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"soluble peptide fragment released by trypsin from a bead-tethered peptide substrate","id":"bio_protein-0025"},{"a":982,"y":2010,"au":"Passolunghi S, Riboldi L, Dato L, Porro D, Branduardi P","t":"Cloning of the Zygosaccharomyces bailii GAS1 homologue and effect of cell wall engineering on protein secretory phenotype","j":"Microbial cell factories","vp":"9:7","doi":"10.1186/1475-2859-9-7","pmid":"20102600","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cellular volume of GAS1 mutants in minimal and rich media","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC2825207/fullTextXML","an":"Zygosaccharomyces bailii","de":"GAS1 homologue mutants with larger cell volume than wild type","id":"microbes-0242"},{"a":983,"y":2011,"au":"Vogel R, Willmott G, Kozak D, Roberts GS, Anderson W, Groenewegen L, et al.","t":"Quantitative sizing of nano/microparticles with a tunable elastomeric pore sensor.","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"83(9):3499-3506","doi":"10.1021/ac200195n","pmid":"21434639","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"size-tunable elastomeric pore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pm":"thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomeric membrane","b":"change in resistance proportional to particle volume (linear calibration against monodisperse carboxylated polystyrene particles)","pu":"quantitative sizing of nano and microparticles, including a virus","no":"First virus sized by tunable resistive pulse sensing. The modal adenovirus diameter 96.5 +/- 15 nm and the 70 to 90 nm expected size are quoted in Yang and Yamamoto 2016 Front Microbiol 7:1500 (PMC5031608), which summarizes this paper.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:21434639&resultType=core&format=json","an":"adenovirus (purified)","id":"viruses-0075"},{"a":984,"y":2011,"au":"Rhyner MN","t":"The Coulter principle for analysis of subvisible particles in protein formulations","j":"The AAPS Journal","vp":"13:54-58","doi":"10.1208/s12248-010-9245-6","pmid":"21161461","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 4 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"PBS buffer","pu":"counting subvisible protein aggregates; agreement between dilutions","no":"Minireview with example data (Fig. 1); the Coulter principle detects transparent aggregates that optical methods can miss.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3032098/","an":"Subvisible aggregates in vortex-stressed bovine serum albumin (BSA) formulations (10 mg/mL, diluted 1:10 and 1:20 in PBS)","id":"earth_space_industry-0082"},{"a":985,"y":2011,"au":"Elperin AB, Pore SA, Evans JM, Naditz AL, Light DB","t":"Swelling-induced Ca2+ influx and K+ efflux in American alligator erythrocytes","j":"The Journal of membrane biology","vp":"240:1-12","doi":"10.1007/s00232-010-9336-4","pmid":"21153478","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"electronic sizing aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"mean cell volume during regulatory volume decrease","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21153478+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"American alligator red blood cells","de":"Alligator mississippiensis","id":"cells-0179"},{"a":986,"y":2011,"au":"Yusko EC, Johnson JM, Majd S, Prangkio P, Rollings RC, Li J, et al.","t":"Controlling protein translocation through nanopores with bio-inspired fluid walls.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"6:253-260","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2011.12","pmid":"21336266","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3071889/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"lipid bilayer-coated SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 window coated with fluid supported lipid bilayer (POPC or DdPPC, optionally biotin-PE)","pd":"96 nm (before coating)","pl":"about 275 nm","fab":"focused ion beam milling of silicon nitride, then liposome spreading to form the bilayer coating","co":"70 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 7.4, POPC coating","v":"+0.2 V","sn":"numerous large-amplitude events; uncoated pores clogged within minutes","pu":"volume, charge, shape and ligand affinity of single proteins","no":"Lipid coating prevented clogging and made Abeta aggregate translocation possible.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3071889","an":"aggregated amyloid-beta (1-40) oligomers and fibrils","de":"Abeta(1-40) aggregated 72 h","id":"ss_protein_small-0024"},{"a":986,"y":2012,"au":"Yusko EC, Prangkio P, Sept D, Rollings RC, Li J, Mayer M","t":"Single-particle characterization of Abeta oligomers in solution.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"6:5909-5919","doi":"10.1021/nn300542q","pmid":"22686709","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3418869/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"lipid bilayer-coated SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride with POPC supported bilayer","pd":"28 nm (about 18 nm after coating)","pl":"18 nm (about 28 nm after coating)","v":"-0.2 V","sn":"100 kHz analog filter, 500 kHz sampling, 15 kHz digital Gaussian filter","pu":"size and shape of individual amyloid aggregates","no":"Classified single aggregates as spherical oligomers, protofibrils or mature fibers; protofibril lengths 12- to 155-mer.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3418869","an":"Abeta(1-40) oligomers, protofibrils and fibers","de":"Abeta(1-40) (GL Biochem, HFIP-treated) aggregated 0 to 3 days","id":"ss_protein_small-0025"},{"a":987,"y":2011,"au":"Yusko EC, Johnson JM, Majd S, Prangkio P, Rollings RC, Li J, et al.","t":"Controlling protein translocation through nanopores with bio-inspired fluid walls.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"6:253-260","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2011.12","pmid":"21336266","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3071889/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"lipid bilayer-coated SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 window coated with fluid supported lipid bilayer (POPC or DdPPC, optionally biotin-PE)","pd":"33.0 nm area-equivalent (before coating)","pl":"22 nm","fab":"focused ion beam milling of silicon nitride, then liposome spreading to form the bilayer coating","co":"2.0 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 7.4","v":"-0.1 V","dt":"78 +/- 5 us; 175 +/- 4 us with 50 mol% cholesterol in POPC","er":"30-100 events/s at 1 nM","sn":"lipid-anchored proteins translocate slowly enough to time-resolve dI and td; Axopatch 200B","pu":"volume, charge, shape and ligand affinity of single proteins","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3071889","an":"polyclonal anti-biotin Fab fragments","id":"ss_protein_small-0022"},{"a":988,"y":2011,"au":"Yusko EC, Johnson JM, Majd S, Prangkio P, Rollings RC, Li J, et al.","t":"Controlling protein translocation through nanopores with bio-inspired fluid walls.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"6:253-260","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2011.12","pmid":"21336266","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3071889/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"lipid bilayer-coated SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"Si3N4 window coated with fluid supported lipid bilayer (POPC or DdPPC, optionally biotin-PE)","pd":"33.0 nm area-equivalent (before coating)","pl":"22 nm","fab":"focused ion beam milling of silicon nitride, then liposome spreading to form the bilayer coating","co":"2.0 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 7.4","v":"-0.1 V","dt":"54 +/- 8 us","er":"30-100 events/s at 20 nM","sn":"lipid-anchored proteins translocate slowly enough to time-resolve dI and td; Axopatch 200B","pu":"volume, charge, shape and ligand affinity of single proteins","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3071889","an":"monoclonal anti-biotin IgG antibody (mAb)","id":"ss_protein_small-0023"},{"a":989,"y":2011,"au":"Asandei A, Apetrei A, Luchian T","t":"Uni-molecular detection and quantification of selected β-lactam antibiotics with a hybrid α-hemolysin protein pore.","j":"J Mol Recognit","vp":"24:199-207","doi":"10.1002/jmr.1038","pmid":"21360610","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with gamma-cyclodextrin adapter","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","er":"tau_on = 2.2 +/- 0.3 ms","pu":"beta-lactam antibiotic detection and discrimination","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21360610+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"azlocillin","id":"bio_small-0313"},{"a":990,"y":2011,"au":"Buhr TL, Young AA, Minter ZA, Wells CM, Shegogue DA","t":"Decontamination of a hard surface contaminated with Bacillus anthracisΔSterne and B. anthracis Ames spores using electrochemically generated liquid-phase chlorine dioxide (eClO2)","j":"Journal of applied microbiology","vp":"111:1057-1064","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05122.x","pmid":"21824240","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"spores decreased in size after ClO2 treatment","pu":"spore size after electrochemically generated ClO2 decontamination","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21824240+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Bacillus anthracis delta-Sterne spores","de":"delta-Sterne spores (Ames spores also used in the study)","id":"microbes-0055"},{"a":991,"y":2011,"au":"Fraikin JL, Teesalu T, McKenney CM, Ruoslahti E, Cleland AN","t":"A high-throughput label-free nanoparticle analyser.","j":"Nature nanotechnology","vp":"6(5):308-313","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2011.24","pmid":"21378975","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane submicron nanoconstriction with a fluidic balancing restriction (voltage divider)","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) channel, micromolded","pd":"250 nm wide, 290 nm deep","pl":"250 nm","pg":"rectangular in-plane constriction, 250 nm wide by 250 nm long by 290 nm deep, in series with a second fluidic restriction that holds the constriction at constant voltage","fab":"soft lithography: PDMS micromolding of the channel and the constriction, bonded to a substrate","co":"saline solution, and native mouse blood plasma","v":"constant voltage set by the fluidic voltage divider","er":"throughput sufficient to analyse 500,000 particles per second; about 1 microlitre of sample","pu":"label-free sizing and titre measurement of unlabelled virus particles in buffer and in plasma","no":"Pore dimensions, the PDMS micromolding and the voltage-divider design come from the review by Lee, Peng and Hall 2019 Anal Chem 91:622 (PMC6472978), which describes this device and says bacteriophage T7 was detected in salt solutions and in mouse blood plasma. The measurement itself and the plasma background are stated in the Europe PMC abstract of Fraikin et al. 2011. Numbers for pulse height and dwell time are in the paper, which I could not reach.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC6472978.1/PMC6472978.1.txt","an":"bacteriophage T7 (unlabelled, in saline and in mouse blood plasma)","de":"unlabelled T7 virions measured in salt solution and spiked into native mouse blood plasma","id":"gap_viruses-0001"},{"a":992,"y":2011,"au":"Li WW, Claridge TD, Li Q, Wormald MR, Davis BG, Bayley H","t":"Tuning the cavity of cyclodextrins: altered sugar adaptors in protein pores.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"133:1987-2001","doi":"10.1021/ja1100867","pmid":"21244029","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with modified cyclodextrin adapters","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"adapter engineering (cyclodextrin cavity tuning)","no":"Single-atom-level edit of the cyclodextrin ring skeleton (O to S-S) in two configurations; distorted cavities alter interactions with the pore.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21244029+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"beta-cyclodextrin analogues with one ring oxygen replaced by a disulfide (two stereoisomers)","id":"bio_small-0344"},{"a":993,"y":2011,"au":"Suginta W, Mahendran KR, Chumjan W, Hajjar E, Schulte A, Winterhalter M, et al.","t":"Molecular analysis of antimicrobial agent translocation through the membrane porin BpsOmp38 from an ultraresistant Burkholderia pseudomallei strain.","j":"Biochim Biophys Acta","vp":"1808:1552-1559","doi":"10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.10.018","pmid":"21078354","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"BpsOmp38 (Burkholderia pseudomallei outer membrane porin)","pm":"B. pseudomallei BpsOmp38 trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pg":"trimeric beta-barrel porin","co":"1 M KCl","pu":"antimicrobial translocation kinetics","no":"Trimer conductance 2.7 nS in 1 M KCl; on-rate order norfloxacin >> ertapenem > ceftazidime > cefepime > imipenem > meropenem > penicillin G; ertapenem dwell time fell with temperature.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21078354+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"cefepime","id":"bio_small-0244"},{"a":994,"y":2011,"au":"Lovelle M, Mach T, Mahendran KR, Weingart H, Winterhalter M, Gameiro P","t":"Interaction of cephalosporins with outer membrane channels of Escherichia coli. Revealing binding by fluorescence quenching and ion conductance fluctuations.","j":"Phys Chem Chem Phys","vp":"13:1521-1530","doi":"10.1039/c0cp00969e","pmid":"21152583","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpF (E. coli outer membrane porin F)","pk":"ompf","pm":"E. coli OmpF trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"cephalosporin binding kinetics","no":"Kinetic rates and binding constants from individual entry events; interaction strength ceftriaxone > cefpirome > ceftazidime, weaker in OmpC than OmpF.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21152583+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"cefpirome","id":"bio_small-0236"},{"a":994,"y":2011,"au":"Lovelle M, Mach T, Mahendran KR, Weingart H, Winterhalter M, Gameiro P","t":"Interaction of cephalosporins with outer membrane channels of Escherichia coli. Revealing binding by fluorescence quenching and ion conductance fluctuations.","j":"Phys Chem Chem Phys","vp":"13:1521-1530","doi":"10.1039/c0cp00969e","pmid":"21152583","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpC (E. coli outer membrane porin C)","pm":"E. coli OmpC trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"cephalosporin binding kinetics","no":"Kinetic rates and binding constants from individual entry events; interaction strength ceftriaxone > cefpirome > ceftazidime, weaker in OmpC than OmpF.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21152583+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"cefpirome","id":"bio_small-0239"},{"a":995,"y":2011,"au":"Lovelle M, Mach T, Mahendran KR, Weingart H, Winterhalter M, Gameiro P","t":"Interaction of cephalosporins with outer membrane channels of Escherichia coli. Revealing binding by fluorescence quenching and ion conductance fluctuations.","j":"Phys Chem Chem Phys","vp":"13:1521-1530","doi":"10.1039/c0cp00969e","pmid":"21152583","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpF (E. coli outer membrane porin F)","pk":"ompf","pm":"E. coli OmpF trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"cephalosporin binding kinetics","no":"Kinetic rates and binding constants from individual entry events; interaction strength ceftriaxone > cefpirome > ceftazidime, weaker in OmpC than OmpF.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21152583+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"ceftazidime","id":"bio_small-0237"},{"a":995,"y":2011,"au":"Lovelle M, Mach T, Mahendran KR, Weingart H, Winterhalter M, Gameiro P","t":"Interaction of cephalosporins with outer membrane channels of Escherichia coli. Revealing binding by fluorescence quenching and ion conductance fluctuations.","j":"Phys Chem Chem Phys","vp":"13:1521-1530","doi":"10.1039/c0cp00969e","pmid":"21152583","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpC (E. coli outer membrane porin C)","pm":"E. coli OmpC trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"cephalosporin binding kinetics","no":"Kinetic rates and binding constants from individual entry events; interaction strength ceftriaxone > cefpirome > ceftazidime, weaker in OmpC than OmpF.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21152583+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"ceftazidime","id":"bio_small-0240"},{"a":995,"y":2011,"au":"Suginta W, Mahendran KR, Chumjan W, Hajjar E, Schulte A, Winterhalter M, et al.","t":"Molecular analysis of antimicrobial agent translocation through the membrane porin BpsOmp38 from an ultraresistant Burkholderia pseudomallei strain.","j":"Biochim Biophys Acta","vp":"1808:1552-1559","doi":"10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.10.018","pmid":"21078354","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"BpsOmp38 (Burkholderia pseudomallei outer membrane porin)","pm":"B. pseudomallei BpsOmp38 trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pg":"trimeric beta-barrel porin","co":"1 M KCl","pu":"antimicrobial translocation kinetics","no":"Trimer conductance 2.7 nS in 1 M KCl; on-rate order norfloxacin >> ertapenem > ceftazidime > cefepime > imipenem > meropenem > penicillin G; ertapenem dwell time fell with temperature.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21078354+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"ceftazidime","id":"bio_small-0243"},{"a":996,"y":2011,"au":"Lovelle M, Mach T, Mahendran KR, Weingart H, Winterhalter M, Gameiro P","t":"Interaction of cephalosporins with outer membrane channels of Escherichia coli. Revealing binding by fluorescence quenching and ion conductance fluctuations.","j":"Phys Chem Chem Phys","vp":"13:1521-1530","doi":"10.1039/c0cp00969e","pmid":"21152583","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpF (E. coli outer membrane porin F)","pk":"ompf","pm":"E. coli OmpF trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"cephalosporin binding kinetics","no":"Kinetic rates and binding constants from individual entry events; interaction strength ceftriaxone > cefpirome > ceftazidime, weaker in OmpC than OmpF.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21152583+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"ceftriaxone","id":"bio_small-0235"},{"a":996,"y":2011,"au":"Lovelle M, Mach T, Mahendran KR, Weingart H, Winterhalter M, Gameiro P","t":"Interaction of cephalosporins with outer membrane channels of Escherichia coli. Revealing binding by fluorescence quenching and ion conductance fluctuations.","j":"Phys Chem Chem Phys","vp":"13:1521-1530","doi":"10.1039/c0cp00969e","pmid":"21152583","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpC (E. coli outer membrane porin C)","pm":"E. coli OmpC trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"cephalosporin binding kinetics","no":"Kinetic rates and binding constants from individual entry events; interaction strength ceftriaxone > cefpirome > ceftazidime, weaker in OmpC than OmpF.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21152583+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"ceftriaxone","id":"bio_small-0238"},{"a":997,"y":2011,"au":"Kliphuis AM, Janssen M, van den End EJ, Martens DE, Wijffels RH","t":"Light respiration in Chlorella sorokiniana","j":"Journal of applied phycology","vp":"23:935-947","doi":"10.1007/s10811-010-9614-7","pmid":"22131644","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3 orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"50 um","co":"diluted in filtered Coulter Isoton II to 1 to 3 x 10^5 cells/mL","pu":"cell number and cell size in light respiration studies","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3210360/fullTextXML","an":"Chlorella sorokiniana","id":"microbes-0203"},{"a":998,"y":2011,"au":"Kawano R, Osaki T, Sasaki H, Takinoue M, Yoshizawa S, Takeuchi S","t":"Rapid detection of a cocaine-binding aptamer using biological nanopores on a chip.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"133:8474-8477","doi":"10.1021/ja2026085","pmid":"21553872","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin on a microchip","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","er":"300 ng/mL detected within 60 s","pu":"drug detection with a DNA aptamer","no":"Detected through the cocaine-binding aptamer captured in the pore.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21553872+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"cocaine","id":"bio_small-0355"},{"a":999,"y":2011,"au":"Ying YL, Wang HY, Sutherland TC, Long YT","t":"Monitoring of an ATP-binding aptamer and its conformational changes using an alpha-hemolysin nanopore.","j":"Small","vp":"7:87-94","doi":"10.1002/smll.201001428","pmid":"21086519","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","dt":"0.29 ms","pu":"conformational states of an ATP-binding aptamer","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21086519","an":"ABA:ATP complex","id":"bio_na_early-0430"},{"a":1000,"y":2011,"au":"Ying YL, Li DW, Li Y, Lee JS, Long YT","t":"Enhanced translocation of poly(dt)45 through an alpha-hemolysin nanopore by binding with antibody.","j":"Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)","vp":"47:5690-5692","doi":"10.1039/c0cc05787h","pmid":"21491051","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","dt":"translocation time reduced when Fab bound (Fab acts as a rudder)","pu":"DNA-binding Fab steers poly(dT)45 into the pore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21491051","an":"poly(dT)45 bound to a DNA-binding Fab fragment","id":"bio_na_early-0457"},{"a":1001,"y":2011,"au":"Garalde DR, Simon CA, Dahl JM, Wang H, Akeson M, Lieberman KR","t":"Distinct complexes of DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) for base and sugar discrimination during nucleotide substrate selection.","j":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry","vp":"286:14480-14492","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m111.218750","pmid":"21362617","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"distinct complexes for base and sugar discrimination steps identified by nanopore dwell and amplitude","pu":"Klenow fragment complexes with complementary and noncomplementary dNTPs and rNTPs","no":"abstract-level record","ev":"abstract","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3077647/","an":"Klenow fragment-DNA complexes with complementary rNTP or noncomplementary dNTP/rNTP","id":"bio_na_early-0529"},{"a":1002,"y":2011,"au":"Wang Y, Zheng D, Tan Q, Wang MX, Gu LQ","t":"Nanopore-based detection of circulating microRNAs in lung cancer patients.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"6:668-674","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2011.147","pmid":"21892163","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris pH 8.0; 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Level 3 ~150 us at +180 mV","er":"signature frequency proportional to miR-155 from 10 to 100 nM (1 M KCl); sub-pM with 0.2 M/3 M KCl","pu":"detect microRNAs with poly(dC)30-tagged DNA probes, including in plasma RNA extracts","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3189330/","an":"miR-155-P155 hybrid (P155: capture domain with poly(dC)30 signal tags)","id":"bio_na_early-0353"},{"a":1004,"y":2011,"au":"Wanunu M, Bhattacharya S, Xie Y, Tor Y, Aksimentiev A, Drndic M","t":"Nanopore analysis of individual RNA/antibiotic complexes.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"5(12):9345-9353","doi":"10.1021/nn203764j","pmid":"22067050","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore in thin membrane","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride membrane 8-10 nm thick","pd":"3-3.5 nm","pl":"8-10 nm","fab":"TEM drilling in thinned SiN","sn":"weaker binder (literature IC50 270 uM) resolved","pu":"label-free drug-RNA binding isotherms","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3253136/","an":"A-site RNA bound to kanamycin","id":"ss_na-0090"},{"a":1005,"y":2011,"au":"Wanunu M, Bhattacharya S, Xie Y, Tor Y, Aksimentiev A, Drndic M","t":"Nanopore analysis of individual RNA/antibiotic complexes.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"5(12):9345-9353","doi":"10.1021/nn203764j","pmid":"22067050","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore in thin membrane","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride membrane 8-10 nm thick","pd":"3-3.5 nm","pl":"8-10 nm","fab":"TEM drilling in thinned SiN","sn":"stronger binder (literature IC50 7 uM) resolved","pu":"label-free drug-RNA binding isotherms","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3253136/","an":"A-site RNA bound to neomycin","id":"ss_na-0089"},{"a":1006,"y":2011,"au":"Wanunu M, Bhattacharya S, Xie Y, Tor Y, Aksimentiev A, Drndic M","t":"Nanopore analysis of individual RNA/antibiotic complexes.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"5(12):9345-9353","doi":"10.1021/nn203764j","pmid":"22067050","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore in thin membrane","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride membrane 8-10 nm thick","pd":"3-3.5 nm","pl":"8-10 nm","fab":"TEM drilling in thinned SiN","sn":"drug-bound molecules distinguished from free RNA by ion-current signature; bound fraction gives isotherms consistent with fluorescence assays","pu":"label-free drug-RNA binding isotherms","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3253136/","an":"A-site RNA bound to paromomycin","id":"ss_na-0088"},{"a":1007,"y":2011,"au":"Wen S, Zeng T, Liu L, Zhao K, Zhao Y, Liu X, et al.","t":"Highly sensitive and selective DNA-based detection of mercury(II) with alpha-hemolysin nanopore.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"133:18312-18317","doi":"10.1021/ja206983z","pmid":"21995430","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"hairpin greatly alters translocation profile; Hg2+ confirmed at ~7 nM in 30 min from 2D event contour plots","pu":"Hg2+ detection via T-Hg2+-T hairpin formation in a ssDNA probe","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21995430","an":"Hg2+-mediated (T-Hg2+-T) hairpin formed by the probe","id":"bio_na_early-0415"},{"a":1008,"y":2011,"au":"Christensen C, Baran C, Krasniqi B, Stefureac RI, Nokhrin S, Lee JS","t":"Effect of charge, topology and orientation of the electric field on the interaction of peptides with the α-hemolysin pore.","j":"Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society","vp":"17:726-734","doi":"10.1002/psc.1393","pmid":"21766390","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"translocation in vestibule-downstream and stem-downstream configurations; only intercalation events in upstream configurations","pu":"effect of charge and field orientation on peptide-pore interaction","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21766390+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"CY12(+)T1 peptide (net charge +2)","id":"bio_protein-0030"},{"a":1009,"y":2011,"au":"Christensen C, Baran C, Krasniqi B, Stefureac RI, Nokhrin S, Lee JS","t":"Effect of charge, topology and orientation of the electric field on the interaction of peptides with the α-hemolysin pore.","j":"Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society","vp":"17:726-734","doi":"10.1002/psc.1393","pmid":"21766390","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"translocation observed only in vestibule-downstream and vestibule-upstream configurations","pu":"effect of charge and field orientation on peptide-pore interaction","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21766390+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"CY12(-)T1 peptide (net charge -2)","id":"bio_protein-0031"},{"a":1010,"y":2011,"au":"Wanunu M, Cohen-Karni D, Johnson RR, Fields L, Benner J, Peterman N, et al.","t":"Discrimination of methylcytosine from hydroxymethylcytosine in DNA molecules.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"133(3):486-492","doi":"10.1021/ja107836t","pmid":"21155562","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore (about 3 nm)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"about 3 nm","sn":"mC and hmC fragments discriminated by sampling a few hundred molecules; 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10-mer duplexes distinct at +80 mV","sn":"unzipping follows first-order kinetics; time constant tau from log histograms of event durations; order G:C > OG:C > OG:A > G:A tracks melting temperature","pu":"detect OG in a target sequence by probe-duplex unzipping times","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3173567/","an":"duplex G:10C (65-mer target with G, 10-mer probe with C opposite)","id":"bio_na_early-0264"},{"a":1018,"y":2011,"au":"Schibel AE, Fleming AM, Jin Q, An N, Liu J, Blakemore CP, et al.","t":"Sequence-specific single-molecule analysis of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine lesions in DNA based on unzipping kinetics of complementary probes in ion channel recordings.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"133:14778-14784","doi":"10.1021/ja205653v","pmid":"21875081","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer suspended across a glass nanopore membrane (GNM)","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM PBS pH 7.4, 1 mM EDTA","v":"+80 to +120 mV (trans vs cis)","dt":"unzipping time constant ranks G:C > OG:C > OG:A > G:A","sn":"unzipping follows first-order kinetics; time constant tau from log histograms of event durations; order G:C > OG:C > OG:A > G:A tracks melting temperature","pu":"detect OG in a target sequence by probe-duplex unzipping times","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3173567/","an":"duplex G:15A (65-mer target with G, 15-mer probe with A opposite)","id":"bio_na_early-0267"},{"a":1019,"y":2011,"au":"Schibel AE, Fleming AM, Jin Q, An N, Liu J, Blakemore CP, et al.","t":"Sequence-specific single-molecule analysis of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine lesions in DNA based on unzipping kinetics of complementary probes in ion channel recordings.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"133:14778-14784","doi":"10.1021/ja205653v","pmid":"21875081","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer suspended across a glass nanopore membrane (GNM)","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM PBS pH 7.4, 1 mM EDTA","v":"+80 to +120 mV (trans vs cis)","dt":"unzipping time constant ranks G:C > OG:C > OG:A > G:A","sn":"unzipping follows first-order kinetics; time constant tau from log histograms of event durations; order G:C > OG:C > OG:A > G:A tracks melting temperature","pu":"detect OG in a target sequence by probe-duplex unzipping times","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3173567/","an":"duplex G:15C (65-mer target with G, 15-mer probe with C opposite)","id":"bio_na_early-0266"},{"a":1020,"y":2011,"au":"Ying YL, Wang HY, Sutherland TC, Long YT","t":"Monitoring of an ATP-binding aptamer and its conformational changes using an alpha-hemolysin nanopore.","j":"Small","vp":"7:87-94","doi":"10.1002/smll.201001428","pmid":"21086519","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"conformational states of an ATP-binding aptamer","no":"competition assays show ABA:ATP forms preferentially","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21086519","an":"ABA hybridized to complementary 14-mer (linear duplex)","id":"bio_na_early-0431"},{"a":1021,"y":2011,"au":"Fraikin JL, Teesalu T, McKenney CM, Ruoslahti E, Cleland AN","t":"A high-throughput label-free nanoparticle analyser","j":"Nature nanotechnology","vp":"6:308-313","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2011.24","pmid":"21378975","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"microfluidic resistive pulse analyser","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","er":"throughput up to 500,000 particles per second","sn":"a large background of native particles with a power-law size distribution appeared while sizing T7 phage in plasma","pu":"size and titre analysis in plasma","no":"the same chip sized synthetic nanoparticle mixtures (material not given in the abstract) and bacteriophage T7","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.1038%2Fnnano.2011.24%22&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"naturally occurring nanoparticles in native mouse blood plasma (power-law size distribution)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0237"},{"a":1022,"y":2011,"au":"Suginta W, Mahendran KR, Chumjan W, Hajjar E, Schulte A, Winterhalter M, et al.","t":"Molecular analysis of antimicrobial agent translocation through the membrane porin BpsOmp38 from an ultraresistant Burkholderia pseudomallei strain.","j":"Biochim Biophys Acta","vp":"1808:1552-1559","doi":"10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.10.018","pmid":"21078354","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"BpsOmp38 (Burkholderia pseudomallei outer membrane porin)","pm":"B. pseudomallei BpsOmp38 trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pg":"trimeric beta-barrel porin","co":"1 M KCl","pu":"antimicrobial translocation kinetics","no":"Trimer conductance 2.7 nS in 1 M KCl; on-rate order norfloxacin >> ertapenem > ceftazidime > cefepime > imipenem > meropenem > penicillin G; ertapenem dwell time fell with temperature.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21078354+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"ertapenem","id":"bio_small-0242"},{"a":1023,"y":2011,"au":"El-Gendy N, Pornputtapitak W, Berkland C","t":"Nanoparticle agglomerates of fluticasone propionate in combination with albuterol sulfate as dry powder aerosols","j":"European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","vp":"44:522-533","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2011.09.014","pmid":"21964203","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3, 100 um aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um","co":"agglomerates measured in Isoton diluent; lyophilized powders resuspended in isotonic solution","pu":"agglomerate size before and after lyophilization","no":"Albuterol sulfate agglomerates were also sized, but albuterol sulfate is water soluble, so only fluticasone is recorded.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4582680/","an":"Fluticasone propionate nanoparticle agglomerates (dry powder aerosol)","de":"fluticasone nanoparticle suspensions agglomerated, then lyophilized; combined with albuterol sulfate agglomerates","id":"gap_industry-0066"},{"a":1024,"y":2011,"au":"Zhou K, Li L, Tan Z, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC","t":"Characterization of hepatitis B virus capsids by resistive-pulse sensing.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"133(6):1618-1621","doi":"10.1021/ja108228x","pmid":"21265511","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3096690/","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"single conical track-etched PET nanopore, triethylene glycol modified","pk":"track-etched-pore","pm":"poly(ethylene terephthalate) membrane, 10 um thick","pd":"tip about 40 nm (36 to 55 nm by resistance; 38 to 41 nm from capsid data); base 590 +/- 140 nm","pl":"10 um (membrane thickness)","pg":"conical","fab":"heavy-ion track etching, two-step etch; covalent triethylene glycol surface modification to cut surface charge, adsorption and electroosmotic flow","co":"tip side: 50 mM HEPES, 1 M NaCl, pH 7.2; pore characterized in 10 mM potassium phosphate, 0.1 M KCl, pH 6.8","v":"0.2 to 1 V (about 7 V for one pore)","b":"T = 3 pulses smaller than T = 4; dI read from figures","dt":"transit time 6.3 +/- 0.5 ms (pore 2, exponential fit)","er":"pore 2 mixture: 212 counts, n3/n4 = 1.31","pu":"discrimination of T = 3 and T = 4 capsids; transport and entropic barrier","no":"First resistive-pulse measurement of virus capsids differing by one triangulation number. The T = 3 / T = 4 count ratio favored the smaller T = 3 capsid, and longer T = 4 transit times point to an entropic barrier at pore entry. Sample 0.5 nM reassembled capsids (about 10% T = 3, 90% T = 4).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3096690/","an":"hepatitis B virus capsid, T = 3 (Cp149)","de":"empty capsid self-assembled in vitro from Cp149 core protein dimers (E. coli expressed); 90 dimers","id":"viruses-0012"},{"a":1024,"y":2015,"au":"Harms ZD, Haywood DG, Kneller AR, Selzer L, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC","t":"Single-particle electrophoresis in nanochannels.","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"87(1):699-705","doi":"10.1021/ac503527d","pmid":"25489919","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4287839/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane nanochannel with two nanopores in series milled in glass","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"glass substrate (FIB milled), bonded cover","pd":"45 nm wide x 45 nm deep","pl":"400 nm; 300 nm wide, 100 nm deep, 2.5 um long channel between pores","fab":"focused ion beam milling (30 kV Ga beam) with electron flood gun charge compensation","co":"50 mM HEPES, 1 M NaCl, pH 7.5","v":"up to 600 mV (baseline up to 18 nA)","b":"dI 16.5 +/- 1.4 pA at 150 mV; 57.5 +/- 1.9 pA at 600 mV","dt":"pulse width 0.92 +/- 0.24 ms at 140 mV","sn":"pore-to-pore times 112 +/- 55 ms (T = 4) and 115 +/- 57 ms (T = 3) at 140 mV; both capsids reach the same electrophoretic mobility 7.4 x 1e-5 cm2/(V s) at high field","pu":"single-particle electrophoresis, sizing and assembly monitoring","no":"Capsid pulses scale with the protein shell volume, not the whole capsid volume (hollow wiffle-ball geometry).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4287839/fullTextXML","an":"hepatitis B virus capsid, T = 3 (Cp149)","de":"empty capsid self-assembled in vitro from Cp149 core protein dimers (E. coli expressed); 90 dimers","id":"viruses-0015"},{"a":1024,"y":2018,"au":"Zhou J, Kondylis P, Haywood DG, Harms ZD, Lee LS, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC","t":"Characterization of Virus Capsids and Their Assembly Intermediates by Multicycle Resistive-Pulse Sensing with Four Pores in Series.","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"90(12):7267-7274","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00452","pmid":"29708733","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6039186/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane nanochannel with four nanopores in series milled in glass","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"glass (FIB milled)","pd":"60 nm wide x 70 nm deep","pl":"290 nm; 320 nm wide, 130 nm deep, 500 nm long channels between pores","pg":"four rectangular pores in series","fab":"focused ion beam milling","co":"50 mM HEPES, 1 M NaCl, pH 7.5; about 1 nM capsids","v":"about 800 mV, polarity switched each cycle","sn":"virus ping-pong: each particle cycled back and forth, up to about 1000 measurements; 4 pulses per pass, about 1.5 ms between pores; size spread falls with the square root of the number of measurements","pu":"high-precision single-particle sizing, approaching single-dimer resolution","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC6039186.1/PMC6039186.1.txt","an":"hepatitis B virus capsid, T = 3 (Cp149)","de":"empty capsid self-assembled in vitro from Cp149 core protein dimers (E. coli expressed); 90 dimers","id":"viruses-0019"},{"a":1024,"y":2022,"au":"Zhang M, Harms ZD, Greibe T, Starr CA, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC","t":"In-Plane, In-Series Nanopores with Circular Cross Sections for Resistive-Pulse Sensing.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"16(5):7352-7360","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.1c08680","pmid":"35500295","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9626396/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane nanopores with circular cross sections bored through FIB-milled lamellae, 1 to 3 pores in series","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"glass (FIB milled), bonded cover plate","pd":"40 to 90 nm (circular)","pg":"cylindrical or conical pores through vertical or tilted lamellae","fab":"focused ion beam: lamella milled in a nanochannel, then a nanopore bored through it (30 keV Ga beam, 2 to 20 pA)","co":"1 M NaCl buffer (capsids dialyzed into 50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 1 M NaCl)","b":"dI/i = 1.9% (45 nm circular pore); 3.0% (40 nm pore)","pu":"improved resolution of T = 3 and T = 4 capsids","no":"Relative pulse amplitudes up to about 5 times those of rectangular in-plane pores (rectangular 45 x 45 nm: 0.39% and 0.56%).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC9626396.1/PMC9626396.1.txt","an":"hepatitis B virus capsid, T = 3","de":"empty capsid assembled in vitro from Cp149 dimers (90 dimers)","id":"viruses-0028"},{"a":1024,"y":2025,"au":"Call ED, Kappler MP, Biever MP, Young K, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC","t":"Effective Diameters of Virus-Like Particles Measured by Resistive-Pulse Sensing on In-Plane Nanopore Devices.","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"97(30):16168-16174","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.5c00739","pmid":"40690596","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12702479/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane nanofluidic device with two nanopores in series","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"glass (FIB milled), bonded cover plate","pd":"equivalent diameters 68 to 105 nm (non-cylindrical cross sections)","pg":"two pores in series","fab":"focused ion beam milling of in-plane nanochannels and nanopores","co":"50 mM MOPS pH 7.5, 1 M NaCl","pu":"calibration-free effective diameters of capsids","no":"Porous protein shells displace less electrolyte than solid spheres of the same size; the narrow distributions make the capsids candidate calibration standards for resistive-pulse sensing.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC12702479.1/PMC12702479.1.txt","an":"hepatitis B virus capsid, T = 3","de":"empty capsid assembled in vitro from Cp149 dimers (90 dimers)","id":"viruses-0032"},{"a":1025,"y":2011,"au":"Zhou K, Li L, Tan Z, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC","t":"Characterization of hepatitis B virus capsids by resistive-pulse sensing.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"133(6):1618-1621","doi":"10.1021/ja108228x","pmid":"21265511","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3096690/","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"single conical track-etched PET nanopore, triethylene glycol modified","pk":"track-etched-pore","pm":"poly(ethylene terephthalate) membrane, 10 um thick","pd":"tip about 40 nm (36 to 55 nm by resistance; 38 to 41 nm from capsid data); base 590 +/- 140 nm","pl":"10 um (membrane thickness)","pg":"conical","fab":"heavy-ion track etching, two-step etch; covalent triethylene glycol surface modification to cut surface charge, adsorption and electroosmotic flow","co":"tip side: 50 mM HEPES, 1 M NaCl, pH 7.2; pore characterized in 10 mM potassium phosphate, 0.1 M KCl, pH 6.8","v":"0.2 to 1 V (about 7 V for one pore)","b":"conductance change dG = dI/V of 560, 470 and 650 pS for T = 4 capsids on pores 1 to 3","dt":"transit time 30.8 +/- 0.4 ms (pore 2, exponential fit)","er":"pore 2 mixture: 212 counts, n3/n4 = 1.31","pu":"discrimination of T = 3 and T = 4 capsids; transport and entropic barrier","no":"First resistive-pulse measurement of virus capsids differing by one triangulation number. The T = 3 / T = 4 count ratio favored the smaller T = 3 capsid, and longer T = 4 transit times point to an entropic barrier at pore entry. Sample 0.5 nM reassembled capsids (about 10% T = 3, 90% T = 4).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3096690/","an":"hepatitis B virus capsid, T = 4 (Cp149)","de":"empty capsid self-assembled in vitro from Cp149 core protein dimers (E. coli expressed); 120 dimers","id":"viruses-0013"},{"a":1025,"y":2011,"au":"Harms ZD, Mogensen KB, Nunes PS, Zhou K, Hildenbrand BW, Mitra I, Tan Z, Zlotnick A, Kutter JP, Jacobson SC","t":"Nanofluidic devices with two pores in series for resistive-pulse sensing of single virus capsids.","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"83(24):9573-9578","doi":"10.1021/ac202358t","pmid":"22029283","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3237903/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane nanochannel with two nanopores in series (silicon wafer with thermal oxide)","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"thermally oxidized silicon, nanochannel bonded under a cover plate","pd":"50 nm wide x 50 nm deep","pl":"40 nm (each pore); pores 2.0 um apart in a 1 um wide nanochannel","pg":"two rectangular pores in series","fab":"electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching; depth set by two thermal oxidation steps","co":"50 mM HEPES, 1 M NaCl, pH 7.5; capsids at 2 or 4 x 1e7 per ml","v":"up to 6.5 V total (1.5 V example, baseline 1.9 nA)","b":"paired pulses with amplitudes within 2% between the two pores","dt":"average pulse width fell from 8.0 to 2.1 ms as the pore-to-pore voltage increased","sn":"each capsid gives two pulses; pore-to-pore transit time gives electrophoretic mobility 2.4 +/- 1.2 x 1e-5 cm2/(V s)","pu":"sizing and electrophoretic mobility of single capsids","no":"First in-plane two-pores-in-series device for virus capsids.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC3237903.1/PMC3237903.1.txt","an":"hepatitis B virus capsid, T = 4 (Cp149)","de":"empty capsid self-assembled in vitro from Cp149 core protein dimers (E. coli expressed); 120 dimers","id":"viruses-0014"},{"a":1025,"y":2015,"au":"Harms ZD, Haywood DG, Kneller AR, Selzer L, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC","t":"Single-particle electrophoresis in nanochannels.","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"87(1):699-705","doi":"10.1021/ac503527d","pmid":"25489919","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4287839/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane nanochannel with two nanopores in series milled in glass","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"glass substrate (FIB milled), bonded cover","pd":"45 nm wide x 45 nm deep","pl":"400 nm; 300 nm wide, 100 nm deep, 2.5 um long channel between pores","fab":"focused ion beam milling (30 kV Ga beam) with electron flood gun charge compensation","co":"50 mM HEPES, 1 M NaCl, pH 7.5","v":"up to 600 mV (baseline up to 18 nA)","b":"dI 22.9 +/- 0.95 pA at 150 mV; 84.2 +/- 2.3 pA at 600 mV","dt":"pulse width 1.2 +/- 0.4 ms at 140 mV","sn":"pore-to-pore times 112 +/- 55 ms (T = 4) and 115 +/- 57 ms (T = 3) at 140 mV; both capsids reach the same electrophoretic mobility 7.4 x 1e-5 cm2/(V s) at high field","pu":"single-particle electrophoresis, sizing and assembly monitoring","no":"Capsid pulses scale with the protein shell volume, not the whole capsid volume (hollow wiffle-ball geometry).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4287839/fullTextXML","an":"hepatitis B virus capsid, T = 4 (Cp149)","de":"empty capsid self-assembled in vitro from Cp149 core protein dimers (E. coli expressed); 120 dimers","id":"viruses-0016"},{"a":1025,"y":2018,"au":"Zhou J, Kondylis P, Haywood DG, Harms ZD, Lee LS, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC","t":"Characterization of Virus Capsids and Their Assembly Intermediates by Multicycle Resistive-Pulse Sensing with Four Pores in Series.","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"90(12):7267-7274","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00452","pmid":"29708733","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6039186/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane nanochannel with four nanopores in series milled in glass","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"glass (FIB milled)","pd":"60 nm wide x 70 nm deep","pl":"290 nm; 320 nm wide, 130 nm deep, 500 nm long channels between pores","pg":"four rectangular pores in series","fab":"focused ion beam milling","co":"50 mM HEPES, 1 M NaCl, pH 7.5; about 1 nM capsids","v":"about 800 mV, polarity switched each cycle","sn":"virus ping-pong: each particle cycled back and forth, up to about 1000 measurements; 4 pulses per pass, about 1.5 ms between pores; size spread falls with the square root of the number of measurements","pu":"high-precision single-particle sizing, approaching single-dimer resolution","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC6039186.1/PMC6039186.1.txt","an":"hepatitis B virus capsid, T = 4 (Cp149)","de":"empty capsid self-assembled in vitro from Cp149 core protein dimers (E. coli expressed); 120 dimers","id":"viruses-0020"},{"a":1025,"y":2022,"au":"Zhang M, Harms ZD, Greibe T, Starr CA, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC","t":"In-Plane, In-Series Nanopores with Circular Cross Sections for Resistive-Pulse Sensing.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"16(5):7352-7360","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.1c08680","pmid":"35500295","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9626396/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane nanopores with circular cross sections bored through FIB-milled lamellae, two or three pores in series","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"glass (FIB milled), bonded cover plate","pd":"40 to 90 nm (circular)","pg":"cylindrical or conical pores through vertical or tilted lamellae","fab":"focused ion beam: lamella milled in a nanochannel, then a nanopore bored through it (30 keV Ga beam, 2 to 20 pA)","co":"1 M NaCl buffer (capsids dialyzed into 50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 1 M NaCl)","b":"dI/i = 2.7% (45 nm circular pore); 6.7% (40 nm pore)","pu":"improved resolution of T = 3 and T = 4 capsids","no":"Relative pulse amplitudes up to about 5 times those of rectangular in-plane pores (rectangular 45 x 45 nm: 0.39% and 0.56%).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC9626396.1/PMC9626396.1.txt","an":"hepatitis B virus capsid, T = 4","de":"empty capsid assembled in vitro from Cp149 dimers (120 dimers)","id":"viruses-0029"},{"a":1025,"y":2025,"au":"Call ED, Kappler MP, Biever MP, Young K, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC","t":"Effective Diameters of Virus-Like Particles Measured by Resistive-Pulse Sensing on In-Plane Nanopore Devices.","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"97(30):16168-16174","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.5c00739","pmid":"40690596","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12702479/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane nanofluidic device with two nanopores in series","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"glass (FIB milled), bonded cover plate","pd":"equivalent diameters 68 to 105 nm (non-cylindrical cross sections)","pg":"two pores in series","fab":"focused ion beam milling of in-plane nanochannels and nanopores","co":"50 mM MOPS pH 7.5, 1 M NaCl","pu":"calibration-free effective diameters of capsids","no":"Porous protein shells displace less electrolyte than solid spheres of the same size; the narrow distributions make the capsids candidate calibration standards for resistive-pulse sensing.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC12702479.1/PMC12702479.1.txt","an":"hepatitis B virus capsid, T = 4","de":"empty capsid assembled in vitro from Cp149 dimers (120 dimers)","id":"viruses-0033"},{"a":1026,"y":2011,"au":"Wen S, Zeng T, Liu L, Zhao K, Zhao Y, Liu X, et al.","t":"Highly sensitive and selective DNA-based detection of mercury(II) with α-hemolysin nanopore.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"133:18312-18317","doi":"10.1021/ja206983z","pmid":"21995430","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","er":"detected in 30 min at ~7 nM or higher","pu":"metal ion detection with a DNA probe","no":"Hg2+ forms T-Hg-T pairs that fold the ssDNA probe into a hairpin, changing its translocation profile; no interference from other metal ions.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21995430+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Hg2+","id":"bio_small-0294"},{"a":1027,"y":2011,"au":"Wang HY, Ying YL, Li Y, Kraatz HB, Long YT","t":"Nanopore analysis of β-amyloid peptide aggregation transition induced by small molecules.","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"83:1746-1752","doi":"10.1021/ac1029874","pmid":"21309531","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","b":"monomer translocation events lower in amplitude than protofilaments","pu":"amyloid aggregation states","no":"Sequence is the standard human Abeta42, checked against UniProt P05067 residues 672-713 (rest.uniprot.org fetched); not quoted from the paper.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21309531+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"amyloid-beta 42 monomer","de":"from APP (UniProt P05067)","id":"bio_protein-0070"},{"a":1027,"y":2022,"au":"Liu X, Dong Z, Timp G","t":"Calling the amino acid sequence of a protein/peptide from the nanospectrum produced by a sub-nanometer diameter pore.","j":"Sci Rep","vp":"12:17853","doi":"10.1038/s41598-022-22305-x","pmid":"36284132","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9596471/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"sub-nanopore in amorphous silicon","pm":"amorphous silicon (a-Si) membrane 3.5-6 nm thick","pd":"sub-nanometer","pl":"3.5-6 nm","fab":"sputtered with a focused 300 kV electron beam in a STEM","v":"below 700 mV","sn":"bandwidth about 75-100 kHz, 500 kS/s","pu":"calling amino acid sequence from nanospectra","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9596471/fullTextXML","an":"amyloid beta 42 (Abeta1-42)","id":"ss_protein_small-0054"},{"a":1028,"y":2011,"au":"Wang HY, Ying YL, Li Y, Kraatz HB, Long YT","t":"Nanopore analysis of β-amyloid peptide aggregation transition induced by small molecules.","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"83:1746-1752","doi":"10.1021/ac1029874","pmid":"21309531","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","b":"larger amplitude than monomer","dt":"longer capture duration than monomer","pu":"amyloid aggregation states","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21309531+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"amyloid-beta 42 protofilaments","id":"bio_protein-0071"},{"a":1029,"y":2011,"au":"Suginta W, Mahendran KR, Chumjan W, Hajjar E, Schulte A, Winterhalter M, et al.","t":"Molecular analysis of antimicrobial agent translocation through the membrane porin BpsOmp38 from an ultraresistant Burkholderia pseudomallei strain.","j":"Biochim Biophys Acta","vp":"1808:1552-1559","doi":"10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.10.018","pmid":"21078354","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"BpsOmp38 (Burkholderia pseudomallei outer membrane porin)","pm":"B. pseudomallei BpsOmp38 trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pg":"trimeric beta-barrel porin","co":"1 M KCl","pu":"antimicrobial translocation kinetics","no":"Trimer conductance 2.7 nS in 1 M KCl; on-rate order norfloxacin >> ertapenem > ceftazidime > cefepime > imipenem > meropenem > penicillin G; ertapenem dwell time fell with temperature.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21078354+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"imipenem","id":"bio_small-0245"},{"a":1029,"y":2016,"au":"Bajaj H, Scorciapino MA, Moynié L, Page MG, Naismith JH, Ceccarelli M, et al.","t":"Molecular Basis of Filtering Carbapenems by Porins from β-Lactam-resistant Clinical Strains of Escherichia coli.","j":"J Biol Chem","vp":"291:2837-2847","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m115.690156","pmid":"26645688","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpC clinical variants OmpC20 and OmpC33 (E. coli, sequential isolates from one patient)","pm":"E. coli OmpC trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pg":"trimer of beta-barrel channels with a constriction zone","fab":"purified porin reconstituted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl (or 200 mM KCl), 20 mM MES, pH 6","sn":"blockage events analyzed for residence time (tau_c) and event frequency (nu) to give kon","pu":"carbapenem permeation through clinical porin mutants","no":"Permeability differs between OmpC20 and OmpC33 (D18E, S271F, R124H); the mutated porin traps the antibiotic in an unfavorable orientation (molecular dynamics).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4742748/","an":"imipenem","id":"bio_small-0438"},{"a":1029,"y":2017,"au":"Soundararajan G, Bhamidimarri SP, Winterhalter M","t":"Understanding Carbapenem Translocation through OccD3 (OpdP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.","j":"ACS Chem Biol","vp":"12:1656-1664","doi":"10.1021/acschembio.6b01150","pmid":"28440622","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OccD3 (OpdP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","pm":"P. aeruginosa OccD3 monomeric channel in planar lipid bilayer","pg":"substrate-specific OprD-family channel with a basic ladder","pu":"carbapenem translocation through a substrate-specific channel","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A28440622+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"imipenem","id":"bio_small-0254"},{"a":1030,"y":2011,"au":"Kowalczyk SW, Kapinos L, Blosser TR, Magalhaes T, van Nies P, Lim RY, et al.","t":"Single-molecule transport across an individual biomimetic nuclear pore complex.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"6:433-438","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2011.88","pmid":"21685911","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"biomimetic nuclear pore complex (FG-nucleoporin-coated SiNx nanopore)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"solid-state nanopore with covalently tethered Nup98 or Nup153","pd":"up to about 25 nm and larger","dt":"about 2.5 ms (both Nup98- and Nup153-coated pores)","sn":"sub-millisecond time resolution; non-specific proteins strongly inhibited","pu":"selective transport through a biomimetic nuclear pore","no":"Transport receptors pass; non-specific proteins (not named in abstract) are blocked.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:21685911%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"importin beta (Impbeta) transport receptor","id":"ss_protein_small-0019"},{"a":1031,"y":2011,"au":"Eyjolfsson A, Al-Rashidi F, Dencker M, Scicluna S, Brondén B, Koul B, et al.","t":"Comparison between transcranial Doppler and Coulter counter for detection of lipid micro embolization from mediastinal shed blood reinfusion during cardiac surgery","j":"Perfusion","vp":"26:519-523","doi":"10.1177/0267659111419033","pmid":"21844112","url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0267659111419033","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"embolic load during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery","no":"Coulter embolic load correlated with transcranial Doppler (r = 0.79) in 13 patients","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=21844112","an":"lipid micro-emboli in re-transfused mediastinal shed blood","id":"reviews_exotic-0137"},{"a":1032,"y":2011,"au":"Pastoriza-Gallego M, Rabah L, Gibrat G, Thiebot B, van der Goot FG, Auvray L, et al.","t":"Dynamics of unfolded protein transport through an aerolysin pore.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"133:2923-2931","doi":"10.1021/ja1073245","pmid":"21319816","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","dt":"longer than the monomer (measured at one voltage)","pu":"unfolded protein transport dynamics","no":"Abstract (Europe PMC) describes unfolded proteins of different stabilities through aerolysin; protein identity (MBP, 370 aa, -8e) and energy barrier U* = 4 kBT taken from Cressiot et al. 2015, which reports this work as done under conditions identical to its own (1 M KCl, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 1 M GdnHCl).","ev":"secondary","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4835817","an":"MBP dimer (double-sized protein)","id":"bio_protein-0045"},{"a":1033,"y":2011,"au":"Suginta W, Mahendran KR, Chumjan W, Hajjar E, Schulte A, Winterhalter M, et al.","t":"Molecular analysis of antimicrobial agent translocation through the membrane porin BpsOmp38 from an ultraresistant Burkholderia pseudomallei strain.","j":"Biochim Biophys Acta","vp":"1808:1552-1559","doi":"10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.10.018","pmid":"21078354","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"BpsOmp38 (Burkholderia pseudomallei outer membrane porin)","pm":"B. pseudomallei BpsOmp38 trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pg":"trimeric beta-barrel porin","co":"1 M KCl","pu":"antimicrobial translocation kinetics","no":"Trimer conductance 2.7 nS in 1 M KCl; on-rate order norfloxacin >> ertapenem > ceftazidime > cefepime > imipenem > meropenem > penicillin G; ertapenem dwell time fell with temperature.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21078354+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"meropenem","id":"bio_small-0246"},{"a":1033,"y":2012,"au":"Bajaj H, Tran QT, Mahendran KR, Nasrallah C, Colletier JP, Davin-Regli A, et al.","t":"Antibiotic uptake through membrane channels: role of Providencia stuartii OmpPst1 porin in carbapenem resistance.","j":"Biochemistry","vp":"51:10244-10249","doi":"10.1021/bi301398j","pmid":"23210483","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpPst1 (Providencia stuartii major porin)","pm":"P. stuartii OmpPst1 trimer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"well-resolved short ion current blockages","pu":"carbapenem permeation","no":"Imipenem only lowered the average conductance (no resolved events).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A23210483+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"meropenem","id":"bio_small-0248"},{"a":1033,"y":2016,"au":"Bajaj H, Scorciapino MA, Moynié L, Page MG, Naismith JH, Ceccarelli M, et al.","t":"Molecular Basis of Filtering Carbapenems by Porins from β-Lactam-resistant Clinical Strains of Escherichia coli.","j":"J Biol Chem","vp":"291:2837-2847","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m115.690156","pmid":"26645688","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpC clinical variants OmpC20 and OmpC33 (E. coli, sequential isolates from one patient)","pm":"E. coli OmpC trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pg":"trimer of beta-barrel channels with a constriction zone","fab":"purified porin reconstituted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl (or 200 mM KCl), 20 mM MES, pH 6","sn":"blockage events analyzed for residence time (tau_c) and event frequency (nu) to give kon","pu":"carbapenem permeation through clinical porin mutants","no":"Permeability differs between OmpC20 and OmpC33 (D18E, S271F, R124H); the mutated porin traps the antibiotic in an unfavorable orientation (molecular dynamics).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4742748/","an":"meropenem","id":"bio_small-0439"},{"a":1033,"y":2017,"au":"Soundararajan G, Bhamidimarri SP, Winterhalter M","t":"Understanding Carbapenem Translocation through OccD3 (OpdP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.","j":"ACS Chem Biol","vp":"12:1656-1664","doi":"10.1021/acschembio.6b01150","pmid":"28440622","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OccD3 (OpdP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","pm":"P. aeruginosa OccD3 monomeric channel in planar lipid bilayer","pg":"substrate-specific OprD-family channel with a basic ladder","pu":"carbapenem translocation through a substrate-specific channel","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A28440622+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"meropenem","id":"bio_small-0255"},{"a":1034,"y":2011,"au":"Holden DA, Hendrickson G, Lyon LA, White HS","t":"Resistive Pulse Analysis of Microgel Deformation During Nanopore Translocation","j":"Journal of Physical Chemistry C","vp":"115:2999-3004","doi":"10.1021/jp111244v","pmid":"27347278","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"single nanopore in glass","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass membrane","pd":"radius 375-915 nm","sn":"pores smaller than the microgel give signatures of deformation; rate, duration and peak shape depend on microgel and electrolyte conductivity","pu":"deformation during permeation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A27347278+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) microgels, 570 nm radius","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0048"},{"a":1035,"y":2011,"au":"Wang Y, Zheng D, Tan Q, Wang MX, Gu LQ","t":"Nanopore-based detection of circulating microRNAs in lung cancer patients.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"6:668-674","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2011.147","pmid":"21892163","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris pH 8.0; asymmetric 0.5 M/3 M or 0.2 M/3 M KCl (cis/trans) for low concentrations","v":"+100 to +180 mV","b":"no signature alone; signature multi-level block only when hybridized to probe P155","sn":"miR-155 crossing to trans confirmed by qRT-PCR (14-63 aM in trans for 0.5-10 nM cis)","pu":"detect microRNAs with poly(dC)30-tagged DNA probes, including in plasma RNA extracts","no":"first nanopore detection of a circulating microRNA in patient plasma","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3189330/","an":"miR-155 (synthetic and in plasma RNA extracts of lung cancer patients)","id":"bio_na_early-0352"},{"a":1035,"y":2016,"au":"Zahid OK, Wang F, Ruzicka JA, Taylor EW, Hall AR","t":"Sequence-Specific Recognition of MicroRNAs and Other Short Nucleic Acids with Solid-State Nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"16(3):2033-2039","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00001","pmid":"26824296","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","v":"300-500 mV","sn":"only the bait:miRNA heteroduplex bound to monovalent streptavidin gives resolvable events; bait alone gives few events","pu":"sequence-specific miRNA detection","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5367926/","an":"miR155 (23 nt synthetic ssRNA) hybridized to a biotinylated 23 nt DNA bait and bound to monovalent streptavidin","id":"ss_na-0137"},{"a":1036,"y":2011,"au":"Wang Y, Zheng D, Tan Q, Wang MX, Gu LQ","t":"Nanopore-based detection of circulating microRNAs in lung cancer patients.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"6:668-674","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2011.147","pmid":"21892163","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris pH 8.0; asymmetric 0.5 M/3 M or 0.2 M/3 M KCl (cis/trans) for low concentrations","v":"+100 to +180 mV","pu":"detect microRNAs with poly(dC)30-tagged DNA probes, including in plasma RNA extracts","no":"let-7a and let-7b differ by two nucleotides","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3189330/","an":"let-7a","id":"bio_na_early-0355"},{"a":1036,"y":2022,"au":"Dong M, Tang Z, Hicks S, Guan W","t":"Rolling Circle Amplification-Coupled Glass Nanopore Counting of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Salivary miRNAs.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"94(9):3865-3871","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04781","pmid":"35192325","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"large glass nanopore","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pd":"about 200 nm","sn":"each miRNA is elongated by RCA into a long product that the 200 nm pore counts","pu":"profiling salivary miRNAs for mild traumatic brain injury","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35192325+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"let-7a (counted as its rolling circle amplification product)","id":"ss_na-0210"},{"a":1037,"y":2011,"au":"Wang Y, Zheng D, Tan Q, Wang MX, Gu LQ","t":"Nanopore-based detection of circulating microRNAs in lung cancer patients.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"6:668-674","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2011.147","pmid":"21892163","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris pH 8.0; asymmetric 0.5 M/3 M or 0.2 M/3 M KCl (cis/trans) for low concentrations","v":"+100 to +180 mV","pu":"detect microRNAs with poly(dC)30-tagged DNA probes, including in plasma RNA extracts","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3189330/","an":"let-7b","id":"bio_na_early-0356"},{"a":1038,"y":2011,"au":"Lee B, Mann P, Grover V, Treuner-Lange A, Kahnt J, Higgs PI","t":"The Myxococcus xanthus spore cuticula protein C is a fragment of FibA, an extracellular metalloprotease produced exclusively in aggregated cells","j":"PloS one","vp":"6:e28968","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0028968","pmid":"22174937","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3 aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"20 um","pu":"enumeration of cells remaining in supernatants of developing cultures","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3236237/fullTextXML","an":"Myxococcus xanthus","de":"vegetative and developing cells","id":"microbes-0265"},{"a":1039,"y":2011,"au":"Radniecki TS, Gilroy CA, Semprini L","t":"Linking NE1545 gene expression with cell volume changes in Nitrosomonas europaea cells exposed to aromatic hydrocarbons","j":"Chemosphere","vp":"82:514-520","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.083","pmid":"21106218","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell volume change on exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21106218+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Nitrosomonas europaea","id":"microbes-0037"},{"a":1040,"y":2011,"au":"Suginta W, Mahendran KR, Chumjan W, Hajjar E, Schulte A, Winterhalter M, et al.","t":"Molecular analysis of antimicrobial agent translocation through the membrane porin BpsOmp38 from an ultraresistant Burkholderia pseudomallei strain.","j":"Biochim Biophys Acta","vp":"1808:1552-1559","doi":"10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.10.018","pmid":"21078354","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"BpsOmp38 (Burkholderia pseudomallei outer membrane porin)","pm":"B. pseudomallei BpsOmp38 trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pg":"trimeric beta-barrel porin","co":"1 M KCl","pu":"antimicrobial translocation kinetics","no":"Trimer conductance 2.7 nS in 1 M KCl; on-rate order norfloxacin >> ertapenem > ceftazidime > cefepime > imipenem > meropenem > penicillin G; ertapenem dwell time fell with temperature.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21078354+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"norfloxacin","id":"bio_small-0241"},{"a":1040,"y":2017,"au":"Bajaj H, Acosta Gutierrez S, Bodrenko I, Malloci G, Scorciapino MA, Winterhalter M, et al.","t":"Bacterial Outer Membrane Porins as Electrostatic Nanosieves: Exploring Transport Rules of Small Polar Molecules.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"11:5465-5473","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6b08613","pmid":"28485920","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpF (E. coli outer membrane porin F)","pk":"ompf","pu":"probing channel electrostatics with a dipolar molecule","no":"Association rate of norfloxacin depends exponentially on voltage; used to estimate the transversal electric field inside the channels.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A28485920+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"norfloxacin","id":"bio_small-0249"},{"a":1040,"y":2017,"au":"Bajaj H, Acosta Gutierrez S, Bodrenko I, Malloci G, Scorciapino MA, Winterhalter M, et al.","t":"Bacterial Outer Membrane Porins as Electrostatic Nanosieves: Exploring Transport Rules of Small Polar Molecules.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"11:5465-5473","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6b08613","pmid":"28485920","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpC (E. coli outer membrane porin C)","pu":"probing channel electrostatics with a dipolar molecule","no":"Association rate of norfloxacin depends exponentially on voltage; used to estimate the transversal electric field inside the channels.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A28485920+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"norfloxacin","id":"bio_small-0250"},{"a":1040,"y":2020,"au":"Wang J, Prajapati JD, Kleinekathöfer U, Winterhalter M","t":"Dynamic interaction of fluoroquinolones with magnesium ions monitored using bacterial outer membrane nanopores.","j":"Chem Sci","vp":"11:10344-10353","doi":"10.1039/d0sc03486j","pmid":"34094296","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"Omp35 (Enterobacter aerogenes porin)","pm":"E. aerogenes Omp35 trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"fluoroquinolone permeation and Mg2+ effects","no":"Norfloxacin permeates OmpF, OmpC and Omp35 but only binds the narrower Omp36; divalent ions modulate the interaction.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A34094296+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"norfloxacin","id":"bio_small-0251"},{"a":1040,"y":2020,"au":"Wang J, Prajapati JD, Kleinekathöfer U, Winterhalter M","t":"Dynamic interaction of fluoroquinolones with magnesium ions monitored using bacterial outer membrane nanopores.","j":"Chem Sci","vp":"11:10344-10353","doi":"10.1039/d0sc03486j","pmid":"34094296","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"Omp36 (Enterobacter aerogenes porin)","pm":"E. aerogenes Omp36 trimer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"fluoroquinolone permeation and Mg2+ effects","no":"Norfloxacin permeates OmpF, OmpC and Omp35 but only binds the narrower Omp36; 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Names follow from the abstract (glycine is achiral).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41117263+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"D-tyrosine","id":"bio_small-0209"},{"a":1119,"y":2012,"au":"Soskine M, Biesemans A, Moeyaert B, Cheley S, Bayley H, Maglia G","t":"An engineered ClyA nanopore detects folded target proteins by selective external association and pore entry.","j":"Nano letters","vp":"12:4895-4900","doi":"10.1021/nl3024438","pmid":"22849517","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-SS (Salmonella typhi ClyA, cysteine-free C87S/C285S, His-tagged) dodecamer","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"monomers oligomerized with 0.2% DDM, dodecamer purified by blue native PAGE, inserted into planar bilayer","co":"150 mM NaCl, 15 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5; protein added cis","v":"-35 mV (also -50 and -90 mV)","b":"IRES 71.6 +/- 1.3% (level 1); occasional deeper level IRES 15.1 +/- 2.3%","dt":"median 6.6 +/- 0.8 ms","pu":"folded protein detection and discrimination inside the pore lumen","no":"ClyA unitary conductance 1.8 +/- 0.1 nS at -35 mV; 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events as brief as 1 us","pu":"high-bandwidth nanopore recording","no":"Pore B (CM 25 pF) also gave dI = 840 pA for 50 bp DNA at 400 mV; pore A gave 882 pA for 400 bp DNA.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3648419/","an":"25 bp dsDNA fragments","id":"ss_na-0280"},{"a":1122,"y":2012,"au":"Jin Q, Fleming AM, Ding Y, Burrows CJ, White HS","t":"Unzipping kinetics of duplex DNA containing oxidized lesions in an alpha-hemolysin nanopore.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"134:11006-11011","doi":"10.1021/ja304169n","pmid":"22690806","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer suspended across a glass nanopore membrane (GNM)","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","v":"-120 mV and -140 mV (cis vs trans)","dt":"first-order unzipping","sn":"rate constants depend on entry direction (3' vs 5')","pu":"unzipping kinetics of duplexes with OG, Gh, Sp lesions; entry direction effects","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3404617/","an":"duplex G:C (65-mer KRAS codon 12 target in poly(dT) with G, 17-mer probe)","id":"bio_na_early-0272"},{"a":1123,"y":2012,"au":"Jin Q, Fleming AM, Ding Y, Burrows CJ, White HS","t":"Unzipping kinetics of duplex DNA containing oxidized lesions in an alpha-hemolysin nanopore.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"134:11006-11011","doi":"10.1021/ja304169n","pmid":"22690806","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer suspended across a glass nanopore membrane (GNM)","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","v":"-120 mV and -140 mV (cis vs trans)","dt":"two sequential first-order steps (destabilizing lesion); truncated 13-mer probes used to assign k1 and k2, e.g. 790 and 1000 s-1","sn":"rate constants depend on entry direction (3' vs 5')","pu":"unzipping kinetics of duplexes with OG, Gh, Sp lesions; entry direction effects","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3404617/","an":"duplex Gh:C (65-mer KRAS codon 12 target in poly(dT) with Gh, 17-mer probe)","id":"bio_na_early-0274"},{"a":1124,"y":2012,"au":"Jin Q, Fleming AM, Ding Y, Burrows CJ, White HS","t":"Unzipping kinetics of duplex DNA containing oxidized lesions in an alpha-hemolysin nanopore.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"134:11006-11011","doi":"10.1021/ja304169n","pmid":"22690806","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer suspended across a glass nanopore membrane (GNM)","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","v":"-120 mV and -140 mV (cis vs trans)","dt":"first-order unzipping","sn":"rate constants depend on entry direction (3' vs 5')","pu":"unzipping kinetics of duplexes with OG, Gh, Sp lesions; entry direction effects","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3404617/","an":"duplex OG:C (65-mer KRAS codon 12 target in poly(dT) with OG, 17-mer probe)","id":"bio_na_early-0273"},{"a":1125,"y":2012,"au":"Jin Q, Fleming AM, Ding Y, Burrows CJ, White HS","t":"Unzipping kinetics of duplex DNA containing oxidized lesions in an alpha-hemolysin nanopore.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"134:11006-11011","doi":"10.1021/ja304169n","pmid":"22690806","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer suspended across a glass nanopore membrane (GNM)","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","v":"-120 mV and -140 mV (cis vs trans)","dt":"two sequential first-order steps","sn":"rate constants depend on entry direction (3' vs 5')","pu":"unzipping kinetics of duplexes with OG, Gh, Sp lesions; entry direction effects","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3404617/","an":"duplex Sp:C (65-mer KRAS codon 12 target in poly(dT) with Sp, 17-mer probe)","id":"bio_na_early-0275"},{"a":1126,"y":2012,"au":"Rokitta SD, John U, Rost B","t":"Ocean acidification affects redox-balance and ion-homeostasis in the life-cycle stages of Emiliania huxleyi","j":"PloS one","vp":"7:e52212","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0052212","pmid":"23300616","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman-Coulter Multisizer III aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell densities of diploid and haploid life-cycle stages under ocean acidification","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3530605/fullTextXML","an":"Emiliania huxleyi diploid and haploid life-cycle stages","de":"calcified diploid and non-calcified haploid stages","id":"microbes-0234"},{"a":1126,"y":2013,"au":"Jones BM, Iglesias-Rodriguez MD, Skipp PJ, Edwards RJ, Greaves MJ, Young JR, et al.","t":"Responses of the Emiliania huxleyi proteome to ocean acidification","j":"PloS one","vp":"8:e61868","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0061868","pmid":"23593500","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Counter III aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"70 um","co":"aliquots diluted 1:10 with 3% NaCl","pu":"culture density under ocean acidification","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3625171/fullTextXML","an":"Emiliania huxleyi","id":"microbes-0204"},{"a":1126,"y":2014,"au":"Kendrick BJ, DiTullio GR, Cyronak TJ, Fulton JM, Van Mooy BA, Bidle KD","t":"Temperature-induced viral resistance in Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae)","j":"PloS one","vp":"9:e112134","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0112134","pmid":"25405345","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer III aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"culture density and cell biovolume with temperature-induced viral resistance","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4236053/fullTextXML","an":"Emiliania huxleyi","de":"strains challenged with EhV virus at different temperatures","id":"microbes-0152"},{"a":1126,"y":2017,"au":"Müller MN, Trull TW, Hallegraeff GM","t":"Independence of nutrient limitation and carbon dioxide impacts on the Southern Ocean coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi","j":"The ISME journal","vp":"11:1777-1787","doi":"10.1038/ismej.2017.53","pmid":"28430186","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer 4 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"separate volume classes for coccospheres, cells and coccoliths; particles 0.12 to 2.5 um3 (bacteria and detritus) about 1.8 x 10^6 per mL","pu":"cell number, coccosphere, cell and coccolith volume in chemostats","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5520040/fullTextXML","an":"Emiliania huxleyi (Southern Ocean strain)","de":"Southern Ocean isolate in chemostats under nutrient and CO2 treatments","id":"microbes-0129"},{"a":1126,"y":2022,"au":"Fan X, Batchelor-McAuley C, Yang M, Barton S, Rickaby REM, Bouman HA, et al.","t":"Quantifying the Extent of Calcification of a Coccolithophore Using a Coulter Counter","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"94:12664-12672","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01971","pmid":"36074349","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 4 orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"70 um","co":"calcite-saturated electrolyte at pH 8 (NaCl, NaHCO3, CaCl2, TRIS); acid (10 mM HCl or 1 mM acetic acid) to dissolve the calcite shell","v":"800 uA aperture current","b":"pulse height proportional to volume; shell dissolution reduces the pulse","sn":"static assessment compares pulse sizes before and after acid; dynamic assessment tracks dissolution kinetics over tens to hundreds of seconds to give absolute calcite mass per cell; Coulter diameters ran 20 to 30% below optical diameters","pu":"absolute calcite content per cell of coccolithophores","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9494302/fullTextXML","an":"Emiliania huxleyi RCC1216","de":"RCC1216, calcified cells and detached coccoliths","id":"microbes-0082"},{"a":1127,"y":2012,"au":"Momen-Heravi F, Balaj L, Alian S, Tigges J, Toxavidis V, Ericsson M, et al.","t":"Alternative methods for characterization of extracellular vesicles","j":"Frontiers in physiology","vp":"3:354","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2012.00354","pmid":"22973237","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore (Izon)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","er":"concentration reported 1.4e10 particles/ml","pu":"size and concentration","no":"earliest EV measurement by TRPS found in this survey; lower detection limit for ECVs about 100 nm","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3435888/fullTextXML","an":"human serum-derived extracellular vesicles (ECVs)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0072"},{"a":1128,"y":2012,"au":"Wei R, Gatterdam V, Wieneke R, Tampe R, Rant U","t":"Stochastic sensing of proteins with receptor-modified solid-state nanopores.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"7:257-263","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2012.24","pmid":"22406921","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"metallized SiNx nanopore with nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) receptors","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride coated with metal, NTA-Ni2+ receptors","sn":"reversible binding and unbinding of single proteins to receptors observed in real time","pu":"stochastic sensing of proteins with receptor-modified pores","no":"Specific proteins are not named in the abstract or in the reviews reached (PMC7215903, PMC8400292).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:22406921%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"His6-tagged proteins","id":"ss_protein_small-0278"},{"a":1129,"y":2012,"au":"Soskine M, Biesemans A, Moeyaert B, Cheley S, Bayley H, Maglia G","t":"An engineered ClyA nanopore detects folded target proteins by selective external association and pore entry.","j":"Nano letters","vp":"12:4895-4900","doi":"10.1021/nl3024438","pmid":"22849517","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-SS (Salmonella typhi ClyA, cysteine-free C87S/C285S, His-tagged) dodecamer","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"monomers oligomerized with 0.2% DDM, dodecamer purified by blue native PAGE, inserted into planar bilayer","co":"150 mM NaCl, 15 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5; protein added cis","v":"-35 mV (also -50 and -90 mV)","b":"level 1 IRES 56.0 +/- 0.7%; level 2 IRES 23.2 +/- 0.7% (22.4% at -90 mV)","dt":"blockades lasting minutes","sn":"human and bovine thrombin (86% identity) differ in main current level by 26 +/- 1 pA at -50 mV; capture enhanced 2.9-fold by thrombin-binding-aptamer decorated ClyA","pu":"folded protein detection and discrimination inside the pore lumen","no":"Capture frequency about 0.1 s-1 at 1 nM thrombin with TBA-ClyA.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3440510","an":"human thrombin","id":"bio_protein-0052"},{"a":1129,"y":2012,"au":"Rotem D, Jayasinghe L, Salichou M, Bayley H","t":"Protein detection by nanopores equipped with aptamers.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"134:2781-2787","doi":"10.1021/ja2105653","pmid":"22229655","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with a single cysteine-linked DNA adapter hybridized to aptamerT4 (15-mer thrombin-binding aptamer)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","fab":"one subunit with a disulfide-linked oligonucleotide near the cis mouth; aptamer attached by hybridization","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.2; thrombin cis","v":"+50 mV","b":"thrombin binding gives a new level with about 1% current increase (UB+T) relative to the aptamer-occupied pore (B1 43% block, B2 76% block)","sn":"events absent with denatured thrombin","pu":"protein detection by aptamer-equipped pore; binding kinetics","no":"Kd = 77 +/- 6 nM (aptamerT4) and 126 +/- 34 nM (aptamerT1) from single-molecule rate constants; quantification at nanomolar thrombin. Thrombin species not restated in text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3278221/fullTextXML","an":"thrombin","id":"bio_protein-0055"},{"a":1129,"y":2021,"au":"Reynaud L, Bouchet-Spinelli A, Janot JM, Buhot A, Balme S, Raillon C","t":"Discrimination of alpha-thrombin and gamma-thrombin using aptamer-functionalized nanopore sensing.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"93:7889-7897","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00461","pmid":"34038092","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"aptamer-functionalized solid-state nanopore","sn":"relative current blockade differs with aptamer functionalization; machine learning on seven features reached 98.8% accuracy","pu":"discriminating closely related proteins","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:34038092%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"alpha-thrombin","id":"ss_protein_small-0136"},{"a":1129,"y":2025,"au":"Kim M, Pham B","t":"Engineering Linker-Enhanced OmpG Nanopores for Rapid Single-Molecule Protease Detection.","j":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","vp":"25:6681","doi":"10.3390/s25216681","pmid":"41228903","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpG with thrombin recognition peptide and flexible charged linkers in loop 6","pk":"ompg","b":"rapid irreversible current drop on cleavage; engineered open state about 18 pA versus 25 pA wild type","pu":"real-time protease activity detection","no":"Thrombin species not stated in abstract.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41228903+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"thrombin (protease acting on the pore loop)","id":"bio_protein-0285"},{"a":1130,"y":2012,"au":"Barnard JG, Rhyner MN, Carpenter JF","t":"Critical evaluation and guidance for using the Coulter method for counting subvisible particles in protein solutions","j":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","vp":"101:140-153","doi":"10.1002/jps.22732","pmid":"22109687","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Multisizer 4 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting subvisible protein particles","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A22109687+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"degraded and nondegraded human serum albumin subvisible particles","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0063"},{"a":1131,"y":2012,"au":"Fennouri A, Przybylski C, Pastoriza-Gallego M, Bacri L, Auvray L, Daniel R","t":"Single molecule detection of glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides and depolymerization enzyme activity using a protein nanopore.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"6:9672-9678","doi":"10.1021/nn3031047","pmid":"23046010","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin","pk":"aerolysin","pu":"polysaccharide oligomer analysis and enzyme (hyaluronidase) activity","no":"First glycosaminoglycan translocation through a protein nanopore; translocation confirmed by mass spectrometry of the trans compartment; oligomers discriminated by dwell time and frequency.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A23046010+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides of various polymerization degrees","id":"bio_small-0386"},{"a":1131,"y":2018,"au":"Fennouri A, Ramiandrisoa J, Bacri L, Mathé J, Daniel R","t":"Comparative biosensing of glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid oligo- and polysaccharides using aerolysin and α-hemolysin nanopores&lt;sup&gt;⋆&lt;/sup&gt;.","j":"Eur Phys J E Soft Matter","vp":"41:127","doi":"10.1140/epje/i2018-11733-5","pmid":"30338424","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"comparative glycosaminoglycan sensing","no":"Short HA oligosaccharides detected in alpha-HL when entering from the vestibule side; behavior differs from aerolysin of similar size.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A30338424+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides","id":"bio_small-0429"},{"a":1132,"y":2012,"au":"Barnard JG, Rhyner MN, Carpenter JF","t":"Critical evaluation and guidance for using the Coulter method for counting subvisible particles in protein solutions","j":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","vp":"101:140-153","doi":"10.1002/jps.22732","pmid":"22109687","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Multisizer 4 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting subvisible protein particles","no":"Coulter counts higher than micro-flow imaging and light obscuration, likely from translucent particles","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A22109687+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"degraded and nondegraded intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) subvisible particles","de":"IVIG; human serum albumin also tested","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0062"},{"a":1133,"y":2012,"au":"Boersma AJ, Bayley H","t":"Continuous stochastic detection of amino acid enantiomers with a protein nanopore.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"51:9606-9609","doi":"10.1002/anie.201205687","pmid":"22930401","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with Cu(II)-phenanthroline adapter attached at C117","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptameric pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","b":"D-enantiomer gave a larger amplitude than L for Phe, Cys and Asp; the reverse for Tyr","pu":"continuous enantiomer detection","no":"Described in the Life 2021 review (PMC7824896): amino acids coordinate the pore-bound Cu2+ through amine and carboxylate; racemic mixtures of Y, F, C and D resolved. Single-molecule chirality discrimination.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7824896/fullTextXML","an":"L-aspartic acid","id":"bio_small-0035"},{"a":1133,"y":2023,"au":"Peng W, Yan S, Zhou K, Wu HC, Liu L, Zhao Y","t":"High-resolution discrimination of homologous and isomeric proteinogenic amino acids in nanopore sensors with ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2662","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38399-4","pmid":"37160961","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10169846/","pt":"journal","pc":9,"p":"ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) nanopore","pk":"carbon-nanotube-porin","pm":"SWCNT (5-10 nm long) inserted in a lipid bilayer","pd":"about 1.2 nm (1.1 to 1.5 nm)","pl":"about 5-10 nm","fab":"density gradient ultracentrifugation sorting of ultrashort SWCNTs, then insertion into lipid bilayers","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0","v":"80 mV (G = 0.83 nS)","sn":"100 kHz sampling, 5 kHz filter; ion mobility in SWCNT 3-5 times bulk","pu":"discrimination of homologous and isomeric amino acids","no":"Homologous pairs (Asp/Glu, Phe/Tyr) and isomers (Ile/Leu) were discriminated.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10169846/fullTextXML","an":"aspartic acid (Asp)","id":"ss_protein_small-0178"},{"a":1133,"y":2023,"au":"Wang F, Zhao C, Zhao P, Chen F, Qiao D, Feng J","t":"MoS2 nanopore identifies single amino acids with sub-1 Dalton resolution.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2895","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38627-x","pmid":"37210427","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10199900/","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"MoS2 nanopore","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer CVD MoS2 suspended over a 40-80 nm hole in a SiNx membrane","pd":"sub-nanometer to 1.6 nm (about 1.1 nm device 1; about 0.6 nm for isomer discrimination)","fab":"electrochemical etching (drilling) of MoS2 at 0.8-1 V","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.8; about 2 uM analyte","v":"+200 mV (-200 mV for Lys and Arg)","sn":"41 MoS2 devices; more than 70,000 events per device; sensing region no longer than one amino acid; classified with a neural network (SAAINet)","pu":"single amino acid identification for protein sequencing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10199900/fullTextXML","an":"aspartic acid (D)","id":"ss_protein_small-0170"},{"a":1133,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li X, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Unambiguous discrimination of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their modifications by nanopore.","j":"Nat Methods","vp":"21:92-101","doi":"10.1038/s41592-023-02021-8","pmid":"37749214","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid identification (toward protein sequencing)","no":"All 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 4 modified amino acids fully discriminated (accuracy 98.6%). Leucine and isoleucine (isomers) resolved.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37749214+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"L-aspartic acid","id":"bio_small-0101"},{"a":1134,"y":2012,"au":"Boersma AJ, Bayley H","t":"Continuous stochastic detection of amino acid enantiomers with a protein nanopore.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"51:9606-9609","doi":"10.1002/anie.201205687","pmid":"22930401","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with Cu(II)-phenanthroline adapter attached at C117","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptameric pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","b":"D-enantiomer gave a larger amplitude than L for Phe, Cys and Asp; the reverse for Tyr","pu":"continuous enantiomer detection","no":"Described in the Life 2021 review (PMC7824896): amino acids coordinate the pore-bound Cu2+ through amine and carboxylate; racemic mixtures of Y, F, C and D resolved. 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dimers discriminated by simulation; time-correlated split peaks","pu":"aggregation monitoring with and without magnetic field","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A22662090+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"1 um superparamagnetic beads and magnetic supraparticle structures","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0035"},{"a":1183,"y":2012,"au":"Willmott GR, Platt M, Lee GU","t":"Resistive pulse sensing of magnetic beads and supraparticle structures using tunable pores","j":"Biomicrofluidics","vp":"6:14103-1410315","doi":"10.1063/1.3673596","pmid":"22662090","url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3673596","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable pore (TP)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","sn":"event rate depends on magnetophoretic versus pressure-driven transport and on direction through the asymmetric pore","pu":"sizing beads with and without an applied magnetic field","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A22662090+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"1 um superparamagnetic beads","id":"reviews_exotic-0044"},{"a":1184,"y":2012,"au":"Krasniqi B, Lee JS","t":"The importance of adding EDTA for the nanopore analysis of proteins.","j":"Metallomics : integrated biometal science","vp":"4:539-544","doi":"10.1039/c2mt20050c","pmid":"22544081","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.8 (also Tris or HEPES, with or without EDTA and 0.01 mM divalent metal ions)","b":"bumping events above -40 pA; 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80 uM am7betaCD (or guanidino gu7betaCD) added trans","co":"1.2 M KCl, 10-25 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.0; 10 uM each nucleotide cis","v":"+120 mV","dt":"mean tau_off 9-20 ms (am7betaCD), 11-21 ms (gu7betaCD)","sn":"open pore 123.0 +/- 4.0 pA; am7betaCD-blocked level 59.0 +/- 2.0 pA; nucleotide binding gives further blockades from the CD level; overall IRES% dispersion 3.4 +/- 0.3% (am7betaCD)","pu":"identify ribonucleoside diphosphates released by PNPase (RNA exosequencing concept)","no":"rNMPs were also distinguished (Table S1)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3899427/","an":"rADP","id":"bio_na_early-0239"},{"a":1188,"y":2022,"au":"Wang Y, Fan P, Zhang S, Wang L, Li X, Jia W, et al.","t":"Discrimination of Ribonucleoside Mono-, Di-, and Triphosphates Using an Engineered Nanopore.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"16:21356-21365","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.2c09662","pmid":"36475606","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"ribonucleotide phosphorylation state discrimination","no":"Twelve ribonucleotides (mono-, di- and triphosphates of C, U, A, G) discriminated with 99.9% accuracy; ATP tablets and injections analyzed. Monophosphates recorded from the earlier Nat Nanotechnol 2022 paper.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A36475606+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"ADP","id":"bio_small-0172"},{"a":1189,"y":2013,"au":"Wang S, Haque F, Rychahou PG, Evers BM, Guo P","t":"Engineered nanopore of Phi29 DNA-packaging motor for real-time detection of single colon cancer specific antibody in serum.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"7:9814-9822","doi":"10.1021/nn404435v","pmid":"24152066","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"phi29 DNA-packaging motor connector (gp10 dodecamer) with C-terminal EpCAM peptide probe on a 6-Gly linker","pk":"phi29-connector","pm":"bacteriophage phi29 connector reconstituted in planar lipid membrane","pd":"3.6 nm central channel (narrow end 6.6 nm outer ring; 13.8 nm wide end)","fab":"connector reengineered with EpCAM peptide, reconstituted into liposomes then fused into planar bilayer","co":"KCl buffer with 1 mM HEPES pH 7.4","v":"+75 or -75 mV","b":"stepwise blocks of about 20 pA per bound antibody (transient and stepwise classes)","sn":"antibody does not translocate; docking/undocking kinetics gave Kd; discriminated from nonspecific antibody and serum background","pu":"antibody detection in serum","no":"Target antigen epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM, UniProt P16422) peptide engineered onto pore.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3915501","an":"anti-EpCAM antibody","id":"bio_protein-0108"},{"a":1190,"y":2013,"au":"Freedman KJ, Bastian AR, Chaiken I, Kim MJ","t":"Solid-state nanopore detection of protein complexes: applications in healthcare and protein kinetics.","j":"Small","vp":"9:750-759","doi":"10.1002/smll.201201423","pmid":"23074081","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore","sn":"electric field in the pore can unbind a translocating complex within the event duration; unbinding time strongly voltage dependent","pu":"detection of specific protein complexes in heterogeneous samples","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:23074081%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"anti-gp120 antibody (monomer and dimer)","id":"ss_protein_small-0027"},{"a":1191,"y":2013,"au":"Plesa C, Kowalczyk SW, Zinsmeester R, Grosberg AY, Rabin Y, Dekker C","t":"Fast translocation of proteins through solid state nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"13:658-663","doi":"10.1021/nl3042678","pmid":"23343345","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4151282/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"40 nm (protein size series); 5 to 40 nm (pore-size series)","co":"1 M NaCl, pH 7.5; 1 uM protein","v":"50 mV","sn":"Axopatch 200B; minimum detectable pulse about 25 us; noise floor 0.3-0.5 false events/s; most translocations judged too fast to detect","pu":"capture-rate anomaly versus Smoluchowski theory","no":"Aprotinin (6.5 kDa) and hCG (37 kDa) gave event rates within the noise floor, so they are not recorded as detected.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4151282","an":"beta-amylase","id":"ss_protein_small-0036"},{"a":1191,"y":2017,"au":"Restrepo-Perez L, John S, Aksimentiev A, Joo C, Dekker C","t":"SDS-assisted protein transport through solid-state nanopores.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"9:11685-11693","doi":"10.1039/c7nr02450a","pmid":"28776058","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5611827/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride","pd":"10 nm","co":"0.4 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA; proteins heated to 95 C with SDS and 1 mM DTT","v":"100 mV","b":"3.7 +/- 1.7 nS folded; 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Monophosphates recorded from the earlier Nat Nanotechnol 2022 paper.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A36475606+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"CDP","id":"bio_small-0168"},{"a":1195,"y":2013,"au":"Suginta W, Chumjan W, Mahendran KR, Janning P, Schulte A, Winterhalter M","t":"Molecular uptake of chitooligosaccharides through chitoporin from the marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi.","j":"PLoS One","vp":"8:e55126","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0055126","pmid":"23383078","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"chitoporin VhChiP (Vibrio harveyi)","pk":"chitoporin","pm":"V. harveyi chitoporin trimer in DPhPC planar lipid bilayer","pg":"trimeric sugar-specific porin","fab":"purified porin reconstituted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5; sugar on cis side","v":"+/-100 mV","b":"one sugar blocks one monomer of the trimer (open trimer ~180 pA at +100 mV)","pu":"sugar translocation through chitoporin","no":"GlcNAc and chitobiose gave no transient blockades; chitohexaose translocated fastest. 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Open pore 290.5 +/- 2.0 pA at +140 mV.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4830145","an":"thioredoxin V5-C109 with oligo(dC)30 attached at Cys-109","de":"E. coli thioredoxin V5 variant (catalytic C32S/C35S removed) with C-terminal Cys-109 (parent UniProt P0AA25)","id":"bio_protein-0080"},{"a":1268,"y":2013,"au":"Asandei A, Schiopu I, Iftemi S, Mereuta L, Luchian T","t":"Investigation of Cu2+ binding to human and rat amyloid fragments Aβ (1-16) with a protein nanopore.","j":"Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids","vp":"29:15634-15642","doi":"10.1021/la403915t","pmid":"24274576","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","b":"Cu2+-complexed peptide obstructs the pore more than the free peptide","sn":"unlike human Abeta(1-16), Cu2+ complexation speeds both association and dissociation","pu":"Cu2+ binding to amyloid fragments","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24274576+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"rat amyloid-beta fragment Abeta(1-16), free and Cu2+-bound","id":"bio_protein-0066"},{"a":1269,"y":2013,"au":"Cracknell JA, Japrung D, Bayley H","t":"Translocating kilobase RNA through the Staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin nanopore.","j":"Nano Letters","vp":"13:2500-2505","doi":"10.1021/nl400560r","pmid":"23678965","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer","fab":"heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","v":"+180 mV (+100 to +250 mV); 0-8 M urea","b":"long, almost complete blockades","dt":"11.2 ms/base at +100 mV to 1.6 ms/base at +250 mV","er":"capture 0.7 per s per 0.1 uM (91 nt) to 5.1 per s per 0.1 uM (6083 nt)","pu":"translocation of long ssRNA heteropolymers","no":"first kilobase RNA through alpha-HL; several distinct transcripts, sequences not read","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3712197/","an":"ssRNA heteropolymers of 91 to 6083 nt (in vitro transcripts, length series)","id":"bio_na_early-0250"},{"a":1270,"y":2013,"au":"Niedzwiecki DJ, Iyer R, Borer PN, Movileanu L","t":"Sampling a biomarker of the human immunodeficiency virus across a synthetic nanopore.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"7(4):3341-3350","doi":"10.1021/nn400125c","pmid":"23445080","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore (small, under 6 nm; and large)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"under 6 nm (small set) and larger","v":"+200 mV","sn":"500 nM SL3 gives single-channel blockade signature at +200 mV","pu":"measuring the NCp7-SL3 dissociation constant and screening inhibitors","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3634884/","an":"HIV-1 stem-loop 3 (SL3) RNA aptamer (GAG loop)","de":"SL3 from the packaging domain of the HIV-1 genome","id":"ss_na-0105"},{"a":1271,"y":2013,"au":"Geng J, Wang S, Fang H, Guo P","t":"Channel size conversion of Phi29 DNA-packaging nanomotor for discrimination of single- and double-stranded nucleic acids","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"7:3315-3323","doi":"10.1021/nn400020z","pmid":"23488809","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"phi29 connector with internal loop deleted (C-His/delta-loop, ~60% conductance)","pk":"phi29-connector","pm":"bacteriophage phi29 gp10 connector dodecamer reconstituted via liposomes into planar lipid bilayer","pd":"3.6 nm (narrow end) to 6 nm","fab":"connector (modified gp10) reconstituted into liposomes, fused with BLM","co":"1 M KCl, 5 mM HEPES pH 7.4","b":"39.3 +/- 3.1 pA (19.7 +/- 2.1% of the loop-deleted channel)","dt":"5-70 ms, average ~15 ms","sn":"bidirectional translocation; wild-type connector does not detect ssRNA","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3663147&rettype=xml","an":"synthetic 20-nt ssRNA","id":"bio_na_modern-0470"},{"a":1272,"y":2013,"au":"Farkas K, Pang L, Lin S, Williamson W, Easingwood R, Fredericks R, et al.","t":"A Gel Filtration-Based Method for the Purification of Infectious Rotavirus Particles for Environmental Research Applications.","j":"Food and environmental virology","doi":"10.1007/s12560-013-9122-4","pmid":"23934702","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable nanopore on a qNano instrument","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"counting rotavirus particles after size exclusion chromatography","no":"qNano counts (1.36e13 particles) ran well above the RT-PCR estimate (2.3e11), which the authors put down to empty capsids and cell debris, so the method counts everything of the right size, infectious or not.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:23934702&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rotavirus (infectious triple-layered particles from cell culture)","id":"viruses-0077"},{"a":1273,"y":2013,"au":"Freedman KJ, Haq SR, Edel JB, Jemth P, Kim MJ","t":"Single molecule unfolding and stretching of protein domains inside a solid-state nanopore by electric field.","j":"Sci Rep","vp":"3:1638","doi":"10.1038/srep01638","pmid":"23572157","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3622078/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"50 nm free-standing silicon nitride membrane","pd":"15 +/- 2 nm","pl":"50 nm","fab":"TEM drilling (JEOL 2010F field emission TEM)","co":"2 M KCl, 10 mM potassium phosphate pH 7; 10 nM protein","v":"200 to 800 mV","sn":"events at 200, 400, 600, 800 mV (n = 202 to 1474)","pu":"voltage-driven unfolding of a protein domain","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3622078/fullTextXML","an":"SAP97 PDZ2 domain, I342W/C378A (called wild type)","de":"pseudo wild type","id":"ss_protein_small-0032"},{"a":1274,"y":2013,"au":"Freedman KJ, Haq SR, Edel JB, Jemth P, Kim MJ","t":"Single molecule unfolding and stretching of protein domains inside a solid-state nanopore by electric field.","j":"Sci Rep","vp":"3:1638","doi":"10.1038/srep01638","pmid":"23572157","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3622078/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"50 nm free-standing silicon nitride membrane","pd":"15 +/- 2 nm","pl":"50 nm","fab":"TEM drilling (JEOL 2010F field emission TEM)","co":"2 M KCl, 10 mM potassium phosphate pH 7; 0 or 8 M urea; 10 nM protein","v":"200 to 800 mV","pu":"voltage-driven unfolding of a protein domain","no":"Voltage-mediated unfolding depended on mutant stability.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3622078/fullTextXML","an":"SAP97 PDZ2 L322A (with I342W/C378A)","de":"destabilized mutant","id":"ss_protein_small-0034"},{"a":1275,"y":2013,"au":"Freedman KJ, Haq SR, Edel JB, Jemth P, Kim MJ","t":"Single molecule unfolding and stretching of protein domains inside a solid-state nanopore by electric field.","j":"Sci Rep","vp":"3:1638","doi":"10.1038/srep01638","pmid":"23572157","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3622078/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"50 nm free-standing silicon nitride membrane","pd":"15 +/- 2 nm","pl":"50 nm","fab":"TEM drilling (JEOL 2010F field emission TEM)","co":"2 M KCl, 10 mM potassium phosphate pH 7; 0 or 8 M urea; 10 nM protein","v":"200 to 800 mV","b":"200 mV: 915 +/- 10 pA (0 M urea), 965 +/- 40 pA (8 M urea); 300 mV: 928 +/- 17 and 966 +/- 46 pA","pu":"voltage-driven unfolding of a protein domain","no":"Current drop did not scale with voltage, consistent with field-induced unfolding.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3622078/fullTextXML","an":"SAP97 PDZ2 V388A (with I342W/C378A)","de":"destabilized mutant","id":"ss_protein_small-0033"},{"a":1276,"y":2013,"au":"Madampage CA, Marciniuk K, Määttänen P, Cashman NR, Potter A, Lee JS, et al.","t":"Nanopore analysis reveals differences in structural stability of ovine PrP(C) proteins corresponding to scrapie susceptible (VRQ) and resistance (ARR) genotypes.","j":"Prion","vp":"7:511-519","doi":"10.4161/pri.27502","pmid":"24401607","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"bumping-dominated under native conditions; fewer type II (intercalation/translocation) events than VRQ after 2 M Gdn-HCl; YML antibody reduced type II events","pu":"structural stability of prion protein genotypes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24401607+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"ovine PrP(C), scrapie-resistant ARR genotype","id":"bio_protein-0059"},{"a":1277,"y":2013,"au":"Madampage CA, Marciniuk K, Määttänen P, Cashman NR, Potter A, Lee JS, et al.","t":"Nanopore analysis reveals differences in structural stability of ovine PrP(C) proteins corresponding to scrapie susceptible (VRQ) and resistance (ARR) genotypes.","j":"Prion","vp":"7:511-519","doi":"10.4161/pri.27502","pmid":"24401607","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","b":"type II events above 90 pA blockade bound antibody YML","sn":"more type II events than ARR after 2 M Gdn-HCl (more flexible unfolding); SN6b antibody reduced type II events","pu":"structural stability of prion protein genotypes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24401607+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"ovine PrP(C), scrapie-susceptible VRQ genotype","id":"bio_protein-0060"},{"a":1278,"y":2013,"au":"Sha J, Hasan T, Milana S, Bertulli C, Bell NA, Privitera G, et al.","t":"Nanotubes complexed with DNA and proteins for resistive-pulse sensing","j":"ACS nano","vp":"7:8857-8869","doi":"10.1021/nn403323k","pmid":"24066614","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/nn403323k","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"glass capillary nanopore","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass capillary","pu":"sizing and surface properties of rod-shaped hybrids","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24066614+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"single-wall carbon nanotubes wrapped in protein","de":"SWNT-protein molecular hybrids; the protein is not named in the abstract","id":"reviews_exotic-0003"},{"a":1279,"y":2013,"au":"Geng J, Wang S, Fang H, Guo P","t":"Channel size conversion of Phi29 DNA-packaging nanomotor for discrimination of single- and double-stranded nucleic acids","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"7:3315-3323","doi":"10.1021/nn400020z","pmid":"23488809","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"phi29 connector with internal loop deleted (C-His/delta-loop, ~60% conductance)","pk":"phi29-connector","pm":"bacteriophage phi29 gp10 connector dodecamer reconstituted via liposomes into planar lipid bilayer","pd":"3.6 nm (narrow end) to 6 nm","fab":"connector (modified gp10) reconstituted into liposomes, fused with BLM","co":"1 M KCl, 5 mM HEPES pH 7.4","b":"39.6 +/- 3.6 pA (17.8 +/- 1.6%)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3663147&rettype=xml","an":"ssDNA","id":"bio_na_modern-0471"},{"a":1280,"y":2013,"au":"Liu L, Yang C, Zhao K, Li J, Wu HC","t":"Ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes in a lipid bilayer as a new nanopore sensor","j":"Nature communications","vp":"4:2989","doi":"10.1038/ncomms3989","pmid":"24352224","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3989","pt":"journal","pc":9,"p":"ultrashort SWCNT nanopore in lipid bilayer","pk":"carbon-nanotube-porin","pm":"SWCNT (cut, length-sorted) inserted in DPhPC bilayer","pd":"0.8-2.0 nm","pl":"5-10 nm","fab":"long SWCNTs cut by sonication in H2SO4/HNO3 3:1, dispersed with (GT)29, HPLC length separation, inserted into bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris pH 8.0","v":"+30 mV (10-40 mV drives DNA)","er":"about 2,300 events per hour","sn":"current blockades, unlike the current increases seen in 2 um tubes; pore conductance groups 0.1-2, 3-24 nS and larger","pu":"DNA translocation through a CNT pore","no":"translocation confirmed by PCR","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3905707/fullTextXML","an":"120-nucleotide ssDNA oligomer (DNA1)","id":"reviews_exotic-0006"},{"a":1281,"y":2013,"au":"An N, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ","t":"Interactions of the human telomere sequence with the nanocavity of the alpha-hemolysin ion channel reveal structure-dependent electrical signatures for hybrid folds.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"135:8562-8570","doi":"10.1021/ja400973m","pmid":"23682802","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer suspended across a glass nanopore membrane (GNM)","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","co":"KCl electrolyte (K+-induced folds)","v":"-120 mV (cis vs trans)","b":"type 1 events (71%) with intermediate level IM/Io 36 +/- 3% (type 1a) and 45 +/- 4% (type 1b), ratio 2.6:1; type 2 (~8%) at ~34% without deep block","dt":"captures last ~300 ms without fold change","pu":"resolve hybrid-1, hybrid-2 and triplex folds of the human telomere G-quadruplex","no":"hybrid-1 and hybrid-2 resolved at single-molecule level; hybrid-1 dominates","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3709467/","an":"natural human telomere sequence N (K+-induced hybrid folds)","id":"bio_na_early-0285"},{"a":1281,"y":2014,"au":"Wolna AH, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ","t":"Single-molecule analysis of thymine dimer-containing G-quadruplexes formed from the human telomere sequence.","j":"Biochemistry","vp":"53:7484-7493","doi":"10.1021/bi501072m","pmid":"25407781","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","co":"KCl or NaCl electrolyte (hybrid folds in K+, basket in Na+)","pu":"effect of a UV thymine dimer on telomere G-quadruplex folds","no":"same sequence as N in An et al. 2013; here compared in K+ and Na+","ev":"full_text","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4263424","an":"native 25-mer human telomere sequence (K+ hybrid / Na+ basket)","id":"bio_na_early-0314"},{"a":1281,"y":2014,"au":"An N, Fleming AM, Middleton EG, Burrows CJ","t":"Single-molecule investigation of G-quadruplex folds of the human telomere sequence in a protein nanocavity.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"111:14325-14331","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1415944111","pmid":"25225404","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer across a glass nanopore membrane","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","co":"e.g. 50 mM KCl + 950 mM LiCl, 25 mM Tris pH 7.9 for hybrid folds; NaCl for basket; crowding/other conditions for propeller","sn":"hybrid and basket folds enter the cis nanocavity, propeller does not; tailless hybrid exits the way it entered while basket can unravel","pu":"hybrid, basket and propeller telomere G-quadruplex folds in the nanocavity","no":"topology-specific signatures (basket fold gives tail-first and fold-first event types)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4209999/","an":"minimal human telomere G-quadruplex without tail in three topologies","id":"bio_na_early-0514"},{"a":1282,"y":2013,"au":"An N, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ","t":"Interactions of the human telomere sequence with the nanocavity of the alpha-hemolysin ion channel reveal structure-dependent electrical signatures for hybrid folds.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"135:8562-8570","doi":"10.1021/ja400973m","pmid":"23682802","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer suspended across a glass nanopore membrane (GNM)","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","co":"KCl electrolyte (K+-induced folds)","v":"-120 mV (cis vs trans)","b":"single IM population (~44%)","pu":"resolve hybrid-1, hybrid-2 and triplex folds of the human telomere G-quadruplex","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3709467/","an":"H2 model: telomere sequence with two 8-Br-dG that lock the hybrid-2 fold","id":"bio_na_early-0287"},{"a":1283,"y":2013,"au":"An N, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ","t":"Interactions of the human telomere sequence with the nanocavity of the alpha-hemolysin ion channel reveal structure-dependent electrical signatures for hybrid folds.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"135:8562-8570","doi":"10.1021/ja400973m","pmid":"23682802","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer suspended across a glass nanopore membrane (GNM)","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","co":"KCl electrolyte (K+-induced folds)","v":"-120 mV (cis vs trans)","b":"single IM population (~37%)","pu":"resolve hybrid-1, hybrid-2 and triplex folds of the human telomere G-quadruplex","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3709467/","an":"H1 model: telomere sequence with two 8-Br-dG that lock the hybrid-1 fold","id":"bio_na_early-0286"},{"a":1284,"y":2013,"au":"An N, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ","t":"Interactions of the human telomere sequence with the nanocavity of the alpha-hemolysin ion channel reveal structure-dependent electrical signatures for hybrid folds.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"135:8562-8570","doi":"10.1021/ja400973m","pmid":"23682802","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer suspended across a glass nanopore membrane (GNM)","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","co":"KCl electrolyte (K+-induced folds)","v":"-120 mV (cis vs trans)","pu":"resolve hybrid-1, hybrid-2 and triplex folds of the human telomere G-quadruplex","no":"used to assign triplex folding intermediates","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3709467/","an":"triplex-forming model 5'-TATTT(TTAGGG)3TT-3'","id":"bio_na_early-0288"},{"a":1285,"y":2013,"au":"Schreiber J, Wescoe ZL, Abu-Shumays R, Vivian JT, Baatar B, Karplus K, Akeson M","t":"Error rates for nanopore discrimination among cytosine, methylcytosine, and hydroxymethylcytosine along individual DNA strands","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"110:18910-18915","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1310615110","pmid":"24167260","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; phi29 DNAP (2.25 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~115 pA; identification from three consecutive ionic current states","er":"~3,300 events for 48 constructs (3,344 in Table 1), 124 to 639 per context","sn":"single-pass error 1.7% to 12.2% depending on the bases flanking the CpG","pu":"calling C, 5mC, 5hmC at CpG with error rates","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3839712/","an":"82-nt CAT-repeat DNA templates with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at the CpG of 16 XCGY contexts","de":"16 templates (ACGA to TCGT contexts), abasic marker identifies the variant; template sequences in SI Fig. S1 (not fetched)","id":"bio_na_modern-0076"},{"a":1286,"y":2013,"au":"Schreiber J, Wescoe ZL, Abu-Shumays R, Vivian JT, Baatar B, Karplus K, Akeson M","t":"Error rates for nanopore discrimination among cytosine, methylcytosine, and hydroxymethylcytosine along individual DNA strands","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"110:18910-18915","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1310615110","pmid":"24167260","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; phi29 DNAP (2.25 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~115 pA; identification from three consecutive ionic current states","er":"~3,300 events for 48 constructs (3,344 in Table 1), 124 to 639 per context","sn":"single-pass error 1.7% to 12.2% depending on the bases flanking the CpG","pu":"calling C, 5mC, 5hmC at CpG with error rates","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3839712/","an":"82-nt CAT-repeat DNA templates with 5-methylcytosine at the CpG of 16 XCGY contexts","de":"16 templates (ACGA to TCGT contexts), A marker identifies the variant; template sequences in SI Fig. S1 (not fetched)","id":"bio_na_modern-0075"},{"a":1287,"y":2013,"au":"Schreiber J, Wescoe ZL, Abu-Shumays R, Vivian JT, Baatar B, Karplus K, Akeson M","t":"Error rates for nanopore discrimination among cytosine, methylcytosine, and hydroxymethylcytosine along individual DNA strands","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"110:18910-18915","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1310615110","pmid":"24167260","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; phi29 DNAP (2.25 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~115 pA; identification from three consecutive ionic current states","er":"~3,300 events for 48 constructs (3,344 in Table 1), 124 to 639 per context","sn":"single-pass error 1.7% to 12.2% depending on the bases flanking the CpG","pu":"calling C, 5mC, 5hmC at CpG with error rates","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3839712/","an":"82-nt CAT-repeat DNA templates with cytosine at the CpG of 16 XCGY contexts","de":"16 templates (ACGA to TCGT contexts), GG marker 10 nt 5' of the target identifies the variant; template sequences in SI Fig. S1 (not fetched)","id":"bio_na_modern-0074"},{"a":1288,"y":2013,"au":"Liu L, Yang C, Zhao K, Li J, Wu HC","t":"Ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes in a lipid bilayer as a new nanopore sensor.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"4:2989","doi":"10.1038/ncomms3989","pmid":"24352224","pt":"journal","pc":9,"p":"ultrashort SWCNT inserted into a DPhPC bilayer","pk":"carbon-nanotube-porin","pl":"5-10 nm (tube length)","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris pH 8.0","sn":"characteristic current signature for Bzim-modified 5hmC DNA","pu":"selective detection of 5hmC","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3905707/","an":"ssDNA with one 5hmC converted to benzimidazole (5C-Bzim), DNA2","de":"5hmC oxidized to 5fC then condensed with 1,2-phenylenediamine","id":"ss_na-0183"},{"a":1289,"y":2013,"au":"Liu L, Yang C, Zhao K, Li J, Wu HC","t":"Ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes in a lipid bilayer as a new nanopore sensor.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"4:2989","doi":"10.1038/ncomms3989","pmid":"24352224","pt":"journal","pc":9,"p":"ultrashort SWCNT inserted into a DPhPC bilayer","pk":"carbon-nanotube-porin","pl":"5-10 nm (tube length)","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris pH 8.0","sn":"new type of current signature for the double-site strand","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3905707/","an":"ssDNA with two 5hmC-Bzim sites, DNA5","id":"ss_na-0184"},{"a":1290,"y":2013,"au":"Larkin J, Henley R, Bell DC, Cohen-Karni T, Rosenstein JK, Wanunu M","t":"Slow DNA transport through nanopores in hafnium oxide membranes.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"7(11):10121-10128","doi":"10.1021/nn404326f","pmid":"24083444","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"HfO2 nanopore","pk":"al2o3-hfo2-nanopore","pm":"freestanding HfO2 membrane 2-7 nm thick","pl":"2-7 nm","fab":"ALD HfO2 membrane, TEM-drilled pore","co":"1 M KCl buffer, pH 8.0","v":"+150 mV","sn":"50,000 translocations without detectable pore growth; slower than comparable SiN pores","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4729694/","an":"89-mer ssDNA","id":"ss_na-0102"},{"a":1291,"y":2013,"au":"Venta K, Shemer G, Puster M, Rodriguez-Manzo JA, Balan A, Rosenstein JK, et al.","t":"Differentiation of short, single-stranded DNA homopolymers in solid-state nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"7(5):4629-4636","doi":"10.1021/nn4014388","pmid":"23621759","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"sub-2 nm SiNx nanopore in thinned membrane","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"SiNx membrane 5-8 nm thick","pd":"0.8-2 nm","pl":"5-8 nm","fab":"TEM drilling in thinned SiNx","co":"1 M KCl","v":"1000 mV","sn":"current blockade distinguishable from poly(dC)30 and poly(dT)30","pu":"differentiating homopolymers","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3724363/","an":"poly(dA)30","id":"ss_na-0096"},{"a":1291,"y":2015,"au":"Feng J, Liu K, Bulushev RD, Khlybov S, Dumcenco D, Kis A, et al.","t":"Identification of single nucleotides in MoS2 nanopores.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"10(12):1070-1076","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2015.219","pmid":"26389660","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"single-layer MoS2 nanopore (TEM-drilled)","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer MoS2 suspended over a 100 nm opening in SiNx","pd":"2.8 nm","pl":"about 0.7 nm (monolayer MoS2)","fab":"TEM drilling of suspended monolayer MoS2","co":"viscosity gradient: cis room-temperature ionic liquid BmimPF6, trans 2 M KCl","v":"200 mV","sn":"four homopolymers give four peaks in the current-drop histogram; 10-50 times slower than Venta 2013","pu":"slowing translocation with an ionic-liquid viscosity gradient to identify nucleotides","ev":"full_text","src":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1505.01608","an":"poly(dA)30","id":"ss_na-0108"},{"a":1291,"y":2021,"au":"Sen P, Hoi H, Gupta M","t":"Low Noise Hybrid Nanopore with Engineered OmpG and Bilayer MoS2.","j":"ACS Appl Bio Mater","vp":"4(7):5416-5424","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.1c00095","pmid":"35006727","pt":"journal","pc":10,"p":"engineered OmpG inserted into a bilayer MoS2 nanopore","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"eOmpG porin in a 3.4 nm bilayer MoS2 pore","pd":"MoS2 pore 3.4 nm","fab":"single eOmpG electrophoretically pulled into the MoS2 pore at +80 mV","sn":"hybrid pore: 32% lower noise, 1.9x SNR and 6.5x longer dwell than bare bilayer MoS2","no":"Included for the protein-in-2D-material hybrid pore.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35006727+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"dA30 single-stranded DNA","id":"ss_na-0192"},{"a":1292,"y":2013,"au":"Venta K, Shemer G, Puster M, Rodriguez-Manzo JA, Balan A, Rosenstein JK, et al.","t":"Differentiation of short, single-stranded DNA homopolymers in solid-state nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"7(5):4629-4636","doi":"10.1021/nn4014388","pmid":"23621759","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"sub-2 nm SiNx nanopore in thinned membrane","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"SiNx membrane 5-8 nm thick","pd":"0.8-2 nm","pl":"5-8 nm","fab":"TEM drilling in thinned SiNx","co":"1 M KCl","v":"1000 mV","sn":"current blockade distinguishable from poly(dA)30 and poly(dT)30","pu":"differentiating homopolymers","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3724363/","an":"poly(dC)30","id":"ss_na-0097"},{"a":1292,"y":2015,"au":"Feng J, Liu K, Bulushev RD, Khlybov S, Dumcenco D, Kis A, et al.","t":"Identification of single nucleotides in MoS2 nanopores.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"10(12):1070-1076","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2015.219","pmid":"26389660","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"single-layer MoS2 nanopore (TEM-drilled)","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer MoS2 suspended over a 100 nm opening in SiNx","pd":"2.8 nm","pl":"about 0.7 nm (monolayer MoS2)","fab":"TEM drilling of suspended monolayer MoS2","co":"viscosity gradient: cis room-temperature ionic liquid BmimPF6, trans 2 M KCl","v":"200 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strands","no":"lesion at position w14 (middle of the beta barrel) in a poly(dC) 40-mer or a biological sequence context","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3773884/","an":"poly(dC) 40-mer with thymine glycol at w14, 3'-biotin","id":"bio_na_early-0299"},{"a":1297,"y":2013,"au":"Venta K, Shemer G, Puster M, Rodriguez-Manzo JA, Balan A, Rosenstein JK, et al.","t":"Differentiation of short, single-stranded DNA homopolymers in solid-state nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"7(5):4629-4636","doi":"10.1021/nn4014388","pmid":"23621759","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"sub-2 nm SiNx nanopore in thinned membrane","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"SiNx membrane 5-8 nm thick","pd":"0.8-2 nm","pl":"5-8 nm","fab":"TEM drilling in thinned SiNx","co":"1 M KCl","v":"1000 mV","sn":"current blockade distinguishable from poly(dA)30 and poly(dC)30","pu":"differentiating homopolymers","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3724363/","an":"poly(dT)30","id":"ss_na-0098"},{"a":1297,"y":2015,"au":"Feng J, Liu K, Bulushev RD, Khlybov S, Dumcenco D, Kis A, et al.","t":"Identification of single nucleotides in MoS2 nanopores.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"10(12):1070-1076","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2015.219","pmid":"26389660","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"single-layer MoS2 nanopore (TEM-drilled)","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer MoS2 suspended over a 100 nm opening in SiNx","pd":"2.8 nm","pl":"about 0.7 nm (monolayer MoS2)","fab":"TEM drilling of suspended monolayer MoS2","co":"viscosity gradient: cis room-temperature ionic liquid BmimPF6, trans 2 M KCl","v":"200 mV","pu":"slowing translocation with an ionic-liquid viscosity gradient to identify nucleotides","ev":"full_text","src":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1505.01608","an":"poly(dT)30","id":"ss_na-0109"},{"a":1298,"y":2013,"au":"Cabello-Aguilar S, Balme S, Chaaya AA, Bechelany M, Balanzat E, Janot JM, et al.","t":"Slow translocation of polynucleotides and their discrimination by alpha-hemolysin inside a single track-etched nanopore designed by atomic layer deposition.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"5:9582-9586","doi":"10.1039/c3nr03683a","pmid":"24057036","pt":"journal","pc":10,"p":"alpha-hemolysin inserted at the entrance of a single track-etched nanopore narrowed by atomic layer deposition","pk":"track-etched-pore","pm":"non-modified alpha-HL in a high-aspect-ratio biomimetic track-etched pore","pu":"hybrid pore discriminates polynucleotides with longer dwell times","no":"abstract only; polymers not named in abstract","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/24057036","an":"polynucleotides (homopolymers) translocated through the hybrid pore","id":"bio_na_early-0510"},{"a":1299,"y":2013,"au":"Laszlo AH, Derrington IM, Brinkerhoff H, Langford KW, Nova IC, Samson JM, Bartlett JJ, Pavlenok M, Gundlach JH","t":"Detection and mapping of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine with nanopore MspA","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"110:18904-18909","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1310240110","pmid":"24167255","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA (engineered mutant; not named in the text, refs 32-33)","pk":"mspa","pm":"MspA octamer in unsupported phospholipid bilayer","fab":"single MspA pore in bilayer; phi29 DNAP (~500 nM) draws ssDNA through in single-nucleotide steps","co":"300 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 8.00, ~10 mM MgCl2, ~500 uM dNTPs, ~1 mM DTT","v":"180 mV","b":"5hmC typically shifts levels by -2 to -1 pA when centered in the constriction; positive shifts in GGhCpG, AAhCpG, AThCpG, TGhCpG, CAhCpG","sn":"single-read detection efficiency 97 +/- 0.9% for 5hmC; 5hmC never miscalled as 5mC in 609 reads","pu":"mapping 5mC and 5hmC at CpG sites in single strands","no":"hydroxymethylation distinct from methylation and also mappable","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3839702/","an":"DNA strands with hydroxymethylated CpG 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study)","sn":"single-read detection efficiency 97.5 +/- 0.7% for 5mC; unmethylated CpG true negative 98.4 +/- 0.6%","pu":"mapping 5mC and 5hmC at CpG sites in single strands","no":"first mapping of 5mC with MspA under polymerase control","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3839702/","an":"DNA strands with methylated CpG (5-methylcytosine) sites","de":"every strand starts with leader 5'-P-AAAAAAACCTTCCX-3' (X = abasic); 22 constructs cover all 16 XYCpG contexts","id":"bio_na_modern-0069"},{"a":1301,"y":2013,"au":"Laszlo AH, Derrington IM, Brinkerhoff H, Langford KW, Nova IC, Samson JM, Bartlett JJ, Pavlenok M, Gundlach JH","t":"Detection and mapping of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine with nanopore MspA","j":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","vp":"110:18904-18909","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1310240110","pmid":"24167255","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA (engineered mutant; not named in the text, refs 32-33)","pk":"mspa","pm":"MspA octamer in unsupported 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extracts","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3672068/fullTextXML","an":"Streptococcus mutans","id":"microbes-0266"},{"a":1304,"y":2013,"au":"Jetha NN, Semenchenko V, Wishart DS, Cashman NR, Marziali A","t":"Nanopore analysis of wild-type and mutant prion protein (PrP(C)): single molecule discrimination and PrP(C) kinetics.","j":"PloS one","vp":"8:e54982","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0054982","pmid":"23393562","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"asymmetric salt: cis 3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 8.0; trans 0.3 M KCl, 45 mM NaPO4, 10 mM HEPES pH 8.0; PrP 13.4 uM on trans side; 20 C","b":"multiple current levels (high, mid, low states in I/I0)","dt":"short and very long events (> 1 s)","sn":"N-terminus threads first; four-state kinetic model; HMM analysis","pu":"single-molecule discrimination of wild-type and pathogenic mutant PrP(C)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3564863/fullTextXML","an":"KKRR-ShPrP(120-232), N-terminal KKRR tag","de":"truncated Syrian hamster PrP residues 120-232 (parent UniProt P04273)","id":"bio_protein-0057"},{"a":1305,"y":2013,"au":"Jetha NN, Semenchenko V, Wishart DS, Cashman NR, Marziali A","t":"Nanopore analysis of wild-type and mutant prion protein (PrP(C)): single molecule discrimination and PrP(C) kinetics.","j":"PloS one","vp":"8:e54982","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0054982","pmid":"23393562","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"asymmetric salt: cis 3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 8.0; trans 0.3 M KCl, 45 mM NaPO4, 10 mM HEPES pH 8.0; PrP 13.4 uM on trans side; 20 C","b":"current-level histogram distinct from wild type","sn":"wild type and D178N discriminated from single capture events by HMM kinetics","pu":"single-molecule discrimination of wild-type and pathogenic mutant PrP(C)","no":"Single point-mutation discrimination of a folded protein domain.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3564863/fullTextXML","an":"KKRR-ShPrP(120-232)-D178N mutant (associated with fatal familial insomnia and CJD)","de":"truncated Syrian hamster PrP residues 120-232 (parent UniProt P04273)","id":"bio_protein-0058"},{"a":1306,"y":2013,"au":"Jetha NN, Semenchenko V, Wishart DS, Cashman NR, Marziali A","t":"Nanopore analysis of wild-type and mutant prion protein (PrP(C)): single molecule discrimination and PrP(C) kinetics.","j":"PloS one","vp":"8:e54982","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0054982","pmid":"23393562","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"asymmetric salt: cis 3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 8.0; trans 0.3 M KCl, 45 mM NaPO4, 10 mM HEPES pH 8.0; PrP 13.4 uM on trans side; 20 C","pu":"single-molecule discrimination of wild-type and pathogenic mutant 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peptide-PNA)","id":"bio_na_early-0359"},{"a":1308,"y":2013,"au":"Plesa C, Kowalczyk SW, Zinsmeester R, Grosberg AY, Rabin Y, Dekker C","t":"Fast translocation of proteins through solid state nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"13:658-663","doi":"10.1021/nl3042678","pmid":"23343345","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4151282/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"40 nm (protein size series); 5 to 40 nm (pore-size series)","co":"1 M NaCl, pH 7.5; 1 uM protein","v":"50 mV","sn":"Axopatch 200B; minimum detectable pulse about 25 us; noise floor 0.3-0.5 false events/s; most translocations judged too fast to detect","pu":"capture-rate anomaly versus Smoluchowski theory","no":"Used to estimate minimum detectable pulse duration (25 us).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4151282","an":"thyroglobulin","id":"ss_protein_small-0038"},{"a":1308,"y":2026,"au":"Li Y, Awasthi S, Liu P, Protopopova AD, Mayer M","t":"Selective and controllable trapping of single proteins in nanopores using reversible covalent bonds.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:879-891","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c16000","pmid":"41422547","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12810480/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"phenylboronic acid (PBA)-functionalized polymer-coated SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride with PAcrAm-g-PEG polymer coating bearing PBA groups","pd":"11 to 20 nm","sn":"trapped glycated proteins give long events (>0.4 ms) from reversible boronate esters; 500 kHz sampling, 50 kHz filter; streptavidin used to calibrate pore length","pu":"selective trapping for accurate size and shape of glycated proteins","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12810480/fullTextXML","an":"human thyroglobulin (Tg)","id":"ss_protein_small-0244"},{"a":1309,"y":2013,"au":"Ayub M, Hardwick SW, Luisi BF, Bayley H","t":"Nanopore-based identification of individual nucleotides for direct RNA sequencing.","j":"Nano Letters","vp":"13:6144-6150","doi":"10.1021/nl403469r","pmid":"24171554","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin M113R-RL2 with am7betaCD or gu7betaCD adapter (noncovalent)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"engineered alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar bilayer","fab":"M113R-RL2 homoheptamer; 80 uM am7betaCD (or guanidino gu7betaCD) added trans","co":"1.2 M KCl, 10-25 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.0; 10 uM each nucleotide cis","v":"+120 mV","dt":"mean tau_off 9-20 ms (am7betaCD), 11-21 ms (gu7betaCD)","sn":"open pore 123.0 +/- 4.0 pA; am7betaCD-blocked level 59.0 +/- 2.0 pA; nucleotide binding gives further blockades from the CD level; overall IRES% dispersion 3.4 +/- 0.3% (am7betaCD)","pu":"identify ribonucleoside diphosphates released by PNPase (RNA exosequencing concept)","no":"rNMPs were also distinguished (Table 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Monophosphates recorded from the earlier Nat Nanotechnol 2022 paper.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A36475606+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"UDP","id":"bio_small-0170"},{"a":1310,"y":2014,"au":"Wang Y, Luan BQ, Yang Z, Zhang X, Ritzo B, Gates K, et al.","t":"Single molecule investigation of Ag+ interactions with single cytosine-, methylcytosine- and hydroxymethylcytosine-cytosine mismatches in a nanopore.","j":"Sci Rep","vp":"4:5883","doi":"10.1038/srep05883","pmid":"25103463","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"metal ion coordination in DNA mismatches","no":"Ag+ stabilizes C-C mismatches most, then C-mC; no stabilization of C-hmC; read from duplex unzipping in the pore.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25103463+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Ag+","id":"bio_small-0412"},{"a":1311,"y":2014,"au":"van Bracht E, Versteegden LR, Stolle S, Verdurmen WP, Woestenenk R, Raavé R, et al.","t":"Enhanced cellular uptake of albumin-based lyophilisomes when functionalized with cell-penetrating peptide TAT in HeLa cells","j":"PloS one","vp":"9:e110813","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0110813","pmid":"25369131","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano pore for 600-2000 nm particles","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","er":"200-250 particles per measurement","sn":"particles below 600 nm not reliably detected","pu":"size distribution before and after sorting","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4219704/fullTextXML","an":"albumin-based lyophilisomes, with and without cell-penetrating peptide TAT","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0228"},{"a":1312,"y":2014,"au":"Alsager OA, Kumar S, Willmott GR, McNatty KP, Hodgkiss JM","t":"Small molecule detection in solution via the size contraction response of aptamer functionalized nanoparticles","j":"Biosensors & bioelectronics","vp":"57:262-268","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2014.02.004","pmid":"24594593","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","sn":"particle size shrinks and zeta becomes less negative with E2 in low nM range","pu":"small molecule detection","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24594593+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"17beta-estradiol aptamer-functionalized nanoparticles (size contraction on binding)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0186"},{"a":1313,"y":2014,"au":"Steffensen MB, Rotem D, Bayley H","t":"Single-molecule analysis of chirality in a multicomponent reaction network","j":"Nature chemistry","vp":"6:603-607","doi":"10.1038/nchem.1949","pmid":"24950330","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1949","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin nanoreactor (tethered thiols)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"tracking interconversion of seven reaction components in interconnected Walden cycles","no":"sulfur-sulfur substitution goes with stereochemical inversion at arsenic","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24950330+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"arsenic(III) compounds undergoing thiol substitution","id":"reviews_exotic-0067"},{"a":1314,"y":2014,"au":"Frischkorn KR, Harke MJ, Gobler CJ, Dyhrman ST","t":"De novo assembly of Aureococcus anophagefferens transcriptomes reveals diverse responses to the low nutrient and low light conditions present during blooms","j":"Frontiers in microbiology","vp":"5:375","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2014.00375","pmid":"25104951","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"50 um","pu":"cell counts of Lugol-preserved cells under low nutrient and low light","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4109616/fullTextXML","an":"Aureococcus anophagefferens","id":"microbes-0198"},{"a":1315,"y":2014,"au":"Thacker VV, Bromek K, Meijer B, Kotar J, Sclavi B, Lagomarsino MC, et al.","t":"Bacterial nucleoid structure probed by active drag and resistive pulse sensing","j":"Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro","vp":"6:184-191","doi":"10.1039/c3ib40147b","pmid":"24321999","url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ib40147b","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"microcapillary Coulter counter","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pu":"nucleoid compaction by H-NS","no":"delta-hns nucleoids expand about five fold more than wild type","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=24321999","an":"nucleoids purified from Escherichia coli delta-hns in stationary phase","de":"lacking the nucleoid-structuring protein H-NS","id":"reviews_exotic-0139"},{"a":1316,"y":2014,"au":"Thacker VV, Bromek K, Meijer B, Kotar J, Sclavi B, Lagomarsino MC, et al.","t":"Bacterial nucleoid structure probed by active drag and resistive pulse sensing","j":"Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro","vp":"6:184-191","doi":"10.1039/c3ib40147b","pmid":"24321999","url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ib40147b","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"microcapillary Coulter counter","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pu":"size and ion permeability of single purified nucleoids","no":"combined with optical-trap drag measurements","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=24321999","an":"nucleoids purified from wild-type Escherichia coli","id":"reviews_exotic-0138"},{"a":1317,"y":2014,"au":"McMullen A, de Haan HW, Tang JX, Stein D","t":"Stiff filamentous virus translocations through solid-state nanopores.","j":"Nature communications","vp":"5:4171","doi":"10.1038/ncomms5171","pmid":"24932700","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"TEM-drilled nanopore in a silicon nitride membrane","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"fd is too stiff to translocate folded, so it goes through linearly with a voltage-independent mobility and first-passage-time statistics; failed attempts pull the virus sideways against the membrane until thermal fluctuations reorient it","pu":"physics of stiff polymer translocation; distinguishing translocations from side-on collisions","no":"First report of a filamentous virus translocating a solid-state nanopore. Pore diameters and the 6.6 x 880 nm virus dimensions come from Yang L, Yamamoto T 2016 Front Microbiol 7:1500 (PMC5031608), which summarizes this paper. Publisher page not reachable (Nature redirect to an authorization URL).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:24932700&resultType=core&format=json","an":"filamentous bacteriophage fd","id":"viruses-0036"},{"a":1318,"y":2014,"au":"Yata T, Lee KY, Dharakul T, Songsivilai S, Bismarck A, Mintz PJ, et al.","t":"Hybrid Nanomaterial Complexes for Advanced Phage-guided Gene Delivery.","j":"Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids","vp":"3:e185","doi":"10.1038/mtna.2014.37","pmid":"25118171","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4221597/","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable nanopore (qNano analyzer, Izon Science)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"titering phage vectors and sizing phage-polymer complexes","no":"RGD4C-displaying M13 phage vectors were titered on a qNano, and the size of phage-cationic polymer complexes was followed on the same instrument. The paper gives the phage zeta potential and isoelectric point from separate electrophoresis measurements (ZetaPALS).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4221597/fullTextXML","an":"M13 bacteriophage gene delivery vector (RGD4C-displaying)","de":"M13 phage genetically engineered to display the RGD4C tumor-homing peptide on pIII and to carry a CMV-driven transgene cassette; also measured complexed with cationic polymers (DEAE-dextran, poly-D-lysine)","id":"viruses-0087"},{"a":1319,"y":2014,"au":"Valero-Jiménez CA, Debets AJ, van Kan JA, Schoustra SE, Takken W, Zwaan BJ, et al.","t":"Natural variation in virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana against malaria mosquitoes","j":"Malaria journal","vp":"13:479","doi":"10.1186/1475-2875-13-479","pmid":"25480526","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Z2 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"conidium size of isolates differing in virulence to mosquitoes","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4364330/fullTextXML","an":"Beauveria bassiana conidia","de":"several isolates, 1:50 dilution, four replicates each","id":"microbes-0235"},{"a":1320,"y":2014,"au":"Hunter LW, Charlesworth JE, Yu S, Lieske JC, Miller VM","t":"Calcifying nanoparticles promote mineralization in vascular smooth muscle cells: implications for atherosclerosis","j":"International journal of nanomedicine","vp":"9:2689-2698","doi":"10.2147/ijn.s63189","pmid":"24920905","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore (Izon)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"diameter and size distribution","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4043721/fullTextXML","an":"calcifying nanoparticles (calcium phosphate mineral-protein complexes) propagated from human serum","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0195"},{"a":1321,"y":2014,"au":"Mereuta L, Roy M, Asandei A, Lee JK, Park Y, Andricioaei I, et al.","t":"Slowing down single-molecule trafficking through a protein nanopore reveals intermediates for peptide translocation.","j":"Scientific reports","vp":"4:3885","doi":"10.1038/srep03885","pmid":"24463372","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"symmetrical 2 M KCl, pH 7.1 down to 2.2 (pH-tuned); peptide 30 uM trans","v":"+50 mV","sn":"vestibule residence time at pH 4.5 compared with P5 and P6","pu":"slowing peptide translocation; intermediate sub-states","no":"Open-pore current 81.6 +/- 2.8 pA at +50 mV, 2 M KCl.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3902492/fullTextXML","an":"CAMA P1 (one His)","id":"bio_protein-0063"},{"a":1322,"y":2014,"au":"Mereuta L, Roy M, Asandei A, Lee JK, Park Y, Andricioaei I, et al.","t":"Slowing down single-molecule trafficking through a 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in a system suitable for commercial hatcheries","j":"Aquaculture.","vp":"420:1-9","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.10.021","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell size in continuous hatchery culture","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3AIND605323054+AND+SRC%3AAGR&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Chaetoceros calcitrans","id":"microbes-0075"},{"a":1325,"y":2014,"au":"Angevine CE, Chavis AE, Kothalawala N, Dass A, Reiner JE","t":"Enhanced single molecule mass spectrometry via charged metallic clusters.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"86:11077-11085","doi":"10.1021/ac503425g","pmid":"25343748","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"residence time enhancement for PEG mass spectrometry","no":"The bound cluster raises PEG residence time in the pore by over an order of magnitude through Coulombic interaction.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25343748+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Au25(SG)18 glutathione-protected gold cluster","id":"bio_small-0351"},{"a":1326,"y":2014,"au":"Steinbock LJ, Krishnan S, Bulushev RD, Borgeaud S, Blokesch M, Feletti L, et al.","t":"Probing the size of proteins with glass nanopores.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"6:14380-14387","doi":"10.1039/c4nr05001k","pmid":"25329813","url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/203697","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"laser-pulled quartz glass nanopore, electron-beam shrunk","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"quartz capillary (ID 0.3 mm, OD 0.5 mm, Hilgenberg)","pd":"14 to 21 nm after SEM shrinking","fab":"P-2000 laser pulling, then electron-beam (SEM) reshaping to shrink the pore and shorten the sensing length","co":"1 M KCl, 1 mM Tris, 0.1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0","v":"0.5 V (protein translocations); up to +/-0.8 V","sn":"Axopatch 200B, 10 kHz Bessel 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PMC8830172)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25081642+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"alpha-synuclein bound to curcumin","id":"reviews_exotic-0192"},{"a":1331,"y":2014,"au":"Japrung D, Bahrami A, Nadzeyka A, Peto L, Bauerdick S, Edel JB, et al.","t":"SSB binding to single-stranded DNA probed using solid-state nanopore sensors.","j":"J Phys Chem B","vp":"118(40):11605-11612","doi":"10.1021/jp506832u","pmid":"25222770","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore (FIB)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","dt":"SSB binding slows translocation (attributed to SSB-pore surface interactions)","pu":"label-free SSB-ssDNA interaction","no":"Authors describe this as the first single-molecule nanopore characterization of SSB-ssDNA.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25222770+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB) bound to ssDNA","id":"ss_na-0121"},{"a":1332,"y":2014,"au":"Shasha C, Henley RY, Stoloff DH, Rynearson KD, Hermann T, Wanunu M","t":"Nanopore-based conformational analysis of a viral RNA drug target.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"8(6):6425-6430","doi":"10.1021/nn501969r","pmid":"24861167","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore (3 nm)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"3 nm","dt":"shorter dwell times than bent RNA","sn":"weaker compound 2 caused no change (control)","pu":"detecting drug-induced RNA conformational change","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4729693/","an":"HCV IRES IIa RNA bound by drug compound 1 (straightened conformation)","id":"ss_na-0301"},{"a":1333,"y":2014,"au":"Van Meervelt V, Soskine M, Maglia G","t":"Detection of two isomeric binding configurations in a protein-aptamer complex with a biological nanopore","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"8:12826-12835","doi":"10.1021/nn506077e","pmid":"25493908","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-CS (Type I and Type II 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Nano","vp":"8:3444-3450","doi":"10.1021/nn406339n","pmid":"24654890","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"barcode level identifies which miRNA was bound, allowing simultaneous detection in one pore","pu":"PEG-barcoded probes for multiplex microRNA detection","ev":"full_text","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4004327","an":"miRNA-barcode probe hybrids (miR-155, miR-182-5p, miR-210, miR-21)","id":"bio_na_early-0368"},{"a":1335,"y":2014,"au":"Larkin J, Henley RY, Muthukumar M, Rosenstein JK, Wanunu M","t":"High-bandwidth protein analysis using solid-state nanopores.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"106:696-704","doi":"10.1016/j.bpj.2013.12.025","pmid":"24507610","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3944622/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"HfO2 nanopore","pk":"al2o3-hfo2-nanopore","pm":"hafnium oxide membrane (<10 nm)","pd":"5.2 nm","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris pH 8.1, 23-25 C","v":"75 to 200 mV (negative polarity)","dt":"fitted D = 0.04 +/- 0.006 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with one streptavidin","id":"ss_na-0118"},{"a":1337,"y":2014,"au":"Wang G, Wang L, Han Y, Zhou S, Guan X","t":"Nanopore detection of copper ions using a polyhistidine probe.","j":"Biosens Bioelectron","vp":"53:453-458","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.013","pmid":"24211457","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","er":"detection limit 40 nM","pu":"metal ion detection via a chelating polyhistidine probe","no":"Ion detected by the change in translocation events of the polyhistidine chelator; Co2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ chelates give different residence times or amplitudes.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24211457+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Cu2+","id":"bio_small-0287"},{"a":1337,"y":2021,"au":"Jia W, Hu C, Wang Y, Gu Y, Qian G, Du X, et al.","t":"Programmable nano-reactors for stochastic sensing.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"12:5811","doi":"10.1038/s41467-021-26054-9","pmid":"34608151","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA (M2) with a docked streptavidin-tethered DNA reactor strand (PNRSS)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled octameric porin inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.0 (pH 8.0 for tris); mobile reactant in trans","v":"+180 mV","pu":"single-molecule chemistry (programmable nano-reactor)","no":"Bound by a dual-guanine site on the strand; Ni2+, Co2+ and Cu2+ events differ clearly; weaker binding of Zn2+ and Cd2+.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8490433/fullTextXML","an":"Cu2+","id":"bio_small-0048"},{"a":1338,"y":2014,"au":"McDaniel JR, Weitzhandler I, Prevost S, Vargo KB, Appavou MS, Hammer DA, et al.","t":"Noncanonical self-assembly of highly asymmetric genetically encoded polypeptide amphiphiles into cylindrical micelles","j":"Nano letters","vp":"14:6590-6598","doi":"10.1021/nl503221p","pmid":"25268037","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"size characterization","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25268037+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"cylindrical micelles of elastin-like polypeptides with (FGG)8 or (YG)8 assembly tags","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0203"},{"a":1339,"y":2014,"au":"Geng J, Kim K, Zhang J, Escalada A, Tunuguntla R, Comolli LR, et al.","t":"Stochastic transport through carbon nanotubes in lipid bilayers and live cell membranes.","j":"Nature","vp":"514(7524):612-615","doi":"10.1038/nature13817","pmid":"25355362","pt":"journal","pc":9,"p":"carbon nanotube porin (short CNT in lipid bilayer)","pk":"carbon-nanotube-porin","pm":"short CNTs self-inserted in lipid bilayers or live cell membranes","fab":"spontaneous insertion of short CNTs into membranes","sn":"characteristic macromolecule-induced ionic current blockades; channel conductance 70-100 pS","pu":"transport through CNT porins","no":"Abstract does not give the DNA used.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25355362+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"DNA (transported through CNT porins)","id":"ss_na-0182"},{"a":1340,"y":2014,"au":"Wang Y, Luan BQ, Yang Z, Zhang X, Ritzo B, Gates K, et al.","t":"Single molecule investigation of Ag+ interactions with single cytosine-, methylcytosine- and hydroxymethylcytosine-cytosine mismatches in a nanopore.","j":"Scientific Reports","vp":"4:5883","doi":"10.1038/srep05883","pmid":"25103463","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"Ag+ lowers Kd from 0.12 +/- 0.01 uM to 0.04 uM (TC/P); unzipping signatures of P' duplexes discriminate C, mC and hmC","pu":"Ag+ bridging of C-C, mC-C and hmC-C mismatches read by duplex stability","no":"three distinct duplexes","ev":"full_text","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4126007","an":"duplexes TC/P, TmC/P, ThmC/P with C-C type mismatch, with and without Ag+","id":"bio_na_early-0374"},{"a":1341,"y":2014,"au":"Wang Y, Tian K, Hunter LL, Ritzo B, Gu LQ","t":"Probing molecular pathways for DNA orientational trapping, unzipping and translocation in nanopores by using a tunable overhang sensor.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"6:11372-11379","doi":"10.1039/c4nr03195d","pmid":"25144935","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris pH 7.5","v":"+100 mV (voltage series)","pu":"overhang length controls orientation of trapping and unzipping","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6201287/","an":"C0 blunt duplex (short strand = DNA version of 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(dC)8 overhang on the long strand","id":"bio_na_early-0379"},{"a":1348,"y":2014,"au":"Johnson RP, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ, White HS","t":"Effect of an Electrolyte Cation on Detecting DNA Damage with the Latch Constriction of alpha-Hemolysin.","j":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters","vp":"5:3781-3786","doi":"10.1021/jz502030e","pmid":"25400876","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer across a glass nanopore membrane","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","co":"LiCl, NaCl, KCl electrolytes (cation series)","pu":"cation effects on latch detection of an abasic analog in dsDNA","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4226304/","an":"unmodified KRAS duplex 5'-(T)24TGGAGCTGCTGGCGTAG / 5'-CTACGCCAGCAGCTCCA","id":"bio_na_early-0517"},{"a":1349,"y":2014,"au":"Johnson RP, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ, White HS","t":"Effect of an Electrolyte Cation on Detecting DNA Damage with the Latch Constriction of alpha-Hemolysin.","j":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters","vp":"5:3781-3786","doi":"10.1021/jz502030e","pmid":"25400876","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer across a glass nanopore membrane","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","co":"LiCl, NaCl, KCl electrolytes (cation series)","pu":"cation effects on latch detection of an abasic analog in dsDNA","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4226304/","an":"KRAS duplex with furan at position 2: 5'-(T)24TGGAGCTGCTGGFGTAG / 17-mer","id":"bio_na_early-0516"},{"a":1350,"y":2014,"au":"Johnson RP, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ, White HS","t":"Effect of an Electrolyte Cation on Detecting DNA Damage with the Latch Constriction of alpha-Hemolysin.","j":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters","vp":"5:3781-3786","doi":"10.1021/jz502030e","pmid":"25400876","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer across a glass nanopore membrane","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","co":"LiCl, NaCl, KCl electrolytes (cation series)","sn":"Li+ and Na+ (low mobility, strongly hydrated) stabilize DNA in the channel and enhance discrimination","pu":"cation effects on latch detection of an abasic analog in dsDNA","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4226304/","an":"KRAS duplex with furan (F, abasic analog) at position 1: 5'-(T)24TGGAGCTGFTGGCGTAG / 17-mer","id":"bio_na_early-0515"},{"a":1351,"y":2014,"au":"Marshall MM, Ruzicka JA, Taylor EW, Hall AR","t":"Detecting DNA depurination with solid-state nanopores.","j":"PLoS One","vp":"9(7):e101632","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0101632","pmid":"24988437","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"5-6 nm","co":"1 M KCl at chosen pH (acid treatment for depurination)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4079296/","an":"61 bp duplex DNA (intact, pH 8)","id":"ss_na-0119"},{"a":1352,"y":2014,"au":"Marshall MM, Ruzicka JA, Taylor EW, Hall AR","t":"Detecting DNA depurination with solid-state nanopores.","j":"PLoS One","vp":"9(7):e101632","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0101632","pmid":"24988437","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"5-6 nm","co":"1 M KCl at chosen pH (acid treatment for depurination)","dt":"slower translocation than the intact duplex","pu":"detecting DNA depurination","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4079296/","an":"61 bp duplex DNA depurinated by acid treatment (apurinic sites)","id":"ss_na-0120"},{"a":1353,"y":2014,"au":"Laszlo AH, Derrington IM, Ross BC, Brinkerhoff H, Adey A, Nova IC, Craig JM, Langford KW, Samson JM, Daza R, et al.","t":"Decoding long nanopore sequencing reads of natural DNA","j":"Nat Biotechnol","vp":"32:829-833","doi":"10.1038/nbt.2950","pmid":"24964173","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA (engineered mutant) with phi29 DNAP motor","pk":"mspa","pm":"MspA octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single MspA pore; phi29 DNAP controls strand motion; 500 kHz sampling (Axopatch 200B/1B)","sn":"106 long (>200 bp) reads, 92 aligned to phiX174 (misalignment probability <1e-10); ~60% >1,000 bp, ~20% >2,000 bp; 118 kb total, mean 21.9-fold coverage; levels match quadromer map (r = 0.9936 with revised map)","pu":"nanopore sequencing","no":"first long nanopore reads of a natural genome with MspA; reads up to 4,500 bases","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4126851&rettype=xml","an":"bacteriophage phi X 174 genomic DNA (SspI-linearized, shotgun library with hairpin and cholesterol-tailed adaptors)","de":"phi X 174 gDNA (Thermo Scientific) linearized; asymmetric adaptors; also three PCR amplicons read blind","id":"bio_na_modern-0072"},{"a":1354,"y":2014,"au":"Quick J, Quinlan AR, Loman NJ","t":"A reference bacterial genome dataset generated on the MinIONTM portable single-molecule nanopore sequencer","j":"Gigascience","vp":"3:","doi":"10.1186/2047-217x-3-22","pmid":"25386338","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ONT MinION R7 and R7.3 flow cells","fab":"commercial ONT flow cell; library ligated to motor-protein adapter","sn":"whole-genome shotgun reads; FAST5 event data released; 2D reads","pu":"nanopore sequencing","no":"first public bacterial genome dataset from the MinION Access Program","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4226419/fullTextXML","an":"Escherichia coli K-12 substr. 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Pore fabrication and the virus list (human immunodeficiency virus and Epstein-Barr virus) come from Yang and Yamamoto 2016 Front Microbiol 7:1500 (PMC5031608), which summarizes both papers.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:24754524&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Epstein-Barr virus particles","de":"mass and zeta potential from translocation through pyramidal silicon pores","id":"viruses-0061"},{"a":1357,"y":2014,"au":"Varga Z, Yuana Y, Grootemaat AE, van der Pol E, Gollwitzer C, Krumrey M, et al.","t":"Towards traceable size determination of extracellular vesicles","j":"Journal of extracellular vesicles","vp":"3","doi":"10.3402/jev.v3.23298","pmid":"24511372","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano NP100A membrane (70-200 nm range)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","co":"pressure 12 cm H2O; stretch 47.0 mm","v":"0.50 V","pu":"traceable size determination, method comparison (NTA, SAXS, EM, 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Pore fabrication and the virus list (human immunodeficiency virus and Epstein-Barr virus) come from Yang and Yamamoto 2016 Front Microbiol 7:1500 (PMC5031608), which summarizes both papers.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:24754524&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human immunodeficiency virus particles","de":"mass and zeta potential from translocation through pyramidal silicon pores","id":"viruses-0060"},{"a":1368,"y":2014,"au":"Han Y, Wu H, Liu F, Cheng G, Zhe J","t":"Label-free biomarker assay in a microresistive pulse sensor via immunoaggregation","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"86:9717-9722","doi":"10.1021/ac502270n","pmid":"25226582","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"micro resistive pulse sensor","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","sn":"aggregate size and number counted","pu":"label-free biomarker assay, also in 10% FBS","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25226582+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"aggregates of antibody-functionalized microparticles formed by human ferritin","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0187"},{"a":1369,"y":2014,"au":"Sha J, Zhang L, Liu L, Bi K, Yi H, Chen Y, et al.","t":"Immunoglobulin molecules detection with nanopore sensors fabricated from glass tubes.","j":"J Nanosci Nanotechnol","vp":"14:4043-4049","doi":"10.1166/jnn.2014.8228","pmid":"24738349","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"glass-tube nanopore","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass capillary","pd":"minimum about 50 nm","fab":"paraffin-assisted thermal compression and pulling of glass capillary, nanocavity at the broken terminal","co":"10 mM KCl","sn":"different modulated current modes for the three immunoglobulins; 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relevant to sizing metal particles","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.1016%2Fj.jcis.2014.02.018%22&format=json&resultType=core","an":"5 um magnetic particles","id":"reviews_exotic-0087"},{"a":1374,"y":2014,"au":"Spencer D, Hollis V, Morgan H","t":"Microfluidic impedance cytometry of tumour cells in blood","j":"Biomicrofluidics","vp":"8:064124","doi":"10.1063/1.4904405","pmid":"25553198","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"single-cell microfluidic impedance cytometer","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","b":"large membrane capacitance and size separate MCF7 from leukocytes","pu":"CTC model detection and enumeration (down to 100 cells per mL after magnetic enrichment)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25553198+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"MCF7 breast tumour cells (pure and spiked into whole blood)","id":"cells-0131"},{"a":1374,"y":2016,"au":"Ali W, Ilyas A, Bui L, Sayles B, Hur Y, Kim YT, et al.","t":"Differentiating Metastatic and Non-metastatic Tumor Cells from Their Translocation Profile through Solid-State Micropores","j":"Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids","vp":"32:4924-4934","doi":"10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00016","pmid":"27035212","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state micropore in a 200 nm thin SiO2 membrane","pk":"sio2-nanopore","pm":"SiO2 membrane","pl":"membrane 200 nm","b":"translocation current profiles distinct from MDA-MB-231","pu":"discriminating metastatic from non-metastatic cells","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A27035212+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"non-metastatic MCF7 breast cancer cells","id":"cells-0202"},{"a":1375,"y":2014,"au":"Zhang X, Wang Y, Fricke BL, Gu LQ","t":"Programming nanopore ion flow for encoded multiplex microRNA detection.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"8:3444-3450","doi":"10.1021/nn406339n","pmid":"24654890","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"PEG-barcoded probes for multiplex microRNA detection","no":"lung cancer-derived miRNA panel member","ev":"full_text","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4004327","an":"miR-182-5p","id":"bio_na_early-0362"},{"a":1376,"y":2014,"au":"Zhang X, Wang Y, Fricke BL, Gu LQ","t":"Programming nanopore ion flow for encoded multiplex microRNA detection.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"8:3444-3450","doi":"10.1021/nn406339n","pmid":"24654890","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"PEG-barcoded probes for multiplex microRNA detection","no":"lung cancer-derived miRNA panel member","ev":"full_text","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4004327","an":"miR-210","id":"bio_na_early-0363"},{"a":1377,"y":2014,"au":"Wang G, Wang L, Han Y, Zhou S, Guan X","t":"Nanopore detection of copper ions using a polyhistidine probe.","j":"Biosens Bioelectron","vp":"53:453-458","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.013","pmid":"24211457","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"metal ion detection via a chelating polyhistidine probe","no":"Ni2+-polyhistidine chelate events distinct from Cu2+ chelate events.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24211457+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Ni2+","id":"bio_small-0288"},{"a":1377,"y":2019,"au":"Heaton I, Platt M","t":"Peptide Nanocarriers for Detection of Heavy Metal Ions Using Resistive Pulse Sensing","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"91:11291-11296","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02353","pmid":"31370397","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02353","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable resistive pulse sensing pore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","sn":"metal binding changes carrier translocation velocity in proportion to Ni2+ concentration","pu":"quantifying heavy metal ions with carrier particles","no":"charged groups engineered into the peptide to enlarge the signal","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=31370397","an":"Ni2+ ions captured by peptide-functionalised superparamagnetic nanocarriers","id":"reviews_exotic-0142"},{"a":1377,"y":2019,"au":"Wang S, Cao J, Jia W, Guo W, Yan S, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Single molecule observation of hard-soft-acid-base (HSAB) interaction in engineered Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) nanopores.","j":"Chem Sci","vp":"11:879-887","doi":"10.1039/c9sc05260g","pmid":"34123066","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA homo-octamer with His, Cys or Asp at position 91 (MspA-H, MspA-C, MspA-D)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled octameric porin inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M NaCl, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4 (pH 6.8 to 8.0 tested); ions added trans","v":"+100 mV","sn":"clear blockades with MspA-H","pu":"single-ion coordination kinetics (HSAB)","no":"Homomeric MspA mutants with His (MspA-H), Cys (MspA-C) or Asp (MspA-D) at position 91. Ca2+ gave no events and Mn2+ was not clearly resolved.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8146584/fullTextXML","an":"Ni2+","id":"bio_small-0044"},{"a":1378,"y":2014,"au":"Brissard C, Herrenknecht C, Séchet V, Hervé F, Pisapia F, Harcouet J, et al.","t":"Complex toxin profile of French Mediterranean Ostreopsis cf. ovata strains, seafood accumulation and ovatoxins prepurification","j":"Marine drugs","vp":"12:2851-2876","doi":"10.3390/md12052851","pmid":"24828292","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Multisizer 3 Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell concentration of toxic strains","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4052321/fullTextXML","an":"Ostreopsis cf. ovata","de":"French Mediterranean strains identified as Ostreopsis cf. ovata","id":"microbes-0288"},{"a":1379,"y":2014,"au":"Terejánszky P, Makra I, Fürjes P, Gyurcsányi RE","t":"Calibration-less sizing and quantitation of polymeric nanoparticles and viruses with quartz nanopipets.","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"86(10):4688-4697","doi":"10.1021/ac500184z","pmid":"24773609","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"quartz nanopipette of known geometry","pk":"glass-nanopipette","sn":"particle size from the pulse amplitude with a refined theory for the pipette geometry; concentration from the hydrodynamic resistance and the volume flow through the tip, with no calibration particles","pu":"calibration-free sizing and counting of virus particles","no":"First calibration-free concentration measurement with nanopipettes, and at the time the smallest spherical virus measured by resistive-pulse sensing.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:24773609&resultType=core&format=json","an":"inactivated poliovirus","de":"inactivated poliovirus, the smallest spherical virus measured by resistive-pulse sensing at the time","id":"viruses-0062"},{"a":1380,"y":2014,"au":"Conner JK, Mills CJ, Koelling VA, Karoly K","t":"Artificial selection on anther exsertion in wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum","j":"Scientific data","vp":"1:140027","doi":"10.1038/sdata.2014.27","pmid":"25977784","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"total pollen grains per flower in artificial selection lines","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4322571/fullTextXML","an":"wild radish pollen (Raphanus raphanistrum)","de":"anthers from selection lines on anther exsertion","id":"microbes-0258"},{"a":1381,"y":2014,"au":"Cao C, Ying YL, Gu Z, Long YT","t":"Enhanced resolution of low molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) in nanopore analysis.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"86:11946-11950","doi":"10.1021/ac504233s","pmid":"25457124","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"current duration scales with PEG molecular weight","pu":"resolving low molecular weight PEG with a DNA hairpin tag","no":"Individual PEG as small as 140 Da detected when tethered to a DNA hairpin.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25457124+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"low molecular weight PEG conjugated to a DNA hairpin","id":"bio_small-0323"},{"a":1382,"y":2014,"au":"Cabello-Aguilar S, Abou Chaaya A, Picaud F, Bechelany M, Pochat-Bohatier C, Yesylevskyy S, et al.","t":"Experimental and simulation studies of unusual current blockade induced by translocation of small oxidized PEG through a single nanopore.","j":"Phys Chem Chem Phys","vp":"16:17883-17892","doi":"10.1039/c4cp01954g","pmid":"25045766","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"single track-etched nanopore narrowed by ALD","pk":"track-etched-pore","pd":"5 nm","pg":"high length to diameter ratio","fab":"track etching plus atomic layer deposition","sn":"unusual current blockade attributed to a structured cation shell around the charged PEG (MD simulation)","pu":"translocation of small polymers","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:25045766%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"charged PEG-carboxylate (200 and 600 g/mol)","id":"ss_protein_small-0098"},{"a":1383,"y":2014,"au":"Van Meervelt V, Soskine M, Maglia G","t":"Detection of two isomeric binding configurations in a protein-aptamer complex with a biological nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"8:12826-12835","doi":"10.1021/nn506077e","pmid":"25493908","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-CS (S. typhi ClyA L99Q/E103G/F166Y/C285S/K294R), Type I (12-mer) and Type II (13-mer)","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A oligomer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"oligomers separated by blue native PAGE into Type I and Type II, inserted into planar bilayer","co":"15 mM Tris-HCl, 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, pH 7.5","v":"negative potentials (e.g. -140 mV; threshold about -90 mV)","dt":"9 +/- 1 ms (about 3-fold shorter)","pu":"isomeric binding configurations of a protein-DNA complex","no":"Type II ClyA-CS conductance 1.64 +/- 0.05 nS at -140 mV. Free human thrombin L2 blockades: lifetime 612 +/- 112 ms (Type I).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4410316","an":"human thrombin bound to TBA-deltaT12 (abasic at T12)","id":"bio_protein-0101"},{"a":1384,"y":2014,"au":"Van Meervelt V, Soskine M, Maglia G","t":"Detection of two isomeric binding configurations in a protein-aptamer complex with a biological nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"8:12826-12835","doi":"10.1021/nn506077e","pmid":"25493908","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-CS (S. typhi ClyA L99Q/E103G/F166Y/C285S/K294R), Type I (12-mer) and Type II (13-mer)","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A oligomer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"oligomers separated by blue native PAGE into Type I and Type II, inserted into planar bilayer","co":"15 mM Tris-HCl, 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, pH 7.5","v":"negative potentials (e.g. -140 mV; threshold about -90 mV)","b":"only L1a blockades, Ires 46.0 +/- 1.3%","dt":"about 3-fold shorter lifetime than L1a of TBA","pu":"isomeric binding configurations of a protein-DNA complex","no":"Type II ClyA-CS conductance 1.64 +/- 0.05 nS at -140 mV. Free human thrombin L2 blockades: lifetime 612 +/- 112 ms (Type I).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4410316","an":"human thrombin bound to TBA-deltaT3 (abasic at T3)","id":"bio_protein-0098"},{"a":1385,"y":2014,"au":"Van Meervelt V, Soskine M, Maglia G","t":"Detection of two isomeric binding configurations in a protein-aptamer complex with a biological nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"8:12826-12835","doi":"10.1021/nn506077e","pmid":"25493908","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-CS (S. typhi ClyA L99Q/E103G/F166Y/C285S/K294R), Type I (12-mer) and Type II (13-mer)","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A oligomer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"oligomers separated by blue native PAGE into Type I and Type II, inserted into planar bilayer","co":"15 mM Tris-HCl, 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, pH 7.5","v":"negative potentials (e.g. -140 mV; threshold about -90 mV)","dt":"52 +/- 5 ms (about 2-fold longer L1b-type lifetime)","pu":"isomeric binding configurations of a protein-DNA complex","no":"Type II ClyA-CS conductance 1.64 +/- 0.05 nS at -140 mV. Free human thrombin L2 blockades: lifetime 612 +/- 112 ms (Type I).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4410316","an":"human thrombin bound to TBA-T12A","id":"bio_protein-0100"},{"a":1386,"y":2014,"au":"Van Meervelt V, Soskine M, Maglia G","t":"Detection of two isomeric binding configurations in a protein-aptamer complex with a biological nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"8:12826-12835","doi":"10.1021/nn506077e","pmid":"25493908","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-CS (S. typhi ClyA L99Q/E103G/F166Y/C285S/K294R), Type I (12-mer) and Type II (13-mer)","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A oligomer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"oligomers separated by blue native PAGE into Type I and Type II, inserted into planar bilayer","co":"15 mM Tris-HCl, 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, pH 7.5","v":"negative potentials (e.g. -140 mV; threshold about -90 mV)","b":"only L1a blockades, Ires 45.6 +/- 0.5%","dt":"3.3 +/- 1.7 s (about 3-fold longer)","pu":"isomeric binding configurations of a protein-DNA complex","no":"Type II ClyA-CS conductance 1.64 +/- 0.05 nS at -140 mV. Free human thrombin L2 blockades: lifetime 612 +/- 112 ms (Type I).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4410316","an":"human thrombin bound to TBA-T3A","id":"bio_protein-0099"},{"a":1387,"y":2014,"au":"Pastoriza-Gallego M, Breton MF, Discala F, Auvray L, Betton JM, Pelta J","t":"Evidence of unfolded protein translocation through a protein nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"8:11350-11360","doi":"10.1021/nn5042398","pmid":"25380310","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin","pk":"aerolysin","co":"1 M KCl, 1.5 M guanidinium chloride","sn":"transport time, event frequency and blockade differ from protein or oligonucleotide alone","pu":"proof of unfolded protein translocation (trans-side qPCR)","no":"Real-time PCR detected chimeras that crossed to the trans chamber.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25380310+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"chimera of recombinant MalE (single C-terminal cysteine) covalently linked to a single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide","de":"MalE = E. coli maltose-binding protein (UniProt P0AEX9)","id":"bio_protein-0046"},{"a":1388,"y":2014,"au":"Rodriguez-Larrea D, Bayley H","t":"Protein co-translocational unfolding depends on the direction of pulling.","j":"Nature communications","vp":"5:4841","doi":"10.1038/ncomms5841","pmid":"25197784","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"2 M KCl","v":"+100 and +140 mV","dt":"k23 = 140 s-1 (+100 mV), 690 s-1 (+140 mV); step 3-4 bimodal: 0.47 s-1 and 0.0058-0.0087 s-1; k41 = 120-220 s-1","sn":"N-terminus-first unfolding bifurcates into fast and about 100-fold slower branches; first step 10-20 times faster than C-terminal pulling","pu":"direction dependence of co-translocational unfolding","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4164780/fullTextXML","an":"thioredoxin with oligo(dC)30 on an N-terminal cysteine (oligo(dC)30-S1C-TrxV5)","de":"E. coli thioredoxin V5 (parent UniProt P0AA25)","id":"bio_protein-0084"},{"a":1389,"y":2014,"au":"Rosen CB, Rodriguez-Larrea D, Bayley H","t":"Single-molecule site-specific detection of protein phosphorylation with a nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"32:179-181","doi":"10.1038/nbt.2799","pmid":"24441471","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","v":"+140 mV","b":"level 3 IRES 13.8 +/- 0.2%; In 6.8 +/- 0.2 pA","pu":"single-molecule site-specific detection of protein phosphorylation","no":"Level 3 residual current (IRES%) and noise (In) distinguish phosphorylation states; values from same-pore comparisons.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4391620","an":"TrxA107/S112 phosphorylated at Ser-112 - oligo(dC)30","de":"E. coli thioredoxin (Trx V5 background, parent UniProt P0AA25) with engineered PKA sites, C-terminal oligo(dC)30 leader; phosphorylated with PKA catalytic subunit and ATP","id":"bio_protein-0094"},{"a":1390,"y":2014,"au":"Rosen CB, Rodriguez-Larrea D, Bayley H","t":"Single-molecule site-specific detection of protein phosphorylation with a nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"32:179-181","doi":"10.1038/nbt.2799","pmid":"24441471","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","v":"+140 mV","b":"level 3 IRES 12.3 +/- 0.2%; In 8.4 +/- 0.6 pA","pu":"single-molecule site-specific detection of protein phosphorylation","no":"Ser-to-Ala control distinguishable from Ser.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4391620","an":"TrxA107/S112 unphosphorylated - oligo(dC)30","de":"E. coli thioredoxin (Trx V5 background, parent UniProt P0AA25) with engineered PKA sites, C-terminal oligo(dC)30 leader; phosphorylated with PKA catalytic subunit and ATP","id":"bio_protein-0093"},{"a":1391,"y":2014,"au":"Rosen CB, Rodriguez-Larrea D, Bayley H","t":"Single-molecule site-specific detection of protein phosphorylation with a nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"32:179-181","doi":"10.1038/nbt.2799","pmid":"24441471","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","v":"+140 mV","b":"level 3 IRES 17.9 +/- 0.2%; In 5.5 +/- 0.2 pA","pu":"single-molecule site-specific detection of protein phosphorylation","no":"Level 3 residual 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for Stable Trapping of Small Proteins in the Nanopore Electro-Osmotic Trap","j":"Nano letters","vp":"23:788-794","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03569","pmid":"36507712","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03569","pt":"journal","pc":10,"p":"NEOtrap: cholesterol-locked DNA origami sphere docked on a lipid-coated solid-state nanopore","pk":"hybrid-protein-in-solid-state","fab":"DNA origami sphere with site-specific cholesterol anchors docked electrophoretically","v":"100 mV","pu":"long electro-osmotic trapping of small unmodified proteins","no":"smallest protein trapped; could not be trapped without cholesterol locking","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9912335/fullTextXML","an":"ribonuclease A trapped in the NEOtrap","id":"reviews_exotic-0155"},{"a":1403,"y":2014,"au":"Clamer M, Hofler L, Mikhailova E, Viero G, Bayley H","t":"Detection of 3'-end RNA uridylation with a protein nanopore.","j":"ACS 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instrument.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4113952/fullTextXML","an":"Porous SiO2/Au/gamma-Fe2O3 composite microspheres (magnetic recoverable catalyst)","de":"made with a porous polymer microsphere template","id":"gap_industry-0061"},{"a":1414,"y":2014,"au":"Kang JH, Hwang H, Hong SB, Hur SD","t":"Particle Size Distribution Analysis of Mineral Dust in Polar Snow Using a Coulter Counter","j":"Ocean and Polar Research","vp":"36:319-326","doi":"10.4217/opr.2014.36.4.319","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3 aperture tube, 50 um","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"50 um","co":"class 100 clean bench; aperture size and electrolyte concentration optimized in the study","pu":"dust concentration and size distribution in polar snow","no":"Abstract read via Semantic Scholar API; Crossref record confirms citation.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/graph/v1/paper/DOI:10.4217/opr.2014.36.4.319?fields=title,abstract","an":"Mineral dust in Antarctic surface snow","id":"earth_space_industry-0006"},{"a":1415,"y":2014,"au":"Kang JH, Hwang H, Hong SB, Hur SD","t":"Particle Size Distribution Analysis of Mineral Dust in Polar Snow Using a Coulter Counter","j":"Ocean and Polar Research","vp":"36:319-326","doi":"10.4217/opr.2014.36.4.319","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3 aperture tube, 50 um","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"50 um","co":"class 100 clean bench; aperture size and electrolyte concentration optimized in the study","pu":"dust concentration and size distribution in polar snow","no":"Abstract read via Semantic Scholar API; Crossref record confirms citation.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/graph/v1/paper/DOI:10.4217/opr.2014.36.4.319?fields=title,abstract","an":"Mineral dust in Greenland snowpit","id":"earth_space_industry-0007"},{"a":1416,"y":2014,"au":"Laszlo AH, Derrington IM, Ross BC, Brinkerhoff H, Adey A, Nova IC, Craig JM, Langford KW, Samson JM, Daza R, et al.","t":"Decoding long nanopore sequencing reads of natural DNA","j":"Nat Biotechnol","vp":"32:829-833","doi":"10.1038/nbt.2950","pmid":"24964173","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA (engineered mutant) with phi29 DNAP motor","pk":"mspa","pm":"MspA octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single MspA pore; phi29 DNAP controls strand motion; 500 kHz sampling (Axopatch 200B/1B)","sn":"current level measured for all 256 four-nucleotide combinations (quadromer map)","pu":"nanopore sequencing","no":"first nanopore quadromer map","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4126851&rettype=xml","an":"256-nt de Bruijn sequence (all 256 quadromers) split into eight DNA strands","id":"bio_na_modern-0073"},{"a":1417,"y":2014,"au":"An N, Fleming AM, Middleton EG, Burrows CJ","t":"Single-molecule investigation of G-quadruplex folds of the human telomere sequence in a protein nanocavity.","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"111:14325-14331","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1415944111","pmid":"25225404","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer across a glass nanopore membrane","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","co":"e.g. 50 mM KCl + 950 mM LiCl, 25 mM Tris pH 7.9 for hybrid folds; NaCl for basket; crowding/other conditions for propeller","sn":"hybrid and basket folds enter the vestibule and unravel slowly (~0.1 to ~240 s for tailed folds, per An 2015); propeller fold does not enter and unravels outside (0.004 s)","pu":"hybrid, basket and propeller telomere G-quadruplex folds in the nanocavity","no":"tail greatly increases threading and event rates","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4209999/","an":"human telomere G-quadruplex with 5'-dA25 threading tail (hybrid, basket and propeller folds)","id":"bio_na_early-0513"},{"a":1418,"y":2014,"au":"Wang Y, Luan BQ, Yang Z, Zhang X, Ritzo B, Gates K, et al.","t":"Single molecule investigation of Ag+ interactions with single cytosine-, methylcytosine- and hydroxymethylcytosine-cytosine mismatches in a nanopore.","j":"Scientific Reports","vp":"4:5883","doi":"10.1038/srep05883","pmid":"25103463","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"Ag+ bridging of C-C, mC-C and hmC-C mismatches read by duplex stability","ev":"full_text","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4126007","an":"target ThmC (5-hydroxymethylcytosine at mismatch site)","id":"bio_na_early-0371"},{"a":1419,"y":2014,"au":"Wang Y, Luan BQ, Yang Z, Zhang X, Ritzo B, Gates K, et al.","t":"Single molecule investigation of Ag+ interactions with single cytosine-, 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CpG","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, CnCGG context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer C5caCGG at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label aaa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0111"},{"a":1433,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant 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pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the GnCGA context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 93.6% for the GnCGA context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, GnCGA context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer G5caCGA at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label aaa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0121"},{"a":1435,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"513 events for the 5 templates of the GnCGC context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 98.3% for the GnCGC context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"first nanopore discrimination of 5-carboxylcytosine within DNA","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, GnCGC context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer G5caCGC at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label aaa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0126"},{"a":1436,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the GnCGG context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 94.2% for the GnCGG context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, GnCGG context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer G5caCGG at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label aaa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0131"},{"a":1437,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the GnCGT context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 96.5% for the GnCGT context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, GnCGT context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer G5caCGT at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label aaa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0136"},{"a":1438,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the TnCGA context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 95.6% for the TnCGA context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, TnCGA context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer T5caCGA at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label aaa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0141"},{"a":1439,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the TnCGC context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 95.0% for the TnCGC context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, TnCGC context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer T5caCGC at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label aaa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0146"},{"a":1440,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the TnCGG context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 95.6% for the TnCGG context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, TnCGG context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer T5caCGG at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label aaa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0151"},{"a":1441,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"259 events for the 5 templates of the TnCGT context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 91.6% for the TnCGT context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, TnCGT context with 5-carboxylcytosine, label aaa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer T5caCGT at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label aaa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0156"},{"a":1442,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the AnCGA context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 96.6% for the AnCGA context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, AnCGA context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer A5hmCGA at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0079"},{"a":1443,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the AnCGC context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 95.9% for the AnCGC context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, AnCGC context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer A5hmCGC at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0084"},{"a":1444,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"251 events for the 5 templates of the AnCGG context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 91.9% for the AnCGG context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, AnCGG context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer A5hmCGG at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0089"},{"a":1445,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the AnCGT context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 92.7% for the AnCGT context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, AnCGT context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer A5hmCGT at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0094"},{"a":1446,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"287 events for the 5 templates of the CnCGA context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 94.0% for the CnCGA context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, CnCGA context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer C5hmCGA at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0099"},{"a":1447,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"251 events for the 5 templates of the CnCGC context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 97.0% for the CnCGC context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, CnCGC context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer C5hmCGC at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0104"},{"a":1448,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"330 events for the 5 templates of the CnCGG context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 93.3% for the CnCGG context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, CnCGG context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer C5hmCGG at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0109"},{"a":1449,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the CnCGT context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 93.4% for the CnCGT context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, CnCGT context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer C5hmCGT at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0114"},{"a":1450,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the GnCGA context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 93.6% for the GnCGA context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, GnCGA context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer G5hmCGA at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0119"},{"a":1451,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"513 events for the 5 templates of the GnCGC context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 98.3% for the GnCGC context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, GnCGC context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer G5hmCGC at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0124"},{"a":1452,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the GnCGG context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 94.2% for the GnCGG context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, GnCGG context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer G5hmCGG at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0129"},{"a":1453,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the GnCGT context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 96.5% for the GnCGT context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, GnCGT context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer G5hmCGT at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0134"},{"a":1454,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the TnCGA context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 95.6% for the TnCGA context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, TnCGA context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer T5hmCGA at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0139"},{"a":1455,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the TnCGC context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 95.0% for the TnCGC context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, TnCGC context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer T5hmCGC at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0144"},{"a":1456,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the TnCGG context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 95.6% for the TnCGG context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, TnCGG context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer T5hmCGG at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0149"},{"a":1457,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"259 events for the 5 templates of the TnCGT context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 91.6% for the TnCGT context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, TnCGT context with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, label TCa","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer T5hmCGT at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCa identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0154"},{"a":1458,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the AnCGA context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 96.6% for the AnCGA context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, AnCGA context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer A5mCGA at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCA identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0078"},{"a":1459,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the AnCGC context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 95.9% for the AnCGC context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, AnCGC context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer A5mCGC at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCA identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0083"},{"a":1460,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"251 events for the 5 templates of the AnCGG context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 91.9% for the AnCGG context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, AnCGG context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer A5mCGG at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCA identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0088"},{"a":1461,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the AnCGT context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 92.7% for the AnCGT context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, AnCGT context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer A5mCGT at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCA identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0093"},{"a":1462,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"287 events for the 5 templates of the CnCGA context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 94.0% for the CnCGA context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, CnCGA context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer C5mCGA at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCA identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0098"},{"a":1463,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"251 events for the 5 templates of the CnCGC context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 97.0% for the CnCGC context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, CnCGC context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer C5mCGC at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCA identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0103"},{"a":1464,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"330 events for the 5 templates of the CnCGG context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 93.3% for the CnCGG context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, CnCGG context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer C5mCGG at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCA identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0108"},{"a":1465,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the CnCGT context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 93.4% for the CnCGT context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, CnCGT context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer C5mCGT at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCA identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0113"},{"a":1466,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the GnCGA context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 93.6% for the GnCGA context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, GnCGA context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer G5mCGA at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCA identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0118"},{"a":1467,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"513 events for the 5 templates of the GnCGC context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 98.3% for the GnCGC context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, GnCGC context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer G5mCGC at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCA identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0123"},{"a":1468,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the GnCGG context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 94.2% for the GnCGG context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, GnCGG context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer G5mCGG at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCA identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0128"},{"a":1469,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the GnCGT context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 96.5% for the GnCGT context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, GnCGT context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer G5mCGT at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCA identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0133"},{"a":1470,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the TnCGA context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 95.6% for the TnCGA context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, TnCGA context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer T5mCGA at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCA identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0138"},{"a":1471,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the TnCGC context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 95.0% for the TnCGC context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, TnCGC context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer T5mCGC at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCA identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0143"},{"a":1472,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the TnCGG context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 95.6% for the TnCGG context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, TnCGG context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer T5mCGG at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCA identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0148"},{"a":1473,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"259 events for the 5 templates of the TnCGT context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 91.6% for the TnCGT context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, TnCGT context with 5-methylcytosine, label TCA","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer T5mCGT at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TCA identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0153"},{"a":1474,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the AnCGA context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 96.6% for the AnCGA context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, AnCGA context with cytosine, label TGG","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer ACGA at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TGG identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0077"},{"a":1475,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem 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template; target 4-mer ACGC at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TGG identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0082"},{"a":1476,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"251 events for the 5 templates of the AnCGG context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 91.9% for the AnCGG context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, AnCGG context with cytosine, label TGG","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer ACGG at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TGG identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0087"},{"a":1477,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the AnCGT context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 92.7% for the AnCGT context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, AnCGT context with cytosine, label TGG","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer ACGT at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TGG identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0092"},{"a":1478,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"287 events for the 5 templates of the CnCGA context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 94.0% for the CnCGA context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, CnCGA context with cytosine, label TGG","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer CCGA at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TGG identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0097"},{"a":1479,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"251 events for the 5 templates of the CnCGC context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 97.0% for the CnCGC context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, CnCGC context with cytosine, label TGG","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer CCGC at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TGG identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0102"},{"a":1480,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"330 events for the 5 templates of the CnCGG context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 93.3% for the CnCGG context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, CnCGG context with cytosine, label TGG","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer CCGG at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TGG identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0107"},{"a":1481,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the CnCGT context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 93.4% for the CnCGT context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, CnCGT context with cytosine, label TGG","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer CCGT at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TGG identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0112"},{"a":1482,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the GnCGA context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 93.6% for the GnCGA context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, GnCGA context with cytosine, label TGG","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer GCGA at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TGG identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0117"},{"a":1483,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"513 events for the 5 templates of the GnCGC context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 98.3% for the GnCGC context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, GnCGC context with cytosine, label TGG","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer GCGC at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TGG identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0122"},{"a":1484,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the GnCGG context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 94.2% for the GnCGG context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, GnCGG context with cytosine, label TGG","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer GCGG at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TGG identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0127"},{"a":1485,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the GnCGT context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 96.5% for the GnCGT context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, GnCGT context with cytosine, label TGG","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer GCGT at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TGG identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0132"},{"a":1486,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the TnCGA context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 95.6% for the TnCGA context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, TnCGA context with cytosine, label TGG","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer TCGA at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TGG identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0137"},{"a":1487,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the TnCGC context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 95.0% for the TnCGC context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, TnCGC context with cytosine, label TGG","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer TCGC at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TGG identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0142"},{"a":1488,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the TnCGG context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 95.6% for the TnCGG context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, TnCGG context with cytosine, label TGG","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer TCGG at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TGG identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0147"},{"a":1489,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"259 events for the 5 templates of the TnCGT context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 91.6% for the TnCGT context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","no":"C, 5mC and 5hmC versions follow the template design of Schreiber et al. 2013 PNAS","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, TnCGT context with cytosine, label TGG","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer TCGT at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TGG identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0152"},{"a":1490,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the AnCGA context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 96.6% for the AnCGA context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, AnCGA context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer A5fCGA at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TTT identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0080"},{"a":1491,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 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(M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"251 events for the 5 templates of the AnCGG context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 91.9% for the AnCGG context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, AnCGG context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer A5fCGG at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TTT identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0090"},{"a":1493,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the AnCGT context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 92.7% for the AnCGT context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, AnCGT context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer A5fCGT at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TTT identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0095"},{"a":1494,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"287 events for the 5 templates of the CnCGA context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 94.0% for the CnCGA context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, CnCGA context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer C5fCGA at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TTT identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0100"},{"a":1495,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA 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template; target 4-mer C5fCGG at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TTT identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0110"},{"a":1497,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"250 events for the 5 templates of the CnCGT context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 93.4% for the CnCGT context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, CnCGT context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer C5fCGT at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TTT identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0115"},{"a":1498,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 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five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, TnCGG context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer T5fCGG at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TTT identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0150"},{"a":1505,"y":2014,"au":"Wescoe ZL, Schreiber J, Akeson M","t":"Nanopores discriminate among five C5-cytosine variants in DNA","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"136:16582-16587","doi":"10.1021/ja508527b","pmid":"25347819","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (M2MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2MspA in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single M2MspA pore; wild-type phi29 DNAP (3.75 uM) controls translocation","co":"0.3 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES/KOH pH 8.00, 23 C; cis 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dNTPs; 5 kHz filter, 100 kHz sampling","v":"180 mV (trans positive)","b":"open channel ~113 pA at 180 mV; variant called from ionic current segments 4-6 of eight around the CpG","er":"259 events for the 5 templates of the TnCGT context","sn":"random forest single-pass accuracy 91.6% for the TnCGT context (all five variants)","pu":"discriminating C, 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC at CpG","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4277752/supplementaryFiles","an":"82-nt template, TnCGT context with 5-formylcytosine, label TTT","de":"CAT-repeat template; target 4-mer T5fCGT at positions 29-32; downstream trimer label TTT identifies the variant ('a' = abasic); annealed to primer and 15-nt abasic-tailed blocking oligomer","id":"bio_na_modern-0155"},{"a":1506,"y":2014,"au":"Ding Y, Fleming AM, White HS, Burrows CJ","t":"Internal vs fishhook hairpin DNA: unzipping locations and mechanisms in the alpha-hemolysin nanopore.","j":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry B","vp":"118:12873-12882","doi":"10.1021/jp5101413","pmid":"25333648","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in DPhPC bilayer across a glass nanopore membrane","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","co":"1.00 M KCl, 10 mM PBS pH 7.4","dt":"long unzipping times with one deep blockage level","pu":"compare unzipping of internal and fishhook hairpins","ev":"full_text","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4234443","an":"fishhook hairpin with 3' C30 tail","id":"bio_na_early-0310"},{"a":1507,"y":2014,"au":"Wolna AH, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ","t":"Single-molecule analysis of thymine dimer-containing G-quadruplexes formed from the human telomere sequence.","j":"Biochemistry","vp":"53:7484-7493","doi":"10.1021/bi501072m","pmid":"25407781","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","co":"KCl or NaCl electrolyte (hybrid folds in K+, basket in Na+)","pu":"effect of a UV thymine dimer on telomere G-quadruplex folds","ev":"full_text","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4263424","an":"5' T=T: telomere sequence with thymine dimer in the first loop","id":"bio_na_early-0311"},{"a":1508,"y":2014,"au":"Wolna AH, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ","t":"Single-molecule analysis of thymine dimer-containing G-quadruplexes formed from the human telomere sequence.","j":"Biochemistry","vp":"53:7484-7493","doi":"10.1021/bi501072m","pmid":"25407781","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","co":"KCl or NaCl electrolyte (hybrid folds in K+, basket in Na+)","pu":"effect of a UV thymine dimer on telomere G-quadruplex folds","ev":"full_text","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4263424","an":"M T=T: thymine dimer in the middle loop","id":"bio_na_early-0312"},{"a":1509,"y":2014,"au":"Wolna AH, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ","t":"Single-molecule analysis of thymine dimer-containing G-quadruplexes formed from the human telomere sequence.","j":"Biochemistry","vp":"53:7484-7493","doi":"10.1021/bi501072m","pmid":"25407781","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","fab":"heptamer reconstituted into bilayer over a glass nanopore membrane","co":"KCl or NaCl electrolyte (hybrid folds in K+, basket in Na+)","pu":"effect of a UV thymine dimer on telomere G-quadruplex folds","ev":"full_text","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4263424","an":"3' T=T: thymine dimer in the third loop","id":"bio_na_early-0313"},{"a":1510,"y":2014,"au":"Wang Y, Luan BQ, Yang Z, Zhang X, Ritzo B, Gates K, et al.","t":"Single molecule investigation of Ag+ interactions with single cytosine-, methylcytosine- and hydroxymethylcytosine-cytosine mismatches in a nanopore.","j":"Scientific Reports","vp":"4:5883","doi":"10.1038/srep05883","pmid":"25103463","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","er":"capture rate 3.49 +/- 0.31 per uM per s","pu":"Ag+ bridging of C-C, mC-C and hmC-C mismatches read by duplex stability","ev":"full_text","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4126007","an":"probe P","id":"bio_na_early-0372"},{"a":1511,"y":2014,"au":"Wang Y, Luan BQ, Yang Z, Zhang X, Ritzo B, Gates K, et al.","t":"Single molecule investigation of Ag+ interactions with single cytosine-, methylcytosine- and hydroxymethylcytosine-cytosine mismatches in a nanopore.","j":"Scientific Reports","vp":"4:5883","doi":"10.1038/srep05883","pmid":"25103463","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"Ag+ bridging of C-C, mC-C and hmC-C mismatches read by duplex stability","ev":"full_text","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4126007","an":"probe P' with poly(A)-rich tail","id":"bio_na_early-0373"},{"a":1512,"y":2014,"au":"Zhang X, Wang Y, Fricke BL, Gu LQ","t":"Programming nanopore ion flow for encoded multiplex microRNA detection.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"8:3444-3450","doi":"10.1021/nn406339n","pmid":"24654890","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","b":"barcode trapped in the pore gives a PEG-length-specific current level","pu":"PEG-barcoded probes for multiplex microRNA detection","no":"PEG on 5-octadiynyl-dU; probes for miR-155, miR-182-5p, miR-210 and miR-21","ev":"full_text","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4004327","an":"DNA probe P24 with 24-mer PEG barcode on the lead (one per target miRNA)","id":"bio_na_early-0367"},{"a":1513,"y":2014,"au":"Zhang X, Wang Y, Fricke BL, Gu LQ","t":"Programming nanopore ion flow for encoded multiplex microRNA detection.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"8:3444-3450","doi":"10.1021/nn406339n","pmid":"24654890","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","b":"barcode trapped in the pore gives a PEG-length-specific current level","pu":"PEG-barcoded probes for multiplex microRNA detection","no":"PEG on 5-octadiynyl-dU; probes for miR-155, miR-182-5p, miR-210 and miR-21","ev":"full_text","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4004327","an":"DNA probe P3 with 3-mer PEG barcode on the lead (one per target miRNA)","id":"bio_na_early-0365"},{"a":1514,"y":2014,"au":"Zhang X, Wang Y, Fricke BL, Gu LQ","t":"Programming nanopore ion flow for encoded multiplex microRNA detection.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"8:3444-3450","doi":"10.1021/nn406339n","pmid":"24654890","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","b":"barcode trapped in the pore gives a PEG-length-specific current level","pu":"PEG-barcoded probes for multiplex microRNA detection","no":"PEG on 5-octadiynyl-dU; probes for miR-155, miR-182-5p, miR-210 and miR-21","ev":"full_text","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4004327","an":"DNA probe P8 with 8-mer PEG barcode on the lead (one per target miRNA)","id":"bio_na_early-0366"},{"a":1515,"y":2014,"au":"Zhang X, Wang Y, Fricke BL, Gu LQ","t":"Programming nanopore ion flow for encoded multiplex microRNA detection.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"8:3444-3450","doi":"10.1021/nn406339n","pmid":"24654890","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","b":"barcode trapped in the pore gives a PEG-length-specific current level","pu":"PEG-barcoded probes for multiplex microRNA detection","no":"PEG on 5-octadiynyl-dU; probes for miR-155, miR-182-5p, miR-210 and miR-21","ev":"full_text","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4004327","an":"DNA probe P0 with no PEG barcode on the lead (one per target miRNA)","id":"bio_na_early-0364"},{"a":1516,"y":2014,"au":"Billinge ER, Broom M, Platt M","t":"Monitoring aptamer-protein interactions using tunable resistive pulse sensing","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"86:1030-1037","doi":"10.1021/ac401764c","pmid":"24380606","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ac401764c","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable pore (TRPS)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","sn":"protein binding shields the aptamer backbone charge, changing translocation time and pulse frequency","pu":"label-free thrombin detection down to nM and association rates","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.1021%2Fac401764c%22&format=json&resultType=core","an":"thrombin bound to DNA aptamers on superparamagnetic beads","de":"several thrombin-binding DNA aptamers immobilised on beads, then incubated with thrombin","id":"reviews_exotic-0088"},{"a":1517,"y":2014,"au":"Rodriguez IB, Ho TY","t":"Diel nitrogen fixation pattern of Trichodesmium: the interactive control of light and Ni","j":"Scientific reports","vp":"4:4445","doi":"10.1038/srep04445","pmid":"24658259","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Counter Multisizer 3 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"total cellular volume to follow growth during diel nitrogen fixation","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3963029/fullTextXML","an":"Trichodesmium","de":"Trichodesmium cultures (strain name not seen in the passages read; same group used T. erythraeum IMS101 in 2015)","id":"microbes-0155"},{"a":1518,"y":2014,"au":"Stoco PH, Wagner G, Talavera-Lopez C, Gerber A, Zaha A, Thompson CE, et al.","t":"Genome of the avirulent human-infective trypanosome--Trypanosoma rangeli","j":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases","vp":"8:e3176","doi":"10.1371/journal.pntd.0003176","pmid":"25233456","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Z1 Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"percentage of live epimastigotes after hydrogen peroxide","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4169256/fullTextXML","an":"Trypanosoma rangeli epimastigotes","id":"microbes-0239"},{"a":1519,"y":2014,"au":"Nagashima G, Levine EV, Hoogerheide DP, Burns MM, Golovchenko JA","t":"Superheating and homogeneous single bubble nucleation in a solid-state nanopore","j":"Physical review letters","vp":"113:024506","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.113.024506","pmid":"25062192","url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.113.024506","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"silicon nitride nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"thin silicon nitride membrane","sn":"conductance, nucleation and bubble evolution monitored electronically and optically; nucleation homogeneous and highly reproducible","pu":"superheating and single bubble nucleation","no":"temperatures near the thermodynamic limit of superheat reached by focused ionic current","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25062192+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"single vapor bubble nucleated by Joule heating in a nanopore","id":"reviews_exotic-0016"},{"a":1520,"y":2015,"au":"Song Y, Li M, Pan X, Wang Q, Li D","t":"Size-based cell sorting with a resistive pulse sensor and an electromagnetic pump in a microfluidic chip","j":"Electrophoresis","vp":"36:398-404","doi":"10.1002/elps.201400292","pmid":"25146579","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"differential resistive pulse sensor in an electrokinetic microfluidic chip","pk":"chitoporin","er":"up to 100 target cells per minute sorted","pu":"size-based detection and sorting with an electromagnetic pump","no":"The device also detected T lymphocytes from the same blood.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25146579+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"A549 cells in fingertip blood","id":"cells-0132"},{"a":1521,"y":2015,"au":"Soskine M, Biesemans A, Maglia G","t":"Single-Molecule Analyte Recognition with ClyA Nanopores Equipped with Internal Protein Adaptors.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"137:5793-5797","doi":"10.1021/jacs.5b01520","pmid":"25871548","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS type I","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"engineered ClyA oligomer inserted into planar bilayer","dt":"resides in the pore for several minutes","sn":"two current levels; 2-oxoglutarate and succinate binding give current enhancements of about +4.7%","pu":"enzymes trapped as internal protein adaptors; ligand binding read from pore current","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4424005","an":"E. coli AlkB demethylase with Fe2+ (AlkB-Fe2+)","id":"bio_protein-0197"},{"a":1522,"y":2015,"au":"Soskine M, Biesemans A, Maglia G","t":"Single-Molecule Analyte Recognition with ClyA Nanopores Equipped with Internal Protein Adaptors.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"137:5793-5797","doi":"10.1021/jacs.5b01520","pmid":"25871548","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS type I","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"engineered ClyA oligomer inserted into planar bilayer","sn":"strongly reduced 2-oxoglutarate response","pu":"enzymes trapped as internal protein adaptors; ligand binding read from pore current","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4424005","an":"AlkB N120D mutant","id":"bio_protein-0198"},{"a":1523,"y":2015,"au":"Donnelly A, Yata T, Bentayebi K, Suwan K, Hajitou A","t":"Bacteriophage Mediates Efficient Gene Transfer in Combination with Conventional Transfection Reagents.","j":"Viruses","vp":"7(12):6476-6489","doi":"10.3390/v7122951","pmid":"26670247","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4690874/","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable elastomeric nanopore on a qNano analyzer (Izon Science)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","co":"phage sterile-filtered through 0.45 um filters before counting","pu":"titering phage vector preparations, reported as mg/mL","no":"Both the RGD4C-displaying vector and the non-targeted M13 vector were amplified in Escherichia coli K91, filtered and then titred on the qNano, which the authors describe as a Coulter technique also known as resistive pulse sensing. The RGD4C vector at a tunable pore is already in the database from Yata et al. 2014; this record covers the plain M13 phage vector.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4690874/fullTextXML","an":"bacteriophage M13 vector (non-targeted, no RGD4C ligand)","de":"M13-derived phage vector carrying a mammalian transgene cassette but no targeting peptide, grown in E. coli K91 and titred by TRPS","id":"gap_viruses-0018"},{"a":1523,"y":2017,"au":"McMullen AJ, Tang JX, Stein D","t":"Nanopore Measurements of Filamentous Viruses Reveal a Sub-nanometer-Scale Stagnant Fluid Layer.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"11(11):11669-11677","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.7b06767","pmid":"29091733","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"nanopore in a silicon nitride membrane","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pu":"electrokinetics of filamentous virus translocation; measuring the stagnant fluid layer","no":"Continuum electrokinetic theory overestimates both the translocation speed and the counterion conductance for both viruses. A companion paper (McMullen et al. 2018 Phys Rev Lett 120:078101, doi 10.1103/physrevlett.120.078101) shows buckling of the emerging virus causes a superlinear rise in velocity with driving force.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29091733&resultType=core&format=json","an":"filamentous bacteriophage M13","de":"compared directly with fd, which has the same geometry but a higher charge density","id":"viruses-0037"},{"a":1524,"y":2015,"au":"Wang Y, Montana V, Grubišić V, Stout RF Jr, Parpura V, Gu LQ","t":"Nanopore sensing of botulinum toxin type B by discriminating an enzymatically cleaved Peptide from a synaptic protein synaptobrevin 2 derivative.","j":"ACS applied materials & interfaces","vp":"7:184-192","doi":"10.1021/am5056596","pmid":"25511125","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"1 M KCl; BoNT-B light chain with Zn2+","v":"+120 mV","sn":"specific blockades reveal subnanomolar BoNT-B within minutes","pu":"botulinum neurotoxin B detection via cleavage of a synaptobrevin 2 derivative","no":"Open aerolysin current 62.7 +/- 0.9 pA at +120 mV.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4296922/fullTextXML","an":"BoNT-B-digested peptide marker released from Lp-Sb2(1-93)","id":"bio_protein-0370"},{"a":1525,"y":2015,"au":"Greninger AL, Naccache SN, Federman S, Yu G, Mbala P, Bres V, et al.","t":"Rapid metagenomic identification of viral pathogens in clinical samples by real-time nanopore sequencing analysis","j":"Genome Med","vp":"7:","doi":"10.1186/s13073-015-0220-9","pmid":"26416663","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ONT MinION (MAP-003/MAP-004 library kits)","pm":"Oxford Nanopore flow cell: array of protein nanopores in synthetic membrane, motor protein controls strand speed","fab":"commercial ONT flow cell; library ligated to motor-protein adapter","sn":"90% of the CHIKV genome recovered at 97-99% accuracy; reads within 4-10 min; average read error 24% (8-49%)","pu":"nanopore sequencing","no":"landmark: unbiased metagenomic detection of viruses in clinical blood by MinION sequencing with <6 h sample-to-answer","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4587849/fullTextXML","an":"chikungunya virus (CHIKV) from an asymptomatic blood donor","id":"bio_na_modern-0312"},{"a":1526,"y":2015,"au":"Kakish J, Lee D, Lee JS","t":"Drugs That Bind to α-Synuclein: Neuroprotective or Neurotoxic?","j":"ACS chemical neuroscience","vp":"6:1930-1940","doi":"10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00172","pmid":"26378986","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00172","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"tight binding to the N-terminus; more compact conformation","pu":"drug binding and conformational change of an intrinsically disordered protein","no":"abstract says nanopore analysis; this group's method uses alpha-hemolysin at 100 mV (stated in their 2022 full text, PMC8830172)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26378986+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"alpha-synuclein bound to amphetamine","id":"reviews_exotic-0195"},{"a":1527,"y":2015,"au":"Kakish J, Lee D, Lee JS","t":"Drugs That Bind to α-Synuclein: Neuroprotective or Neurotoxic?","j":"ACS chemical neuroscience","vp":"6:1930-1940","doi":"10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00172","pmid":"26378986","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00172","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"binds alpha-synuclein (heroin and methadone did not)","pu":"drug binding and conformational change of an intrinsically disordered protein","no":"abstract says nanopore analysis; this group's method uses alpha-hemolysin at 100 mV (stated in their 2022 full text, PMC8830172)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26378986+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"alpha-synuclein bound to cocaine","id":"reviews_exotic-0198"},{"a":1528,"y":2015,"au":"Kakish J, Lee D, Lee JS","t":"Drugs That Bind to α-Synuclein: Neuroprotective or Neurotoxic?","j":"ACS chemical neuroscience","vp":"6:1930-1940","doi":"10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00172","pmid":"26378986","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00172","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"binds without making the protein more compact","pu":"drug binding and conformational change of an intrinsically disordered protein","no":"abstract says nanopore analysis; this group's method uses alpha-hemolysin at 100 mV (stated in their 2022 full text, PMC8830172)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26378986+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"alpha-synuclein bound to metformin","id":"reviews_exotic-0199"},{"a":1529,"y":2015,"au":"Kakish J, Lee D, Lee JS","t":"Drugs That Bind to α-Synuclein: Neuroprotective or Neurotoxic?","j":"ACS chemical neuroscience","vp":"6:1930-1940","doi":"10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00172","pmid":"26378986","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00172","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"binds N- and C-termini, loop conformation","pu":"drug binding and conformational change of an intrinsically disordered protein","no":"abstract says nanopore analysis; this group's method uses alpha-hemolysin at 100 mV (stated in their 2022 full text, PMC8830172)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26378986+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"alpha-synuclein bound to methylphenidate (Ritalin)","id":"reviews_exotic-0200"},{"a":1530,"y":2015,"au":"Kakish J, Lee D, Lee JS","t":"Drugs That Bind to α-Synuclein: Neuroprotective or Neurotoxic?","j":"ACS chemical neuroscience","vp":"6:1930-1940","doi":"10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00172","pmid":"26378986","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00172","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"tight binding; more compact conformation","pu":"drug binding and conformational change of an intrinsically disordered protein","no":"abstract says nanopore analysis; this group's method uses alpha-hemolysin at 100 mV (stated in their 2022 full text, PMC8830172)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26378986+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"alpha-synuclein bound to paraquat (herbicide)","id":"reviews_exotic-0196"},{"a":1531,"y":2015,"au":"Kakish J, Tavassoly O, Lee JS","t":"Rasagiline, a suicide inhibitor of monoamine oxidases, binds reversibly to α-synuclein","j":"ACS chemical neuroscience","vp":"6:347-355","doi":"10.1021/cn5002914","pmid":"25514361","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/cn5002914","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"translocation peak shifts from -86 to about -80 pA","pu":"drug binding and conformational change of an intrinsically disordered protein","no":"abstract says nanopore analysis; this group's method uses alpha-hemolysin at 100 mV (stated in their 2022 full text, PMC8830172)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25514361+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"alpha-synuclein bound to R-1-aminoindan (rasagiline metabolite)","id":"reviews_exotic-0189"},{"a":1532,"y":2015,"au":"Kakish J, Tavassoly O, Lee JS","t":"Rasagiline, a suicide inhibitor of monoamine oxidases, binds reversibly to α-synuclein","j":"ACS chemical neuroscience","vp":"6:347-355","doi":"10.1021/cn5002914","pmid":"25514361","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/cn5002914","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"alpha-synuclein alone gives a translocation peak at -86 pA; with rasagiline it shifts to about -80 pA; binds N- and C-terminal regions (loop)","pu":"drug binding and conformational change of an intrinsically disordered protein","no":"abstract says nanopore analysis; this group's method uses alpha-hemolysin at 100 mV (stated in their 2022 full text, PMC8830172)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25514361+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"alpha-synuclein bound to rasagiline","id":"reviews_exotic-0188"},{"a":1533,"y":2015,"au":"Kakish J, Lee D, Lee JS","t":"Drugs That Bind to α-Synuclein: Neuroprotective or Neurotoxic?","j":"ACS chemical neuroscience","vp":"6:1930-1940","doi":"10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00172","pmid":"26378986","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00172","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"tight binding; more compact conformation","pu":"drug binding and conformational change of an intrinsically disordered protein","no":"abstract says nanopore analysis; this group's method uses alpha-hemolysin at 100 mV (stated in their 2022 full text, PMC8830172)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26378986+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"alpha-synuclein bound to rotenone (pesticide)","id":"reviews_exotic-0197"},{"a":1534,"y":2015,"au":"Kakish J, Tavassoly O, Lee JS","t":"Rasagiline, a suicide inhibitor of monoamine oxidases, binds reversibly to α-synuclein","j":"ACS chemical neuroscience","vp":"6:347-355","doi":"10.1021/cn5002914","pmid":"25514361","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/cn5002914","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"fewer -86 pA translocations and more bumping events at about -25 pA (compact conformation)","pu":"drug binding and conformational change of an intrinsically disordered protein","no":"abstract says nanopore analysis; this group's method uses alpha-hemolysin at 100 mV (stated in their 2022 full text, PMC8830172)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25514361+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"alpha-synuclein bound to selegiline","id":"reviews_exotic-0190"},{"a":1535,"y":2015,"au":"Plesa C, Ruitenberg JW, Witteveen MJ, Dekker C","t":"Detection of Individual Proteins Bound along DNA Using Solid-State Nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"15(5):3153-3158","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00249","pmid":"25928590","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pu":"detecting single proteins along DNA","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25928590+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"anti-DNA antibodies bound to lambda phage DNA","id":"ss_na-0125"},{"a":1536,"y":2015,"au":"Bell NA, Keyser UF","t":"Specific protein detection using designed DNA carriers and nanopores.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"137(5):2035-2041","doi":"10.1021/ja512521w","pmid":"25621373","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"conical glass nanopore","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pg":"conical","sn":"bound streptavidin gives secondary peaks whose number tracks the number of binding sites; streptavidin detected out of a protein mixture","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4353036/","an":"DNA carrier with bound streptavidin","id":"ss_na-0124"},{"a":1537,"y":2015,"au":"Zhou Z, Hu Y, Shan X, Li W, Bai X, Wang P, et al.","t":"Revealing Three Stages of DNA-Cisplatin Reaction by a Solid-State Nanopore.","j":"Sci Rep","vp":"5:11868","doi":"10.1038/srep11868","pmid":"26148968","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","er":"capture rate falls, then changes in three stages as the reaction proceeds (discharging, then crosslinking/compaction)","pu":"real-time monitoring of DNA-cisplatin reaction","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4493569/","an":"10 kbp dsDNA reacting with cisplatin (DNA-cisplatin complexes)","id":"ss_na-0147"},{"a":1538,"y":2015,"au":"Bulushev RD, Marion S, Radenovic A","t":"Relevance of the Drag Force during Controlled Translocation of a DNA-Protein Complex through a Glass Nanocapillary.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"15(10):7118-7125","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03264","pmid":"26393370","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"glass nanocapillary with optical tweezers","pk":"glass-nanopipette","co":"physiological conditions","sn":"simultaneous force and ionic current change at the bound protein; lower electrophoretic force than bare DNA","no":"Included for the glass nanocapillary pore kind.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26393370+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"EcoRI bound to DNA","id":"ss_na-0144"},{"a":1539,"y":2015,"au":"Huang S, Romero-Ruiz M, Castell OK, Bayley H, Wallace MI","t":"High-throughput optical sensing of nucleic acids in a nanopore array.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"10:986-991","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2015.189","pmid":"26322943","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin in droplet interface bilayer (optical single-channel recording)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in droplet interface bilayer on agarose; ~10^4 pores per mm2","fab":"heptamers in DIB; Ca2+ flux imaged with Fluo-8 (oSCR)","v":"+100 mV","dt":"identified by unzipping event duration","sn":"ion flux encoded optically as Ca2+ fluorescence; blockades resolved with sub-pA equivalent resolution","pu":"optical readout of nanopore blockades for parallel DNA discrimination and miRNA detection","ev":"full_text","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4821573","an":"let-7a hybridized to probe Plet7a (poly-C30 tags on both ends)","id":"bio_na_early-0453"},{"a":1540,"y":2015,"au":"Huang S, Romero-Ruiz M, Castell OK, Bayley H, Wallace MI","t":"High-throughput optical sensing of nucleic acids in a nanopore array.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"10:986-991","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2015.189","pmid":"26322943","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin in droplet interface bilayer (optical single-channel recording)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in droplet interface bilayer on agarose; 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short residence without tag","pu":"enzymes trapped as internal protein adaptors; ligand binding read from pore current","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4424005","an":"E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)","id":"bio_protein-0199"},{"a":1548,"y":2018,"au":"Hu R, Rodrigues JV, Waduge P, Yamazaki H, Cressiot B, Chishti Y, et al.","t":"Differential enzyme flexibility probed using solid-state nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"12:4494-4502","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.8b00734","pmid":"29630824","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9016714/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride membrane (20 nm for AdK work)","fab":"electron-beam drilling","co":"0.35 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM DTT, pH 8","v":"-125 to -300 mV","sn":"Chimera VC100 at 4.17 MHz, 150 kHz digital filter; amplitude distribution width (fwhm) used as flexibility measure","pu":"protein flexibility from blockade distributions","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=9016714","an":"wild-type E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)","de":"His-tagged","id":"ss_protein_small-0081"},{"a":1548,"y":2020,"au":"Galenkamp NS, Biesemans A, Maglia G","t":"Directional conformer exchange in dihydrofolate reductase revealed by single-molecule nanopore recordings.","j":"Nature chemistry","vp":"12:481-488","doi":"10.1038/s41557-020-0437-0","pmid":"32251371","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA nanopore","pk":"clya","sn":"at least four ground-state conformers with different ligand affinities; 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stretch set for about 100 nA baseline; 203 nm carboxylated polystyrene calibration beads","v":"0.34-0.5 V","pu":"effects of handling and storage on EV counts","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4643195/fullTextXML","an":"EVs in human saliva (fresh and freeze-thawed)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0080"},{"a":1564,"y":2015,"au":"Osteikoetxea X, Sódar B, Németh A, Szabó-Taylor K, Pálóczi K, Vukman KV, et al.","t":"Differential detergent sensitivity of extracellular vesicle subpopulations","j":"Organic & biomolecular chemistry","vp":"13:9775-9782","doi":"10.1039/c5ob01451d","pmid":"26264754","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"detergent sensitivity of EV subpopulations","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26264754+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"EV subpopulations secreted by Jurkat cells","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0083"},{"a":1565,"y":2015,"au":"Osteikoetxea X, Sódar B, Németh A, Szabó-Taylor K, Pálóczi K, Vukman KV, et al.","t":"Differential detergent sensitivity of extracellular vesicle subpopulations","j":"Organic & biomolecular chemistry","vp":"13:9775-9782","doi":"10.1039/c5ob01451d","pmid":"26264754","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"detergent sensitivity of EV subpopulations","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26264754+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"EV subpopulations secreted by MiaPaCa cells","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0085"},{"a":1566,"y":2015,"au":"Lobb RJ, Becker M, Wen SW, Wong CS, Wiegmans AP, Leimgruber A, et al.","t":"Optimized exosome isolation protocol for cell culture supernatant and human plasma","j":"Journal of extracellular vesicles","vp":"4:27031","doi":"10.3402/jev.v4.27031","pmid":"26194179","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano NP100 nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","co":"45 mm stretch; multi-pressure calibration with 70 nm carboxylated polystyrene beads","pu":"comparing exosome isolation methods","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4507751/fullTextXML","an":"exosomes from SK-MES-1 non-small-cell lung cancer cell conditioned medium","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0082"},{"a":1567,"y":2015,"au":"Choi DH, Kwon YM, Chiura HX, Yang EC, Bae SS, Kang SG, et al.","t":"Extracellular Vesicles of the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon \"Thermococcus onnurineus\" NA1T","j":"Applied and environmental microbiology","vp":"81:4591-4599","doi":"10.1128/aem.00428-15","pmid":"25934618","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"counting","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25934618+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"EVs of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus onnurineus NA1T (density bands B and C)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0135"},{"a":1568,"y":2015,"au":"Osteikoetxea X, Sódar B, Németh A, Szabó-Taylor K, Pálóczi K, Vukman KV, et al.","t":"Differential detergent sensitivity of extracellular vesicle subpopulations","j":"Organic & biomolecular chemistry","vp":"13:9775-9782","doi":"10.1039/c5ob01451d","pmid":"26264754","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"detergent sensitivity of EV subpopulations","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26264754+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"EV subpopulations secreted by THP-1 cells","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0084"},{"a":1569,"y":2015,"au":"Osteikoetxea X, Sódar B, Németh A, Szabó-Taylor K, Pálóczi K, Vukman KV, et al.","t":"Differential detergent sensitivity of extracellular vesicle subpopulations","j":"Organic & biomolecular chemistry","vp":"13:9775-9782","doi":"10.1039/c5ob01451d","pmid":"26264754","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"detergent sensitivity of EV subpopulations","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26264754+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"EV subpopulations secreted by U937 cells","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0086"},{"a":1570,"y":2015,"au":"Fahie MA, Chen M","t":"Electrostatic Interactions between OmpG Nanopore and Analyte Protein Surface Can Distinguish between Glycosylated Isoforms.","j":"The journal of physical chemistry. B","vp":"119:10198-10206","doi":"10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06435","pmid":"26181080","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpG-PEG2-biotin","pk":"ompg","pm":"E. coli outer membrane protein G in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"refolded monomeric porin with tethered biotin inserted into bilayer","sn":"three populations (E1 streptavidin-like, E2, E3 avidin-like) reflecting glycosylation heterogeneity","pu":"discrimination of glycosylated and deglycosylated protein isoforms","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4958047","an":"extravidin (deglycosylated avidin)","id":"bio_protein-0115"},{"a":1571,"y":2015,"au":"Jakova E, Lee JS","t":"Superposition of an AC field improves the discrimination between peptides in nanopore analysis.","j":"The Analyst","vp":"140:4813-4819","doi":"10.1039/c4an02180k","pmid":"25699656","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"AC field superposition to tune translocation versus bumping","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25699656+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"A10 peptide FmocDDA10KK","id":"bio_protein-0405"},{"a":1572,"y":2015,"au":"Jakova E, Lee JS","t":"Superposition of an AC field improves the discrimination between peptides in nanopore analysis.","j":"The Analyst","vp":"140:4813-4819","doi":"10.1039/c4an02180k","pmid":"25699656","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"AC field superposition to tune translocation versus bumping","no":"Sequence pattern inferred from the A10 naming (FmocDDA10KK) given in the abstract.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25699656+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"A14 peptide","id":"bio_protein-0406"},{"a":1573,"y":2015,"au":"Jakova E, Lee JS","t":"Superposition of an AC field improves the discrimination between peptides in nanopore analysis.","j":"The Analyst","vp":"140:4813-4819","doi":"10.1039/c4an02180k","pmid":"25699656","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"AC field superposition to tune translocation versus bumping","no":"Sequence pattern inferred from the A10 naming given in the abstract.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25699656+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"A18 peptide","id":"bio_protein-0407"},{"a":1574,"y":2015,"au":"Niedzwiecki DJ, Lanci CJ, Shemer G, Cheng PS, Saven JG, Drndic M","t":"Observing changes in the structure and oligomerization state of a helical protein dimer using solid-state nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"9:8907-8915","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5b02714","pmid":"26262433","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"thin SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride, thickness less than 10 nm","sn":"S/N up to about 10 at 100 kHz","pu":"oligomeric state of short peptides","no":"Dimer distinguished from monomer.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:26262433%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"GCN4-p1 leucine zipper dimer (coiled coil)","id":"ss_protein_small-0046"},{"a":1575,"y":2015,"au":"Niedzwiecki DJ, Lanci CJ, Shemer G, Cheng PS, Saven JG, Drndic M","t":"Observing changes in the structure and oligomerization state of a helical protein dimer using solid-state nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"9:8907-8915","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5b02714","pmid":"26262433","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"thin SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride, thickness less than 10 nm","sn":"S/N up to about 10 at 100 kHz","pu":"oligomeric state of short peptides","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:26262433%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"GCN4-p1 monomer","id":"ss_protein_small-0047"},{"a":1576,"y":2015,"au":"Fahie M, Chisholm C, Chen M","t":"Resolved single-molecule detection of individual species within a mixture of anti-biotin antibodies using an engineered monomeric nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"9:1089-1098","doi":"10.1021/nn506606e","pmid":"25575121","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpG with biotin tethered to loop 6 through PEG (OmpG-PEG11-biotin and OmpG-PEG2-biotin, D224C)","pk":"ompg","pm":"E. coli outer membrane protein G (monomeric beta barrel) in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"refolded monomeric porin, cysteine-labelled with PEG-biotin, inserted into bilayer","co":"10 mM sodium phosphate pH 6.0, 300 mM KCl","v":"+50 mV (-50 to +50 mV)","sn":"distinct gating patterns; detected simultaneously with mouse mAb in a mixture","pu":"protein detection by changes in loop gating","no":"Gating parameters (open probability, frequency, duration, current) form a fingerprint for each biotin-binding protein.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4958048","an":"goat polyclonal anti-biotin antibody","id":"bio_protein-0111"},{"a":1577,"y":2015,"au":"Ho CW, Van Meervelt V, Tsai KC, De Temmerman PJ, De Temmerman PJ, Mast J, et al.","t":"Engineering a nanopore with co-chaperonin function.","j":"Science advances","vp":"1:e1500905","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.1500905","pmid":"26824063","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin engineered with GroES functional elements (GroES-nanopore co-chaperonin)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"engineered S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","b":"large changes to unitary current on binding, attributed to apical-domain allosteric transitions","sn":"one GroEL-induced level shows fast fluctuations (< 1 ms); unfolded protein substrates changed the transition pattern","pu":"chaperonin dynamics at the single-molecule level","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26824063+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"single-ring GroEL (SR1-type chaperonin)","de":"E. coli GroEL (UniProt P0A6F5) single-ring version","id":"bio_protein-0216"},{"a":1578,"y":2015,"au":"Cheregi O, Kotabová E, Prášil O, Schröder WP, Schröder WP, Kaňa R, et al.","t":"Presence of state transitions in the cryptophyte alga Guillardia theta","j":"Journal of experimental botany","vp":"66:6461-6470","doi":"10.1093/jxb/erv362","pmid":"26254328","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Multisizer III aperture (calibrated)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"70 um","pu":"cell number and size every second day","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4588893/fullTextXML","an":"Guillardia theta","id":"microbes-0148"},{"a":1579,"y":2015,"au":"Harms ZD, Selzer L, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC","t":"Monitoring Assembly of Virus Capsids with Nanofluidic Devices.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"9(9):9087-9096","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5b03231","pmid":"26266555","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4753561/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane nanochannel with two nanopores in series milled in glass","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"glass (FIB milled)","pd":"60 +/- 5 nm wide x 60 +/- 5 nm deep","pl":"200 +/- 10 nm; pores in a 10 um long nanochannel","pg":"two rectangular pores in series","fab":"focused ion beam milling","co":"Cp149 dimer 0.05 to 10 uM assembled in 0.3 to 1 M NaCl (HEPES buffer); samples diluted for counting","b":"dI/i 0.58% (T = 3) and 0.83% (T = 4); intermediates at 0.71% (about 105 dimers) and 0.47% (about 77 dimers)","er":"more than 700,000 particles counted over 54 experiments","pu":"real-time counting and sizing of assembly intermediates and capsids","no":"First single-particle resistive-pulse view of virus assembly intermediates. Incomplete T = 4 particles assemble fast at high dimer concentration and slowly anneal into T = 4 capsids; T = 3 forms faster than T = 4.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC4753561.1/PMC4753561.1.txt","an":"hepatitis B virus capsid assembly intermediates (non-capsid oligomers and pre-T = 4 particles)","de":"Cp149 dimer assembly reactions; kinetically trapped incomplete T = 4 particles at high dimer concentration","id":"viruses-0017"},{"a":1579,"y":2017,"au":"Kondylis P, Zhou J, Harms ZD, Kneller AR, Lee LS, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC","t":"Nanofluidic Devices with 8 Pores in Series for Real-Time, Resistive-Pulse Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly.","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"89(9):4855-4862","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04491","pmid":"28322548","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5549943/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane nanochannel with 2, 4 or 8 nanopores in series milled in glass","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"glass (FIB milled)","fab":"focused ion beam milling (30 kV, 20 pA line pass for pores) with electron flood gun","co":"50 mM HEPES, 1 M NaCl, pH 7.5; assembly at 0.40 uM Cp149 dimer","v":"490 to 500 mV (2 pores), 800 to 890 mV (4 pores), 1460 to 1900 mV (8 pores); baseline about 17 nA","sn":"averaging eight pulses per particle cut the amplitude spread 2.7-fold and the pore-to-pore time spread 3.2-fold","pu":"real-time sizing of assembly intermediates","no":"Eight pores in series give eight pulses per particle; resolution grows with the square root of the number of pulses.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC5549943.1/PMC5549943.1.txt","an":"hepatitis B virus capsid assembly intermediates","de":"Cp149 assembly below the pseudo-critical concentration; smaller intermediates fell in abundance during the first hour while near-T = 4 intermediates stayed constant","id":"viruses-0018"},{"a":1579,"y":2018,"au":"Zhou J, Kondylis P, Haywood DG, Harms ZD, Lee LS, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC","t":"Characterization of Virus Capsids and Their Assembly Intermediates by Multicycle Resistive-Pulse Sensing with Four Pores in Series.","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"90(12):7267-7274","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00452","pmid":"29708733","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6039186/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane nanochannel with four nanopores in series milled in glass","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"glass (FIB milled)","pd":"60 nm wide x 70 nm deep","pl":"290 nm; 320 nm wide, 130 nm deep, 500 nm long channels between pores","pg":"four rectangular pores in series","fab":"focused ion beam milling","co":"50 mM HEPES, 1 M NaCl, pH 7.5; about 1 nM capsids","v":"about 800 mV, polarity switched each cycle","sn":"virus ping-pong: each particle cycled back and forth, up to about 1000 measurements; 4 pulses per pass, about 1.5 ms between pores; size spread falls with the square root of the number of measurements","pu":"high-precision single-particle sizing, approaching single-dimer resolution","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC6039186.1/PMC6039186.1.txt","an":"hepatitis B virus capsid assembly intermediates","de":"assembly at 5 uM dimer in 1 M NaCl; intermediates shifted to larger sizes over 2 days of annealing","id":"viruses-0021"},{"a":1580,"y":2015,"au":"Greninger AL, Naccache SN, Federman S, Yu G, Mbala P, Bres V, et al.","t":"Rapid metagenomic identification of viral pathogens in clinical samples by real-time nanopore sequencing analysis","j":"Genome Med","vp":"7:","doi":"10.1186/s13073-015-0220-9","pmid":"26416663","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ONT MinION (MAP-003/MAP-004 library kits)","pm":"Oxford Nanopore flow cell: array of protein nanopores in synthetic membrane, motor protein controls strand speed","fab":"commercial ONT flow cell; library ligated to motor-protein adapter","sn":"detected within 40 min at 1e5 copies/ml; average read error 24% (8-49%)","pu":"nanopore sequencing","no":"landmark: unbiased metagenomic detection of viruses in clinical blood by MinION sequencing with <6 h sample-to-answer","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4587849/fullTextXML","an":"hepatitis C virus (HCV) in human blood","id":"bio_na_modern-0314"},{"a":1581,"y":2015,"au":"Guo J, Huang X, Ai Y","t":"On-Demand Lensless Single Cell Imaging Activated by Differential Resistive Pulse Sensing","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"87:6516-6519","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01378","pmid":"26035335","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"microfluidic differential Coulter counter triggering a lensless CMOS imager","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pu":"size-triggered on-demand single-cell imaging","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26035335+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"HepG2 tumor cells (in a mixture with red blood cells)","id":"cells-0212"},{"a":1582,"y":2015,"au":"Hare DN, Collins SE, Mukherjee S, Loo YM, Gale M Jr, Janssen LJ, et al.","t":"Membrane Perturbation-Associated Ca2+ Signaling and Incoming Genome Sensing Are Required for the Host Response to Low-Level Enveloped Virus Particle Entry.","j":"Journal of virology","vp":"90(6):3018-3027","doi":"10.1128/jvi.02642-15","pmid":"26719279","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4810640/","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable elastomeric nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","er":"fewer than 13 Sendai virus particles and 84 human cytomegalovirus particles per cell were enough to activate IRF3","pu":"counting virus particles so that the smallest number of particles per cell able to switch on IRF3 could be stated","no":"A Europe PMC full-text search for qViro returns this paper, so the Izon qViro TRPS instrument is named in its methods, but the full text itself was unreachable (Europe PMC fullTextXML gave HTTPError 500 and the PMC open-data bucket gave 404 for PMC4810640, both logged). The particle counts per cell come from the abstract. Pore size, electrolyte and voltage are therefore not recorded.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=qViro%20AND%20EXT_ID%3A26719279&format=json&pageSize=5","an":"human cytomegalovirus particles","de":"HCMV particles applied at low particle-to-cell ratios, with total particles counted by TRPS; the same virus is in the database from a solid-state nanopore study","id":"gap_viruses-0022"},{"a":1582,"y":2025,"au":"Hashida N, Takei H, Taniguchi M, Naono N, Soma T, Oie Y, et al.","t":"Rapid diagnosis of ocular viral infections via single-virus detection using solid-state nanopore: A diagnostic evaluation study.","j":"PNAS nexus","vp":"4(6):pgaf161","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf161","pmid":"40496189","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12150286/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore, 300 nm across in a 40 nm membrane (AI nanopore module)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"SiN membrane","pd":"300 nm","pl":"40 nm","v":"-0.1 V","sn":"pulse height in nA and width in us; machine learning F-measure 0.836 for CMV versus HSV-1, 0.697 for HSV-1 versus VZV, 0.775 across four viruses","pu":"rapid identification of ocular viral infections from cultured virus and patient samples","no":"Herpesviruses are spherical particles of 100 to 200 nm. Clinical ocular samples were measured without pretreatment.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12150286/fullTextXML","an":"human cytomegalovirus (CMV)","de":"cultured virus","id":"viruses-0052"},{"a":1583,"y":2015,"au":"Rutkowska A, Freedman K, Skalkowska J, Kim MJ, Edel JB, Albrecht T","t":"Electrodeposition and bipolar effects in metallized nanopores and their use in the detection of insulin.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"87:2337-2344","doi":"10.1021/ac504463r","pmid":"25575083","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"metallized (embedded gold film) solid-state nanopore, homocysteine-modified","pm":"membrane with embedded gold film","pd":"effective diameter below 10 nm after electrodeposition","fab":"semiconductor processing and focused ion beam milling; gold electrodeposition to shrink the pore","dt":"tens of milliseconds","sn":"protein adsorption to the modified pore slows translocation to tens of milliseconds","pu":"insulin detection with a chemically modified metallized pore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:25575083%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"insulin","id":"ss_protein_small-0292"},{"a":1583,"y":2023,"au":"Khatri S, Pandey P, Mejia G, Ghimire G, Leng F, He J","t":"Nanoconfinement and crowding enhanced single-molecule detection of small molecules with nanopipettes.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"145:28075-28084","doi":"10.1021/jacs.3c09311","pmid":"37996390","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11036617/","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"quartz nanopipette with hydrogel trans side","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"laser-pulled quartz theta pipette (one barrel carbon-filled)","pd":"5-15 times the molecule size","fab":"laser pulling (P-2000); hydrogel confinement at the trans side","co":"1x PBS; hydrogel soft confinement","v":"0 to -30 mV (also +10 mV)","sn":"molecules jam at the tip; resistive, biphasic and conductive events depending on bias; event rates above 100 per s","pu":"label-free detection of small biomolecules by nanoconfinement and self-crowding","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=11036617","an":"insulin","id":"ss_protein_small-0206"},{"a":1584,"y":2015,"au":"Gaudin R, Barteneva NS","t":"Sorting of small infectious virus particles by flow virometry reveals distinct infectivity profiles.","j":"Nature communications","vp":"6:6022","doi":"10.1038/ncomms7022","pmid":"25641385","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4315362/","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable elastomeric nanopore on a qViro system (Izon Science)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pm":"thermoplastic polyurethane membrane","co":"virus preparation resuspended in filtered PBS","sn":"ionic current and resistive pulse signals recorded with the Izon software; sorted and unsorted particle size histograms compared","pu":"confirming that flow virometry had sorted virus particles smaller than 300 nm, and sizing the sorted and unsorted particles","no":"Junin virus particles labelled with Alexa Fluor 647 were sorted by a flow virometry assay that kept them infectious, then run on the qViro TRPS system. The paper's main analysis links particle infectivity to size and RNA content for virus made by Vero cells and by human primary macrophages.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4315362/fullTextXML","an":"Junin virus particles (Alexa Fluor 647 labelled, sorted and unsorted)","de":"Junin virus secreted by Vero cells and by human primary macrophages, sorted by flow virometry and then sized by TRPS","id":"gap_viruses-0019"},{"a":1585,"y":2015,"au":"Plesa C, van Loo N, Ketterer P, Dietz H, Dekker C","t":"Velocity of DNA during translocation through a solid-state nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"15(1):732-737","doi":"10.1021/nl504375c","pmid":"25496458","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"marker spikes give local velocity along the molecule; large intramolecular velocity fluctuations and speed-up near the end","pu":"measuring local translocation velocity","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25496458+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"linear double-stranded DNA assembled by DNA origami with markers at known positions","id":"ss_na-0302"},{"a":1586,"y":2015,"au":"Kozak D, Broom M, Vogel R","t":"High resolution particle characterization to expedite development and regulatory acceptance of nanomedicines","j":"Current drug delivery","vp":"12:115-120","doi":"10.2174/1567201811666140922110647","pmid":"25243846","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","sn":"simultaneous size and zeta potential per particle","pu":"homogeneity of liposomal nanomedicines","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25243846+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"liposomes with and without PEGylated phospholipids","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0223"},{"a":1587,"y":2015,"au":"Lane RE, Korbie D, Anderson W, Vaidyanathan R, Trau M","t":"Analysis of exosome purification methods using a model liposome system and tunable-resistive pulse sensing","j":"Scientific reports","vp":"5:7639","doi":"10.1038/srep07639","pmid":"25559219","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore (Izon)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"recovery and size distribution through exosome isolation protocols","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4648344/fullTextXML","an":"100 nm DOPC/cholesterol liposomes (exosome model)","de":"1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine with cholesterol","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0176"},{"a":1587,"y":2015,"au":"Chen L, He H, Jin Y","t":"Counting and dynamic studies of the small unilamellar phospholipid vesicle translocation with single conical glass nanopores","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"87:522-529","doi":"10.1021/ac5029243","pmid":"25489990","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"single conical glass nanopore","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass","pd":"orifice about 14-72 nm","pg":"conical","v":"-0.6 to -1 V","dt":"a few seconds per SUV through about 72 nm pore","er":"frequency nearly linear in bias from -0.6 to -1 V; nonlinear in concentration","sn":"periodic oscillation in the blockage signal during translocation","pu":"counting and translocation dynamics","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25489990+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"small unilamellar phospholipid vesicles (SUVs, about 50-60 nm)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0043"},{"a":1587,"y":2015,"au":"Goyal G, Darvish A, Kim MJ","t":"Use of solid-state nanopores for sensing co-translocational deformation of nano-liposomes","j":"Analyst","vp":"140:4865-4873","doi":"10.1039/c5an00250h","pmid":"25811537","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore","v":"up to 600 mV (about 14 kV/cm at pore center)","sn":"deformation grows exponentially with voltage; rigid polystyrene beads as control show none","pu":"mechanics (electrodeformation) of soft vesicles","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25811537+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"DOPC nano-liposomes, 85 nm","de":"1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0044"},{"a":1587,"y":2019,"au":"Grabarek AD, Weinbuch D, Jiskoot W, Hawe A","t":"Critical Evaluation of Microfluidic Resistive Pulse Sensing for Quantification and Sizing of Nanometer- and Micrometer-Sized Particles in Biopharmaceutical Products","j":"Journal of pharmaceutical sciences","vp":"108:563-573","doi":"10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.020","pmid":"30176253","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"microfluidic resistive pulse sensing (MRPS) cartridge","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pu":"sizing and counting","no":"MRPS was the only technique that characterized both bacteria and liposomes in this comparison","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A30176253+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"liposomes in a biopharmaceutical-style sample","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0177"},{"a":1588,"y":2015,"au":"Wang Y, Montana V, Grubišić V, Stout RF Jr, Parpura V, Gu LQ","t":"Nanopore sensing of botulinum toxin type B by discriminating an enzymatically cleaved Peptide from a synaptic protein synaptobrevin 2 derivative.","j":"ACS applied materials & interfaces","vp":"7:184-192","doi":"10.1021/am5056596","pmid":"25511125","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"1 M KCl; BoNT-B light chain with Zn2+","v":"+120 mV","sn":"intact substrate did not change background current","pu":"botulinum neurotoxin B detection via cleavage of a synaptobrevin 2 derivative","no":"Open aerolysin current 62.7 +/- 0.9 pA at +120 mV.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4296922/fullTextXML","an":"Lp-Sb2(1-93): 36-residue His-tagged lead peptide fused to synaptobrevin 2 cytoplasmic domain residues 1-93","id":"bio_protein-0369"},{"a":1589,"y":2015,"au":"Martyushenko N, Bell NA, Lamboll RD, Keyser UF","t":"Nanopore analysis of amyloid fibrils formed by lysozyme aggregation","j":"Analyst","vp":"140:4882-4886","doi":"10.1039/c5an00530b","pmid":"25994201","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"bare quartz glass nanopore","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pg":"conical","er":"tens of thousands of translocations through one nanopore","sn":"statistics fit a bulk conductivity model for rods of fixed cross-section","pu":"single-particle size distributions of fibrils","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25994201+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"lysozyme amyloid fibrils over 24 h of aggregation","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0066"},{"a":1589,"y":2015,"au":"Martyushenko N, Bell NA, Lamboll RD, Keyser UF","t":"Nanopore analysis of amyloid fibrils formed by lysozyme aggregation.","j":"Analyst","vp":"140:4882-4886","doi":"10.1039/c5an00530b","pmid":"25994201","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"quartz glass nanopore","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pg":"conical","sn":"tens of thousands of translocations through one pore over 24 h of aggregation; consistent with rods of fixed cross section","pu":"single-particle size distribution of amyloid fibrils","no":"Fibrils translocated through bare quartz pores without much clogging under suitable salt and pH.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:25994201%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"lysozyme amyloid fibrils","id":"ss_protein_small-0070"},{"a":1589,"y":2016,"au":"Balme S, Coulon PE, Lepoitevin M, Charlot B, Yandrapalli N, Favard C, et al.","t":"Influence of Adsorption on Proteins and Amyloid Detection by Silicon Nitride Nanopore","j":"Langmuir","vp":"32:8916-8925","doi":"10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02048","pmid":"27506271","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore, piranha-treated","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride","pd":"17 nm","pu":"discriminating amyloid from denatured monomer; number of monomer units","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A27506271+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"lysozyme amyloid (vs denatured lysozyme)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0067"},{"a":1589,"y":2016,"au":"Balme S, Coulon PE, Lepoitevin M, Charlot B, Yandrapalli N, Favard C, et al.","t":"Influence of adsorption on proteins and amyloid detection by silicon nitride nanopore.","j":"Langmuir","vp":"32:8916-8925","doi":"10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02048","pmid":"27506271","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"piranha-treated SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride","pd":"17 nm","sn":"capture rates lower than expected and correlated with protein affinity for the surface","pu":"effect of adsorption on protein and amyloid detection","no":"Discriminated from denatured lysozyme.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:27506271%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"lysozyme amyloid","id":"ss_protein_small-0096"},{"a":1590,"y":2015,"au":"Lamy F, Arz HW, Kilian R, Lange CB, Lembke-Jene L, Wengler M, et al.","t":"Glacial reduction and millennial-scale variations in Drake Passage throughflow","j":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","vp":"112:13496-13501","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1509203112","pmid":"26417070","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture (Cardiff University)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"sortable silt grain size as a proxy for bottom current speed; cross-check of SediGraph data","no":"Coulter Counter measurements were made on selected samples and compared with SediGraph (SI Fig. S6).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4640728/","an":"Terrigenous sortable silt in sediment core MD07-3128 (southernmost Chilean continental slope, 52.66 S 75.57 W, 1032 m), upstream of Drake Passage","id":"earth_space_industry-0032"},{"a":1591,"y":2015,"au":"Huang S, Romero-Ruiz M, Castell OK, Bayley H, Wallace MI","t":"High-throughput optical sensing of nucleic acids in a nanopore array.","j":"Nature Nanotechnology","vp":"10:986-991","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2015.189","pmid":"26322943","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin in droplet interface bilayer (optical single-channel recording)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-HL in droplet interface bilayer on agarose; ~10^4 pores per mm2","fab":"heptamers in DIB; Ca2+ flux imaged with Fluo-8 (oSCR)","v":"+100 mV","sn":"ion flux encoded optically as Ca2+ fluorescence; blockades resolved with sub-pA equivalent resolution","pu":"optical readout of nanopore blockades for parallel DNA discrimination and miRNA detection","ev":"full_text","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4821573","an":"let-7i microRNA","id":"bio_na_early-0455"},{"a":1592,"y":2015,"au":"Fahie MA, Yang B, Mullis M, Holden MA, Chen M","t":"Selective Detection of Protein Homologues in Serum Using an OmpG Nanopore.","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"87:11143-11149","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03350","pmid":"26451707","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpG-PEG2-biotin","pk":"ompg","pm":"E. coli outer membrane protein G in DPhPC bilayer","fab":"refolded monomeric porin with tethered biotin, inserted at 200 mV","co":"10 mM sodium phosphate pH 6, 300 mM KCl; fetal bovine serum present","v":"+/-50 mV","sn":"distinct gating pattern; discriminated from SB58C in serum by a single pore","pu":"selective detection of antibody homologues in serum","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=5065927","an":"mouse monoclonal anti-biotin antibody BTN.4","id":"bio_protein-0113"},{"a":1593,"y":2015,"au":"Fahie MA, Yang B, Mullis M, Holden MA, Chen M","t":"Selective Detection of Protein Homologues in Serum Using an OmpG Nanopore.","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"87:11143-11149","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03350","pmid":"26451707","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpG-PEG2-biotin","pk":"ompg","pm":"E. coli outer membrane protein G in DPhPC bilayer","fab":"refolded monomeric porin with tethered biotin, inserted at 200 mV","co":"10 mM sodium phosphate pH 6, 300 mM KCl; fetal bovine serum present","v":"+/-50 mV","sn":"three gating pattern types; binding events lasted at least 2 min (about 30 times longer than BTN.4); open current down to 54% in type A at +50 mV","pu":"selective detection of antibody homologues in serum","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=5065927","an":"mouse monoclonal anti-biotin antibody SB58C (Southern Biotech)","id":"bio_protein-0112"},{"a":1594,"y":2015,"au":"Fahie M, Chisholm C, Chen M","t":"Resolved single-molecule detection of individual species within a mixture of anti-biotin antibodies using an engineered monomeric nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"9:1089-1098","doi":"10.1021/nn506606e","pmid":"25575121","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpG with biotin tethered to loop 6 through PEG (OmpG-PEG11-biotin and OmpG-PEG2-biotin, D224C)","pk":"ompg","pm":"E. coli outer membrane protein G (monomeric beta barrel) in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"refolded monomeric porin, cysteine-labelled with PEG-biotin, inserted into bilayer","co":"10 mM sodium phosphate pH 6.0, 300 mM KCl","v":"+50 mV (-50 to +50 mV)","er":"kon 2.30 +/- 0.43 x 10^7 M-1 s-1; Kd about 11 nM","sn":"reversible binding seen as altered gating","pu":"protein detection by changes in loop gating","no":"Gating parameters (open probability, frequency, duration, current) form a fingerprint for each biotin-binding protein.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4958048","an":"mouse monoclonal anti-biotin antibody","id":"bio_protein-0110"},{"a":1595,"y":2015,"au":"Hwang TL, Aljuffali IA, Lin CF, Chang YT, Fang JY","t":"Cationic additives in nanosystems activate cytotoxicity and inflammatory response of human neutrophils: lipid nanoparticles versus polymeric nanoparticles","j":"International journal of nanomedicine","vp":"10:371-385","doi":"10.2147/ijn.s73017","pmid":"25609950","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore (Izon)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","er":"particle concentration 1.5e12 per mL","pu":"particle counting","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4294622/fullTextXML","an":"cationic nanostructured lipid carriers (N-c)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0225"},{"a":1596,"y":2015,"au":"Teng C, He J, Zhu L, Ren L, Chen J, Hong M, et al.","t":"Fabrication and Characterization of Monodisperse Magnetic Porous Nickel Microspheres as Novel Catalysts","j":"Nanoscale Research Letters","vp":"10:384","doi":"10.1186/s11671-015-1088-8","pmid":"26437654","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"microsphere size at each step toward porous nickel catalyst microspheres","no":"The polymer template and polymer/Ni microspheres were also sized by Coulter counter.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4593984/fullTextXML","an":"Porous nickel oxide (NiO) microspheres made on porous polymer templates","id":"gap_industry-0060"},{"a":1597,"y":2015,"au":"Langecker M, Ivankin A, Carson S, Kinney SR, Simmel FC, Wanunu M","t":"Nanopores suggest a negligible influence of CpG methylation on nucleosome packaging and stability.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"15(1):783-790","doi":"10.1021/nl504522n","pmid":"25495735","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"2.6-2.8 nm","v":"400 and 550 mV capture","sn":"automated force ramps unravel nucleosomes; unraveling statistics similar for methylated and unmethylated DNA","pu":"effect of CpG methylation on nucleosome stability","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4296928/","an":"nucleosomes assembled on CpG-methylated 208 bp DNA","id":"ss_na-0122"},{"a":1598,"y":2015,"au":"Pulcu GS, Mikhailova E, Choi LS, Bayley H","t":"Continuous observation of the stochastic motion of an individual small-molecule walker","j":"Nature nanotechnology","vp":"10:76-83","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2014.264","pmid":"25486119","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.264","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with a line of cysteine residues (nanoreactor)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"aqueous, neutral pH, room temperature","dt":"about 0.7 s per step","sn":"current level changes report each individual step of one walker","pu":"continuous observation of a single molecular walker","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25486119+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"organoarsenic(III) small-molecule walker on a five-foothold cysteine track","de":"walker with exchangeable thiol ligands steps between cysteines 6 A apart by making and breaking As-S bonds","id":"reviews_exotic-0063"},{"a":1599,"y":2015,"au":"Pellegrini M, Cherukupalli A, Medini M, Falkowski R, Olabisi R","t":"The Effect of Swelling Ratio on the Coulter Underestimation of Hydrogel Microsphere Diameters","j":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","vp":"21:1246-1250","doi":"10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0246","pmid":"26414785","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"Coulter diameter underestimates swollen hydrogel size because the gel holds electrolyte; correction factor from swelling ratio","pu":"sizing","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26414785+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"polyethylene glycol diacrylate hydrogel microspheres","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0184"},{"a":1600,"y":2015,"au":"Cressiot B, Braselmann E, Oukhaled A, Elcock AH, Pelta J, Clark PL","t":"Dynamics and Energy Contributions for Transport of Unfolded Pertactin through a Protein Nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"9:9050-9061","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5b03053","pmid":"26302243","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in DPhPC bilayer","pd":"1.0-1.7 nm (inner)","pl":"10 nm","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar bilayer (150 um aperture)","co":"1 M KCl, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 1 M GdnHCl","v":"up to 110 mV","b":"80 +/- 10% of open-pore current","dt":"664 +/- 24 us at 70 mV","er":"f0 = 0.95 Hz at 0 V (extrapolated); koff = 1.54 x 10^3 s-1","sn":"frequency rises and duration falls exponentially with voltage (B = 1761 us, Vc = 77 mV); blob-like transport","pu":"energetics of unfolded protein transport","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4835817","an":"unfolded pertactin passenger domain (pertactin-2K)","de":"Bordetella pertussis pertactin passenger domain, destabilized variant pertactin-2K (parent UniProt P14283)","id":"bio_protein-0047"},{"a":1601,"y":2015,"au":"Cressiot B, Braselmann E, Oukhaled A, Elcock AH, Pelta J, Clark PL","t":"Dynamics and Energy Contributions for Transport of Unfolded Pertactin through a Protein Nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"9:9050-9061","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5b03053","pmid":"26302243","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in DPhPC bilayer","pd":"1.0-1.7 nm (inner)","pl":"10 nm","fab":"self-assembled heptamer inserted into planar bilayer (150 um aperture)","co":"1 M KCl, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 1 M GdnHCl","v":"up to 110 mV","b":"about 80% of open-pore current","dt":"about twice the monomer (fit B = 3946 +/- 91 us, Vc = 72 mV)","pu":"energetics of unfolded protein transport","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=4835817","an":"covalent end-to-end disulfide dimer of pertactin-2K","de":"Bordetella pertussis pertactin passenger domain, destabilized variant pertactin-2K (parent UniProt P14283)","id":"bio_protein-0048"},{"a":1602,"y":2015,"au":"Cavicchi RE, Carrier MJ, Cohen JB, Boger S, Montgomery CB, Hu Z, et al.","t":"Particle shape effects on subvisible particle sizing measurements","j":"Journal of pharmaceutical sciences","vp":"104:971-987","doi":"10.1002/jps.24263","pmid":"25446188","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.24263","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"microfluidic electrical sensing zone combined with flow imaging; 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pollen suspended in 10 mL CASY Tone buffer","id":"microbes-0279"},{"a":1605,"y":2015,"au":"Pellegrini M, Cherukupalli A, Medini M, Falkowski R, Olabisi R","t":"The Effect of Swelling Ratio on the Coulter Underestimation of Hydrogel Microsphere Diameters","j":"Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods","vp":"21:1246-1250","doi":"10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0246","pmid":"26414785","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"sizing hydrogel microparticles; correction for swelling","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26414785+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel microspheres of different swelling ratios","id":"earth_space_industry-0091"},{"a":1606,"y":2015,"au":"Nir I, Huttner D, Meller A","t":"Direct sensing and discrimination among ubiquitin and ubiquitin chains using solid-state nanopores.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"108:2340-2349","doi":"10.1016/j.bpj.2015.03.025","pmid":"25954891","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4423055/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore","co":"buffer pH tuned close to the pI to slow translocation","pu":"detecting sub-10 kDa proteins and discriminating ubiquitin linkage types","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:25954891%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"poly-ubiquitin chains","id":"ss_protein_small-0069"},{"a":1607,"y":2015,"au":"Aggarwal S, Jeon Y, Hozalski RM","t":"Feasibility of using a particle counter or flow-cytometer for bacterial enumeration in the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) analysis method","j":"Biodegradation","vp":"26:387-397","doi":"10.1007/s10532-015-9741-6","pmid":"26139595","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","sn":"counts linear with plate counts (R2 = 0.83)","pu":"bacterial enumeration in the assimilable organic carbon bioassay","no":"Spirillum strain NOX could not be counted because the cells were too small for the counter.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26139595+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Pseudomonas fluorescens P-17","de":"strain P-17","id":"microbes-0040"},{"a":1607,"y":2020,"au":"Hattori S, Sekido R, Leong IW, Leong IW, Tsutsui M, Arima A, et al.","t":"Machine learning-driven electronic identifications of single pathogenic bacteria","j":"Scientific reports","vp":"10:15525","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-72508-3","pmid":"32968098","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx micropore with PMMA-coated back side, low aspect ratio","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"50 nm SiNx membrane on Si, 5 to 10 um PMMA layer on the back side, PDMS fluidic seals","pd":"3 um","pl":"50 nm","pg":"thin cylindrical pore; access resistance about 2 MOhm dominates the 42 kOhm in-pore resistance","fab":"LPCVD SiNx; KOH wet etch to form membrane; electron beam lithography and isotropic reactive ion etching of the pore; PMMA spin-coated on the back and opened around the pore by e-beam","co":"0.1x PBS, Ag/AgCl electrodes","v":"0.05 V (other voltages also tested)","b":"open pore current about 24 nA at 0.05 V","sn":"sampling 1 MHz; more than 800 pulses averaged per species; pulse height and width distributions overlap between species; galvanotaxis-related tilting changes the pulse shape; Rotation Forest ensemble classifier reached F-measure 0.91 for five species; dead cells did not translocate","pu":"identification of single pathogenic bacteria by machine learning on resistive pulse shapes","no":"Five-species panel.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7512020/fullTextXML","an":"Pseudomonas fluorescens","de":"food isolate","id":"microbes-0005"},{"a":1608,"y":2015,"au":"Jakova E, Lee JS","t":"Superposition of an AC field improves the discrimination between peptides in nanopore analysis.","j":"The Analyst","vp":"140:4813-4819","doi":"10.1039/c4an02180k","pmid":"25699656","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"A10 studied without interference from retro-inverso A10 using AC fields","pu":"AC field superposition to tune translocation versus bumping","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25699656+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"retro-inverso A10","id":"bio_protein-0408"},{"a":1609,"y":2015,"au":"Illing B, Moyano M, Niemax J, Peck MA","t":"Direct Effects of Microalgae and Protists on Herring (Clupea harengus) Yolk Sac Larvae","j":"PloS one","vp":"10:e0129344","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0129344","pmid":"26035592","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Multisizer 3 Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"daily concentrations of microalgae and protists in larval tanks","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4452712/fullTextXML","an":"Rhodomonas baltica","de":"offered with Oxyrrhis marina to herring yolk sac larvae","id":"microbes-0277"},{"a":1610,"y":2015,"au":"Zhang X, Xu X, Yang Z, Burcke AJ, Gates KS, Chen SJ, et al.","t":"Mimicking Ribosomal Unfolding of RNA Pseudoknot in a Protein Channel.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"137:15742-15752","doi":"10.1021/jacs.5b07910","pmid":"26595106","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","sn":"unfolding pathway depends on pulling direction","pu":"vectorial unfolding of an RNA pseudoknot pulled by a DNA leader at the 5' or 3' end","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4886178/","an":"H-type RNA pseudoknot with DNA leader attached at the 3' end","id":"bio_na_early-0385"},{"a":1611,"y":2015,"au":"Zhang X, Xu X, Yang Z, Burcke AJ, Gates KS, Chen SJ, et al.","t":"Mimicking Ribosomal Unfolding of RNA Pseudoknot in a Protein Channel.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"137:15742-15752","doi":"10.1021/jacs.5b07910","pmid":"26595106","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","sn":"two-step, multistate, metal-ion-regulated unfolding; 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The particle counts per cell come from the abstract. Pore size, electrolyte and voltage are therefore not recorded.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=qViro%20AND%20EXT_ID%3A26719279&format=json&pageSize=5","an":"Sendai virus particles (murine respirovirus)","de":"Sendai virus particles applied to cells at low particle-to-cell ratios, with total particles counted by TRPS","id":"gap_viruses-0021"},{"a":1614,"y":2015,"au":"Schiopu I, Iftemi S, Luchian T","t":"Nanopore investigation of the stereoselective interactions between Cu(2+) and D,L-histidine amino acids engineered into an amyloidic fragment analogue.","j":"Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids","vp":"31:387-396","doi":"10.1021/la504243r","pmid":"25479713","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"Cu2+ affinity micromolar; drops by orders of magnitude when L-His is replaced by D-His, most at His-6","pu":"stereoselective Cu2+ binding (enantiomer 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(Nano-tRNAseq, 2023/2024) sequenced the yeast tRNA population earlier; m1A58 detection by nanopore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11514469/fullTextXML","an":"S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Phe(GAA)","de":"one of the 42 cytosolic isoacceptors sequenced from wild type and five modification-enzyme knockouts","id":"bio_na_modern-0410"},{"a":1746,"y":2016,"au":"Henley RY, Ashcroft BA, Farrell I, Cooperman BS, Lindsay SM, Wanunu M","t":"Electrophoretic Deformation of Individual Transfer RNA Molecules Reveals Their Identity.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"16(1):138-144","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03331","pmid":"26609994","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore (about 3 nm)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"about 3 nm","v":"200 mV (150-400 mV for tRNA-Arg)","sn":"each tRNA deforms at its elbow on a distinct time scale; SVM machine learning separates five species, binary mixtures and isoacceptors","pu":"identifying tRNA species by electrophoretic deformation kinetics","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4890568/","an":"tRNA-Ser (GCU) isolated from S. cerevisiae","de":"compared with a 500 bp dsDNA","id":"ss_na-0134"},{"a":1747,"y":2016,"au":"Henley RY, Ashcroft BA, Farrell I, Cooperman BS, Lindsay SM, Wanunu M","t":"Electrophoretic Deformation of Individual Transfer RNA Molecules Reveals Their Identity.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"16(1):138-144","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03331","pmid":"26609994","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore (about 3 nm)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"about 3 nm","v":"200 mV (150-400 mV for tRNA-Arg)","sn":"each tRNA deforms at its elbow on a distinct time scale; SVM machine learning separates five species, binary mixtures and isoacceptors","pu":"identifying tRNA species by electrophoretic deformation kinetics","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4890568/","an":"tRNA-Thr (CGU) isolated from S. cerevisiae","de":"isolated from bulk yeast tRNA","id":"ss_na-0133"},{"a":1747,"y":2024,"au":"Shaw EA, Thomas NK, Jones JD, Abu-Shumays RL, Vaaler AL, Akeson M, et al.","t":"Combining Nanopore direct RNA sequencing with genetics and mass spectrometry for analysis of T-loop base modifications across 42 yeast tRNA isoacceptors","j":"Nucleic Acids Res","vp":"52:12074-12092","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkae796","pmid":"39340295","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"CsgG (ONT MinION R9.4.1 flow cells, SQK-RNA002)","pk":"ont-flow-cell-pores","pm":"Oxford Nanopore flow cell","fab":"splint adapters ligated to tRNA, then ONT RNA adapter","sn":"T-loop modification status (m5U54, Psi55, m1A58) inferred from direct RNA signals and base-call errors, validated by mass spectrometry","pu":"T-loop modification analysis (m5U54, pseudouridine 55, m1A58)","no":"isoacceptor named in the text; Lucas et al. (Nano-tRNAseq, 2023/2024) sequenced the yeast tRNA population earlier; m1A58 detection by nanopore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11514469/fullTextXML","an":"S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Thr(CGU)","de":"one of the 42 cytosolic isoacceptors sequenced from wild type and five modification-enzyme knockouts","id":"bio_na_modern-0416"},{"a":1748,"y":2016,"au":"Henley RY, Ashcroft BA, Farrell I, Cooperman BS, Lindsay SM, Wanunu M","t":"Electrophoretic Deformation of Individual Transfer RNA Molecules Reveals Their Identity.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"16(1):138-144","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03331","pmid":"26609994","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore (about 3 nm)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"about 3 nm","v":"200 mV (150-400 mV for tRNA-Arg)","sn":"each tRNA deforms at its elbow on a distinct time scale; SVM machine learning separates five species, binary mixtures and isoacceptors","pu":"identifying tRNA species by electrophoretic deformation kinetics","no":"A figure caption calls the UAC/CAC pair tRNA-Ile; the methods list tRNA-Val UAC and CAC.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4890568/","an":"tRNA-Val (CAC) isolated from S. cerevisiae","de":"isoacceptor pair with tRNA-Val (UAC)","id":"ss_na-0136"},{"a":1748,"y":2024,"au":"Shaw EA, Thomas NK, Jones JD, Abu-Shumays RL, Vaaler AL, Akeson M, et al.","t":"Combining Nanopore direct RNA sequencing with genetics and mass spectrometry for analysis of T-loop base modifications across 42 yeast tRNA isoacceptors","j":"Nucleic Acids Res","vp":"52:12074-12092","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkae796","pmid":"39340295","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"CsgG (ONT MinION R9.4.1 flow cells, SQK-RNA002)","pk":"ont-flow-cell-pores","pm":"Oxford Nanopore flow cell","fab":"splint adapters ligated to tRNA, then ONT RNA adapter","sn":"T-loop modification status (m5U54, Psi55, m1A58) inferred from direct RNA signals and base-call errors, validated by mass spectrometry","pu":"T-loop modification analysis (m5U54, pseudouridine 55, m1A58)","no":"isoacceptor named in the text; Lucas et al. (Nano-tRNAseq, 2023/2024) sequenced the yeast tRNA population earlier; m1A58 detection by nanopore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11514469/fullTextXML","an":"S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Val(CAC)","de":"one of the 42 cytosolic isoacceptors sequenced from wild type and five modification-enzyme knockouts","id":"bio_na_modern-0418"},{"a":1749,"y":2016,"au":"Henley RY, Ashcroft BA, Farrell I, Cooperman BS, Lindsay SM, Wanunu M","t":"Electrophoretic Deformation of Individual Transfer RNA Molecules Reveals Their Identity.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"16(1):138-144","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03331","pmid":"26609994","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore (about 3 nm)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"about 3 nm","v":"200 mV (150-400 mV for tRNA-Arg)","sn":"each tRNA deforms at its elbow on a distinct time scale; SVM machine learning separates five species, binary mixtures and isoacceptors","pu":"identifying tRNA species by electrophoretic deformation kinetics","no":"A figure caption calls the UAC/CAC pair tRNA-Ile; the methods list tRNA-Val UAC and CAC.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4890568/","an":"tRNA-Val (UAC) isolated from S. cerevisiae","de":"isoacceptor pair with tRNA-Val (CAC)","id":"ss_na-0135"},{"a":1749,"y":2024,"au":"Shaw EA, Thomas NK, Jones JD, Abu-Shumays RL, Vaaler AL, Akeson M, et al.","t":"Combining Nanopore direct RNA sequencing with genetics and mass spectrometry for analysis of T-loop base modifications across 42 yeast tRNA isoacceptors","j":"Nucleic Acids Res","vp":"52:12074-12092","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkae796","pmid":"39340295","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"CsgG (ONT MinION R9.4.1 flow cells, SQK-RNA002)","pk":"ont-flow-cell-pores","pm":"Oxford Nanopore flow cell","fab":"splint adapters ligated to tRNA, then ONT RNA adapter","sn":"T-loop modification status (m5U54, Psi55, m1A58) inferred from direct RNA signals and base-call errors, validated by mass spectrometry","pu":"T-loop modification analysis (m5U54, pseudouridine 55, m1A58)","no":"isoacceptor named in the text; Lucas et al. (Nano-tRNAseq, 2023/2024) sequenced the yeast tRNA population earlier; m1A58 detection by nanopore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11514469/fullTextXML","an":"S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Val(UAC)","de":"one of the 42 cytosolic isoacceptors sequenced from wild type and five modification-enzyme knockouts","id":"bio_na_modern-0419"},{"a":1750,"y":2016,"au":"Hollensteiner J, Wemheuer F, Harting R, Kolarzyk AM, Diaz Valerio SM, Poehlein A, et al.","t":"<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> and <i>Bacillus weihenstephanensis</i> Inhibit the Growth of Phytopathogenic <i>Verticillium</i> Species","j":"Frontiers in microbiology","vp":"7:2171","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2016.02171","pmid":"28149292","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Counter Size Analyzer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting conidiospores for plate inocula","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5241308/fullTextXML","an":"Verticillium dahliae JR2 conidiospores","de":"JR2","id":"microbes-0267"},{"a":1751,"y":2016,"au":"Hollensteiner J, Wemheuer F, Harting R, Kolarzyk AM, Diaz Valerio SM, Poehlein A, et al.","t":"<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> and <i>Bacillus weihenstephanensis</i> Inhibit the Growth of Phytopathogenic <i>Verticillium</i> Species","j":"Frontiers in microbiology","vp":"7:2171","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2016.02171","pmid":"28149292","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Counter Size Analyzer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting conidiospores for plate inocula","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5241308/fullTextXML","an":"Verticillium longisporum 43 conidiospores","de":"strain 43","id":"microbes-0268"},{"a":1752,"y":2016,"au":"Zhou S, Wang L, Chen X, Guan X","t":"Label-free nanopore single-molecule measurement of trypsin activity.","j":"ACS sensors","vp":"1:607-613","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.6b00043","pmid":"29130069","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (M113F)7","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"engineered S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"M113F heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"1 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris, pH 7.5","v":"-40 mV","pu":"label-free trypsin activity measurement (picomolar trypsin)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=5679410","an":"tryptic product YEVHHQK","id":"bio_protein-0435"},{"a":1753,"y":2017,"au":"Yusko EC, Bruhn BR, Eggenberger OM, Houghtaling J, Rollings RC, Walsh NC, et al.","t":"Real-time shape approximation and fingerprinting of single proteins using a nanopore.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"12:360-367","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2016.267","pmid":"27992411","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.01935","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"lipid bilayer-coated SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride with POPC bilayer containing biotin-PE or POPE (crosslinker-tethered proteins)","co":"2 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES, pH 6.5 (anchored via its own GPI lipid)","v":"-0.04 to -0.115 V","sn":"intra-event current modulations from protein rotation give shape (length-to-diameter ratio), volume, rotational diffusion coefficient and dipole moment; Axopatch 200B, 100 kHz analog, 500 kHz sampling, 15 kHz digital filter","pu":"five-parameter fingerprinting of single native proteins","no":"Measurement details read from the arXiv preprint version (arXiv:1510.01935) of this paper; streptavidin, anti-biotin IgG1, anti-biotin Fab and BSA were also measured.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1510.01935","an":"GPI-anchored acetylcholinesterase (GPI-AChE)","id":"ss_protein_small-0271"},{"a":1754,"y":2017,"au":"Yusko EC, Bruhn BR, Eggenberger OM, Houghtaling J, Rollings RC, Walsh NC, et al.","t":"Real-time shape approximation and fingerprinting of single proteins using a nanopore.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"12:360-367","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2016.267","pmid":"27992411","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.01935","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"lipid bilayer-coated SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride with POPC bilayer containing biotin-PE or POPE (crosslinker-tethered proteins)","co":"2 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4; crosslinker-tethered","v":"-0.04 to -0.115 V","sn":"intra-event current modulations from protein rotation give shape (length-to-diameter ratio), volume, rotational diffusion coefficient and dipole moment; Axopatch 200B, 100 kHz analog, 500 kHz sampling, 15 kHz digital filter","pu":"five-parameter fingerprinting of single native proteins","no":"Measurement details read from the arXiv preprint version (arXiv:1510.01935) of this paper; streptavidin, anti-biotin IgG1, anti-biotin Fab and BSA were also measured.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1510.01935","an":"alpha-amylase","id":"ss_protein_small-0275"},{"a":1755,"y":2017,"au":"Yu RJ, Ying YL, Hu YX, Gao R, Long YT","t":"Label-free monitoring of single molecule immunoreaction with a nanopipette.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"89:8203-8206","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01921","pmid":"28737407","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"quartz nanopipette","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pu":"single-molecule immunoreaction monitoring","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28737407%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)","id":"ss_protein_small-0238"},{"a":1756,"y":2017,"au":"Haq S, Bachvaroff TR, Place AR","t":"Characterization of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylases in the Basal Dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae","j":"Marine drugs","vp":"15:E149","doi":"10.3390/md15060149","pmid":"28587129","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell density of high-density cultures","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5484099/fullTextXML","an":"Amphidinium carterae","id":"microbes-0153"},{"a":1756,"y":2023,"au":"Haq S, Oyler BL, Williams E, Khan MM, Goodlett DR, Bachvaroff T, et al.","t":"Investigating A Multi-Domain Polyketide Synthase in <i>Amphidinium carterae</i>","j":"Marine drugs","vp":"21:425","doi":"10.3390/md21080425","pmid":"37623706","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell densities of dinoflagellate cultures before polyketide synthase experiments","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10455422/fullTextXML","an":"Amphidinium carterae","de":"about 79,000 cells/mL","id":"microbes-0119"},{"a":1757,"y":2017,"au":"Huang G, Willems K, Soskine M, Wloka C, Maglia G","t":"Electro-osmotic capture and ionic discrimination of peptide and protein biomarkers with FraC nanopores.","j":"Nature communications","vp":"8:935","doi":"10.1038/s41467-017-01006-4","pmid":"29038539","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"FraC (wild type, WtFraC); also D10R/K159E FraC (ReFraC)","pk":"frac","pm":"Actinia fragacea fragaceatoxin C oligomer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"self-assembled alpha-helical pore inserted into planar bilayer","co":"pH 4.5: 1 M KCl, 0.1 M citric acid, 180 mM Tris base (pH 7.5: 1 M KCl, 15 mM Tris)","sn":"too fast to analyse at pH 7.5; captured at pH 4.5","pu":"electro-osmotic capture and discrimination of peptide and protein biomarkers","no":"Analytes enter only when electro-osmotic flow runs cis to trans; WtFraC is cation selective (PK/PCl 3.64 at pH 7.5).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5715100/fullTextXML","an":"angiotensin I","id":"bio_protein-0146"},{"a":1757,"y":2017,"au":"Chavis AE, Brady KT, Hatmaker GA, Angevine CE, Kothalawala N, Dass A, et al.","t":"Single Molecule Nanopore Spectrometry for Peptide Detection.","j":"ACS sensors","vp":"2:1319-1328","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.7b00362","pmid":"28812356","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type) with Au25(SG)18 clusters","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; 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Peptides named in keywords and text: angiotensin I (A1), angiotensin II, neurotensin.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=11274829","an":"angiotensin I (A1)","id":"bio_protein-0387"},{"a":1757,"y":2019,"au":"Huang G, Voet A, Maglia G","t":"FraC nanopores with adjustable diameter identify the mass of opposite-charge peptides with 44 dalton resolution.","j":"Nature communications","vp":"10:835","doi":"10.1038/s41467-019-08761-6","pmid":"30783102","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"FraC type II (W116S)","pk":"frac","pm":"Actinia fragacea fragaceatoxin C oligomer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"FraC monomers oligomerized on liposomes; oligomer types I, II, III (different stoichiometries) separated and inserted into planar bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 0.1 M citric acid, 180 mM Tris base, pH 4.5 (also pH 3.8)","v":"-30 mV","b":"Iex 91.2 +/- 0.2% (type II); 56.6 +/- 0.9% in type I","dt":"0.54 +/- 0.01 ms (type II); 0.15 ms (type I)","pu":"peptide mass identification (44 Da resolution)","no":"Excluded current Iex% at pH 3.8 scales with peptide mass; charges computed by the authors.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6381162/fullTextXML","an":"angiotensin I","id":"bio_protein-0152"},{"a":1757,"y":2023,"au":"Jiang J, Li MY, Wu XY, Ying YL, Han HX, Long YT","t":"Protein nanopore reveals the renin-angiotensin system crosstalk with single-amino-acid resolution.","j":"Nature chemistry","vp":"15:578-586","doi":"10.1038/s41557-023-01139-8","pmid":"36805037","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"engineered aerolysin with single-amino-acid resolution","pk":"aerolysin","pu":"real-time monitoring of ACE/ACE2 cleavage of angiotensin peptides (renin-angiotensin crosstalk)","no":"Sequence checked against UniProt P01019 (angiotensinogen, fetched); not quoted from the paper. ACE2 activity was suppressed by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Delta stronger than wild type).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A36805037+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"angiotensin I","id":"bio_protein-0117"},{"a":1758,"y":2017,"au":"Huang G, Willems K, Soskine M, Wloka C, Maglia G","t":"Electro-osmotic capture and ionic discrimination of peptide and protein biomarkers with FraC nanopores.","j":"Nature communications","vp":"8:935","doi":"10.1038/s41467-017-01006-4","pmid":"29038539","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"FraC (wild type, WtFraC); also D10R/K159E FraC (ReFraC)","pk":"frac","pm":"Actinia fragacea fragaceatoxin C oligomer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"self-assembled alpha-helical pore inserted into planar bilayer","co":"pH 4.5: 1 M KCl, 0.1 M citric acid, 180 mM Tris base (pH 7.5: 1 M KCl, 15 mM Tris)","dt":"< 100 us (50 kHz sampling)","pu":"electro-osmotic capture and discrimination of peptide and protein biomarkers","no":"Analytes enter only when electro-osmotic flow runs cis to trans; WtFraC is cation selective (PK/PCl 3.64 at pH 7.5).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5715100/fullTextXML","an":"angiotensin 2","id":"bio_protein-0147"},{"a":1758,"y":2017,"au":"Chavis AE, Brady KT, Hatmaker GA, Angevine CE, Kothalawala N, Dass A, et al.","t":"Single Molecule Nanopore Spectrometry for Peptide Detection.","j":"ACS sensors","vp":"2:1319-1328","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.7b00362","pmid":"28812356","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type) with Au25(SG)18 clusters","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"heptamer inserted into planar bilayer; thiolate-capped gold clusters added","co":"3 M KCl, 10 mM Tris; peptide 20 uM trans","pu":"single molecule nanopore spectrometry (SMNS) of water-soluble peptides","no":"Gold clusters raised peptide on- and off-rates; pH or chaotropic salt narrowed blockade distributions about 2-fold. Peptides named in keywords and text: angiotensin I (A1), angiotensin II, neurotensin.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=11274829","an":"angiotensin II","id":"bio_protein-0388"},{"a":1758,"y":2017,"au":"Shrestha N, Bryant SL, Thomas C, Richtsmeier D, Pu X, Tinker J, et al.","t":"Stochastic sensing of Angiotensin II with lysenin channels.","j":"Scientific reports","vp":"7:2448","doi":"10.1038/s41598-017-02438-0","pmid":"28550293","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"lysenin channel","pk":"lysenin","pm":"Eisenia fetida lysenin oligomer in sphingomyelin-containing planar lipid membrane","fab":"lysenin inserted into sphingomyelin-containing bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 6.9","v":"-60 to -80 mV","b":"two event clusters in the current-change versus dwell-time density plot at -80 mV","pu":"stochastic sensing of a peptide with lysenin; translocation confirmed by LC-MS","no":"Open current about -122 pA at -60 mV for one channel. Sequence as in UniProt P01019 (fetched earlier).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5446423/fullTextXML","an":"human angiotensin II","id":"bio_protein-0347"},{"a":1758,"y":2019,"au":"Huang G, Voet A, Maglia G","t":"FraC nanopores with adjustable diameter identify the mass of opposite-charge peptides with 44 dalton resolution.","j":"Nature communications","vp":"10:835","doi":"10.1038/s41467-019-08761-6","pmid":"30783102","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"FraC type II (W116S)","pk":"frac","pm":"Actinia fragacea fragaceatoxin C oligomer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"FraC monomers oligomerized on liposomes; oligomer types I, II, III (different stoichiometries) separated and inserted into planar bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 0.1 M citric acid, 180 mM Tris base, pH 4.5 (also pH 3.8)","v":"-30 mV","b":"Iex 82.1 +/- 1.3%","dt":"0.37 +/- 0.04 ms","pu":"peptide mass identification (44 Da resolution)","no":"Separated from angiotensin A (Asp1 to Ala, 44 Da) in mixtures.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6381162/fullTextXML","an":"angiotensin II","id":"bio_protein-0156"},{"a":1758,"y":2023,"au":"Jiang J, Li MY, Wu XY, Ying YL, Han HX, Long YT","t":"Protein nanopore reveals the renin-angiotensin system crosstalk with single-amino-acid resolution.","j":"Nature chemistry","vp":"15:578-586","doi":"10.1038/s41557-023-01139-8","pmid":"36805037","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"engineered aerolysin with single-amino-acid resolution","pk":"aerolysin","pu":"real-time monitoring of ACE/ACE2 cleavage of angiotensin peptides (renin-angiotensin crosstalk)","no":"Sequence checked against UniProt P01019 (angiotensinogen, fetched); not quoted from the paper. ACE2 activity was suppressed by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Delta stronger than wild type).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A36805037+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"angiotensin II","id":"bio_protein-0118"},{"a":1759,"y":2017,"au":"Lin X, Ivanov AP, Edel JB","t":"Selective single molecule nanopore sensing of proteins using DNA aptamer-functionalised gold nanoparticles","j":"Chemical science","vp":"8:3905-3912","doi":"10.1039/c7sc00415j","pmid":"28626560","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"quartz nanopipette, conical tip","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"quartz","pd":"21 +/- 4 nm","sn":"events separate AuNP carrier from bound protein; better SNR and event rate than free protein","pu":"selective protein detection in a mixture","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5465561/fullTextXML","an":"5 nm gold nanoparticles carrying lysozyme-binding DNA aptamer, with and without bound lysozyme","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0189"},{"a":1760,"y":2017,"au":"Krug JD, Dart A, Witherspoon CL, Gilberry J, Malloy Q, Kaushik S, et al.","t":"Revisiting the size selective performance of EPA's high-volume total suspended particulate matter (Hi-Vol TSP) sampler","j":"Aerosol Science and Technology","vp":"51:868-878","doi":"10.1080/02786826.2017.1316358","pmid":"32025079","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer IV, 100 um aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um","co":"filter rinses sonicated 10 s before analysis; extract kept below 10% solids by volume to limit coincidence","pu":"number concentration versus volume-equivalent diameter for sampler efficiency tests","no":"Companion EPA paper Dart et al. 2018 (Aerosol Sci Technol 52:957, PMC8842855) used the same Multisizer IV with 100 um aperture (lower limit about 2 to 3 um) and an EPA SOP 'for Subsequent Coulter Analysis'.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7001320/","an":"Arizona Test Dust (ATD) polydisperse aerosol (5 to 35 um aerodynamic) collected on filters in a wind tunnel and extracted into electrolyte","id":"earth_space_industry-0158"},{"a":1760,"y":2023,"au":"Nishita-Hara C, Kobayashi H, Hara K, Hayashi M","t":"Dithiothreitol-Measured Oxidative Potential of Reference Materials of Mineral Dust: Implications for the Toxicity of Mineral Dust Aerosols in the Atmosphere","j":"GeoHealth","vp":"7:e2022GH000736","doi":"10.1029/2022GH000736","pmid":"37426691","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"Isoton II diluent (pH 7.35 to 7.65); particles about 1.4 to 160 um counted","pu":"size distribution and specific surface area of water-insoluble dust particles; oxidative potential","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10326488/fullTextXML","an":"Arizona Test Dust, ISO 12103-1 A2 Fine Test Dust","de":"soil collected from the Arizona desert; quartz, feldspar and clays","id":"earth_space_industry-0040"},{"a":1761,"y":2017,"au":"Yusko EC, Bruhn BR, Eggenberger OM, Houghtaling J, Rollings RC, Walsh NC, et al.","t":"Real-time shape approximation and fingerprinting of single proteins using a nanopore.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"12:360-367","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2016.267","pmid":"27992411","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.01935","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"lipid bilayer-coated SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride with POPC bilayer containing biotin-PE or POPE (crosslinker-tethered proteins)","co":"2 M KCl, 10 mM citrate, pH 5.1; tethered by bis(succinimidyl) penta(ethylene glycol) crosslinker","v":"-0.04 to -0.115 V","sn":"intra-event current modulations from protein rotation give shape (length-to-diameter ratio), volume, rotational diffusion coefficient and dipole moment; Axopatch 200B, 100 kHz analog, 500 kHz sampling, 15 kHz digital filter","pu":"five-parameter fingerprinting of single native proteins","no":"Measurement details read from the arXiv preprint version (arXiv:1510.01935) of this paper; streptavidin, anti-biotin IgG1, anti-biotin Fab and BSA were also measured.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1510.01935","an":"beta-phycoerythrin","id":"ss_protein_small-0272"},{"a":1762,"y":2017,"au":"Huang G, Willems K, Soskine M, Wloka C, Maglia G","t":"Electro-osmotic capture and ionic discrimination of peptide and protein biomarkers with FraC nanopores.","j":"Nature communications","vp":"8:935","doi":"10.1038/s41467-017-01006-4","pmid":"29038539","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"FraC (wild type, WtFraC); also D10R/K159E FraC (ReFraC)","pk":"frac","pm":"Actinia fragacea fragaceatoxin C oligomer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"self-assembled alpha-helical pore inserted into planar bilayer","co":"pH 4.5: 1 M KCl, 0.1 M citric acid, 180 mM Tris base (pH 7.5: 1 M KCl, 15 mM Tris)","v":"-100 mV (WtFraC); +200 mV (ReFraC)","dt":"12.0 +/- 5.7 ms (WtFraC, -100 mV, pH 7.5); 1.7 ms at pH 4.5","sn":"enters WtFraC at negative and ReFraC at positive potentials","pu":"electro-osmotic capture and discrimination of peptide and protein biomarkers","no":"Analytes enter only when electro-osmotic flow runs cis to trans; WtFraC is cation selective (PK/PCl 3.64 at pH 7.5).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5715100/fullTextXML","an":"alpha-II-chymotrypsin","id":"bio_protein-0141"},{"a":1763,"y":2017,"au":"Yusko EC, Bruhn BR, Eggenberger OM, Houghtaling J, Rollings RC, Walsh NC, et al.","t":"Real-time shape approximation and fingerprinting of single proteins using a nanopore.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"12:360-367","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2016.267","pmid":"27992411","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.01935","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"lipid bilayer-coated SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride with POPC bilayer containing biotin-PE or POPE (crosslinker-tethered proteins)","co":"2 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4; 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interaction with the gold pore changed translocation.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:36942994%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"calmodulin (CaM), two conformers","id":"ss_protein_small-0193"},{"a":1765,"y":2017,"au":"Wang L, Yao F, Kang XF","t":"Nanopore Single-Molecule Analysis of Metal Ion-Chelator Chemical Reaction.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"89:7958-7965","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01119","pmid":"28675027","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin lodged in the lumen","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"single-molecule metal ion-chelator reaction","no":"Cu2+-CMbetaCD complexation inside the pore: formation constant 4.70e4 /M, 14,417-fold higher than in bulk.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A28675027+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CMbetaCD)","id":"bio_small-0300"},{"a":1766,"y":2017,"au":"Chen Y, Ke C, Zhang S, Dai X","t":"Feeding rate responses of Babylonia formosae habei (Prosobranchia: Buccinidae) larvae on cultured algae","j":"Aquaculture research.","vp":"48:1538-1549","doi":"10.1111/are.12989","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"algal cell counts for larval feeding rates","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3AIND605878548+AND+SRC%3AAGR&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Chaetoceros muelleri","id":"microbes-0071"},{"a":1767,"y":2017,"au":"Kolmogorov M, Kennedy E, Dong Z, Timp G, Pevzner PA","t":"Single-molecule protein identification by sub-nanopore sensors.","j":"PLoS Comput Biol","vp":"13:e1005356","doi":"10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005356","pmid":"28486472","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5423552/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"sub-nanopore in SiNx","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"thin silicon nitride membrane","pd":"nominal 0.5 nm (example trace)","fab":"sputtered with a focused electron beam","sn":"nanospectra: blockade fluctuations read as overlapping quadromers","pu":"single-molecule protein identification","no":"Nanospectra measured in the Timp lab (Kennedy, Dong) and analyzed in this paper.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5423552/fullTextXML","an":"recombinant chemokine CCL5","id":"ss_protein_small-0049"},{"a":1768,"y":2017,"au":"Chueh JY, Marosfoi MG, Brooks OW, King RM, Puri AS, Gounis MJ","t":"Novel Distal Emboli Protection Technology: The EmboTrap","j":"Interventional Neurology","vp":"6:268-276","doi":"10.1159/000480668","pmid":"29118805","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter principle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"counting distal emboli by device design","no":"Clot analog was contrast-enhanced and placed in a circle of Willis vascular replica.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29118805+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Clot-analog emboli (200 to 1000 um) shed during in vitro mechanical thrombectomy with EmboTrap and Solitaire devices","id":"earth_space_industry-0153"},{"a":1769,"y":2017,"au":"Cooper JA, Borsley S, Lusby PJ, Cockroft SL","t":"Discrimination of supramolecular chirality using a protein nanopore.","j":"Chem Sci","vp":"8:5005-5009","doi":"10.1039/c7sc01940h","pmid":"28970887","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","fab":"self-assembled heptameric pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 30 mM Tris-DCl, pD 7.6 in D2O, 293 K; 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lysozyme picked out of a protein cocktail","pu":"selective protein sensing with DNA-functionalized carriers","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5465561/","an":"5 nm gold nanoparticle carrying a lysozyme-binding DNA aptamer, bound to lysozyme","id":"ss_na-0287"},{"a":1777,"y":2017,"au":"Ivica J, Williamson PTF, de Planque MRR","t":"Salt Gradient Modulation of MicroRNA Translocation through a Biological Nanopore.","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"89:8822-8829","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01246","pmid":"28750163","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"cis/trans KCl gradients up to 0.5/4 M","er":"0.5/4 M KCl gradient raised pulse frequency ~60-fold over symmetric 1 M KCl","sn":"gradient reduced the 3'-first entry preference and sped unzipping","pu":"raise miRNA-probe duplex capture with salt gradients","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28750163","an":"miRNA-DNA probe duplexes (polynucleotide-extended probes) unzipped in the pore","id":"bio_na_early-0480"},{"a":1778,"y":2017,"au":"Tian K, Decker K, Aksimentiev A, Gu LQ","t":"Interference-Free Detection of Genetic Biomarkers Using Synthetic Dipole-Facilitated Nanopore Dielectrophoresis.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"11:1204-1213","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6b07570","pmid":"28036167","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"heptamer inserted into planar lipid bilayer","pu":"a cationic peptide-PNA dipole probe lets the pore pull in target DNA by dielectrophoresis, even in mixtures","no":"background included pT7 plasmid DNA and a 225-bp BRAF PCR fragment; only dipole complexes captured","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5438585/","an":"target gene fragments bound to cationic peptide-PNA dipole probes in background of plasmid and PCR mixture DNA","id":"bio_na_early-0388"},{"a":1779,"y":2017,"au":"Guo Y, Niu A, Jian F, Wang Y, Yao F, Wei Y, et al.","t":"Metal-organic complex-functionalized protein nanopore sensor for aromatic amino acids chiral recognition.","j":"Analyst","vp":"142:1048-1053","doi":"10.1039/c7an00097a","pmid":"28280809","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (M113R)7 with am7betaCD-Cu(II) complex adapter","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"chiral recognition of aromatic amino acids","no":"All enantiomers of the natural aromatic amino acids discriminated in mixtures; Phe and Tyr enantiomers were first resolved in alpha-HL by Boersma and Bayley 2012.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A28280809+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"D-tryptophan","id":"bio_small-0306"},{"a":1779,"y":2025,"au":"Zhang H, Wang K, Zhou X, Wang Y, Zhang P, Li W, et al.","t":"Chiral Discrimination of all Proteinogenic Amino Acid Enantiomers by Nanopore Sensing.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"64:e202515531","doi":"10.1002/anie.202515531","pmid":"41117263","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid enantiomer discrimination","no":"All 19 D-amino acids corresponding to the chiral proteinogenic L-amino acids identified (accuracy 99.5%); all 39 enantiomers sensed together with 98.9% accuracy. 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Liszewska M, Zasada D, Jankiewicz BJ","t":"Synthesis and characterization of noble metal-titania core-shell nanostructures with tunable shell thickness","j":"Beilstein journal of nanotechnology","vp":"8:2083-2093","doi":"10.3762/bjnano.8.208","pmid":"29090110","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"size and shell thickness","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29090110+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"Au@TiO2 core-shell nanostructures","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0198"},{"a":1831,"y":2017,"au":"Lee LS, Brunk N, Haywood DG, Keifer D, Pierson E, Kondylis P, et al.","t":"A molecular breadboard: Removal and replacement of subunits in a hepatitis B virus capsid.","j":"Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society","vp":"26(11):2170-2180","doi":"10.1002/pro.3265","pmid":"28795465","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5654856/","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"resistive-pulse sensor","pu":"sizing incomplete capsids made by removing subunits from partly crosslinked capsids","no":"Resistive-pulse sensing and charge detection mass spectrometry found a preponderance of 3 MDa complexes (90 subunits) and no fragments below 3 MDa; missing subunits could be refilled to give chimeric 120-subunit particles. Full text not reachable (Europe PMC 500, PMC S3 404).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28795465&resultType=core&format=json","an":"incomplete hepatitis B virus capsids (3 MDa, 90-subunit complexes)","de":"made by removing subunits from partially crosslinked capsids; also seen in disassembly of uncrosslinked capsids","id":"viruses-0022"},{"a":1832,"y":2017,"au":"Gilardi A, Bhamidimarri SP, Brönstrup M, Bilitewski U, Marreddy RKR, Pos KM, et al.","t":"Biophysical characterization of E. coli TolC interaction with the known blocker hexaamminecobalt.","j":"Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj","vp":"1861:2702-2709","doi":"10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.07.014","pmid":"28746830","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"TolC (E. coli outer membrane efflux channel)","pm":"E. coli TolC trimer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"binds TolC with high affinity and fast association and dissociation rates","pu":"blocker binding","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A28746830+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"hexaamminecobalt(III)","id":"bio_small-0256"},{"a":1833,"y":2017,"au":"Kolmogorov M, Kennedy E, Dong Z, Timp G, Pevzner PA","t":"Single-molecule protein identification by sub-nanopore sensors.","j":"PLoS Comput Biol","vp":"13:e1005356","doi":"10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005356","pmid":"28486472","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5423552/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"sub-nanopore in SiNx","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"thin silicon nitride membrane","pd":"nominal 0.5 nm (example trace)","fab":"sputtered with a focused electron beam","sn":"nanospectra: blockade fluctuations read as overlapping quadromers","pu":"single-molecule protein identification","no":"Nanospectra measured in the Timp lab (Kennedy, Dong) and analyzed in this paper.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5423552/fullTextXML","an":"H3 histone tail peptide (residues 1-20)","id":"ss_protein_small-0052"},{"a":1834,"y":2017,"au":"Kolmogorov M, Kennedy E, Dong Z, Timp G, Pevzner PA","t":"Single-molecule protein identification by sub-nanopore sensors.","j":"PLoS Comput Biol","vp":"13:e1005356","doi":"10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005356","pmid":"28486472","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5423552/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"sub-nanopore in SiNx","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"thin silicon nitride membrane","pd":"nominal 0.5 nm (example trace)","fab":"sputtered with a focused electron beam","sn":"nanospectra: blockade fluctuations read as overlapping quadromers","pu":"single-molecule protein identification","no":"Differs from H3.3 only at positions 32, 88, 90 and 91.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5423552/fullTextXML","an":"histone H3.2","id":"ss_protein_small-0050"},{"a":1835,"y":2017,"au":"Kolmogorov M, Kennedy E, Dong Z, Timp G, Pevzner PA","t":"Single-molecule protein identification by sub-nanopore sensors.","j":"PLoS Comput Biol","vp":"13:e1005356","doi":"10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005356","pmid":"28486472","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5423552/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"sub-nanopore in SiNx","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"thin silicon nitride membrane","pd":"nominal 0.5 nm (example trace)","fab":"sputtered with a focused electron beam","sn":"nanospectra: blockade fluctuations read as overlapping quadromers","pu":"single-molecule protein identification","no":"Nanospectra measured in the Timp lab (Kennedy, Dong) and analyzed in this paper.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5423552/fullTextXML","an":"histone H3.3","id":"ss_protein_small-0051"},{"a":1836,"y":2017,"au":"Kolmogorov M, Kennedy E, Dong Z, Timp G, Pevzner PA","t":"Single-molecule protein identification by sub-nanopore sensors.","j":"PLoS Comput Biol","vp":"13:e1005356","doi":"10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005356","pmid":"28486472","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5423552/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"sub-nanopore in SiNx","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"thin silicon nitride membrane","pd":"nominal 0.5 nm (example trace)","fab":"sputtered with a focused electron beam","sn":"nanospectra: blockade fluctuations read as overlapping quadromers","pu":"single-molecule protein identification","no":"Nanospectra measured in the Timp lab (Kennedy, Dong) and analyzed in this paper.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5423552/fullTextXML","an":"histone H4","id":"ss_protein_small-0053"},{"a":1837,"y":2017,"au":"Huang G, Willems K, Soskine M, Wloka C, Maglia G","t":"Electro-osmotic capture and ionic discrimination of peptide and protein biomarkers with FraC nanopores.","j":"Nature communications","vp":"8:935","doi":"10.1038/s41467-017-01006-4","pmid":"29038539","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"FraC (wild type, WtFraC); also D10R/K159E FraC (ReFraC)","pk":"frac","pm":"Actinia fragacea fragaceatoxin C oligomer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"self-assembled alpha-helical pore inserted into planar bilayer","co":"pH 4.5: 1 M KCl, 0.1 M citric acid, 180 mM Tris base (pH 7.5: 1 M KCl, 15 mM Tris)","v":"negative potentials (> -200 mV needed at pH 7.5)","sn":"discriminated from EGF and endothelin 1 in a mixture at pH 4.5","pu":"electro-osmotic capture and discrimination of peptide and protein biomarkers","no":"Analytes enter only when electro-osmotic flow runs cis to trans; WtFraC is cation selective (PK/PCl 3.64 at pH 7.5).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5715100/fullTextXML","an":"beta2-microglobulin","id":"bio_protein-0144"},{"a":1838,"y":2017,"au":"Huang G, Willems K, Soskine M, Wloka C, Maglia G","t":"Electro-osmotic capture and ionic discrimination of peptide and protein biomarkers with FraC nanopores.","j":"Nature communications","vp":"8:935","doi":"10.1038/s41467-017-01006-4","pmid":"29038539","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"FraC (wild type, WtFraC); also D10R/K159E FraC (ReFraC)","pk":"frac","pm":"Actinia fragacea fragaceatoxin C oligomer in DPhPC planar bilayer","fab":"self-assembled alpha-helical pore inserted into planar bilayer","co":"pH 4.5: 1 M KCl, 0.1 M citric acid, 180 mM Tris base (pH 7.5: 1 M KCl, 15 mM Tris)","v":"negative potentials","pu":"electro-osmotic capture and discrimination of peptide and protein biomarkers","no":"Analytes enter only when electro-osmotic flow runs cis to trans; WtFraC is cation selective (PK/PCl 3.64 at pH 7.5).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5715100/fullTextXML","an":"human epidermal growth factor (EGF)","id":"bio_protein-0145"},{"a":1839,"y":2017,"au":"Xavier M, de Andrés MC, Spencer D, Oreffo ROC, Morgan H","t":"Size and dielectric properties of skeletal stem cells change critically after enrichment and expansion from human bone marrow: consequences for microfluidic cell sorting","j":"Journal of the Royal Society, Interface","vp":"14:20170233","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2017.0233","pmid":"28835540","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"single-cell microfluidic impedance cytometer","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pu":"size and membrane capacitance during expansion and osteogenic differentiation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A28835540+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"unexpanded skeletal stem cells from human bone marrow","id":"cells-0133"},{"a":1840,"y":2017,"au":"Horiguchi Y, Goda T, Matsumoto A, Takeuchi H, Yamaoka S, Miyahara Y","t":"Direct and label-free influenza virus detection based on multisite binding to sialic acid receptors.","j":"Biosensors & bioelectronics","vp":"92:234-240","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2017.02.023","pmid":"28222368","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7127512/","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable elastomeric nanopore on a qNano nanoparticle analyzer (Izon Science)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","co":"virus suspension in 0.01 percent gelatin in Dulbecco's PBS; zeta potential measured separately on a Zetasizer Nano ZS","pu":"size distribution and mean diameter of the virus stock used for binding experiments","no":"The virus stock was grown in chicken embryos, inactivated with 0.05 percent formalin and titred at 256 HAU by haemagglutination. The qNano gave the size distribution and mean particle diameter; the numbers appear only inside Figure 2B, so they are not recorded here. The rest of the paper detects the same virus on sialyllactose-coated gold electrodes by QCM and electrical readout, which is not resistive pulse sensing.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7127512/fullTextXML","an":"influenza A virus H1N1 (A/PR/8/34, formalin-inactivated, egg-grown)","de":"whole inactivated H1N1 A/PR/8/34 particles, 256 HAU stock, sized by TRPS before receptor-binding experiments","id":"gap_viruses-0010"},{"a":1840,"y":2018,"au":"Miyagawa T, Hongo S, Nakamura N, Horiguchi Y, Miyahara Y, Shibata H","t":"A Novel Diagnostic System for Infectious Diseases Using Solid-State Nanopore Devices.","j":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","vp":"2018:2833-2836","doi":"10.1109/embc.2018.8512856","pmid":"30440991","pt":"conference","pc":11,"p":"solid-state nanopore device","sn":"three steps: capture the virus on probes, release it electrochemically, then count the released particles with the nanopore","pu":"capture, release and nanopore counting of a specific influenza subtype","no":"Proof of concept with avidin-coated fluorescent particles and biotin probes, then with human influenza virus H1N1 A/PR/8/34 and 6'-sialyllactose probes. The pore is called a quartz nanopore in the table of Akhtarian et al. 2021 Bioengineered 12:9981 (PMC8810133).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30440991&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human influenza A virus H1N1 (A/PR/8/34), captured and released before counting","de":"captured on sugar-chain (6'-sialyllactose) probes, released electrochemically, then counted by the nanopore","id":"viruses-0092"},{"a":1841,"y":2017,"au":"Chen Y, Ke C, Zhang S, Dai X","t":"Feeding rate responses of Babylonia formosae habei (Prosobranchia: Buccinidae) larvae on cultured algae","j":"Aquaculture research.","vp":"48:1538-1549","doi":"10.1111/are.12989","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"algal cell counts for larval feeding rates","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3AIND605878548+AND+SRC%3AAGR&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Isochrysis zhanjiangensis","id":"microbes-0072"},{"a":1842,"y":2017,"au":"Ghosal K, Colby JM, Das D, Joy ST, Arora PS, Krantz BA","t":"Dynamic Phenylalanine Clamp Interactions Define Single-Channel Polypeptide Translocation through the Anthrax Toxin Protective Antigen Channel.","j":"Journal of molecular biology","vp":"429:900-910","doi":"10.1016/j.jmb.2017.02.005","pmid":"28192089","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"anthrax protective antigen (PA) channel, wild type","pk":"anthrax-pa63","pm":"B. anthracis PA63 heptamer channel in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"PA channel inserted into planar bilayer","co":"symmetric 100 mM KCl, pH 5.6; peptide cis","v":"70 mV","b":"four conductance states: open, blocked, and intermediates near 10% and 50% of full conductance","pu":"single-channel polypeptide translocation and phi-clamp dynamics","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=5562545","an":"guest-host peptide KKKKKXXSXX with X = Ala","id":"bio_protein-0356"},{"a":1843,"y":2017,"au":"Ghosal K, Colby JM, Das D, Joy ST, Arora PS, Krantz BA","t":"Dynamic Phenylalanine Clamp Interactions Define Single-Channel Polypeptide Translocation through the Anthrax Toxin Protective Antigen Channel.","j":"Journal of molecular biology","vp":"429:900-910","doi":"10.1016/j.jmb.2017.02.005","pmid":"28192089","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"anthrax protective antigen (PA) channel, wild type","pk":"anthrax-pa63","pm":"B. anthracis PA63 channel (heptamer or octamer) in a planar lipid bilayer","fab":"PA channel inserted into planar bilayer","co":"symmetric 100 mM KCl, pH 5.6; peptide cis","v":"70 mV","b":"four conductance states: open, blocked, and intermediates near 10% and 50% of full conductance","pu":"single-channel polypeptide translocation and phi-clamp dynamics","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=5562545","an":"guest-host Trp peptide with mixed D,L-Trp","id":"bio_protein-0363"},{"a":1844,"y":2017,"au":"Ghosal K, Colby JM, Das D, Joy ST, Arora PS, Krantz BA","t":"Dynamic Phenylalanine Clamp Interactions Define Single-Channel Polypeptide Translocation through the Anthrax Toxin Protective Antigen Channel.","j":"Journal of molecular biology","vp":"429:900-910","doi":"10.1016/j.jmb.2017.02.005","pmid":"28192089","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"anthrax protective antigen (PA) channel, wild type","pk":"anthrax-pa63","pm":"B. anthracis PA63 heptamer channel in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"PA channel inserted into planar bilayer","co":"symmetric 100 mM KCl, pH 5.6; peptide cis","v":"70 mV","b":"four conductance states: open, blocked, and intermediates near 10% and 50% of full conductance","pu":"single-channel polypeptide translocation and phi-clamp dynamics","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=5562545","an":"guest-host Trp peptide with D-Trp (stereochemistry variant)","id":"bio_protein-0362"},{"a":1845,"y":2017,"au":"Ghosal K, Colby JM, Das D, Joy ST, Arora PS, Krantz BA","t":"Dynamic Phenylalanine Clamp Interactions Define Single-Channel Polypeptide Translocation through the Anthrax Toxin Protective Antigen Channel.","j":"Journal of molecular biology","vp":"429:900-910","doi":"10.1016/j.jmb.2017.02.005","pmid":"28192089","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"anthrax protective antigen (PA) channel, wild type","pk":"anthrax-pa63","pm":"B. anthracis PA63 heptamer channel in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"PA channel inserted into planar bilayer","co":"symmetric 100 mM KCl, pH 5.6; peptide cis","v":"70 mV","b":"four conductance states: open, blocked, and intermediates near 10% and 50% of full conductance","pu":"single-channel polypeptide translocation and phi-clamp dynamics","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=5562545","an":"guest-host peptide KKKKKXXSXX with X = Leu","id":"bio_protein-0357"},{"a":1846,"y":2017,"au":"Ghosal K, Colby JM, Das D, Joy ST, Arora PS, Krantz BA","t":"Dynamic Phenylalanine Clamp Interactions Define Single-Channel Polypeptide Translocation through the Anthrax Toxin Protective Antigen Channel.","j":"Journal of molecular biology","vp":"429:900-910","doi":"10.1016/j.jmb.2017.02.005","pmid":"28192089","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"anthrax protective antigen (PA) channel, wild type","pk":"anthrax-pa63","pm":"B. anthracis PA63 heptamer channel in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"PA channel inserted into planar bilayer","co":"symmetric 100 mM KCl, pH 5.6; peptide cis","v":"70 mV","b":"four conductance states: open, blocked, and intermediates near 10% and 50% of full conductance","sn":"aromatic guest: 50% intermediate oscillates with the fully blocked state","pu":"single-channel polypeptide translocation and phi-clamp dynamics","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=5562545","an":"guest-host peptide KKKKKXXSXX with X = Phe","id":"bio_protein-0358"},{"a":1847,"y":2017,"au":"Ghosal K, Colby JM, Das D, Joy ST, Arora PS, Krantz BA","t":"Dynamic Phenylalanine Clamp Interactions Define Single-Channel Polypeptide Translocation through the Anthrax Toxin Protective Antigen Channel.","j":"Journal of molecular biology","vp":"429:900-910","doi":"10.1016/j.jmb.2017.02.005","pmid":"28192089","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"anthrax protective antigen (PA) channel, wild type","pk":"anthrax-pa63","pm":"B. anthracis PA63 heptamer channel in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"PA channel inserted into planar bilayer","co":"symmetric 100 mM KCl, pH 5.6; peptide cis","v":"70 mV","b":"four conductance states: open, blocked, and intermediates near 10% and 50% of full conductance","pu":"single-channel polypeptide translocation and phi-clamp dynamics","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=5562545","an":"guest-host peptide KKKKKXXSXX with X = Thr","id":"bio_protein-0359"},{"a":1848,"y":2017,"au":"Ghosal K, Colby JM, Das D, Joy ST, Arora PS, Krantz BA","t":"Dynamic Phenylalanine Clamp Interactions Define Single-Channel Polypeptide Translocation through the Anthrax Toxin Protective Antigen Channel.","j":"Journal of molecular biology","vp":"429:900-910","doi":"10.1016/j.jmb.2017.02.005","pmid":"28192089","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"anthrax protective antigen (PA) channel, wild type","pk":"anthrax-pa63","pm":"B. anthracis PA63 heptamer channel in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"PA channel inserted into planar bilayer","co":"symmetric 100 mM KCl, pH 5.6; peptide cis","v":"70 mV","b":"four conductance states: open, blocked, and intermediates near 10% and 50% of full conductance","sn":"aromatic guest: 50% intermediate oscillates with the fully blocked state","pu":"single-channel polypeptide translocation and phi-clamp dynamics","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=5562545","an":"guest-host peptide KKKKKXXSXX with X = Trp","id":"bio_protein-0360"},{"a":1849,"y":2017,"au":"Ghosal K, Colby JM, Das D, Joy ST, Arora PS, Krantz BA","t":"Dynamic Phenylalanine Clamp Interactions Define Single-Channel Polypeptide Translocation through the Anthrax Toxin Protective Antigen Channel.","j":"Journal of molecular biology","vp":"429:900-910","doi":"10.1016/j.jmb.2017.02.005","pmid":"28192089","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"anthrax protective antigen (PA) channel, wild type","pk":"anthrax-pa63","pm":"B. anthracis PA63 heptamer channel in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"PA channel inserted into planar bilayer","co":"symmetric 100 mM KCl, pH 5.6; peptide cis","v":"70 mV","b":"four conductance states: open, blocked, and intermediates near 10% and 50% of full conductance","sn":"aromatic guest: 50% intermediate oscillates with the fully blocked state","pu":"single-channel polypeptide translocation and phi-clamp dynamics","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=5562545","an":"guest-host peptide KKKKKXXSXX with X = Tyr","id":"bio_protein-0361"},{"a":1850,"y":2017,"au":"Yusko EC, Bruhn BR, Eggenberger OM, Houghtaling J, Rollings RC, Walsh NC, et al.","t":"Real-time shape approximation and fingerprinting of single proteins using a nanopore.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"12:360-367","doi":"10.1038/nnano.2016.267","pmid":"27992411","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.01935","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"lipid bilayer-coated SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride with POPC bilayer containing biotin-PE or POPE (crosslinker-tethered proteins)","co":"2 M KCl, 10 mM citrate, pH 6.1; crosslinker-tethered","v":"-0.04 to -0.115 V","sn":"intra-event current modulations from protein rotation give shape (length-to-diameter ratio), volume, rotational diffusion coefficient and dipole moment; Axopatch 200B, 100 kHz analog, 500 kHz sampling, 15 kHz digital filter","pu":"five-parameter fingerprinting of single native proteins","no":"Measurement details read from the arXiv preprint version (arXiv:1510.01935) of this paper; streptavidin, anti-biotin IgG1, anti-biotin Fab and BSA were also measured.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1510.01935","an":"L-lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH)","id":"ss_protein_small-0274"},{"a":1851,"y":2017,"au":"Guo Y, Niu A, Jian F, Wang Y, Yao F, Wei Y, et al.","t":"Metal-organic complex-functionalized protein nanopore sensor for aromatic amino acids chiral recognition.","j":"Analyst","vp":"142:1048-1053","doi":"10.1039/c7an00097a","pmid":"28280809","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (M113R)7 with am7betaCD-Cu(II) complex adapter","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"chiral recognition of aromatic amino acids","no":"All enantiomers of the natural aromatic amino acids discriminated in mixtures; Phe and Tyr enantiomers were first resolved in alpha-HL by Boersma and Bayley 2012.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A28280809+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"L-tryptophan","id":"bio_small-0305"},{"a":1851,"y":2023,"au":"Wang F, Zhao C, Zhao P, Chen F, Qiao D, Feng J","t":"MoS2 nanopore identifies single amino acids with sub-1 Dalton resolution.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2895","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38627-x","pmid":"37210427","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10199900/","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"MoS2 nanopore","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer CVD MoS2 suspended over a 40-80 nm hole in a SiNx membrane","pd":"sub-nanometer to 1.6 nm (about 1.1 nm device 1; about 0.6 nm for isomer discrimination)","fab":"electrochemical etching (drilling) of MoS2 at 0.8-1 V","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.8; about 2 uM analyte","v":"+200 mV (-200 mV for Lys and Arg)","sn":"41 MoS2 devices; more than 70,000 events per device; sensing region no longer than one amino acid; classified with a neural network (SAAINet)","pu":"single amino acid identification for protein sequencing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10199900/fullTextXML","an":"tryptophan (W)","id":"ss_protein_small-0164"},{"a":1851,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li X, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Unambiguous discrimination of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their modifications by nanopore.","j":"Nat Methods","vp":"21:92-101","doi":"10.1038/s41592-023-02021-8","pmid":"37749214","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid identification (toward protein sequencing)","no":"All 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 4 modified amino acids fully discriminated (accuracy 98.6%). Leucine and isoleucine (isomers) resolved.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37749214+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"L-tryptophan","id":"bio_small-0115"},{"a":1852,"y":2017,"au":"Acuña SM, Aoki JI, Laranjeira-Silva MF, Zampieri RA, Fernandes JCR, Muxel SM, et al.","t":"Arginase expression modulates nitric oxide production in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis","j":"PloS one","vp":"12:e0187186","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0187186","pmid":"29135983","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Z1 particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"growth curves of promastigotes","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5685479/fullTextXML","an":"Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes","de":"arginase-expression lines","id":"microbes-0240"},{"a":1852,"y":2019,"au":"Crepaldi F, de Toledo JS, do Carmo AO, Ferreira Marques Machado L, de Brito DDV, Serufo AV, et al.","t":"Mapping Alterations Induced by Long-Term Axenic Cultivation of <i>Leishmania amazonensis</i> Promastigotes With a Multiplatform Metabolomic Fingerprint Approach","j":"Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology","vp":"9:403","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2019.00403","pmid":"31867285","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Z1 Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"EC50 of drugs on long-term axenic promastigotes","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6904349/fullTextXML","an":"Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes","id":"microbes-0212"},{"a":1853,"y":2017,"au":"Grekov I, Pombinho AR, Kobets T, Bartůněk P, Lipoldová M","t":"Calcium Ionophore, Calcimycin, Kills <i>Leishmania</i> Promastigotes by Activating Parasite Nitric Oxide Synthase","j":"BioMed research international","vp":"2017:1309485","doi":"10.1155/2017/1309485","pmid":"29181385","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Z2 COULTER COUNTER aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"promastigote counts under calcimycin","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5664200/fullTextXML","an":"Leishmania major promastigotes","id":"microbes-0191"},{"a":1853,"y":2025,"au":"Moitra S, Mukherjee S, Hernandez VL, Zhang K","t":"C14DM Ablation Leads to Reduced Tolerance to Plasma Membrane Stress and Increased Drug Sensitivity in &lt;i&gt;Leishmania major&lt;/i&gt;","j":"International journal of molecular sciences","vp":"26:8473","doi":"10.3390/ijms26178473","pmid":"40943395","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Z2 Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"culture density after 48 h","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12429082/fullTextXML","an":"Leishmania major","de":"promastigotes, C14DM knockout and controls","id":"microbes-0159"},{"a":1854,"y":2017,"au":"Heider S, Muzard J, Zaruba M, Metzner C","t":"Integrated Method for Purification and Single-Particle Characterization of Lentiviral Vector Systems by Size Exclusion Chromatography and Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing.","j":"Molecular biotechnology","vp":"59(7):251-259","doi":"10.1007/s12033-017-0009-8","pmid":"28567687","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5486506/","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"NP100 tunable nanopore at 45 mm stretch (qNano, Izon Science)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pm":"thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomeric membrane","pd":"NP100 (100 nm nominal)","co":"PBS electrolyte, 75 ul lower cell; 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trans solution acidified (pH 3.4 to 2.1) to activate capture","co":"cis pH 7.4, trans pH 3.4 (2.1-3.4)","v":"+40 mV","dt":"longer DNA gave longer blocks (D5 < D16 < D30)","pu":"pH-activated capture of nucleic acids","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=6174115&rettype=xml","an":"DNA D30 (30 nt)","id":"bio_na_modern-0281"},{"a":1876,"y":2017,"au":"Wang Y, Tian K, Du X, Shi RC, Gu LQ","t":"Remote Activation of a Nanopore for High-Performance Genetic Detection Using a pH Taxis-Mimicking Mechanism","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"89:13039-13043","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03979","pmid":"29183111","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"aerolysin added from the cis side; trans solution acidified (pH 3.4 to 2.1) to activate capture","co":"cis pH 7.4, trans pH 3.4 (2.1-3.4)","v":"+40 mV","dt":"longer DNA gave longer blocks (D5 < D16 < D30)","pu":"pH-activated capture of nucleic acids","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=6174115&rettype=xml","an":"DNA D5 (5 nt)","id":"bio_na_modern-0280"},{"a":1877,"y":2017,"au":"Hiratani M, Ohara M, Kawano R","t":"Amplification and Quantification of an Antisense Oligonucleotide from Target microRNA Using Programmable DNA and a Biological Nanopore.","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"89:2312-2317","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03830","pmid":"28192937","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"biological nanopore","pu":"quantify antisense DNA drug amplified after detecting small cell lung cancer miRNA","no":"abstract says 'nanopore measurement' with a biological nanopore; quantification more accurate than gel electrophoresis; pore type not confirmed from a fetched source (the group's related DNA-computing decoding papers, e.g. Takiguchi 2021, use alpha-hemolysin)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28192937","an":"antisense DNA oligonucleotide generated by isothermal amplification triggered by a miRNA","id":"bio_na_early-0531"},{"a":1878,"y":2017,"au":"Rauf S, Zhang L, Ali A, Liu Y, Li J","t":"Label-Free Nanopore Biosensor for Rapid and Highly Sensitive Cocaine Detection in Complex Biological Fluids.","j":"ACS Sensors","vp":"2:227-234","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.6b00627","pmid":"28723133","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","b":"distinct spike-like blockages","er":"log-log linear with cocaine 50 nM to 100 uM; works in saliva and serum","pu":"cocaine detection by aptamer-released output DNA","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28723133","an":"short output DNA displaced from the cocaine aptamer","id":"bio_na_early-0422"},{"a":1879,"y":2017,"au":"Akahori R, Yanagi I, Goto Y, Harada K, Yokoi T, Takeda KI","t":"Discrimination of three types of homopolymers in single-stranded DNA with solid-state nanopores through external control of the DNA motion.","j":"Sci Rep","vp":"7(1):9073","doi":"10.1038/s41598-017-08290-6","pmid":"28831056","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore with a probe-based DNA motion controller","pk":"sinx-nanopore","fab":"SiN pore; DNA immobilized on a Si probe moved by piezo actuator and stepper motor","sn":"probe pulls the strand slowly through the pore so homopolymer-specific current levels can be read","pu":"homopolymer discrimination with controlled motion","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5567245/","an":"3-kb single-stranded poly(dA) immobilized on a Si probe","id":"ss_na-0154"},{"a":1880,"y":2017,"au":"Yu J, Cao C, Long YT","t":"Selective and Sensitive Detection of Methylcytosine by Aerolysin Nanopore under Serum Condition","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"89:11685-11689","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03133","pmid":"28988479","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"human serum present; pore stable >2 h","b":"I/I0 = 0.53","dt":"5.3 +/- 0.1 ms","pu":"detecting DNA methylation in serum","no":"event frequency tracks relative concentration of methylated oligomer","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28988479&resultType=core&format=json","an":"oligomer containing methylated cytosine","id":"bio_na_modern-0264"},{"a":1881,"y":2017,"au":"Yu J, Cao C, Long YT","t":"Selective and Sensitive Detection of Methylcytosine by Aerolysin Nanopore under Serum Condition","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"89:11685-11689","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03133","pmid":"28988479","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"human serum present; pore stable >2 h","b":"I/I0 = 0.56","dt":"3.9 +/- 0.1 ms","pu":"detecting DNA methylation in serum","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28988479&resultType=core&format=json","an":"oligomer containing unmethylated cytosine","id":"bio_na_modern-0265"},{"a":1882,"y":2017,"au":"Balme S, Lepoitevin M, Dumee LF, Bechelany M, Janot JM","t":"Diffusion dynamics of latex nanoparticles coated with ssDNA across a single nanopore","j":"Soft Matter","vp":"13:496-502","doi":"10.1039/c6sm02461k","pmid":"27928571","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"single solid-state nanopore","co":"200 mM NaCl","sn":"capture rate governed by diffusion; relative blockade needs pore shape and ssDNA charge in the model","pu":"transport dynamics","no":"ssDNA coating prevents salt-induced aggregation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A27928571+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"latex nanoparticles coated with low molecular weight ssDNA","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0018"},{"a":1882,"y":2018,"au":"Coglitore D, Merenda A, Giamblanco N, Dumée LF, Janot JM, Balme S","t":"Metal alloy solid-state nanopores for single nanoparticle detection","j":"Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP","vp":"20:12799-12807","doi":"10.1039/c8cp01787e","pmid":"29697724","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"single nanopores drilled in metal alloys (titanium nitride, titanium-tantalum, tantalum)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"entry energy barrier lower for more hydrophilic, higher-surface-energy pores; dwell time depends on pore surface state","pu":"effect of pore surface on translocation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29697724+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"polystyrene nanoparticles coated with ssDNA","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0235"},{"a":1883,"y":2017,"au":"Tsutsui M, Yoshida T, Yokota K, Yasaki H, Yasui T, Arima A, et al.","t":"Discriminating single-bacterial shape using low-aspect-ratio pores","j":"Scientific reports","vp":"7:17371","doi":"10.1038/s41598-017-17443-6","pmid":"29234023","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN micropore, low thickness-to-diameter aspect ratio","pk":"chitoporin","pm":"SiN membrane on Si chip, sealed between PDMS blocks","pd":"1.4 um (also 1.2 um in a figure caption) and 3.0 um","pl":"40 to 50 nm","pg":"thin cylindrical pore, aspect ratio about 0.01","fab":"LPCVD SiN on Si; CF4 reactive ion etch window and KOH wet etch to free a 40 nm SiN membrane; circular pore patterned on the resist-coated membrane and etched","co":"PBS diluted 10 times with Milli-Q water, Ag/AgCl electrodes, room temperature, bacteria added on one side only","v":"0.05 V","b":"about 250 pA current change per coccus","sn":"with the 1.4 um pore the spikes showed up to four dips at the apex, one per coccus in the chain; rms noise 13 pA; estimated spatial resolution about 26 nm","pu":"discrimination of bacteria by cell shape using machine learning on resistive pulse waveforms","no":"Corrugated pulses resolve individual cocci in a chain.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5727063/fullTextXML","an":"Streptococcus salivarius","id":"microbes-0003"},{"a":1884,"y":2017,"au":"Hippmann AA, Schuback N, Moon KM, McCrow JP, Allen AE, Foster LJ, et al.","t":"Contrasting effects of copper limitation on the photosynthetic apparatus in two strains of the open ocean diatom Thalassiosira oceanica","j":"PloS one","vp":"12:e0181753","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0181753","pmid":"28837661","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Z2 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell density in 10 L cultures under copper limitation","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5570362/fullTextXML","an":"Thalassiosira oceanica","de":"two strains","id":"microbes-0202"},{"a":1885,"y":2017,"au":"Restrepo-Perez L, John S, Aksimentiev A, Joo C, Dekker C","t":"SDS-assisted protein transport through solid-state nanopores.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"9:11685-11693","doi":"10.1039/c7nr02450a","pmid":"28776058","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5611827/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride","pd":"10 nm","co":"0.4 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA; proteins heated to 95 C with SDS and 1 mM DTT","v":"100 mV","b":"about 0.4 nS (native and SDS-denatured alike)","pu":"SDS-induced unfolding and charging for protein translocation","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=5611827","an":"titin I27 domain (native and SDS-denatured)","id":"ss_protein_small-0077"},{"a":1886,"y":2017,"au":"Wloka C, Van Meervelt V, van Gelder D, Danda N, Jager N, Williams CP, et al.","t":"Label-Free and Real-Time Detection of Protein Ubiquitination with a Biological Nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"11:4387-4394","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6b07760","pmid":"28353339","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS type I (S. typhi ClyA C87A/L99Q/E103G/F166Y/I203V/C285S/K294R/H307Y); Q56W variant for longer dwell","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"engineered ClyA oligomer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, about 23 C","v":"-35 mV","sn":"in 30% of cases extra blockades beyond unmodified E2* (Ires 73.5 +/- 0.1%, 503 ms)","pu":"label-free detection of protein ubiquitination","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5444049/fullTextXML","an":"Ubc4 C116K (E2*) monoubiquitinated on residue 116 (E2*Ub)","de":"S. cerevisiae ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc4 (E2)","id":"bio_protein-0191"},{"a":1887,"y":2017,"au":"Wloka C, Van Meervelt V, van Gelder D, Danda N, Jager N, Williams CP, et al.","t":"Label-Free and Real-Time Detection of Protein Ubiquitination with a Biological Nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"11:4387-4394","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6b07760","pmid":"28353339","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS type I (S. typhi ClyA C87A/L99Q/E103G/F166Y/I203V/C285S/K294R/H307Y); Q56W variant for longer dwell","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"engineered ClyA oligomer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, about 23 C","v":"-35 mV","b":"Ires 64.0 +/- 0.7%","dt":"1602 +/- 626 ms","sn":"wider residual-current peak from mixed isomers","pu":"label-free detection of protein ubiquitination","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5444049/fullTextXML","an":"monoubiquitinated Ubc4 (E2Ub), isomers at K35, K39, K121","de":"S. cerevisiae ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc4 (E2)","id":"bio_protein-0189"},{"a":1888,"y":2017,"au":"Wloka C, Van Meervelt V, van Gelder D, Danda N, Jager N, Williams CP, et al.","t":"Label-Free and Real-Time Detection of Protein Ubiquitination with a Biological Nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"11:4387-4394","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6b07760","pmid":"28353339","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS type I (S. typhi ClyA C87A/L99Q/E103G/F166Y/I203V/C285S/K294R/H307Y); Q56W variant for longer dwell","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"engineered ClyA oligomer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, about 23 C","v":"-35 mV","b":"Ires 51.8 +/- 0.8% (broader distribution)","pu":"label-free detection of protein ubiquitination","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5444049/fullTextXML","an":"polyubiquitinated Ubc4 (mainly E2Ub2)","de":"S. cerevisiae ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc4 (E2)","id":"bio_protein-0190"},{"a":1889,"y":2017,"au":"Wloka C, Van Meervelt V, van Gelder D, Danda N, Jager N, Williams CP, et al.","t":"Label-Free and Real-Time Detection of Protein Ubiquitination with a Biological Nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"11:4387-4394","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6b07760","pmid":"28353339","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS type I (S. typhi ClyA C87A/L99Q/E103G/F166Y/I203V/C285S/K294R/H307Y); Q56W variant for longer dwell","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"engineered ClyA oligomer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, about 23 C","v":"-35 mV","b":"Ires 73.9 +/- 0.2% (74.0 +/- 0.8% in Q56W pore)","dt":"898 +/- 198 ms (1737 +/- 420 ms in Q56W pore)","pu":"label-free detection of protein ubiquitination","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5444049/fullTextXML","an":"Ubc4 (E2), unmodified","de":"S. cerevisiae ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc4 (E2)","id":"bio_protein-0188"},{"a":1890,"y":2017,"au":"Wloka C, Van Meervelt V, van Gelder D, Danda N, Jager N, Williams CP, et al.","t":"Label-Free and Real-Time Detection of Protein Ubiquitination with a Biological Nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"11:4387-4394","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6b07760","pmid":"28353339","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS type I (S. typhi ClyA C87A/L99Q/E103G/F166Y/I203V/C285S/K294R/H307Y); Q56W variant for longer dwell","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"engineered ClyA oligomer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, about 23 C","v":"-35 mV","b":"Ires 62.5 +/- 1.8%","dt":"307 +/- 126 ms","er":"kc 16.7 +/- 1.7 s-1 uM-1","sn":"isomeric monoubiquitinated proteins discriminated","pu":"label-free detection of protein ubiquitination","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5444049/fullTextXML","an":"UbE2, ubiquitin genetically fused to the Ubc4 N-terminus (isomer of E2*Ub)","de":"S. cerevisiae ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc4 (E2)","id":"bio_protein-0192"},{"a":1891,"y":2017,"au":"Roozbahani GM, Chen X, Zhang Y, Xie R, Ma R, Li D, et al.","t":"Peptide-Mediated Nanopore Detection of Uranyl Ions in Aqueous Media.","j":"ACS Sens","vp":"2:703-709","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.7b00210","pmid":"28580428","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (M113F)7 mutant","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","er":"nanomolar detection in minutes (fewer peptide events with uranyl)","pu":"radionuclide ion detection via peptide probe translocation","no":"Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Th4+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ did not interfere.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A28580428+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"uranyl ion (UO2 2+)","id":"bio_small-0289"},{"a":1892,"y":2017,"au":"Baltes A, Akpinar F, Inankur B, Yin J","t":"Inhibition of infection spread by co-transmitted defective interfering particles.","j":"PloS one","vp":"12(9):e0184029","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0184029","pmid":"28915264","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5600374/","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable elastomeric nanopore on a qViro system (Izon Science)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"total particle counts (infectious plus noninfectious) for stocks of defective interfering particles, next to plaque assays for infectious units","no":"Defective interfering particles of vesicular stomatitis virus, engineered to carry a fluorescent reporter, were counted by TRPS on a qViro; the same work counted infectious particles by plaque assay. Whole VSV at a tunable pore is already in the database from Heider and Metzner 2015, which this paper cites for the method.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5600374/fullTextXML","an":"vesicular stomatitis virus defective interfering particles (DIP and DIP-GFP stocks)","de":"engineered VSV defective interfering particles lacking genes needed for replication, with and without a GFP reporter; stocks counted by TRPS and by plaque assay","id":"gap_viruses-0020"},{"a":1893,"y":2017,"au":"Roy DB, Hall AR","t":"Solid-state nanopore analysis of alcohol-soluble molecules.","j":"Analyst","vp":"142:1676-1681","doi":"10.1039/c7an00022g","pmid":"28470233","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","co":"LiCl in azeotropic ethanol-water mixtures","pu":"resistive-pulse sensing in alcohol electrolyte","no":"Measured in ethanol-water electrolyte, which zeins need for solubility.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28470233%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"zeins (alcohol-soluble maize proteins)","id":"ss_protein_small-0099"},{"a":1894,"y":2017,"au":"Faria NR, Quick J, Claro IM, Theze J, de Jesus JG, Giovanetti M, et al.","t":"Establishment and cryptic transmission of Zika virus in Brazil and the Americas","j":"Nature","vp":"546:406-410","doi":"10.1038/nature22401","pmid":"28538727","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ONT MinION R7.3, R9 and R9.4 flow cells (2D and 1D)","pk":"ont-flow-cell-pores","pm":"Oxford Nanopore flow cell: array of protein nanopores in synthetic membrane, motor protein controls strand speed","fab":"commercial ONT flow cell; library ligated to motor-protein adapter","sn":"54 complete or partial ZIKV genomes; consensus sequences identical across R7.3, R9 and R9.4 chemistries","pu":"outbreak genomics","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=5722632&rettype=xml","an":"Zika virus genomes from Brazil (mobile genomics laboratory)","id":"bio_na_modern-0318"},{"a":1894,"y":2017,"au":"Quick J, Grubaugh ND, Pullan ST, Claro IM, Smith AD, Gangavarapu K, et al.","t":"Multiplex PCR method for MinION and Illumina sequencing of Zika and other virus genomes directly from clinical samples","j":"Nat Protoc","vp":"12:1261-1276","doi":"10.1038/nprot.2017.066","pmid":"28538739","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"CsgG (ONT R9 and R9.4 flow cells, FLO-MIN105/FLO-MIN106)","pk":"csgg","pm":"Oxford Nanopore flow cell: array of protein nanopores in synthetic membrane, motor protein controls strand speed","fab":"commercial ONT flow cell; library ligated to motor-protein adapter","sn":"coding-complete genomes from as few as 50 genome copies per reaction","pu":"nanopore sequencing","no":"also validated on chikungunya and other viral genomes; Primal Scheme amplicon design","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=5902022&rettype=xml","an":"Zika virus genomes from clinical samples (multiplex PCR amplicons)","id":"bio_na_modern-0317"},{"a":1895,"y":2018,"au":"Talarimoghari M, Baaken G, Hanselmann R, Behrends JC","t":"Size-dependent interaction of a 3-arm star poly(ethylene glycol) with two biological nanopores.","j":"Eur Phys J E Soft Matter","vp":"41:77","doi":"10.1140/epje/i2018-11687-6","pmid":"29926213","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"high salt","pu":"polymer architecture versus size sensitivity","no":"Polydisperse mixtures of average mass 1 kDa; monomer-size sensitivity of residual conductance retained for the star polymer.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29926213+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"3-arm star poly(ethylene glycol)","id":"bio_small-0436"},{"a":1895,"y":2018,"au":"Talarimoghari M, Baaken G, Hanselmann R, Behrends JC","t":"Size-dependent interaction of a 3-arm star poly(ethylene glycol) with two biological nanopores.","j":"Eur Phys J E Soft Matter","vp":"41:77","doi":"10.1140/epje/i2018-11687-6","pmid":"29926213","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin","pk":"aerolysin","co":"high salt","pu":"polymer architecture versus size sensitivity","no":"Polydisperse mixtures of average mass 1 kDa; monomer-size sensitivity of residual conductance retained for the star polymer.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29926213+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"3-arm star poly(ethylene glycol)","id":"bio_small-0437"},{"a":1896,"y":2018,"au":"Hu R, Rodrigues JV, Waduge P, Yamazaki H, Cressiot B, Chishti Y, et al.","t":"Differential enzyme flexibility probed using solid-state nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"12:4494-4502","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.8b00734","pmid":"29630824","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9016714/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride membrane (20 nm for AdK work)","pd":"about 7 nm (modelled)","fab":"electron-beam drilling","co":"0.4 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8; pressure-driven (2 atm) with retarding voltage","v":"50 to 70 mV retarding","dt":"D = 0.79 nm2/us (apo), 1.04 nm2/us (Ap5A)","sn":"Chimera VC100 at 4.17 MHz, 150 kHz digital filter; amplitude distribution width (fwhm) used as flexibility measure","pu":"protein flexibility from blockade distributions","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=9016714","an":"adenylate kinase (AdK), apo and Ap5A-bound","de":"apo and locked closed by the bisubstrate inhibitor Ap5A","id":"ss_protein_small-0080"},{"a":1897,"y":2018,"au":"Karawdeniya BI, Bandara YMNDY, Nichols JW, Chevalier RB, Dwyer JR","t":"Surveying silicon nitride nanopores for glycomics and heparin quality assurance.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"9:3278","doi":"10.1038/s41467-018-05751-y","pmid":"30115917","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6095881/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"thin silicon nitride membrane","pd":"about 5 to 22 nm","co":"1 M or 0.1 M KCl, pH about 7","v":"-200 mV","pu":"polysaccharide detection and heparin quality assurance","no":"Events seen only at the polarity opposite to electrophoresis for an anion (electroosmosis-dominated); translocation confirmed by acid digestion assay.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6095881/fullTextXML","an":"sodium alginate A1","de":"A1, about 63% guluronic / 37% mannuronic","id":"ss_protein_small-0085"},{"a":1897,"y":2026,"au":"Li W, Xiao Y, Gao X, Zhang P, Huang S, Wang K","t":"Nanopore Signatures of High-Molecular-Weight Polysaccharides with Recurring Structural Motifs.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:28879-28889","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c07846","pmid":"42975259","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"engineered biological nanopore (type not stated in the abstract; this group's saccharide-fragment work uses MspA with a phenylboronic acid adapter)","pk":"mspa","pm":"protein nanopore in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"protein pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","sn":"polysaccharides are hydrolyzed; the distribution of fragment events forms a signature profile","pu":"polysaccharide identification from hydrolysis fragment profiles","no":"Seven polysaccharides identified and discriminated (100% validation accuracy); mixture composition quantified by fully constrained least squares.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42975259+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"sodium alginate","id":"bio_small-0443"},{"a":1898,"y":2018,"au":"Ramsay WJ, Bayley H","t":"Single-Molecule Determination of the Isomers of d-Glucose and d-Fructose that Bind to Boronic Acids.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"57:2841-2845","doi":"10.1002/anie.201712740","pmid":"29365215","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"engineered alpha-hemolysin with a boronic acid attached in the lumen","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"single-molecule identification of the sugar isomer that binds a boronic acid","no":"Reversible boronate ester formation followed in the ionic current; both binding modes contradict prior models.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29365215+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"alpha-D-glucopyranose","id":"bio_small-0337"},{"a":1899,"y":2018,"au":"Ghai I, Bajaj H, Arun Bafna J, El Damrany Hussein HA, Winterhalter M, Wagner R","t":"Ampicillin permeation across OmpF, the major outer-membrane channel in Escherichia coli.","j":"J Biol Chem","vp":"293:7030-7037","doi":"10.1074/jbc.ra117.000705","pmid":"29540483","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpF (E. coli outer membrane porin F)","pk":"ompf","pm":"E. coli OmpF trimer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"solute-induced ion current fluctuations 10 times higher than with ampicillin","pu":"antibiotic degradation product permeation","no":"Nearly unable to permeate OmpF despite strong interaction.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29540483+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"penicilloic acid of ampicillin (basic-pH degradation product)","id":"bio_small-0253"},{"a":1900,"y":2018,"au":"He F, Liang L, Zhou S, Xie W, He S, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Label-Free Sensitive Detection of Microcystin-LR via Aptamer-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles Based on Solid-State Nanopores","j":"Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids","vp":"34:14825-14833","doi":"10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00945","pmid":"30021440","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore made by dielectric breakdown","pd":"10 nm and 20 nm","fab":"controlled dielectric breakdown","pu":"toxin detection","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A30021440+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"microcystin-LR-aptamer-gold nanoparticle species released from cDNA-AuNP networks","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0191"},{"a":1901,"y":2018,"au":"Nazari M, Li X, Alibakhshi MA, Yang H, Souza K, Gillespie C, et al.","t":"Femtosecond photonic viral inactivation probed using solid-state nanopores","j":"Nano Futures","vp":"2:045005","doi":"10.1088/2399-1984/aadf9d","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.01463","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"38 nm nanopore in a silicon nitride membrane","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride membrane, 50 nm thick (effective pore length 35 nm from the open-pore conductance)","pd":"38 nm","pl":"effective 35 nm (membrane 50 nm)","co":"0.1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris pH 7, 20 to 22 C (conductivity 16.1 to 16.7 mS/cm)","v":"40 mV","b":"fractional current blockade 25.04 +/- 3.1%","dt":"log10(dwell) = 2.05 +/- 0.36 (dwell in us), so about 110 us","sn":"in-pore diffusion coefficient about 14 um2/s, slightly below the bulk value","pu":"counting and sizing single virions; reading out femtosecond-laser inactivation","no":"Nanopore sizing in minutes replaces a 24 to 48 hour plaque assay.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1806.01463","an":"bacteriophage phiX174 (untreated)","de":"Promega TiterMax phiX174, 2 x 1e12 pfu/ml in 0.05 M sodium tetraborate, diluted in Sorensen phosphate buffer","id":"viruses-0056"},{"a":1902,"y":2018,"au":"Nazari M, Li X, Alibakhshi MA, Yang H, Souza K, Gillespie C, et al.","t":"Femtosecond photonic viral inactivation probed using solid-state nanopores","j":"Nano Futures","vp":"2:045005","doi":"10.1088/2399-1984/aadf9d","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.01463","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"38 nm nanopore in a silicon nitride membrane","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride membrane, 50 nm thick (effective pore length 35 nm from the open-pore conductance)","pd":"38 nm","pl":"effective 35 nm (membrane 50 nm)","co":"0.1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris pH 7, 20 to 22 C (conductivity 16.1 to 16.7 mS/cm)","v":"40 mV","b":"fractional current blockade 10.4 +/- 2.7%","dt":"log10(dwell) = 1.3 +/- 0.12 (dwell in us); most events under 90 us","pu":"counting and sizing single virions; reading out femtosecond-laser inactivation","no":"Treated particles blocked less current and passed faster, so the capsid does not stay intact; survival fraction about 0.02 from an information-entropy analysis.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1806.01463","an":"bacteriophage phiX174 after femtosecond laser treatment","de":"15 min exposure to 35 fs pulses at 800 and 400 nm, average power 2.5 W","id":"viruses-0057"},{"a":1903,"y":2018,"au":"Ghanem N, Trost M, Sánchez Fontanet L, Harms H, Chatzinotas A, Wick LY","t":"Changes of the Specific Infectivity of Tracer Phages during Transport in Porous Media.","j":"Environmental science & technology","vp":"52(6):3486-3492","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.7b06271","pmid":"29481067","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"counting total virus particles alongside plaque-forming units to measure specific infectivity after transport through porous media","no":"Three marine tracer phages and coliphage T4 were pushed through laboratory percolation columns; TRPS counted total particles while plaque assays counted infectious ones, so the specific infectivity ratio could be tracked. The marine phages are not named in the abstract.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29481067&resultType=core&format=json","an":"bacteriophage T4 (coliphage tracer)","de":"used as a tracer phage in column transport experiments; total particles by TRPS, infectious particles by plaque assay","id":"viruses-0089"},{"a":1903,"y":2023,"au":"Kitta K, Sakamoto M, Hayakawa K, Nukazuka A, Kano K, Yamamoto T","t":"Nanopore Impedance Spectroscopy Reveals Electrical Properties of Single Nanoparticles for Detecting and Identifying Pathogenic Viruses.","j":"ACS omega","vp":"8(16):14684-14693","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.3c00628","pmid":"37125101","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10134219/","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"conical tunable nanopore chip (NP100 and NP400, Izon Science) read with an AC lock-in amplifier","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pd":"NP100 and NP400 chips, stretched; particles from 200 nm to 1 um also measured","co":"assay medium after buffer exchange; measurements all on one pore at a fixed stretch","b":"simultaneous current magnitude (di) and phase change (dtheta) per particle, measured with a lock-in amplifier (MFIA, Zurich Instruments)","sn":"random-forest classification of five particle types reached F1 about 74% on magnitude alone, 77% on phase alone, and higher on both together; over 85% virus identification accuracy overall","pu":"telling same-size particles apart by their electrical properties (impedance and capacitance)","no":"First nanopore measurement to extract resistance and capacitance of single particles from simultaneous current magnitude and phase. Particle panel: T4 phage, influenza A, influenza B, SARS-CoV-2 and 100 nm polystyrene beads (CPC100).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10134219/fullTextXML","an":"bacteriophage T4 (grown on E. coli, collected from the supernatant)","de":"propagated on E. coli JCM 20135 and concentrated; titer measured on a qNano","id":"viruses-0093"},{"a":1904,"y":2018,"au":"Thakur AK, Movileanu L","t":"Real-time measurement of protein-protein interactions at single-molecule resolution using a biological nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","doi":"10.1038/nbt.4316","pmid":"30531896","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"truncated FhuA (t-FhuA) with barnase H102A fused by a (GGS)2 tether (Bn(GGS)2t-FhuA)","pk":"fhua-truncated","pm":"engineered E. coli FhuA beta barrel in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"refolded engineered t-FhuA inserted into planar bilayer","co":"300 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8; ligand cis","v":"-40 mV","b":"capture and release of the tethered barnase seen as transitions between two open substates of the pore","dt":"koff = 0.86 +/- 0.02 s-1","er":"kon = (1.34 +/- 0.04) x 10^7 M-1 s-1","sn":"binding and release discriminated in serum-containing samples","pu":"real-time protein-protein interaction measurement (also in fetal bovine serum)","no":"t-FhuA single-channel conductance 1.6 +/- 0.1 nS.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6557705/fullTextXML","an":"barstar (89-residue inhibitor of barnase)","id":"bio_protein-0346"},{"a":1905,"y":2018,"au":"Ramsay WJ, Bayley H","t":"Single-Molecule Determination of the Isomers of d-Glucose and d-Fructose that Bind to Boronic Acids.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"57:2841-2845","doi":"10.1002/anie.201712740","pmid":"29365215","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"engineered alpha-hemolysin with a boronic acid attached in the lumen","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"single-molecule identification of the sugar isomer that binds a boronic acid","no":"Reversible boronate ester formation followed in the ionic current; both binding modes contradict prior models.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29365215+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"beta-D-fructofuranose","id":"bio_small-0338"},{"a":1906,"y":2018,"au":"Ramsay WJ, Bayley H","t":"Single-Molecule Determination of the Isomers of d-Glucose and d-Fructose that Bind to Boronic Acids.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"57:2841-2845","doi":"10.1002/anie.201712740","pmid":"29365215","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"engineered alpha-hemolysin with a boronic acid attached in the lumen","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"single-molecule identification of the sugar isomer that binds a boronic acid","no":"Fructose binds as either the furanose or the pyranose; isomers resolved individually.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29365215+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"beta-D-fructopyranose","id":"bio_small-0339"},{"a":1907,"y":2018,"au":"Giamblanco N, Coglitore D, Gubbiotti A, Ma T, Balanzat E, Janot JM, et al.","t":"Amyloid growth, inhibition, and real-time enzymatic degradation revealed with single conical nanopore.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"90:12900-12908","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03523","pmid":"30189140","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"PEG-functionalized conical track-etched PET nanopore","pk":"track-etched-pore","pm":"polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with PEG chains","pg":"conical","fab":"swift heavy ion irradiation and chemical etching, then PEG functionalization","co":"acidic aggregation conditions","pu":"amyloid growth, promoters, inhibitors and protease degradation","no":"Review reports pro-aggregative dextran and ethanol and anti-aggregative curcumin effects.","ev":"secondary","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11672191/fullTextXML","an":"beta-lactoglobulin amyloid aggregates (protofibrils, end-off aggregates)","id":"ss_protein_small-0092"},{"a":1907,"y":2023,"au":"Zhan L, Jin T, Zhou J, Xu W, Chen Y, Mezzenga R","t":"Fast Probing Amyloid Polymorphism via Nanopore Translocation","j":"Nano Letters","vp":"23:9912-9919","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02860","pmid":"37856435","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"synthetic nanopore","sn":"block amplitude gives fibril cross-section; dwell time correlates with fibril length; lysozyme fibrils also studied","pu":"polymorph discrimination","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37856435+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"beta-lactoglobulin amyloid fibrils (polymorphs)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0071"},{"a":1907,"y":2024,"au":"Acharjee MC, Ledden B, Thomas B, He X, Messina T, Giurleo J, et al.","t":"Aggregation and oligomerization characterization of beta-lactoglobulin protein using a solid-state nanopore sensor.","j":"Sensors (Basel)","vp":"24:81","doi":"10.3390/s24010081","pmid":"38202943","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10781269/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride","sn":"calibrated with linear and circular dsDNA; validated against AFM and DLS","pu":"amyloid and native oligomerization","no":"Fibril length and diameter and aggregate quantity estimated.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:38202943%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"beta-lactoglobulin variant A amyloid fibrils and native-state oligomers","de":"variant A (bLGa)","id":"ss_protein_small-0197"},{"a":1907,"y":2025,"au":"Cui Y, Gao L, Ying C, Tian J, Liu Z","t":"Graphene nanochannels for label-free protein detection and protein-protein interaction analysis.","j":"ACS Sens","vp":"10:7157-7165","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c02567","pmid":"40936077","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"graphene nanochannel","pk":"graphene-nanopore","pm":"graphene","fab":"layer assembly","sn":"low noise and minimal nonspecific adsorption; five proteins differentiated by resistive pulses (not named in abstract)","pu":"label-free protein detection and interaction analysis","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40936077%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"beta-lactoglobulin aggregation","id":"ss_protein_small-0291"},{"a":1908,"y":2018,"au":"Concha E, Heipieper HJ, Wick LY, Ciudad GA, Navia R","t":"Effects of limonene, n-decane and n-decanol on growth and membrane fatty acid composition of the microalga Botryococcus braunii","j":"AMB Express","vp":"8:189","doi":"10.1186/s13568-018-0718-9","pmid":"30488314","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture (100 um)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um","co":"Isoton II diluent, 1:500 dilution","pu":"growth in culture under limonene, n-decane and n-decanol","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6262068/fullTextXML","an":"Botryococcus braunii","id":"microbes-0147"},{"a":1909,"y":2018,"au":"Coglitore D, Giamblanco N, Kizalaité A, Coulon PE, Charlot B, Janot JM, et al.","t":"Unexpected Hard Protein Behavior of BSA on Gold Nanoparticle Caused by Resveratrol","j":"Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids","vp":"34:8866-8874","doi":"10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01365","pmid":"30001624","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore","pu":"protein adsorption and desorption on gold nanoparticles","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A30001624+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"bovine serum albumin on gold nanoparticles, with and without resveratrol","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0193"},{"a":1910,"y":2018,"au":"Maw MM, Pan X, Peng Z, Wang Y, Zhao L, Dai B, et al.","t":"A Changeable Lab-on-a-Chip Detector for Marine Nonindigenous Microorganisms in Ship's Ballast Water","j":"Micromachines","vp":"9:E20","doi":"10.3390/mi9010020","pmid":"30393297","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"PDMS-glass microfluidic resistive (impedance) pulse sensor with sheath flow and two lateral sensing channels","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"PDMS on glass","pg":"detection zones 80 x 40 x 40 um (3 to 20 um cells), 20 x 10 x 8 um (0.5 to 2 um cells), 150 x 80 x 80 um (20 to 50 um organisms)","fab":"SU-8 soft lithography, PDMS bonded to glass","v":"24 V DC between sample and waste wells","sn":"each impedance pulse paired with an LED-induced chlorophyll fluorescence pulse for algae; pulse amplitude grows with cell size","pu":"ballast water detection of microalgae and indicator bacteria","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6187694/fullTextXML","an":"Chlorella volutis","de":"named Chlorella volutis in the paper; spherical 2 to 8 um","id":"microbes-0180"},{"a":1911,"y":2018,"au":"Cummings BM, Needoba JA, Peterson TD","t":"Effect of metformin exposure on growth and photosynthetic performance in the unicellular freshwater chlorophyte, Chlorella vulgaris","j":"PloS one","vp":"13:e0207041","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0207041","pmid":"30419044","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Model Z2 particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"dilution in Isoton II","pu":"cell densities under metformin exposure","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6231646/fullTextXML","an":"Chlorella vulgaris","id":"microbes-0186"},{"a":1911,"y":2023,"au":"Verspreet J, Kuchendorf CM, Ackermann B, Bastiaens L","t":"The Impact of Nutrient Limitation and Harvest Method on the Wet Preservation of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> Biomass","j":"Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)","vp":"10:600","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering10050600","pmid":"37237670","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Multisizer 3 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell counts and load of bacteria and debris in cultures","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10215344/fullTextXML","an":"Chlorella vulgaris","id":"microbes-0125"},{"a":1912,"y":2018,"au":"Maw MM, Pan X, Peng Z, Wang Y, Zhao L, Dai B, et al.","t":"A Changeable Lab-on-a-Chip Detector for Marine Nonindigenous Microorganisms in Ship's Ballast Water","j":"Micromachines","vp":"9:E20","doi":"10.3390/mi9010020","pmid":"30393297","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"PDMS-glass microfluidic resistive (impedance) pulse sensor with sheath flow and two lateral sensing channels","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"PDMS on glass","pg":"detection zones 80 x 40 x 40 um (3 to 20 um cells), 20 x 10 x 8 um (0.5 to 2 um cells), 150 x 80 x 80 um (20 to 50 um organisms)","fab":"SU-8 soft lithography, PDMS bonded to glass","v":"24 V DC between sample and waste wells","sn":"each impedance pulse paired with an LED-induced chlorophyll fluorescence pulse for algae; pulse amplitude grows with cell size","pu":"ballast water detection of microalgae and indicator bacteria","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6187694/fullTextXML","an":"Chrysophytes (Chrysophyceae)","de":"class-level sample from a culture collection","id":"microbes-0181"},{"a":1913,"y":2018,"au":"Yang W, Restrepo-Perez L, Bengtson M, Heerema SJ, Birnie A, van der Torre J, et al.","t":"Detection of CRISPR-dCas9 on DNA with Solid-State Nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"18(10):6469-6474","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02968","pmid":"30187755","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","co":"1 M LiCl (0.5-4 M LiCl tested for binding)","sn":"bound dCas9 gives a secondary blockade spike within the DNA event; most DNA remains bound in 1 M LiCl","pu":"detecting sequence-specific dCas9 binding","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6187524/","an":"CRISPR-dCas9 bound to a target site on 1 kbp dsDNA","id":"ss_na-0159"},{"a":1914,"y":2018,"au":"Zhu L, Xu Y, Ali I, Liu L, Wu H, Lu Z, et al.","t":"Solid-State Nanopore Single-Molecule Sensing of DNAzyme Cleavage Reaction Assisted with Nucleic Acid Nanostructure.","j":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces","vp":"10(31):26555-26565","doi":"10.1021/acsami.8b09505","pmid":"30016075","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"events before and after cleavage distinguished at nM concentration","pu":"sensing DNAzyme cleavage","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A30016075+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"GR-5 DNAzyme-substrate complex on a DNA tetrahedron carrier (before and after cleavage)","id":"ss_na-0181"},{"a":1915,"y":2018,"au":"Ciuca A, Asandei A, Schiopu I, Apetrei A, Mereuta L, Seo CH, et al.","t":"Single-Molecule, Real-Time Dissecting of Peptide Nucleic Acid-DNA Duplexes with a Protein Nanopore Tweezer.","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"90:7682-7690","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01568","pmid":"29799733","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"duplex captured at the vestibule entry unzips, then monomers thread; steps resolved in real time","pu":"unzipping of cationic polypeptide-functionalized PNA-DNA duplexes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29799733","an":"cationic polypeptide-functionalized 10-mer PNA hybridized to short complementary DNA","id":"bio_na_early-0466"},{"a":1916,"y":2018,"au":"Sha J, Si W, Xu B, Zhang S, Li K, Lin K, et al.","t":"Identification of spherical and nonspherical proteins by a solid-state nanopore.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"90:13826-13831","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04136","pmid":"30406650","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore","sn":"single blockade level, unlike prolate BSA which showed multiple levels from preferred orientations at high field","pu":"protein shape discrimination","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30406650%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"concanavalin A (con.A)","id":"ss_protein_small-0102"},{"a":1917,"y":2018,"au":"Galenkamp NS, Soskine M, Hermans J, Wloka C, Maglia G","t":"Direct electrical quantification of glucose and asparagine from bodily fluids using nanopores.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"9:4085","doi":"10.1038/s41467-018-06534-1","pmid":"30291230","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS with internalized substrate-binding protein adapter","pk":"clya","pm":"E. coli / S. 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LCW, a strain isolated from a constructed wetland shows novel properties for dimethylphenol isomers degradation","j":"BMC microbiology","vp":"18:108","doi":"10.1186/s12866-018-1255-z","pmid":"30189831","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter (Beckman Coulter) with Multisizer 3 software, aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"growth followed by cell counting during dimethylphenol degradation","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6127914/fullTextXML","an":"Delftia sp. 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Stępień E","t":"3D visualization of extracellular vesicle uptake by endothelial cells","j":"Cellular & molecular biology letters","vp":"23:57","doi":"10.1186/s11658-018-0123-z","pmid":"30574165","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore (Izon)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"size and concentration","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6296015/fullTextXML","an":"EVs from h-TERT immortalized microvascular TIME endothelial cells","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0170"},{"a":1937,"y":2018,"au":"Ramsay WJ, Bell NAW, Qing Y, Bayley H","t":"Single-Molecule Observation of the Intermediates in a Catalytic Cycle","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"140:17538-17546","doi":"10.1021/jacs.8b09282","pmid":"30472844","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b09282","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin nanoreactor","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"three intermediate metal-ligand complexes seen, one previously unobserved; kinetic isotope effect used to assign them","pu":"intermediates and lifetimes in a catalytic cycle","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A30472844+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"gold(I)-catalysed cyclisation of an acetylenic acid to an enol lactone","id":"reviews_exotic-0068"},{"a":1938,"y":2018,"au":"Zhao Y, Wang K, Chen D, Fan B, Xu Y, Ye Y, et al.","t":"Development of microfluidic impedance cytometry enabling the quantification of specific membrane capacitance and cytoplasm conductivity from 100,000 single cells","j":"Biosensors & bioelectronics","vp":"111:138-143","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2018.04.015","pmid":"29665553","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"crossing constriction microchannel impedance cytometer","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","b":"impedance converted to specific membrane capacitance and cytoplasm conductivity","er":"more than 100 cells/s; about 100,000 cells per sample","pu":"electrical phenotyping","no":"The authors also measured HeLa cells and A549 cells before and after EMT.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29665553+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"H1299 lung carcinoma cells","id":"cells-0134"},{"a":1939,"y":2018,"au":"Karawdeniya BI, Bandara YMNDY, Nichols JW, Chevalier RB, Dwyer JR","t":"Surveying silicon nitride nanopores for glycomics and heparin quality assurance.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"9:3278","doi":"10.1038/s41467-018-05751-y","pmid":"30115917","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6095881/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"thin silicon nitride membrane","co":"4 M KCl (also detected in 1 M KCl)","er":"event frequency linear in concentration; LOD 0.379 USP units/mL","sn":"longer duration tail than OSCS","pu":"polysaccharide detection and heparin quality assurance","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6095881/fullTextXML","an":"heparin (USP)","id":"ss_protein_small-0086"},{"a":1939,"y":2019,"au":"Im J, Lindsay S, Wang X, Zhang P","t":"Single molecule identification and quantification of glycosaminoglycans using solid-state nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"13:6308-6318","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.9b00618","pmid":"31121093","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore","sn":"events classified with a support vector machine","pu":"GAG identification and impurity detection","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31121093%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"monodisperse heparin fragments and unfractionated heparin","id":"ss_protein_small-0112"},{"a":1939,"y":2022,"au":"Bayat P, Rambaud C, Priem B, Bourderioux M, Bilong M, Poyer S, et al.","t":"Comprehensive structural assignment of glycosaminoglycan oligo- and polysaccharides by protein nanopore.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"13:5113","doi":"10.1038/s41467-022-32800-4","pmid":"36042212","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"4 M LiCl, 25 mM HEPES, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 7.5, 20 C; oligosaccharide cis (~43 uM)","v":"+60 mV","dt":"406 +/- 15 us (dp18), 1279 +/- 30 us (dp38), 1717 +/- 73 us (dp55)","pu":"glycosaminoglycan size and sulfation pattern analysis","no":"Wild-type aerolysin, open pore current 58 +/- 3 pA; Ib/I0 falls from dp4 to dp10 and barely changes above dp10.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9427770/fullTextXML","an":"heparin polysaccharides (5, 11 and 16 kDa; dp18, dp38, dp55)","id":"bio_small-0384"},{"a":1939,"y":2026,"au":"Li W, Xiao Y, Gao X, Zhang P, Huang S, Wang K","t":"Nanopore Signatures of High-Molecular-Weight Polysaccharides with Recurring Structural Motifs.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:28879-28889","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c07846","pmid":"42975259","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"engineered biological nanopore (type not stated in the abstract; this group's saccharide-fragment work uses MspA with a phenylboronic acid adapter)","pk":"mspa","pm":"protein nanopore in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"protein pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","sn":"polysaccharides are hydrolyzed; the distribution of fragment events forms a signature profile","pu":"polysaccharide identification from hydrolysis fragment profiles","no":"Seven polysaccharides identified and discriminated (100% validation accuracy); mixture composition quantified by fully constrained least squares.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42975259+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"heparin","id":"bio_small-0445"},{"a":1940,"y":2018,"au":"Cressiot B, Greive SJ, Mojtabavi M, Antson AA, Wanunu M","t":"Thermostable virus portal proteins as reprogrammable adapters for solid-state nanopore sensors.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"9:4652","doi":"10.1038/s41467-018-07116-x","pmid":"30405123","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6220183/","pt":"journal","pc":10,"p":"G20c portal protein (CD/N variant) corked into a SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"thermostable bacteriophage G20c portal protein in a 30 nm SiNx membrane, lipid-free","pd":"hybrid pore constriction about 2 nm; SiNx pore 5.4 to 6 nm","pl":"membrane 30 nm (nominal)","fab":"portal protein electrokinetically inserted into a solid-state nanopore","co":"0.5 M NaCl, 20 mM Tris, pH 7.5","v":"+30 to +60 mV","b":"dI = 30.1 +/- 5.5 pA (3368 events, +60 mV)","sn":"event frequency and dwell time voltage dependent; long events assigned to translocation","pu":"hybrid protein/solid-state pore for biomolecule sensing","no":"Produced as a His-tagged GB1 fusion in E. coli.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6220183/fullTextXML","an":"TPX2 peptide (human TPX2 residues 1-43)","id":"ss_protein_small-0302"},{"a":1941,"y":2018,"au":"Vázquez Juiz ML, Soto Gómez D, Pérez Rodríguez P, Paradelo M, López Periago JE","t":"Humic acids modify the pulse size distributions in the characterization of plastic microparticles by Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing","j":"Journal of contaminant hydrology","vp":"218:59-69","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.10.008","pmid":"30361114","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.10.008","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable resistive pulse sensing pore (TRPS)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","sn":"humic acids alter the electric field in the sensing channel and change pulse size distributions; statistical clustering used to separate signals","pu":"effect of natural organic matter on sizing submicron plastic particles in freshwater","ev":"abstract","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&rettype=abstract&retmode=text&id=30361114","an":"humic acids passing a tunable pore during microplastic sizing","id":"reviews_exotic-0141"},{"a":1942,"y":2018,"au":"Rivas F, Zahid OK, Reesink HL, Peal BT, Nixon AJ, DeAngelis PL, et al.","t":"Label-free analysis of physiological hyaluronan size distribution with a solid-state nanopore sensor.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"9:1037","doi":"10.1038/s41467-018-03439-x","pmid":"29531292","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5847568/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"25 nm silicon nitride membrane (Norcada)","pd":"6.5-9.6 nm","pl":"25 nm","co":"6 M LiCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0","v":"200 mV (voltage series)","sn":"event charge deficit (ECD) scales with MW (power law, alpha 2.23) down to about 80 kDa; quantized current levels show folding","pu":"molecular weight distribution of a polysaccharide biomarker","no":"First nanopore measurement of HA MW distribution; as little as 10 ng HA extracted from equine synovial fluid was sized.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5847568/fullTextXML","an":"hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid, HA), synthetic quasi-monodisperse and polydisperse","id":"ss_protein_small-0084"},{"a":1942,"y":2020,"au":"Ma T, Janot JM, Balme S","t":"Dynamics of long hyaluronic acid chains through conical nanochannels for characterizing enzyme reactions in confined spaces.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"12:7231-7239","doi":"10.1039/d0nr00645a","pmid":"32195519","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"long conical track-etched nanochannel, with or without grafted hyaluronidase","pk":"track-etched-pore","pg":"conical, long","fab":"ion track etching; hyaluronidase grafted at base or tip side","sn":"dilute and semi-dilute regimes follow de Gennes scaling; enzyme at tip prolongs translocation (substrate binding); enzyme at base gives degradation products","pu":"polymer translocation and in-pore enzyme reactions","no":"Authors state enzymatic degradation was characterized in situ in a nanochannel for the first time.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32195519%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"long hyaluronic acid chains","id":"ss_protein_small-0120"},{"a":1943,"y":2018,"au":"Hu YX, Ying YL, Gao R, Yu RJ, Long YT","t":"Characterization of the Dynamic Growth of the Nanobubble within the Confined Glass Nanopore","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"90:12352-12355","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03923","pmid":"30295035","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03923","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"confined glass nanopore","pk":"glass-nanopipette","dt":"formation time about 200 ms, growth time about 21 ms","pu":"real-time growth dynamics of a single nanobubble","no":"nanopore size changed to modulate bubble growth","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A30295035+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"single hydrogen nanobubble generated by NaBH4 hydrolysis","id":"reviews_exotic-0017"},{"a":1943,"y":2020,"au":"Li Q, Ying YL, Hu YX, Liu SC, Long YT","t":"Monitoring nanobubble nucleation at early-stage within a sub-9 nm solid-state nanopore","j":"Electrophoresis","vp":"41:959-965","doi":"10.1002/elps.201900305","pmid":"31652002","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.201900305","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore (sub-9 nm)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"under 9 nm","co":"NaBH4 6-100 mM","sn":"bubble lifetime fell 250 times and generation frequency rose 38 times from 6 to 100 mM NaBH4; lifetimes up to hundreds of ms at low NaBH4","pu":"early-stage nanobubble nucleation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31652002+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"H2 nanobubbles nucleated from NaBH4 and water","id":"reviews_exotic-0018"},{"a":1944,"y":2018,"au":"Arima A, Tsutsui M, Harlisa IH, Yoshida T, Tanaka M, Yokota K, et al.","t":"Selective detections of single-viruses using solid-state nanopores.","j":"Scientific reports","vp":"8(1):16305","doi":"10.1038/s41598-018-34665-4","pmid":"30390013","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6214978/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"low-aspect-ratio Si3N4 nanopore, 300 nm across in a 50 nm membrane","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"50 nm thick Si3N4 membrane on a Si wafer","pd":"300 nm","pl":"50 nm (membrane)","pg":"low thickness-to-diameter aspect ratio; sensing zone reaches about 300 nm out from the channel","fab":"reactive ion etching of Si3N4 with CF4, KOH wet etch of the Si, electron beam lithography of the pore in ZEP520A resist","co":"cis side: chick chorioallantoic fluid with virus, filtered at 450 nm; trans side: 0.25x PBS; Ag/AgCl electrodes","v":"+0.1 V (no pulses at -0.1 V)","sn":"electroosmotic flow at the negatively charged pore wall (zeta -42 mV at pH 7.6) pushes contaminants away from the orifice so only the charged virions enter; pulse shape features gave 68% single-virion typing accuracy, above 95% when 20 or more pulses were pooled","pu":"label-free typing of influenza virions","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6214978/fullTextXML","an":"influenza A virus A(H1N1)","de":"allotype A(H1N1) grown in chicken eggs; measured in chorioallantoic fluid","id":"viruses-0039"},{"a":1945,"y":2018,"au":"Arima A, Tsutsui M, Harlisa IH, Yoshida T, Tanaka M, Yokota K, et al.","t":"Selective detections of single-viruses using solid-state nanopores.","j":"Scientific reports","vp":"8(1):16305","doi":"10.1038/s41598-018-34665-4","pmid":"30390013","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6214978/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"low-aspect-ratio Si3N4 nanopore, 300 nm across in a 50 nm membrane","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"50 nm thick Si3N4 membrane on a Si wafer","pd":"300 nm","pl":"50 nm (membrane)","pg":"low thickness-to-diameter aspect ratio; sensing zone reaches about 300 nm out from the channel","fab":"reactive ion etching of Si3N4 with CF4, KOH wet etch of the Si, electron beam lithography of the pore in ZEP520A resist","co":"cis side: chick chorioallantoic fluid with virus, filtered at 450 nm; trans side: 0.25x PBS; Ag/AgCl electrodes","v":"+0.1 V (no pulses at -0.1 V)","sn":"electroosmotic flow at the negatively charged pore wall (zeta -42 mV at pH 7.6) pushes contaminants away from the orifice so only the charged virions enter; pulse shape features gave 68% single-virion typing accuracy, above 95% when 20 or more pulses were pooled","pu":"label-free typing of influenza virions","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6214978/fullTextXML","an":"influenza A virus A(H3N2)","de":"allotype A(H3N2) grown in chicken eggs; measured in chorioallantoic fluid","id":"viruses-0040"},{"a":1945,"y":2023,"au":"Kitta K, Sakamoto M, Hayakawa K, Nukazuka A, Kano K, Yamamoto T","t":"Nanopore Impedance Spectroscopy Reveals Electrical Properties of Single Nanoparticles for Detecting and Identifying Pathogenic Viruses.","j":"ACS omega","vp":"8(16):14684-14693","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.3c00628","pmid":"37125101","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10134219/","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"conical tunable nanopore chip (NP100 and NP400, Izon Science) read with an AC lock-in amplifier","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pd":"NP100 and NP400 chips, stretched; particles from 200 nm to 1 um also measured","co":"assay medium after buffer exchange; measurements all on one pore at a fixed stretch","b":"simultaneous current magnitude (di) and phase change (dtheta) per particle, measured with a lock-in amplifier (MFIA, Zurich Instruments)","sn":"random-forest classification of five particle types reached F1 about 74% on magnitude alone, 77% on phase alone, and higher on both together; over 85% virus identification accuracy overall","pu":"telling same-size particles apart by their electrical properties (impedance and capacitance)","no":"First nanopore measurement to extract resistance and capacitance of single particles from simultaneous current magnitude and phase. Particle panel: T4 phage, influenza A, influenza B, SARS-CoV-2 and 100 nm polystyrene beads (CPC100).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10134219/fullTextXML","an":"influenza A virus A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2), inactivated","de":"thimerosal and beta-propiolactone inactivated A/Panama/2007/99 (HyTest)","id":"viruses-0094"},{"a":1946,"y":2018,"au":"Arima A, Harlisa IH, Yoshida T, Tsutsui M, Tanaka M, Yokota K, et al.","t":"Identifying Single Viruses Using Biorecognition Solid-State Nanopores.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"140(48):16834-16841","doi":"10.1021/jacs.8b10854","pmid":"30475615","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Si3N4 nanopore with the wall functionalized by haemagglutinin-antibody-mimicking oligopeptides","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"peptide binding perturbs the translocation dynamics, so influenza type is read from the bluntness of the resistive pulse","pu":"selective single-virus identification by biorecognition","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30475615&resultType=core&format=json","an":"influenza A virus bound to haemagglutinin-antibody-mimicking oligopeptides in the pore wall","de":"designed oligopeptides with weak affinity for influenza A haemagglutinin, immobilized on the pore wall","id":"viruses-0042"},{"a":1947,"y":2018,"au":"Arima A, Tsutsui M, Harlisa IH, Yoshida T, Tanaka M, Yokota K, et al.","t":"Selective detections of single-viruses using solid-state nanopores.","j":"Scientific reports","vp":"8(1):16305","doi":"10.1038/s41598-018-34665-4","pmid":"30390013","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6214978/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"low-aspect-ratio Si3N4 nanopore, 300 nm across in a 50 nm membrane","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"50 nm thick Si3N4 membrane on a Si wafer","pd":"300 nm","pl":"50 nm (membrane)","pg":"low thickness-to-diameter aspect ratio; sensing zone reaches about 300 nm out from the channel","fab":"reactive ion etching of Si3N4 with CF4, KOH wet etch of the Si, electron beam lithography of the pore in ZEP520A resist","co":"cis side: chick chorioallantoic fluid with virus, filtered at 450 nm; trans side: 0.25x PBS; Ag/AgCl electrodes","v":"+0.1 V (no pulses at -0.1 V)","sn":"electroosmotic flow at the negatively charged pore wall (zeta -42 mV at pH 7.6) pushes contaminants away from the orifice so only the charged virions enter; pulse shape features gave 68% single-virion typing accuracy, above 95% when 20 or more pulses were pooled","pu":"label-free typing of influenza virions","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6214978/fullTextXML","an":"influenza B virus","de":"grown in chicken eggs; measured in chorioallantoic fluid","id":"viruses-0041"},{"a":1947,"y":2023,"au":"Kitta K, Sakamoto M, Hayakawa K, Nukazuka A, Kano K, Yamamoto T","t":"Nanopore Impedance Spectroscopy Reveals Electrical Properties of Single Nanoparticles for Detecting and Identifying Pathogenic Viruses.","j":"ACS omega","vp":"8(16):14684-14693","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.3c00628","pmid":"37125101","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10134219/","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"conical tunable nanopore chip (NP100 and NP400, Izon Science) read with an AC lock-in amplifier","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pd":"NP100 and NP400 chips, stretched; particles from 200 nm to 1 um also measured","co":"assay medium after buffer exchange; measurements all on one pore at a fixed stretch","b":"simultaneous current magnitude (di) and phase change (dtheta) per particle, measured with a lock-in amplifier (MFIA, Zurich Instruments)","sn":"random-forest classification of five particle types reached F1 about 74% on magnitude alone, 77% on phase alone, and higher on both together; over 85% virus identification accuracy overall","pu":"telling same-size particles apart by their electrical properties (impedance and capacitance)","no":"First nanopore measurement to extract resistance and capacitance of single particles from simultaneous current magnitude and phase. Particle panel: T4 phage, influenza A, influenza B, SARS-CoV-2 and 100 nm polystyrene beads (CPC100).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10134219/fullTextXML","an":"influenza B virus B/Malaysia/2506/04, inactivated","de":"inactivated B/Malaysia/2506/04 (HyTest)","id":"viruses-0095"},{"a":1948,"y":2018,"au":"Piguet F, Ouldali H, Pastoriza-Gallego M, Manivet P, Pelta J, Oukhaled A","t":"Identification of single amino acid differences in uniformly charged homopolymeric peptides with aerolysin nanopore.","j":"Nature communications","vp":"9:966","doi":"10.1038/s41467-018-03418-2","pmid":"29511176","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"proaerolysin activated by trypsin, heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 5 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 20 C; equimolar mixture 1 uM each, cis","v":"-50 mV (-25 to -80 mV)","b":"distinct relative blockade (Ib/I0) populations per length, single-residue resolution","sn":"lysine and arginine peptides discriminated; trypsin digestion followed in real time","pu":"size discrimination of homopeptides with single amino acid resolution; purity analysis","no":"Dozens of impurity peptides detected in a high-purity commercial sample.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5840376/fullTextXML","an":"lysine homopeptide K10 (and shorter lysine peptides from trypsin digestion)","id":"bio_protein-0295"},{"a":1949,"y":2018,"au":"Galenkamp NS, Soskine M, Hermans J, Wloka C, Maglia G","t":"Direct electrical quantification of glucose and asparagine from bodily fluids using nanopores.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"9:4085","doi":"10.1038/s41467-018-06534-1","pmid":"30291230","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS with internalized substrate-binding protein adapter","pk":"clya","pm":"E. coli / S. Typhi ClyA dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"metabolite quantification in bodily fluids (blood, sweat)","no":"Read through an asparagine-binding protein (SBD1) trapped in ClyA.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6173770/fullTextXML","an":"asparagine","id":"bio_small-0358"},{"a":1949,"y":2023,"au":"Wang F, Zhao C, Zhao P, Chen F, Qiao D, Feng J","t":"MoS2 nanopore identifies single amino acids with sub-1 Dalton resolution.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2895","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38627-x","pmid":"37210427","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10199900/","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"MoS2 nanopore","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer CVD MoS2 suspended over a 40-80 nm hole in a SiNx membrane","pd":"sub-nanometer to 1.6 nm (about 1.1 nm device 1; about 0.6 nm for isomer discrimination)","fab":"electrochemical etching (drilling) of MoS2 at 0.8-1 V","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.8; about 2 uM analyte","v":"+200 mV (-200 mV for Lys and Arg)","sn":"41 MoS2 devices; more than 70,000 events per device; sensing region no longer than one amino acid; classified with a neural network (SAAINet)","pu":"single amino acid identification for protein sequencing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10199900/fullTextXML","an":"asparagine (N)","id":"ss_protein_small-0168"},{"a":1949,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li X, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Unambiguous discrimination of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their modifications by nanopore.","j":"Nat Methods","vp":"21:92-101","doi":"10.1038/s41592-023-02021-8","pmid":"37749214","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid identification (toward protein sequencing)","no":"All 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 4 modified amino acids fully discriminated (accuracy 98.6%). Leucine and isoleucine (isomers) resolved.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37749214+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"L-asparagine","id":"bio_small-0100"},{"a":1950,"y":2018,"au":"Shekhar H, Smith NJ, Raymond JL, Holland CK","t":"Effect of Temperature on the Size Distribution, Shell Properties, and Stability of Definity","j":"Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology","vp":"44:434-446","doi":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.09.021","pmid":"29174045","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture (instrument modified for measurement at physiologic temperature)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"25 C and 37 C","pu":"size distribution and stability at body temperature; shell property estimation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29174045+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Definity (perflutren lipid microspheres) ultrasound contrast agent at 25 C and 37 C","id":"earth_space_industry-0086"},{"a":1951,"y":2018,"au":"Kothalawala N, Mudalige TK, Sisco P, Linder SW","t":"Novel analytical methods to assess the chemical and physical properties of liposomes","j":"Journal of chromatography. 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TRPS and nanoparticle tracking analysis counted and sized the particles; populations larger than expected for rabies virus appeared as antigenicity fell, which points to thermally driven aggregation.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30118752&resultType=core&format=json","an":"rabies virus (formulated vaccine)","de":"formulated rabies virus vaccine under forced degradation at 5 to 45 C for one month","id":"viruses-0078"},{"a":1981,"y":2018,"au":"Boldogkői Z, Moldován N, Szűcs A, Tombácz D","t":"Transcriptome-wide analysis of a baculovirus using nanopore sequencing.","j":"Scientific data","vp":"5:180276","doi":"10.1038/sdata.2018.276","pmid":"30512018","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6278695/","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"Oxford Nanopore nanopore array (MinION)","co":"full-length cDNA sequencing, direct RNA sequencing and 5' Cap-selected cDNA sequencing of RNA from AcMNPV-infected Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells at nine times after infection","pu":"mapping a baculovirus transcriptome, transcript by transcript, including polycistronic and overlapping transcripts","no":"Reads were aligned to the AcMNPV reference genome KM667940.1. Direct RNA sequencing avoided reverse transcription and PCR artefacts.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6278695/fullTextXML","an":"Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus transcripts (cDNA, direct RNA and Cap-selected reads)","de":"viral transcripts from infected Sf9 insect cells across nine time points, read as full-length cDNA, as native RNA and after 5' cap selection","id":"gap_viruses-0034"},{"a":1982,"y":2018,"au":"Keller MW, Rambo-Martin BL, Wilson MM, Ridenour CA, Shepard SS, Stark TJ, et al.","t":"Direct RNA Sequencing of the Coding Complete Influenza A Virus Genome","j":"Sci Rep","vp":"8:","doi":"10.1038/s41598-018-32615-8","pmid":"30258076","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"CsgG (ONT R9 chemistry, FLO-MIN107 flow cell)","pk":"csgg","pm":"Oxford Nanopore flow cell: array of protein nanopores in synthetic membrane, motor protein controls strand speed","fab":"commercial ONT flow cell; library ligated to motor-protein adapter","sn":"100% nucleotide coverage, 99% consensus identity; 99% of reads influenza A","pu":"nanopore sequencing","no":"adapter targets the conserved 3' termini of the eight (-) sense segments","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6158192/fullTextXML","an":"influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) negative-sense genomic RNA from infected egg allantoic fluid","id":"bio_na_modern-0331"},{"a":1983,"y":2018,"au":"Yang J, Wang YQ, Li MY, Ying YL, Long YT","t":"Direct Sensing of Single Native RNA with a Single-Biomolecule Interface of Aerolysin Nanopore","j":"Langmuir","vp":"34:14940-14945","doi":"10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03264","pmid":"30462509","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin","pk":"aerolysin","b":"~10% larger blockade amplitude than Poly(U)4","dt":"18.83 +/- 1.08 ms","pu":"RNA sensing","no":"first native RNA sensing with aerolysin; ribose hydroxyl strengthens RNA-pore interaction","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30462509&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Poly(A)4","id":"bio_na_modern-0272"},{"a":1984,"y":2018,"au":"Yang J, Wang YQ, Li MY, Ying YL, Long YT","t":"Direct Sensing of Single Native RNA with a Single-Biomolecule Interface of Aerolysin Nanopore","j":"Langmuir","vp":"34:14940-14945","doi":"10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03264","pmid":"30462509","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin","pk":"aerolysin","pu":"RNA sensing","no":"first native RNA sensing with aerolysin; ribose hydroxyl strengthens RNA-pore interaction","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30462509&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Poly(U)4","id":"bio_na_modern-0273"},{"a":1985,"y":2018,"au":"Filloux D, Fernandez E, Loire E, Claude L, Galzi S, Candresse T, et al.","t":"Nanopore-based detection and characterization of yam viruses.","j":"Scientific reports","vp":"8(1):17879","doi":"10.1038/s41598-018-36042-7","pmid":"30552347","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6294787/","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"Oxford Nanopore R9.4 nanopore array (FLO-MIN106 flow cell, MinION Mk1B)","pk":"ont-flow-cell-pores","co":"cDNA-PCR library (SQK-PCS108) from total plant RNA, 48 h run, MinKNOW 1.11.5, Metrichor base calling","sn":"1D reads, one strand of the duplex at a time; mean read error rate 11.25 percent for yam chlorotic necrosis virus reads, yet the consensus matched the Sanger sequence to better than 99.8 percent","pu":"sequencing, read by read, to find and reconstruct virus genomes in infected plant material","no":"Plant viruses in a water yam (Dioscorea alata) plant, found in the reads from a single MinION run. A novel ampelovirus in the same plant was found only by Illumina sequencing, so it is not recorded here.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6294787/fullTextXML","an":"yam chlorotic necrosis virus genome (nanopore reads)","de":"full-length genome also determined by Sanger sequencing, which set the reference for measuring MinION read accuracy and coverage","id":"gap_viruses-0025"},{"a":1986,"y":2018,"au":"Filloux D, Fernandez E, Loire E, Claude L, Galzi S, Candresse T, et al.","t":"Nanopore-based detection and characterization of yam viruses.","j":"Scientific reports","vp":"8(1):17879","doi":"10.1038/s41598-018-36042-7","pmid":"30552347","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6294787/","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"Oxford Nanopore R9.4 nanopore array (FLO-MIN106 flow cell, MinION Mk1B)","pk":"ont-flow-cell-pores","co":"cDNA-PCR library (SQK-PCS108) from total plant RNA, 48 h run, MinKNOW 1.11.5, Metrichor base calling","sn":"1D reads, one strand of the duplex at a time; mean read error rate 11.25 percent for yam chlorotic necrosis virus reads, yet the consensus matched the Sanger sequence to better than 99.8 percent","pu":"sequencing, read by read, to find and reconstruct virus genomes in infected plant material","no":"Plant viruses in a water yam (Dioscorea alata) plant, found in the reads from a single MinION run. A novel ampelovirus in the same plant was found only by Illumina sequencing, so it is not recorded here.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6294787/fullTextXML","an":"yam mild mosaic virus genome (nanopore reads)","de":"potyvirus RNA from the same water yam plant, read as cDNA","id":"gap_viruses-0024"},{"a":1987,"y":2018,"au":"Koo B, Yorita AM, Schmidt JJ, Monbouquette HG","t":"Amplification-free, sequence-specific 16S rRNA detection at 1 aM.","j":"Lab Chip","vp":"18(15):2291-2299","doi":"10.1039/c8lc00452h","pmid":"29987290","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"nanopore in a sub-micron-thick glass membrane","pm":"glass membrane","sn":"target binding makes neutral PNA-bead conjugates mobile; a conjugate blocks the smaller glass nanopore giving a large sustained current drop","pu":"detection at 1 aM against 1 pM P. putida RNA background","no":"Readout is one sustained blockage per detection.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29987290+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Escherichia coli 16S rRNA bound by PNA-probe polystyrene bead conjugates","id":"ss_na-0257"},{"a":1987,"y":2019,"au":"Smith AM, Jain M, Mulroney L, Garalde DR, Akeson M","t":"Reading canonical and modified nucleobases in 16S ribosomal RNA using nanopore native RNA sequencing","j":"PLoS One","vp":"14:e0216709","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0216709","pmid":"31095620","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"CsgG (ONT R9.4 FLO-MIN106 SpotON flow cell)","pk":"csgg","pm":"Oxford Nanopore flow cell: array of protein nanopores in synthetic membrane, motor protein controls strand speed","fab":"commercial ONT flow cell; 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high-speed imaging confirms bubbles","pu":"detecting bubbles and their oscillation in confined channels","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31687685+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"microbubbles produced by ultrasonication of electrolyte","id":"reviews_exotic-0014"},{"a":2065,"y":2019,"au":"Grabarek AD, Weinbuch D, Jiskoot W, Hawe A","t":"Critical Evaluation of Microfluidic Resistive Pulse Sensing for Quantification and Sizing of Nanometer- and Micrometer-Sized Particles in Biopharmaceutical Products","j":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","vp":"108:563-573","doi":"10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.020","pmid":"30176253","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"microfluidic resistive pulse sensing (MRPS) cartridge","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","co":"conductivity at least 3 mS/cm (about 25 mM NaCl)","pu":"sizing and counting 50-2000 nm particles","no":"polystyrene beads, liposomes and bacteria also measured","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A30176253+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"stressed protein aggregates in biopharmaceutical samples","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0065"},{"a":2066,"y":2019,"au":"Li X, Tong X, Lu W, Yu D, Diao J, Zhao Q","t":"Label-free detection of early oligomerization of alpha-synuclein and its mutants A30P/E46K through solid-state nanopores.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"11:6480-6488","doi":"10.1039/c9nr00023b","pmid":"30892349","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","co":"samples incubated 3 to 15 days","pu":"early oligomerization kinetics of familial mutants","no":"Three oligomer types identified; mutants aggregate faster than wild type.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30892349%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"alpha-synuclein A30P oligomers","de":"familial Parkinson's disease mutant A30P","id":"ss_protein_small-0108"},{"a":2067,"y":2019,"au":"Li X, Tong X, Lu W, Yu D, Diao J, Zhao Q","t":"Label-free detection of early oligomerization of alpha-synuclein and its mutants A30P/E46K through solid-state nanopores.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"11:6480-6488","doi":"10.1039/c9nr00023b","pmid":"30892349","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","co":"samples incubated 3 to 15 days","pu":"early oligomerization kinetics of familial mutants","no":"Three oligomer types identified; mutants aggregate faster than wild type.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30892349%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"alpha-synuclein E46K oligomers","de":"familial Parkinson's disease mutant E46K","id":"ss_protein_small-0109"},{"a":2068,"y":2019,"au":"Yu RJ, Lu SM, Xu SW, Li YJ, Xu Q, Ying YL, et al.","t":"Single molecule sensing of amyloid-beta aggregation by confined glass nanopores","j":"Chemical Science","vp":"10:10728-10732","doi":"10.1039/c9sc03260f","pmid":"32153747","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"confined glass nanopore","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass","sn":"aggregation states distinguished by characteristic current fluctuation; 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ligand shells","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A30773002+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"thiolate-capped gold nanoclusters (p-mercaptobenzoic acid, tiopronin, thiolated PEG7 ligands)","de":"ligands p-MBA, tiopronin (TP), S-PEG7","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0028"},{"a":2135,"y":2019,"au":"Zhou Y, Wang D, Li C, Hu P, Jin Y","t":"Resistive-Pulse Sensing and Surface Charge Analysis of a Single Nanoparticle Collision at a Conical Glass Nanopore","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"91:7648-7653","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00553","pmid":"31091072","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"conical glass nanopore (nanopipette), orifice about 40 nm","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass","pd":"40 +/- 8 nm","sn":"particles collide at the outer orifice instead of translocating; collision amplitude linear in bias; driven mainly by electroosmotic flow; magnitude and duration report surface charge","pu":"surface charge analysis of single particles","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31091072+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"monodisperse Au@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles (about 83.5 nm)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0238"},{"a":2136,"y":2019,"au":"Diederichs T, Pugh G, Dorey A, Xing Y, Burns JR, Hung Nguyen Q, et al.","t":"Synthetic protein-conductive membrane nanopores built with DNA.","j":"Nature communications","vp":"10:5018","doi":"10.1038/s41467-019-12639-y","pmid":"31685824","pt":"journal","pc":8,"p":"DNA origami nanopore NP (square lattice of DNA duplexes, cholesterol anchors)","pk":"dna-origami-nanopore","pm":"DNA nanostructure anchored in lipid bilayer by cholesterol","fab":"DNA origami self-assembly, membrane insertion via cholesterol anchors","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 8.0","v":"-50 mV (pore conductance 2.37 +/- 0.30 nS at +20 mV)","sn":"deeper blockade than trypsin, consistent with translocation; optical readout with transparent SOI cavity chips showed at least 20-fold slower diffusive transport","pu":"transport of folded proteins through a synthetic DNA pore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6828756/fullTextXML","an":"green fluorescent protein (GFP)","id":"bio_protein-0437"},{"a":2137,"y":2019,"au":"Kondylis P, Schlicksup CJ, Brunk NE, Zhou J, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC","t":"Competition between Normative and Drug-Induced Virus Self-Assembly Observed with Single-Particle Methods.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"141(3):1251-1260","doi":"10.1021/jacs.8b10131","pmid":"30537810","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6475472/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane nanofluidic device with nanopores in series","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"glass (FIB milled), bonded cover plate","pd":"about 100 nm wide x 100 nm deep","pg":"pores in series","fab":"focused ion beam milling of in-plane nanochannels and nanopores","co":"measured in 50 mM HEPES with 1000 mM NaCl; assembly with 20 uM HAP-TAMRA and 5 uM dimer in 1000, 300 or 80 mM NaCl","b":"assembly at 80 mM NaCl with HAP-TAMRA: bimodal pulse-amplitude distribution centered at about 120 to 140 dimers and about 600 dimers","pu":"size distributions of normal and drug-induced aberrant assembly products","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC6475472.1/PMC6475472.1.txt","an":"aberrant hepatitis B virus capsid particles induced by HAP-TAMRA (defective spheres, ellipsoids, bacilliform cylinders)","de":"core protein allosteric modulator HAP-TAMRA; smallest particles were T = 4 icosahedra","id":"viruses-0026"},{"a":2138,"y":2019,"au":"Kondylis P, Schlicksup CJ, Katen SP, Lee LS, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC","t":"Evolution of Intermediates during Capsid Assembly of Hepatitis B Virus with Phenylpropenamide-Based Antivirals.","j":"ACS infectious diseases","vp":"5(5):769-777","doi":"10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00290","pmid":"30616343","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6510601/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane nanofluidic device with four nanopores in series","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"glass (FIB milled), bonded cover plate","pg":"four pores in series","fab":"focused ion beam milling of in-plane nanochannels and nanopores","co":"HBV Cp149 assembly in 1 M or 0.5 M NaCl (HEPES buffer) with phenylpropenamides B-21 or AT-130","pu":"real-time sizing of assembly products formed with capsid assembly modulators","no":"Detection limits about 30 dimers (1 M NaCl) and about 70 dimers (0.5 M NaCl). Phenylpropenamides gave many partially complete particles that rearranged on dilution.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC6510601.1/PMC6510601.1.txt","an":"incomplete hepatitis B virus capsid particles formed with phenylpropenamides B-21 and AT-130","de":"large, labile assembly intermediates trapped by B-21 or AT-130 (capsid assembly modulators)","id":"viruses-0025"},{"a":2139,"y":2019,"au":"Darvish A, Lee JS, Peng B, Saharia J, VenkatKalyana Sundaram R, Goyal G, et al.","t":"Mechanical characterization of HIV-1 with a solid-state nanopore sensor.","j":"Electrophoresis","vp":"40(5):776-783","doi":"10.1002/elps.201800311","pmid":"30151981","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7400684/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"single solid-state nanopore, about 250 nm diameter, in a polycarbonate flow cell","pd":"about 250 nm","co":"10 mM PBS with 140 mM KCl, pH 7.4; Ag/AgCl electrodes, Axopatch 200B","v":"0.4 V forward, up to 1 V reverse","b":"relative peak amplitude dI/I0 falls as voltage rises, showing electrodeformation; immature virions deform less than mature ones","sn":"single virions recaptured by switching the bias from 0.4 V to -1.0 V, so the same particle is measured twice; events defined as excursions above six times the baseline standard deviation","pu":"mechanical characterization (stiffness, deformability) of single enveloped virions","no":"The membrane material is not stated in the text read. Pseudovirus panel: immature, mature with no Env, mature with 1x and 4x Env, and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin treated mature virus; all averaged about 100 nm diameter. Env level did not change stiffness; cholesterol removal did.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC7400684.1/PMC7400684.1.txt","an":"HIV-1 pseudovirus, immature (protease-deleted)","de":"non-infective immature particles; more rigid than mature virions","id":"viruses-0059"},{"a":2140,"y":2019,"au":"Darvish A, Lee JS, Peng B, Saharia J, VenkatKalyana Sundaram R, Goyal G, et al.","t":"Mechanical characterization of HIV-1 with a solid-state nanopore sensor.","j":"Electrophoresis","vp":"40(5):776-783","doi":"10.1002/elps.201800311","pmid":"30151981","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7400684/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"single solid-state nanopore, about 250 nm diameter, in a polycarbonate flow cell","pd":"about 250 nm","co":"10 mM PBS with 140 mM KCl, pH 7.4; Ag/AgCl electrodes, Axopatch 200B","v":"0.4 V forward, up to 1 V reverse","b":"relative peak amplitude dI/I0 falls as voltage rises, showing electrodeformation; immature virions deform less than mature ones","sn":"single virions recaptured by switching the bias from 0.4 V to -1.0 V, so the same particle is measured twice; events defined as excursions above six times the baseline standard deviation","pu":"mechanical characterization (stiffness, deformability) of single enveloped virions","no":"The membrane material is not stated in the text read. Pseudovirus panel: immature, mature with no Env, mature with 1x and 4x Env, and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin treated mature virus; all averaged about 100 nm diameter. Env level did not change stiffness; cholesterol removal did.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC7400684.1/PMC7400684.1.txt","an":"HIV-1 pseudovirus, mature (HIV-1 BaL.01 Env, NL4-3 R- E- Luc+)","de":"produced by co-transfection; infective mature particles, softer than immature ones","id":"viruses-0058"},{"a":2141,"y":2019,"au":"Cao C, Cirauqui N, Marcaida MJ, Buglakova E, Duperrex A, Radenovic A, et al.","t":"Single-molecule sensing of peptides and nucleic acids by engineered aerolysin nanopores.","j":"Nature communications","vp":"10:4918","doi":"10.1038/s41467-019-12690-9","pmid":"31664022","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin wild type and engineered mutants (K238A/Q/N, R220 and R282 variants)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","v":"100 mV","sn":"added cis and driven at negative voltage","pu":"structure-function of aerolysin sensing; peptide translocation","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6820719/fullTextXML","an":"HIV-1 Tat (47-57)","de":"HIV-1 Tat residues 47-57 (UniProt P04608)","id":"bio_protein-0316"},{"a":2142,"y":2019,"au":"Pham B, Eron SJ, Hill ME, Li X, Fahie MA, Hardy JA, et al.","t":"A Nanopore Approach for Analysis of Caspase-7 Activity in Cell Lysates.","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"117:844-855","doi":"10.1016/j.bpj.2019.07.045","pmid":"31427065","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpG with caspase substrate DEVDG grafted into a loop","pk":"ompg","pm":"E. coli outer membrane protein G in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"cleavage of the loop substrate by caspase-7 gives a characteristic gating signal","pu":"activity-based detection of a protease","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31427065+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"caspase-7 (activity in E. coli cell lysates)","id":"bio_protein-0282"},{"a":2143,"y":2019,"au":"Abdallah MG, Almugaiteeb TI, Raza MU, Battiste JD, Kim YT, Iqbal SM","t":"Glioblastoma Multiforme heterogeneity profiling with solid-state micropores","j":"Biomedical microdevices","vp":"21:79","doi":"10.1007/s10544-019-0416-7","pmid":"31414186","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"20 um solid-state micropore in a thin suspended SiO2 membrane","pk":"sio2-nanopore","pd":"20 um","pu":"subtype profiling of patient GBM cells","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31414186+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"cells from brain tumor (glioblastoma) patient samples","id":"cells-0207"},{"a":2144,"y":2019,"au":"Saharia J, Bandara YMNDY, Goyal G, Lee JS, Karawdeniya BI, Kim MJ","t":"Molecular-level profiling of human serum transferrin protein through assessment of nanopore-based electrical and chemical responsiveness.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"13:4246-4254","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.8b09293","pmid":"30844233","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SixNy nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride","sn":"purely electrophoretic translocation; voltage-driven unfolding seen in conductance change and excluded volume","pu":"holo versus apo transferrin","no":"Event population clearly different from the holo form.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30844233%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"apo human serum transferrin (Fe(III)-free)","id":"ss_protein_small-0107"},{"a":2145,"y":2019,"au":"Saharia J, Bandara YMNDY, Goyal G, Lee JS, Karawdeniya BI, Kim MJ","t":"Molecular-level profiling of human serum transferrin protein through assessment of nanopore-based electrical and chemical responsiveness.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"13:4246-4254","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.8b09293","pmid":"30844233","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SixNy nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride","sn":"purely electrophoretic translocation; voltage-driven unfolding seen in conductance change and excluded volume","pu":"holo versus apo transferrin","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30844233%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"holo human serum transferrin (Fe(III)-rich)","id":"ss_protein_small-0106"},{"a":2145,"y":2020,"au":"Saharia J, Bandara YMNDY, Lee JS, Wang Q, Kim MJ, Kim MJ","t":"Fabrication of hexagonal boron nitride based 2D nanopore sensor for the assessment of electro-chemical responsiveness of human serum transferrin protein.","j":"Electrophoresis","vp":"41:630-637","doi":"10.1002/elps.201900336","pmid":"31709550","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanopore","pk":"hbn-ws2-nanopore","pm":"2D h-BN","co":"pH about 8","v":"+100 to +800 mV","sn":"bimodal conductance-change distribution (pseudo-folded and unfolded); unfolding increased with voltage and plateaued above about 400 mV","pu":"protein profiling with an h-BN nanopore","no":"Authors state this is the first use of h-BN nanopores for protein profiling.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31709550%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"holo human serum transferrin (hSTf)","id":"ss_protein_small-0289"},{"a":2145,"y":2024,"au":"Joty K, Ghimire ML, Kahn JS, Lee S, Alexandrakis G, Kim MJ","t":"DNA Origami Incorporated into Solid-State Nanopores Enables Enhanced Sensitivity for Precise Analysis of Protein Translocations","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"96:17496-17505","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02016","pmid":"39420456","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02016","pt":"journal","pc":10,"p":"solid-state nanopore with incorporated DNA origami","pk":"hybrid-protein-in-solid-state","pu":"protein translocation sensitivity with and without origami","no":"DNA origami raised detection sensitivity beyond what confinement alone explains","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39420456+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"holo human serum transferrin","id":"reviews_exotic-0154"},{"a":2145,"y":2024,"au":"Joty K, Ghimire ML, Kahn JS, Lee S, Alexandrakis G, Kim MJ","t":"DNA origami incorporated into solid-state nanopores enables enhanced sensitivity for precise analysis of protein translocations.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"96:17496-17505","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02016","pmid":"39420456","pt":"journal","pc":10,"p":"DNA origami incorporated into a solid-state nanopore","pk":"hybrid-protein-in-solid-state","pu":"sensitivity enhancement for protein translocation","no":"Detection sensitivity markedly higher with DNA origami than in the open solid-state pore.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39420456%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"holo human serum transferrin (holo-hSTf)","id":"ss_protein_small-0224"},{"a":2145,"y":2026,"au":"Gu C, Joty K, Thyashan N, Vlassiouk I, Collins L, Zhang X, et al.","t":"Heterogeneous multilayer nanopores via chemically tuned dielectric breakdown for single-molecule sensing.","j":"Small","vp":"22:e13242","doi":"10.1002/smll.202513242","pmid":"41789759","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13210381/","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"multilayer hBN, MoS2 or graphene on SiNx nanopores","pk":"graphene-nanopore","pm":"bilayer and trilayer stacks of hBN, MoS2 or graphene on silicon nitride","fab":"chemically tuned controlled dielectric breakdown through the material stack","sn":"membrane type, interfacial chemistry and field gradients change blockade and dwell distributions; machine learning identified stack type with >96% accuracy","pu":"2D-material multilayer pore engineering","no":"Abstract says transferrin; iron state assumed holo is not confirmed (canonical chosen for grouping).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:41789759%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"transferrin","id":"ss_protein_small-0249"},{"a":2146,"y":2019,"au":"Ahmed S, Corvis Y, Gahoual R, Euan A, Lai-Kuen R, Couillaud BM, et al.","t":"Conception of nanosized hybrid liposome/poloxamer particles to thicken the interior core of liposomes and delay hydrophilic drug delivery","j":"International journal of pharmaceutics","vp":"567:118488","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118488","pmid":"31276764","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"size","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31276764+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"hybrid liposome/poloxamer nanoparticles (HLPin)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0179"},{"a":2147,"y":2019,"au":"Simonsen MF, Baccolo G, Blunier T, Borunda A, Delmonte B, Frei R, et al.","t":"East Greenland ice core dust record reveals timing of Greenland ice sheet advance and retreat","j":"Nature Communications","vp":"10:4494","doi":"10.1038/s41467-019-12546-2","pmid":"31582753","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture tubes, 100 um and 30 um","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um and 30 um","co":"outer surfaces washed three times with ultrapure water; University of Milano-Bicocca Ice Lab","pu":"dust size distribution and calibration of laser particle counts; ice sheet history","no":"Coulter Counter error model: 5% systematic, 2% random, plus counting error.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6776541/fullTextXML","an":"Mineral dust in the RECAP ice core (Renland ice cap, East Greenland), glacial and Holocene","de":"55 cm ice sticks measured by Coulter Counter to calibrate a continuous Abakus laser record; dust size distributions shown for glacial (12,800 to 33,900 b2k) and Holocene samples","id":"earth_space_industry-0004"},{"a":2148,"y":2019,"au":"Horiguchi Y, Goda T, Matsumoto A, Takeuchi H, Yamaoka S, Miyahara Y","t":"Gold Nanoparticles with Ligand/Zwitterion Hybrid Layer for Individual Counting of Influenza A H1N1 Subtype Using Resistive Pulse Sensing.","j":"Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids","vp":"35(5):1798-1806","doi":"10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01586","pmid":"30133291","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"resistive-pulse pore membrane","b":"binding of the gold nanoparticles shifts the measured particle size; no shift with a non-specific receptor","pu":"selective counting of a single influenza subtype by labeling it with receptor-coated gold nanoparticles","no":"Gold nanoparticles carrying sialic acid receptors plus a sulfobetaine zwitterion layer (to suppress non-specific binding) were used as a label for influenza A H1N1. The full text was not reachable, so the pore type is not confirmed.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30133291&resultType=core&format=json","an":"influenza A virus (H1N1 subtype) bound to sialic-acid gold nanoparticles","de":"human influenza A H1N1 labeled with 20 nm gold nanoparticles bearing virus-specific sialic acid receptors on a sulfobetaine hybrid surface","id":"viruses-0090"},{"a":2149,"y":2019,"au":"Tsutsui M, Yamazaki T, Tatematsu K, Yokota K, Esaki Y, Kubo Y, et al.","t":"High-throughput single nanoparticle detection using a feed-through channel-integrated nanopore.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"11(43):20475-20484","doi":"10.1039/c9nr07039g","pmid":"31647092","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"nanopore-in-channel units on a thin Si3N4 membrane (multipore, feed-through microfluidic channel)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"thin Si3N4 membrane with an integrated feed-through fluidic channel","co":"physiological media including human saliva; hydropressure regulation of flow in the channel","pu":"raising detection throughput for single virions","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31647092&resultType=core&format=json","an":"influenza virus in human saliva","de":"proof of concept for influenza viruses in physiological media, including human saliva","id":"viruses-0097"},{"a":2150,"y":2019,"au":"Opitz C, Schade G, Kaufmann S, Di Berardino M, Ottiger M, Grzesiek S","t":"Rapid determination of general cell status, cell viability, and optimal harvest time in eukaryotic cell cultures by impedance flow cytometry","j":"Applied microbiology and biotechnology","vp":"103:8619-8629","doi":"10.1007/s00253-019-10046-3","pmid":"31396681","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"frequency-dependent impedance flow cytometer (Coulter principle, microfluidic chip)","pk":"chitoporin","b":"impedance identifies a late-infection subpopulation not seen by optical counters","pu":"viability and optimal harvest time","no":"The abstract does not name the cell line. The authors also analysed yeast cultures.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31396681+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"insect cells of the baculovirus expression system (infected cultures)","id":"cells-0233"},{"a":2151,"y":2019,"au":"Garrido S, Linares M, Campillo JA, Albentosa M","t":"Effect of microplastics on the toxicity of chlorpyrifos to the microalgae Isochrysis galbana, clone t-ISO","j":"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety","vp":"173:103-109","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.020","pmid":"30769202","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Multisizer III aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell counts in toxicity tests with microplastics and chlorpyrifos","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A30769202+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Isochrysis galbana clone t-ISO","de":"clone t-ISO","id":"microbes-0073"},{"a":2152,"y":2019,"au":"Cao J, Jia W, Zhang J, Xu X, Yan S, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Giant single molecule chemistry events observed from a tetrachloroaurate(III) embedded Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A nanopore.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"10:5668","doi":"10.1038/s41467-019-13677-2","pmid":"31827098","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA mutant with Met at position 91 in all eight subunits (MspA-M)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in DPhPC planar lipid bilayer","pg":"funnel (conical) with a single short constriction","fab":"self-assembled octameric porin inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl buffer; HAuCl4 in cis, biothiol in trans","v":"+100 mV","pu":"biothiol discrimination via Au(III) atomic bridge","no":"The Au(III) bound to Met91 acts as an atomic adapter; thiol binding then releases it.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6906327/fullTextXML","an":"L-homocysteine","id":"bio_small-0040"},{"a":2152,"y":2019,"au":"Lu Y, Wu XY, Ying YL, Long YT","t":"Simultaneous single-molecule discrimination of cysteine and homocysteine with a protein nanopore.","j":"Chem Commun (Camb)","vp":"55:9311-9314","doi":"10.1039/c9cc04077c","pmid":"31310244","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin K238Q mutant","pk":"aerolysin","pu":"amino acid discrimination with a reactive DNA probe","no":"Cysteine and homocysteine (one CH2 difference) discriminated via a 5'-benzaldehyde poly(dA)4 probe.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31310244+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"L-homocysteine","id":"bio_small-0316"},{"a":2152,"y":2020,"au":"Qing Y, Liu MD, Hartmann D, Zhou L, Ramsay WJ, Bayley H","t":"Single-Molecule Observation of Intermediates in Bioorthogonal 2-Cyanobenzothiazole Chemistry","j":"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)","vp":"59:15711-15716","doi":"10.1002/anie.202005729","pmid":"32589803","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202005729","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin heteroheptamer with one cysteine at position 117 functionalised with CBT-maleimide (CBT nanoreactor)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"2 M KCl, 20-50 mM HEPBS pH 8.0, 20 uM EDTA, 20 C; 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Chen WT , Vu HA , Morshed A , et al.","t":"Adeno-associated virus characterization for cargo discrimination through nanopore responsiveness.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"12(46):23721-23731","doi":"10.1039/d0nr05605g","pmid":"33231239","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7735471/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"TEM-drilled nanopore, about 100 nm diameter, in a 12 nm SixNy membrane","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"free-standing SixNy membrane about 12 nm thick (Norcada) on silicon","pd":"about 100 nm","pl":"about 12 nm (membrane)","fab":"TEM drilling at 200 keV","co":"2 M LiCl buffered at about pH 7; wetting with 1 M KCl in PBS and an 8 V pulse","v":"negative bias; deformation trend read above -175 mV","b":"relative current change dI/I0 ordered AAVempty > AAVssDNA > AAVdsDNA (electro-deformation falls as cargo stiffens the capsid)","sn":"a support vector machine on top of a neural network classified the three AAV types from single resistive pulses with over 95% accuracy; AAVempty spiked 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First solid-state nanopore discrimination of AAV cargo states.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC7735471.1/PMC7735471.1.txt","an":"adeno-associated virus carrying single-stranded DNA (AAVssDNA)","de":"single-stranded GFP cassette","id":"viruses-0067"},{"a":2219,"y":2020,"au":"Chau CC, Radford SE, Hewitt EW, Actis P","t":"Macromolecular crowding enhances the detection of DNA and proteins by a solid-state nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"20:5553-5561","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02246","pmid":"32559088","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7357865/","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"glass nanopipette","pk":"glass-nanopipette","co":"PBS with 0.01% Tween-20 in the pipette; bath with up to 50% (w/v) PEG 8000 as crowding agent","pu":"crowding-enhanced detection","no":"Fibril preparations with different length distributions characterized under crowding.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7357865/fullTextXML","an":"alpha-synuclein amyloid fibrils","id":"ss_protein_small-0089"},{"a":2219,"y":2022,"au":"Meyer N, Janot JM, Torrent J, Balme S","t":"Real-Time Fast Amyloid Seeding and Translocation of alpha-Synuclein with a Nanopipette","j":"ACS Central Science","vp":"8:441-448","doi":"10.1021/acscentsci.1c01404","pmid":"35505874","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"nanopipette used as reaction vessel and sensor (RT-FAST)","pk":"glass-nanopipette","er":"capture rate depends on initial seed concentration from 200 pM to 2 pM","pu":"seed amplification assay readout","no":"seeds detected in 90 min with 35 uL of 100 nM recombinant alpha-synuclein","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35505874+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"alpha-synuclein seeded assemblies (WT and A53T seeds)","de":"seeds WT and A53T, cross-seeding of A53T seeds with WT monomer","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0070"},{"a":2220,"y":2020,"au":"Hoogerheide DP, Gurnev PA, Rostovtseva TK, Bezrukov SM","t":"Effect of a post-translational modification mimic on protein translocation through a nanopore.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"12:11070-11078","doi":"10.1039/d0nr01577f","pmid":"32400834","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"VDAC","pk":"vdac","pm":"mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"modification changes VDAC inhibition efficiency and translocation; position resolved to about three residues","pu":"effect of a C-terminal PTM mimic on translocation through VDAC","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A32400834+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"alpha-synuclein labelled with divalent Alexa Fluor 488 at C-terminal position 1 (PTM mimic)","id":"bio_protein-0391"},{"a":2221,"y":2020,"au":"Hoogerheide DP, Gurnev PA, Rostovtseva TK, Bezrukov SM","t":"Effect of a post-translational modification mimic on protein translocation through a nanopore.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"12:11070-11078","doi":"10.1039/d0nr01577f","pmid":"32400834","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"VDAC","pk":"vdac","pm":"mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"effect of a C-terminal PTM mimic on translocation through VDAC","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A32400834+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"alpha-synuclein labelled with divalent Alexa Fluor 488 at C-terminal position 2","id":"bio_protein-0392"},{"a":2222,"y":2020,"au":"Han Z, Chen L, Zhang S, Wang J, Duan X","t":"Label-Free and Simultaneous Mechanical and Electrical Characterization of Single Plant Cells Using Microfluidic Impedance Flow Cytometry","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"92:14568-14575","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02854","pmid":"32911928","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"constriction microchannel impedance flow cytometer","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pu":"mechanical and electrical phenotyping of single plant cells; primary cell wall regeneration","no":"Protoplasts of Populus trichocarpa were compared in the same study; Chen et al. 2020 (Biosens Bioelectron 165:112374) followed Arabidopsis cell wall regeneration by microfluidic impedance.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A32911928+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana","id":"cells-0265"},{"a":2223,"y":2020,"au":"Ouldali H, Sarthak K, Ensslen T, Piguet F, Manivet P, Pelta J, et al.","t":"Electrical recognition of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids using an aerolysin nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"38:176-181","doi":"10.1038/s41587-019-0345-2","pmid":"31844293","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"proaerolysin activated by trypsin, heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 20.0 C","v":"-50 mV (trans)","pu":"electrical recognition of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids","no":"Wild-type aerolysin identifies 13 of 20 amino acids; RR7 (= R8) recorded under Piguet 2018. Built-in single-molecule trap confines the carrier-bound amino acid.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=7008938","an":"AR7 (alanine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)","id":"bio_protein-0296"},{"a":2224,"y":2020,"au":"Wren S, Minelli C, Pei Y, Akhtar N","t":"Evaluation of Particle Size Techniques to Support the Development of Manufacturing Scale Nanoparticles for Application in Pharmaceuticals","j":"Journal of pharmaceutical sciences","vp":"109:2284-2293","doi":"10.1016/j.xphs.2020.04.001","pmid":"32278922","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"size comparison with DLS, DCS, PTA","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A32278922+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"AZD2811 nanoparticles (four manufacturing batches)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0182"},{"a":2225,"y":2020,"au":"Han Z, Chen L, Zhang S, Wang J, Duan X","t":"Label-Free and Simultaneous Mechanical and Electrical Characterization of Single Plant Cells Using Microfluidic Impedance Flow Cytometry","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"92:14568-14575","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02854","pmid":"32911928","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"constriction microchannel impedance flow cytometer","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","b":"discriminated from Arabidopsis protoplasts by mechanical traits, not by impedance","pu":"mechanical and electrical phenotyping of single plant cells","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A32911928+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"protoplasts of Populus trichocarpa","id":"cells-0266"},{"a":2226,"y":2020,"au":"Zernia S, Zernia S, van der Heide NJ, Galenkamp NS, Gouridis G, Maglia G","t":"Current Blockades of Proteins inside Nanopores for Real-Time Metabolome Analysis.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"14:2296-2307","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.9b09434","pmid":"32003969","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS type I","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"engineered ClyA oligomer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5; adaptor protein cis","v":"-55 mV","b":"Ires open 68.0 +/- 0.4%, closed 60.6 +/- 0.5% (CN-cobalamin)","pu":"protein adaptors for metabolite detection (13 adaptors compared)","no":"KD(pore) 26 nM","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7045694/fullTextXML","an":"BtuF vitamin B12-binding protein","id":"bio_protein-0205"},{"a":2227,"y":2020,"au":"Zhang XW, Hatamie A, Ewing AG","t":"Simultaneous Quantification of Vesicle Size and Catecholamine Content by Resistive Pulses in Nanopores and Vesicle Impact Electrochemical Cytometry","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"142:4093-4097","doi":"10.1021/jacs.9b13221","pmid":"32069039","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"nanopore pipet combined with an electrode at the exit (RP-VIEC)","pk":"glass-nanopipette","v":"RP recorded at +13 mV vs Ag/AgCl; VIEC electrode at +700 mV","sn":"each resistive pulse paired with an amperometric spike as the vesicle lands on the electrode; 278 paired measurements","pu":"size plus transmitter content per vesicle","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7108759/fullTextXML","an":"freshly isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin vesicles (transmitter vesicles)","de":"dense-core (n=150) and non-dense-core (n=128) vesicles","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0045"},{"a":2228,"y":2020,"au":"Dragomir IS, Bucataru IC, Schiopu I, Luchian T","t":"Unzipping Mechanism of Free and Polyarginine-Conjugated DNA-PNA Duplexes, Preconfined Inside the alpha-Hemolysin Nanopore.","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"92:7800-7807","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00976","pmid":"32367708","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"compare unzipping of DNA-PNA and polyarginine-DNA-PNA duplexes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/32367708","an":"DNA-PNA duplex","id":"bio_na_early-0468"},{"a":2229,"y":2020,"au":"Li X, Lee KH, Shorkey S, Chen J, Chen M","t":"Different Anomeric Sugar Bound States of Maltose Binding Protein Resolved by a Cytolysin A Nanopore Tweezer.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"14:1727-1737","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.9b07385","pmid":"31995359","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA nanopore tweezer","pk":"clya","sn":"three distinct ligand-bound states assigned to different sugar isomers","pu":"ligand-bound states of a periplasmic binding protein","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31995359+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"maltose-binding protein bound to reducing saccharides (anomeric isomers)","de":"E. coli MBP (UniProt P0AEX9)","id":"bio_protein-0385"},{"a":2230,"y":2020,"au":"Mereuta L, Asandei A, Dragomir IS, Bucataru IC, Park J, Seo CH, et al.","t":"Sequence-specific detection of single-stranded DNA with a gold nanoparticle-protein nanopore approach.","j":"Scientific Reports","vp":"10:11323","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-68258-x","pmid":"32647249","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","no":"nanomolar ssDNA detection; gold nanoparticle events report hybridization","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7347621","an":"PNA-DNA duplexes reported by aggregation of citrate gold nanoparticles near the pore","id":"bio_na_early-0509"},{"a":2231,"y":2020,"au":"Dragomir IS, Bucataru IC, Schiopu I, Luchian T","t":"Unzipping Mechanism of Free and Polyarginine-Conjugated DNA-PNA Duplexes, Preconfined Inside the alpha-Hemolysin Nanopore.","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"92:7800-7807","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00976","pmid":"32367708","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"compare unzipping of DNA-PNA and polyarginine-DNA-PNA duplexes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/32367708","an":"polyarginine-conjugated DNA-PNA duplex","id":"bio_na_early-0469"},{"a":2232,"y":2020,"au":"Arima A, Tsutsui M, Yoshida T, Tatematsu K, Yamazaki T, Yokota K, et al.","t":"Digital Pathology Platform for Respiratory Tract Infection Diagnosis via Multiplex Single-Particle Detections.","j":"ACS sensors","vp":"5(11):3398-3403","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.0c01564","pmid":"32933253","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Si3N4 nanopore about 300 nm across in a 50 nm membrane","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"machine-learning classification of pulse waveforms gave over 99% accuracy across five virus species","pu":"multiplex single-particle identification of respiratory viruses","no":"Abstract from Europe PMC; the virus list and pore dimensions come from the Osaka University research release for this paper, fetched 2026-11-14.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://resou.osaka-u.ac.jp/en/research/2020/20201110_2","an":"coronavirus","de":"one of five particle types (respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza A, influenza B and a coronavirus) classified by pulse waveform","id":"viruses-0045"},{"a":2233,"y":2020,"au":"Ouldali H, Sarthak K, Ensslen T, Piguet F, Manivet P, Pelta J, et al.","t":"Electrical recognition of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids using an aerolysin nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"38:176-181","doi":"10.1038/s41587-019-0345-2","pmid":"31844293","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"proaerolysin activated by trypsin, heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 20.0 C","v":"-50 mV (trans)","pu":"electrical recognition of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids","no":"Wild-type aerolysin identifies 13 of 20 amino acids; RR7 (= R8) recorded under Piguet 2018. 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Built-in single-molecule trap confines the carrier-bound amino acid.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=7008938","an":"FR7 (phenylalanine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)","id":"bio_protein-0308"},{"a":2265,"y":2020,"au":"Zernia S, Zernia S, van der Heide NJ, Galenkamp NS, Gouridis G, Maglia G","t":"Current Blockades of Proteins inside Nanopores for Real-Time Metabolome Analysis.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"14:2296-2307","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.9b09434","pmid":"32003969","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS type I","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"engineered ClyA oligomer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5; adaptor protein cis","v":"-90 mV","b":"Ires open 68.3 +/- 0.6%, closed 66.2 +/- 0.7% (glucose)","pu":"protein adaptors for metabolite detection (13 adaptors compared)","no":"KD(pore) 42 nM","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7045694/fullTextXML","an":"GGBP glucose/galactose-binding protein","id":"bio_protein-0208"},{"a":2266,"y":2020,"au":"Ouldali H, Sarthak K, Ensslen T, Piguet F, Manivet P, Pelta J, et al.","t":"Electrical recognition of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids using an aerolysin nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"38:176-181","doi":"10.1038/s41587-019-0345-2","pmid":"31844293","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"proaerolysin activated by trypsin, heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 20.0 C","v":"-50 mV (trans)","pu":"electrical recognition of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids","no":"Wild-type aerolysin identifies 13 of 20 amino acids; RR7 (= R8) recorded under Piguet 2018. 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Built-in single-molecule trap confines the carrier-bound amino acid.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=7008938","an":"HR7 (histidine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)","id":"bio_protein-0303"},{"a":2270,"y":2020,"au":"Arima A, Tsutsui M, Yoshida T, Tatematsu K, Yamazaki T, Yokota K, et al.","t":"Digital Pathology Platform for Respiratory Tract Infection Diagnosis via Multiplex Single-Particle Detections.","j":"ACS sensors","vp":"5(11):3398-3403","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.0c01564","pmid":"32933253","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Si3N4 nanopore about 300 nm across in a 50 nm membrane","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"machine-learning classification of pulse waveforms gave over 99% accuracy across five virus species","pu":"multiplex single-particle identification of respiratory viruses","no":"Abstract from Europe PMC; the virus list and pore dimensions come from the Osaka University research release for this paper, fetched 2026-11-14.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://resou.osaka-u.ac.jp/en/research/2020/20201110_2","an":"human adenovirus","de":"one of five particle types (respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza A, influenza B and a coronavirus) classified by pulse waveform","id":"viruses-0044"},{"a":2271,"y":2020,"au":"Ni L, Shaik R, Xu R, Zhang G, Zhe J","t":"A Microfluidic Sensor for Continuous, in Situ Surface Charge Measurement of Single Cells","j":"ACS sensors","vp":"5:527-534","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.9b02411","pmid":"31939290","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"two consecutive identical microfluidic resistive pulse sensors with opposite electric fields","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","dt":"transit time difference gives zeta potential","pu":"single-cell surface charge and size","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31939290+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human dermal fibroblast cells","id":"cells-0138"},{"a":2272,"y":2020,"au":"Arima A, Tsutsui M, Yoshida T, Tatematsu K, Yamazaki T, Yokota K, et al.","t":"Digital Pathology Platform for Respiratory Tract Infection Diagnosis via Multiplex Single-Particle Detections.","j":"ACS sensors","vp":"5(11):3398-3403","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.0c01564","pmid":"32933253","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"Si3N4 nanopore about 300 nm across in a 50 nm membrane","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"machine-learning classification of pulse waveforms gave over 99% accuracy across five virus species","pu":"multiplex single-particle identification of respiratory viruses","no":"Abstract from Europe PMC; the virus list and pore dimensions come from the Osaka University research release for this paper, fetched 2026-11-14.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://resou.osaka-u.ac.jp/en/research/2020/20201110_2","an":"human respiratory syncytial virus","de":"one of five particle types (respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza A, influenza B and a coronavirus) classified by pulse waveform","id":"viruses-0043"},{"a":2273,"y":2020,"au":"Huang G, Willems K, Bartelds M, van Dorpe P, Soskine M, Maglia G","t":"Electro-Osmotic Vortices Promote the Capture of Folded Proteins by PlyAB Nanopores.","j":"Nano letters","vp":"20:3819-3827","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00877","pmid":"32271587","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"PlyAB-R (pleurotolysin A/B with arginines at the constriction; anion selective)","pk":"plyab","pm":"Pleurotus ostreatus pleurotolysin PlyA/PlyB oligomer in planar lipid bilayer","pd":"7.2 x 10.5 nm cylindrical (engineered PlyAB)","fab":"PlyA and engineered PlyB assembled on sphingomyelin-cholesterol liposomes, reconstituted into planar bilayer","co":"NaCl buffered with 15 mM Tris pH 7.5; 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RR7 (= R8) recorded under Piguet 2018. Built-in single-molecule trap confines the carrier-bound amino acid.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=7008938","an":"IR7 (isoleucine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)","id":"bio_protein-0304"},{"a":2280,"y":2020,"au":"Ouldali H, Sarthak K, Ensslen T, Piguet F, Manivet P, Pelta J, et al.","t":"Electrical recognition of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids using an aerolysin nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"38:176-181","doi":"10.1038/s41587-019-0345-2","pmid":"31844293","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"proaerolysin activated by trypsin, heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 20.0 C","v":"-50 mV (trans)","sn":"charged side-chain family members (RR7, KR7, HR7, ER7, DR7) give five separated populations","pu":"electrical recognition of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids","no":"Wild-type aerolysin identifies 13 of 20 amino acids; RR7 (= R8) recorded under Piguet 2018. Built-in single-molecule trap confines the carrier-bound amino acid.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=7008938","an":"KR7 (lysine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)","id":"bio_protein-0306"},{"a":2281,"y":2020,"au":"Qing Y, Liu MD, Hartmann D, Zhou L, Ramsay WJ, Bayley H","t":"Single-Molecule Observation of Intermediates in Bioorthogonal 2-Cyanobenzothiazole Chemistry","j":"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)","vp":"59:15711-15716","doi":"10.1002/anie.202005729","pmid":"32589803","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202005729","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin heteroheptamer with one cysteine at position 117 functionalised with CBT-maleimide (CBT nanoreactor)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"2 M KCl, 20-50 mM HEPBS pH 8.0, 20 uM EDTA, 20 C; thiols added trans at 5 mM","v":"-50 mV (trans)","sn":"three-step irreversible condensation; thioimidate and cyclic thiazoline precursor intermediates resolved","pu":"mechanism of CBT-aminothiol click condensation","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7496719/fullTextXML","an":"L-cysteine methyl ester condensing irreversibly with a tethered 2-cyanobenzothiazole","id":"reviews_exotic-0149"},{"a":2282,"y":2020,"au":"Zernia S, Zernia S, van der Heide NJ, Galenkamp NS, Gouridis G, Maglia G","t":"Current Blockades of Proteins inside Nanopores for Real-Time Metabolome Analysis.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"14:2296-2307","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.9b09434","pmid":"32003969","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS with internalized substrate-binding protein adapter","pk":"clya","pm":"E. coli / S. Typhi ClyA dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"15 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5; adaptor protein cis, ligand cis","v":"-70 mV","b":"adaptor Ires 64.0 +/- 0.3% open, 62.9 +/- 0.3% closed","sn":"apparent KD in pore 830 nM","pu":"metabolite sensing with protein adaptors","no":"Ligand binding to the trapped adaptor protein shifts the residual current (Ires = 100 x IB/IO). Nicotinamide, biotin and spermidine gave no resolved ligand states.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7045694/fullTextXML","an":"glutamine (via SBD2)","id":"bio_small-0359"},{"a":2282,"y":2023,"au":"Wang F, Zhao C, Zhao P, Chen F, Qiao D, Feng J","t":"MoS2 nanopore identifies single amino acids with sub-1 Dalton resolution.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2895","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38627-x","pmid":"37210427","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10199900/","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"MoS2 nanopore","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer CVD MoS2 suspended over a 40-80 nm hole in a SiNx membrane","pd":"sub-nanometer to 1.6 nm (about 1.1 nm device 1; about 0.6 nm for isomer discrimination)","fab":"electrochemical etching (drilling) of MoS2 at 0.8-1 V","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.8; about 2 uM analyte","v":"+200 mV (-200 mV for Lys and Arg)","sn":"41 MoS2 devices; more than 70,000 events per device; sensing region no longer than one amino acid; classified with a neural network (SAAINet)","pu":"single amino acid identification for protein sequencing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10199900/fullTextXML","an":"glutamine (Q)","id":"ss_protein_small-0169"},{"a":2282,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li X, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Unambiguous discrimination of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their modifications by nanopore.","j":"Nat Methods","vp":"21:92-101","doi":"10.1038/s41592-023-02021-8","pmid":"37749214","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid identification (toward protein sequencing)","no":"All 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 4 modified amino acids fully discriminated (accuracy 98.6%). Leucine and isoleucine (isomers) resolved.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37749214+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"L-glutamine","id":"bio_small-0103"},{"a":2283,"y":2020,"au":"Zernia S, Zernia S, van der Heide NJ, Galenkamp NS, Gouridis G, Maglia G","t":"Current Blockades of Proteins inside Nanopores for Real-Time Metabolome Analysis.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"14:2296-2307","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.9b09434","pmid":"32003969","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS with internalized substrate-binding protein adapter","pk":"clya","pm":"E. coli / S. Typhi ClyA dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"15 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5; adaptor protein cis, ligand cis","v":"-60 mV","b":"adaptor Ires 65.8 +/- 0.3% open, 60.2 +/- 0.3% closed","sn":"apparent KD in pore 86 nM","pu":"metabolite sensing with protein adaptors","no":"Ligand binding to the trapped adaptor protein shifts the residual current (Ires = 100 x IB/IO). Nicotinamide, biotin and spermidine gave no resolved ligand states.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7045694/fullTextXML","an":"leucine (via LBP)","id":"bio_small-0363"},{"a":2283,"y":2023,"au":"Peng W, Yan S, Zhou K, Wu HC, Liu L, Zhao Y","t":"High-resolution discrimination of homologous and isomeric proteinogenic amino acids in nanopore sensors with ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2662","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38399-4","pmid":"37160961","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10169846/","pt":"journal","pc":9,"p":"ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) nanopore","pk":"carbon-nanotube-porin","pm":"SWCNT (5-10 nm long) inserted in a lipid bilayer","pd":"about 1.2 nm (1.1 to 1.5 nm)","pl":"about 5-10 nm","fab":"density gradient ultracentrifugation sorting of ultrashort SWCNTs, then insertion into lipid bilayers","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0","v":"60 mV (G = 0.87 nS)","sn":"100 kHz sampling, 5 kHz filter; ion mobility in SWCNT 3-5 times bulk","pu":"discrimination of homologous and isomeric amino acids","no":"Homologous pairs (Asp/Glu, Phe/Tyr) and isomers (Ile/Leu) were discriminated.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10169846/fullTextXML","an":"leucine (Leu)","id":"ss_protein_small-0183"},{"a":2283,"y":2023,"au":"Wang F, Zhao C, Zhao P, Chen F, Qiao D, Feng J","t":"MoS2 nanopore identifies single amino acids with sub-1 Dalton resolution.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2895","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38627-x","pmid":"37210427","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10199900/","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"MoS2 nanopore","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer CVD MoS2 suspended over a 40-80 nm hole in a SiNx membrane","pd":"sub-nanometer to 1.6 nm (about 1.1 nm device 1; about 0.6 nm for isomer discrimination)","fab":"electrochemical etching (drilling) of MoS2 at 0.8-1 V","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.8; about 2 uM analyte","v":"+200 mV (-200 mV for Lys and Arg)","sn":"41 MoS2 devices; more than 70,000 events per device; sensing region no longer than one amino acid; classified with a neural network (SAAINet)","pu":"single amino acid identification for protein sequencing","no":"Isomers leucine and isoleucine gave distinguishable blockades in about 0.6 nm pores.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10199900/fullTextXML","an":"leucine (L)","id":"ss_protein_small-0159"},{"a":2283,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li X, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Unambiguous discrimination of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their modifications by nanopore.","j":"Nat Methods","vp":"21:92-101","doi":"10.1038/s41592-023-02021-8","pmid":"37749214","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid identification (toward protein sequencing)","no":"All 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 4 modified amino acids fully discriminated (accuracy 98.6%). Leucine and isoleucine (isomers) resolved.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37749214+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"L-leucine","id":"bio_small-0108"},{"a":2284,"y":2020,"au":"Geinitz B, Rehmann L, Büchs J, Regestein L","t":"Noninvasive tool for optical online monitoring of individual biomass concentrations in a defined coculture","j":"Biotechnology and bioengineering","vp":"117:999-1011","doi":"10.1002/bit.27256","pmid":"31868228","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"validating optical online biomass monitoring of a defined coculture by size difference","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31868228+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Lactococcus lactis","de":"coculture with Kluyveromyces marxianus","id":"microbes-0042"},{"a":2285,"y":2020,"au":"Zernia S, Zernia S, van der Heide NJ, Galenkamp NS, Gouridis G, Maglia G","t":"Current Blockades of Proteins inside Nanopores for Real-Time Metabolome Analysis.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"14:2296-2307","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.9b09434","pmid":"32003969","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS type I","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"engineered ClyA oligomer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5; adaptor protein cis","v":"-60 mV","b":"Ires open 65.8 +/- 0.3%, closed 60.2 +/- 0.3% (leucine)","pu":"protein adaptors for metabolite detection (13 adaptors compared)","no":"KD(pore) 86 nM","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7045694/fullTextXML","an":"LBP leucine-binding protein","id":"bio_protein-0211"},{"a":2286,"y":2020,"au":"Abenojar EC, Bederman I, Leon AC, Zhu J, Hadley J, Kolios MC, et al.","t":"Theoretical and Experimental Gas Volume Quantification of Micro- and Nanobubble Ultrasound Contrast Agents","j":"Pharmaceutics","vp":"12:E208","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics12030208","pmid":"32121484","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030208","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"bubble size and concentration to predict gas volume, checked against headspace GC/MS","no":"compares Coulter counter (microbubbles), NTA and resonant mass measurement (nanobubbles)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A32121484+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"lipid shell-stabilized perfluoropropane microbubbles","id":"reviews_exotic-0012"},{"a":2287,"y":2020,"au":"Ouldali H, Sarthak K, Ensslen T, Piguet F, Manivet P, Pelta J, et al.","t":"Electrical recognition of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids using an aerolysin nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"38:176-181","doi":"10.1038/s41587-019-0345-2","pmid":"31844293","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"proaerolysin activated by trypsin, heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 20.0 C","v":"-50 mV (trans)","pu":"electrical recognition of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids","no":"Wild-type aerolysin identifies 13 of 20 amino acids; RR7 (= R8) recorded under Piguet 2018. Built-in single-molecule trap confines the carrier-bound amino acid.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=7008938","an":"LR7 (leucine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)","id":"bio_protein-0305"},{"a":2288,"y":2020,"au":"Pan R, Hu K, Jia R, Rotenberg SA, Jiang D, Mirkin MV","t":"Resistive-Pulse Sensing Inside Single Living Cells","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"142:5778-5784","doi":"10.1021/jacs.9b13796","pmid":"32119540","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"nanopipette used as a scanning ion conductance microscopy tip inserted into the cytoplasm","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pu":"in situ resistive pulse detection inside a living cell","no":"Pan and colleagues ran resistive pulse sensing inside a living cell for the first time; smaller pipettes detected 10 nm Au particles in the cytoplasm, and the pipettes also detected EVs from MDA-MB-231 cells near the cells.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A32119540+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"intracellular vesicles (phagosomes, lysosomes and/or phagolysosomes) inside a RAW 264.7 macrophage","id":"cells-0140"},{"a":2289,"y":2020,"au":"Bandara YMND, Saharia J, Karawdeniya BI, Hagan JT, Dwyer JR, Kim MJ","t":"Beyond nanopore sizing: improving solid-state single-molecule sensing performance, lifetime, and analyte scope for omics by targeting surface chemistry during fabrication.","j":"Nanotechnology","vp":"31:335707","doi":"10.1088/1361-6528/ab8f4d","pmid":"32357346","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore made with attention to surface chemistry","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride","fab":"controlled dielectric breakdown with surface-chemistry-aware fabrication","sn":"Ohmic pores with very stable open-pore current during translocation for more than 1 h; reduced analyte sticking","pu":"broad analyte scope (DNA, protein, glycan) in one pore type","no":"Holo-human serum transferrin and dsDNA were also sensed in the same pores.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32357346%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"maltodextrin","id":"ss_protein_small-0293"},{"a":2290,"y":2020,"au":"Zernia S, Zernia S, van der Heide NJ, Galenkamp NS, Gouridis G, Maglia G","t":"Current Blockades of Proteins inside Nanopores for Real-Time Metabolome Analysis.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"14:2296-2307","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.9b09434","pmid":"32003969","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS with internalized substrate-binding protein adapter","pk":"clya","pm":"E. coli / S. Typhi ClyA dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"15 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5; adaptor protein cis, ligand cis","v":"-70 mV","b":"adaptor Ires 59.3 +/- 0.7% open, 56.7 +/- 0.8% closed","sn":"apparent KD in pore 1780 nM","pu":"metabolite sensing with protein adaptors","no":"Ligand binding to the trapped adaptor protein shifts the residual current (Ires = 100 x IB/IO). Nicotinamide, biotin and spermidine gave no resolved ligand states.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7045694/fullTextXML","an":"maltose (via MBP)","id":"bio_small-0365"},{"a":2290,"y":2024,"au":"Zhang S, Cao Z, Fan P, Sun W, Xiao Y, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Discrimination of Disaccharide Isomers of Different Glycosidic Linkages Using a Modified MspA Nanopore.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"63:e202316766","doi":"10.1002/anie.202316766","pmid":"38116834","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"disaccharide isomer discrimination (glycosidic linkage)","no":"Sucrose, lactose and maltose clearly discriminated; all six isomeric alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructoses (differing only in glycosidic linkage) resolved, accuracy 0.99; isomaltulose detected in yogurt. The four linkage isomers other than sucrose and isomaltulose are not named in the abstract and are not recorded here.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38116834+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"maltose","id":"bio_small-0124"},{"a":2291,"y":2020,"au":"Yang YC, Wang XY, An YY, Liao CX, Wang NX, Xing-Zhao, et al.","t":"A Comparative Analysis of Methods for Titering Reovirus.","j":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","vp":"8(5):409-417","doi":"10.2174/2211738508666200826103322","pmid":"32851967","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable resistive pulse sensing pore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"titering reovirus, compared with a median tissue culture infectious dose assay and real-time cell analysis","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32851967&resultType=core&format=json","an":"reovirus (amplified in L929 cells)","de":"titer measured by tunable resistive pulse sensing and compared with TCID50","id":"viruses-0099"},{"a":2292,"y":2020,"au":"Cutroneo L, Carbone C, Consani S, Capello M","t":"Sediment distribution on the continental shelf in relation to stream inputs and contamination: hydrodynamic, chemical, mineralogical, and sedimentological characteristics (Ligurian Sea, Italy)","j":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","vp":"27:43755-43768","doi":"10.1007/s11356-020-10259-4","pmid":"32740846","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Counter Multisizer 3 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"wet sieving at 63 um; fine fraction on the Multisizer (method of Capello et al. 2016)","pu":"grain size of shelf sediments","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7680321/fullTextXML","an":"Fine fraction (< 63 um) of continental shelf surface sediments, Ligurian Sea (Italy), near stream inputs","id":"earth_space_industry-0143"},{"a":2293,"y":2020,"au":"Runyan H, Reynolds RA, Stramski D","t":"Evaluation of Particle Size Distribution Metrics to Estimate the Relative Contributions of Different Size Fractions Based on Measurements in Arctic Waters","j":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans","vp":"125:e2020JC016218","doi":"10.1029/2020JC016218","pmid":"32728506","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer III, 30 um and 200 um apertures","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"30 um and 200 um","co":"0.2 um filtered seawater as diluent and blank; more than 25 replicate runs per aperture summed (about 1.2 cm3 for 30 um and 180 cm3 for 200 um); apertures calibrated with NIST-traceable microspheres; on board within 1 h of sampling","pu":"particle size distribution metrics; pico-, nano- and microplankton size class contributions","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7380321/fullTextXML","an":"Suspended particles in Arctic Ocean seawater (168 samples at 87 sites, surface to near-bottom)","id":"earth_space_industry-0029"},{"a":2294,"y":2020,"au":"Morris PD, McPherson IJ, Edwards MA, Kashtiban RJ, Walton RI, Unwin PR","t":"Electric Field-Controlled Synthesis and Characterisation of Single Metal-Organic-Framework (MOF) Nanoparticles","j":"Angewandte Chemie International Edition","vp":"59:19696-19701","doi":"10.1002/anie.202007146","pmid":"32633454","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"glass nanopipette (about 30 nm)","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"pulled glass capillary","pd":"about 30 nm","fab":"laser-pulled pipette","sn":"resistive pulses from nanocrystals as they form; size and translocation frequency in situ","pu":"in situ synthesis monitoring and sizing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7693291/fullTextXML","an":"HKUST-1 metal-organic framework nanoparticles forming at the pipette tip","de":"Cu2+ and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (BTC) reagents mixed at the nanopipette tip","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0040"},{"a":2295,"y":2020,"au":"Pollard M, Hunsicker E, Platt M","t":"A Tunable Three-Dimensional Printed Microfluidic Resistive Pulse Sensor for the Characterization of Algae and Microplastics","j":"ACS Sensors","vp":"5:2578-2586","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.0c00987","pmid":"32638589","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"3D-printed tunable flow resistive pulse sensor","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","fab":"additive manufacturing (3D printing); aperture tunable in real time","co":"salt concentrations 2.5 x 10^-4 to 0.1 M","sn":"pulse shape and direction depend on particle porosity/conductivity and shape","pu":"size, concentration and shape classification; identification of microplastics","no":"Same device also measured spherical and rod-shaped algae.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A32638589+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Microplastic particles shed from plastic tea bags","id":"earth_space_industry-0064","b":"conductive pulse (current increase) specific to microplastics, unlike smooth calibration particles or algae"},{"a":2296,"y":2020,"au":"Ouldali H, Sarthak K, Ensslen T, Piguet F, Manivet P, Pelta J, et al.","t":"Electrical recognition of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids using an aerolysin nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"38:176-181","doi":"10.1038/s41587-019-0345-2","pmid":"31844293","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"proaerolysin activated by trypsin, heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 20.0 C","v":"-50 mV (trans)","pu":"electrical recognition of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids","no":"Wild-type aerolysin identifies 13 of 20 amino acids; RR7 (= R8) recorded under Piguet 2018. Built-in single-molecule trap confines the carrier-bound amino acid.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=7008938","an":"MR7 (methionine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)","id":"bio_protein-0307"},{"a":2297,"y":2020,"au":"Qing Y, Liu MD, Hartmann D, Zhou L, Ramsay WJ, Bayley H","t":"Single-Molecule Observation of Intermediates in Bioorthogonal 2-Cyanobenzothiazole Chemistry","j":"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)","vp":"59:15711-15716","doi":"10.1002/anie.202005729","pmid":"32589803","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202005729","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin heteroheptamer with one cysteine at position 117 functionalised with CBT-maleimide (CBT nanoreactor)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"2 M KCl, 20-50 mM HEPBS pH 8.0, 20 uM EDTA, 20 C; thiols added trans at mM levels","v":"-50 mV (trans)","sn":"open pore 86.8 +/- 5.3 pA; reversible thioimidate monoadduct and tetrahedral bisadduct levels; mixed MESNa/GSH bisadducts distinguished by current level","pu":"single-molecule kinetics of thiol addition to CBT","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7496719/fullTextXML","an":"N-acetyl-L-cysteine reacting reversibly with a tethered 2-cyanobenzothiazole","id":"reviews_exotic-0145"},{"a":2298,"y":2020,"au":"Zernia S, Zernia S, van der Heide NJ, Galenkamp NS, Gouridis G, Maglia G","t":"Current Blockades of Proteins inside Nanopores for Real-Time Metabolome Analysis.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"14:2296-2307","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.9b09434","pmid":"32003969","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS with internalized substrate-binding protein adapter","pk":"clya","pm":"E. coli / S. Typhi ClyA dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"15 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5; adaptor protein cis, ligand cis","v":"-50 mV","b":"adaptor Ires 58.1 +/- 1.2% open, 55.9 +/- 1.4% closed","sn":"apparent KD in pore 154 nM","pu":"metabolite sensing with protein adaptors","no":"Ligand binding to the trapped adaptor protein shifts the residual current (Ires = 100 x IB/IO). Nicotinamide, biotin and spermidine gave no resolved ligand states.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7045694/fullTextXML","an":"sialic acid (via SiaP)","id":"bio_small-0361"},{"a":2298,"y":2024,"au":"Sun Y, Mi Z, Chen X, Li JJ, Lu J, Shan X, et al.","t":"Identification of nine mammal monosaccharides by solid-state nanopores.","j":"Sci Rep","vp":"14:32000","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-83690-z","pmid":"39738399","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11686368/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride locally thinned by laser-assisted electrochemical reaction","pd":"about 2.9 nm (effective)","pl":"about 5.6 nm (effective)","fab":"chemically tuned controlled dielectric breakdown in sodium hypochlorite:1 M KCl (2:9)","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-EDTA, pH 8.0; about 2-3 uM monosaccharide","v":"+200 mV","b":"mean blockage current 179.0 pA","sn":"1 MHz sampling, about 30 kHz digital filter; blockage roughly increases with molecular weight; machine learning F1 up to 1","pu":"monosaccharide identification toward glycan sequencing","no":"Authors state no prior solid-state nanopore identification of these nine monosaccharides.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11686368/fullTextXML","an":"N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac)","id":"ss_protein_small-0207"},{"a":2299,"y":2020,"au":"Sá M, Bertinetto CG, Ferrer-Ledo N, Jansen JJ, Wijffels R, Crespo JG, et al.","t":"Fluorescence spectroscopy and chemometrics for simultaneous monitoring of cell concentration, chlorophyll and fatty acids in Nannochloropsis oceanica","j":"Scientific reports","vp":"10:7688","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-64628-7","pmid":"32376848","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Multisizer II aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"50 um","co":"samples diluted in Isotone II","pu":"cell concentration reference for fluorescence spectroscopy models","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7203222/fullTextXML","an":"Nannochloropsis oceanica","id":"microbes-0185"},{"a":2299,"y":2023,"au":"Ferrer-Ledo N, Stegemüller L, Janssen M, Wijffels RH, Barbosa MJ","t":"Growth and fatty acid distribution over lipid classes in &lt;i&gt;Nannochloropsis oceanica&lt;/i&gt; acclimated to different temperatures","j":"Frontiers in plant science","vp":"14:1078998","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2023.1078998","pmid":"36844089","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer 3 aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"50 um","co":"samples diluted 100-fold in ISOTON II","pu":"cell concentration at different temperatures","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9950407/fullTextXML","an":"Nannochloropsis oceanica","de":"cultures acclimated to different temperatures","id":"microbes-0116"},{"a":2300,"y":2020,"au":"Ouldali H, Sarthak K, Ensslen T, Piguet F, Manivet P, Pelta J, et al.","t":"Electrical recognition of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids using an aerolysin nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"38:176-181","doi":"10.1038/s41587-019-0345-2","pmid":"31844293","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"proaerolysin activated by trypsin, heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 20.0 C","v":"-50 mV (trans)","pu":"electrical recognition of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids","no":"Wild-type aerolysin identifies 13 of 20 amino acids; RR7 (= R8) recorded under Piguet 2018. Built-in single-molecule trap confines the carrier-bound amino acid.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=7008938","an":"NR7 (asparagine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)","id":"bio_protein-0297"},{"a":2301,"y":2020,"au":"Juergens H, Hakkaart XDV, Bras JE, Vente A, Wu L, Benjamin KR, et al.","t":"Contribution of Complex I NADH Dehydrogenase to Respiratory Energy Coupling in Glucose-Grown Cultures of <i>Ogataea parapolymorpha</i>","j":"Applied and environmental microbiology","vp":"86:e00678-20","doi":"10.1128/aem.00678-20","pmid":"32471916","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Z2 Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell concentrations in glucose-grown cultures (detection interval 1.5 to 5.8 um)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7376551/fullTextXML","an":"Ogataea parapolymorpha","id":"microbes-0211"},{"a":2302,"y":2020,"au":"van den Brule T, Lee CLS, Houbraken J, Haas PJ, Wösten H, Dijksterhuis J","t":"Conidial heat resistance of various strains of the food spoilage fungus Paecilomyces variotii correlates with mean spore size, spore shape and size distribution","j":"Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)","vp":"137:109514","doi":"10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109514","pmid":"33233149","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"conidial size and size distribution versus heat resistance","no":"Coulter Counter, light microscopy and SEM compared for spherical equivalent diameter.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A33233149+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Paecilomyces variotii conidia","de":"conidia of various strains","id":"microbes-0050"},{"a":2303,"y":2020,"au":"Zernia S, Zernia S, van der Heide NJ, Galenkamp NS, Gouridis G, Maglia G","t":"Current Blockades of Proteins inside Nanopores for Real-Time Metabolome Analysis.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"14:2296-2307","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.9b09434","pmid":"32003969","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS type I","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"engineered ClyA oligomer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5; 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KD(pore) from nanopore measurement.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7045694/fullTextXML","an":"Pnc1p with engineered surface dipole (Pnc1p_dipole)","id":"bio_protein-0203"},{"a":2305,"y":2020,"au":"Tsuchimatsu T, Kakui H, Yamazaki M, Marona C, Tsutsui H, Hedhly A, et al.","t":"Adaptive reduction of male gamete number in the selfing plant Arabidopsis thaliana","j":"Nature communications","vp":"11:2885","doi":"10.1038/s41467-020-16679-7","pmid":"32514036","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"CASY TT cell counter capillary (Coulter-principle pulse area analysis)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"pollen number and size per flower across accessions","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7280297/fullTextXML","an":"Arabidopsis thaliana pollen","de":"many natural accessions; pollen suspended in 10 mL CASYton","id":"microbes-0256"},{"a":2306,"y":2020,"au":"Kakui H, Tsurisaki E, Sassa H, Moriguchi Y","t":"An improved pollen number counting method using a cell counter and mesh columns","j":"Plant methods","vp":"16:124","doi":"10.1186/s13007-020-00668-4","pmid":"32944062","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"CASY cell counter capillary (Coulter-principle pulse area analysis)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"pollen number and size per male strobilus after mesh-column cleanup","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7491178/fullTextXML","an":"Japanese cedar pollen (Cryptomeria japonica)","de":"male strobili crushed and filtered through 100 and 20 um mesh columns","id":"microbes-0226"},{"a":2307,"y":2020,"au":"Raveendran M, Leach AR, Hopes T, Aspden JL, Actis P","t":"Ribosome Fingerprinting with a Solid-State Nanopore.","j":"ACS Sens","vp":"5(11):3533-3539","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.0c01642","pmid":"33111519","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"glass nanopipette","pk":"glass-nanopipette","sn":"peak amplitude correlates with polysome size; >7-ribosome polysomes distinguished from 2-3","pu":"discriminating ribosomes and polysomes","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7706116/","an":"polysomes (2-3 ribosomes and more than 7 ribosomes on mRNA)","id":"ss_na-0267"},{"a":2308,"y":2020,"au":"Bétermier F, Cressiot B, Di Muccio G, Jarroux N, Bacri L, Morozzo della Rocca B, et al.","t":"Single-sulfur atom discrimination of polysulfides with a protein nanopore for improved batteries","j":"Commun Mater","vp":"1:59","doi":"10.1038/s43246-020-00056-4","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"protein nanopore in lipid membrane (pore type not named in the abstract)","pm":"protein pore in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"protein pore inserted into lipid membrane","pu":"battery electrolyte speciation (polysulfides)","no":"Single-atom difference: complexes differing by one sulfur atom told apart.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/graph/v1/paper/DOI:10.1038/s43246-020-00056-4?fields=title,abstract,year,venue,authors,tldr,externalIds","an":"aqueous sodium polysulfides of different chain lengths, as cyclodextrin complexes","id":"bio_small-0418"},{"a":2309,"y":2020,"au":"Ouldali H, Sarthak K, Ensslen T, Piguet F, Manivet P, Pelta J, et al.","t":"Electrical recognition of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids using an aerolysin nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"38:176-181","doi":"10.1038/s41587-019-0345-2","pmid":"31844293","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"proaerolysin activated by trypsin, heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 20.0 C","v":"-50 mV (trans)","b":"Ib/I0 about 0.369 +/- 0.002","pu":"electrical recognition of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids","no":"Wild-type aerolysin identifies 13 of 20 amino acids; RR7 (= R8) recorded under Piguet 2018. 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Nicotinamide, biotin and spermidine gave no resolved ligand states.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7045694/fullTextXML","an":"putrescine (via SpuD)","id":"bio_small-0364"},{"a":2310,"y":2026,"au":"Xiao Y, Du X, Zhao L, Dai X, Qian L, Zhang S, et al.","t":"Nanopore Identification of Biogenic Amines and Its Applications in Food Freshness Evaluation.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:2740-2751","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c16056","pmid":"41533887","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a single nickel ion modification (Ni-modified MspA)","pk":"mspa","pu":"biogenic amine identification (food freshness)","no":"Six biogenic amines identified (accuracy 99.0%); five found in shrimp.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41533887+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"putrescine","id":"bio_small-0221"},{"a":2311,"y":2020,"au":"Hu F, Angelov B, Li S, Li N, Lin X, Zou A","t":"Single-Molecule Study of Peptides with the Same Amino Acid Composition but Different Sequences by Using an Aerolysin Nanopore.","j":"Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology","vp":"21:2467-2473","doi":"10.1002/cbic.202000119","pmid":"32274877","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin","pk":"aerolysin","v":"+60 mV","pu":"discrimination of peptides with the same composition but different sequence","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A32274877+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Q3YEQ2","id":"bio_protein-0140"},{"a":2312,"y":2020,"au":"Ouldali H, Sarthak K, Ensslen T, Piguet F, Manivet P, Pelta J, et al.","t":"Electrical recognition of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids using an aerolysin nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"38:176-181","doi":"10.1038/s41587-019-0345-2","pmid":"31844293","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"proaerolysin activated by trypsin, heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 20.0 C","v":"-50 mV (trans)","pu":"electrical recognition of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids","no":"Wild-type aerolysin identifies 13 of 20 amino acids; RR7 (= R8) recorded under Piguet 2018. 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Eight potato plants were sequenced, and five PVY genotypes were resolved, with recombinant PVY-NTNa the most common.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7232445/fullTextXML","an":"potato virus S genome (RNA, nanopore reads)","de":"genome reconstructed from the same sequencing runs","id":"gap_viruses-0028"},{"a":2320,"y":2020,"au":"Della Bartola M, Byrne S, Mullins E","t":"Characterization of Potato Virus Y Isolates and Assessment of Nanopore Sequencing to Detect and Genotype Potato Viruses.","j":"Viruses","vp":"12(4):E478","doi":"10.3390/v12040478","pmid":"32340210","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7232445/","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"Oxford Nanopore R9.4.1 nanopore array (FLO-MIN106D flow cell, MinION with MinIT)","pk":"ont-flow-cell-pores","pg":"array with 1,400 to 1,500 pores available for single-strand sequencing at the start of a run, about 1,200 after a wash","fab":"protein nanopore array in a synthetic membrane on an Oxford Nanopore flow cell (pore protein not named in the paper)","co":"random-primed and polyT-primed cDNA libraries, barcoded, ligation sequencing kit SQK-LSK109, 12 to 17 h runs, MinKNOW base calling","pu":"sequencing, read by read, to find and reconstruct virus genomes in infected plant material","no":"The authors call this the first report using Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing to detect and characterize potato viruses. Eight potato plants were sequenced, and five PVY genotypes were resolved, with recombinant PVY-NTNa the most common.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7232445/fullTextXML","an":"potato virus X genome (RNA, nanopore reads)","de":"genome reconstructed from the same sequencing runs","id":"gap_viruses-0027"},{"a":2321,"y":2020,"au":"Della Bartola M, Byrne S, Mullins E","t":"Characterization of Potato Virus Y Isolates and Assessment of Nanopore Sequencing to Detect and Genotype Potato Viruses.","j":"Viruses","vp":"12(4):E478","doi":"10.3390/v12040478","pmid":"32340210","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7232445/","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"Oxford Nanopore R9.4.1 nanopore array (FLO-MIN106D flow cell, MinION with MinIT)","pk":"ont-flow-cell-pores","pg":"array with 1,400 to 1,500 pores available for single-strand sequencing at the start of a run, about 1,200 after a wash","fab":"protein nanopore array in a synthetic membrane on an Oxford Nanopore flow cell (pore protein not named in the paper)","co":"random-primed and polyT-primed cDNA libraries, barcoded, ligation sequencing kit SQK-LSK109, 12 to 17 h runs, MinKNOW base calling","pu":"sequencing, read by read, to find and reconstruct virus genomes in infected plant material","no":"The authors call this the first report using Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing to detect and characterize potato viruses. Eight potato plants were sequenced, and five PVY genotypes were resolved, with recombinant PVY-NTNa the most common.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7232445/fullTextXML","an":"potato virus Y genome (RNA, nanopore reads from field and germplasm potato plants)","de":"five PVY genotypes including recombinant PVY-NTNa, each reconstructed from nanopore reads","id":"gap_viruses-0026"},{"a":2322,"y":2020,"au":"Kim D, Lee JY, Yang JS, Kim JW, Kim VN, Chang H","t":"The Architecture of SARS-CoV-2 Transcriptome","j":"Cell","vp":"181:914-921.e10","doi":"10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.011","pmid":"32330414","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"CsgG (ONT FLO-MIN106D flow cell, SQK-RNA002)","pk":"csgg","pm":"Oxford Nanopore flow cell: array of protein nanopores in synthetic membrane, motor protein controls strand speed","sn":"at least 41 RNA modification sites on viral transcripts (most frequent motif AAGAA); modified RNAs have shorter poly(A) tails","pu":"nanopore sequencing","no":"first SARS-CoV-2 transcriptome and epitranscriptome by direct RNA sequencing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7179501/fullTextXML","an":"SARS-CoV-2 genomic and subgenomic RNAs from infected Vero cells","id":"bio_na_modern-0335"},{"a":2323,"y":2020,"au":"Wang M, Fu A, Hu B, Tong Y, Liu R, Liu Z, et al.","t":"Nanopore Targeted Sequencing for the Accurate and Comprehensive Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses","j":"Small","vp":"16:","doi":"10.1002/smll.202002169","pmid":"32578378","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ONT nanopore sequencer","sn":"detection limit ten plasmid copies per reaction; 22/61 suspected cases positive","pu":"diagnosis and outbreak genomics (COVID-19)","no":"medRxiv version posted 4 March 2020","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32578378&resultType=core&format=json","an":"SARS-CoV-2 cDNA amplicons from suspected COVID-19 patient samples (nanopore targeted sequencing)","id":"bio_na_modern-0325"},{"a":2324,"y":2020,"au":"Schmidt GW, Cuny AP, Rudolf F","t":"Preventing Photomorbidity in Long-Term Multi-color Fluorescence Imaging of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> and <i>S. pombe</i>","j":"G3 (Bethesda, Md.)","vp":"10:4373-4385","doi":"10.1534/g3.120.401465","pmid":"33023973","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Z2 Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell concentration before loading microfluidic imaging devices","no":"The Methods sentence on Z2 counting before device loading covers the yeast cultures used (S. cerevisiae and S. pombe).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7718758/fullTextXML","an":"Schizosaccharomyces pombe","de":"cultures prepared for long-term fluorescence imaging alongside S. cerevisiae","id":"microbes-0278"},{"a":2325,"y":2020,"au":"Zernia S, Zernia S, van der Heide NJ, Galenkamp NS, Gouridis G, Maglia G","t":"Current Blockades of Proteins inside Nanopores for Real-Time Metabolome Analysis.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"14:2296-2307","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.9b09434","pmid":"32003969","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS type I","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"engineered ClyA oligomer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5; 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RR7 (= R8) recorded under Piguet 2018. Built-in single-molecule trap confines the carrier-bound amino acid.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=7008938","an":"SR7 (serine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)","id":"bio_protein-0310"},{"a":2332,"y":2020,"au":"Wang J, Li MY, Yang J, Wang YQ, Wu XY, Huang J, Ying YL, Long YT","t":"Direct Quantification of Damaged Nucleotides in Oligonucleotides Using an Aerolysin Single Molecule Interface","j":"ACS Cent Sci","vp":"6:76-82","doi":"10.1021/acscentsci.9b01129","pmid":"31989027","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin K238Q mutant","pk":"aerolysin","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 8.0; 2.0 uM oligonucleotide","v":"+140 mV","sn":"number and position of 5mC resolved","pu":"single-base and DNA lesion discrimination","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6978832/fullTextXML","an":"5'-AmCGmCGA-3'","id":"bio_na_modern-0261"},{"a":2333,"y":2020,"au":"Wang J, Li MY, Yang J, Wang YQ, Wu XY, Huang J, Ying YL, Long YT","t":"Direct Quantification of Damaged Nucleotides in Oligonucleotides Using an Aerolysin Single Molecule Interface","j":"ACS Cent Sci","vp":"6:76-82","doi":"10.1021/acscentsci.9b01129","pmid":"31989027","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin K238Q mutant","pk":"aerolysin","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 8.0; 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Read abundance compared against quantitative PCR pointed to future quantification of DNA impurities in vector stocks.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7671332/fullTextXML","an":"native adeno-associated virus vector single-stranded DNA genome (direct nanopore reads)","de":"transgene cassettes in rAAV stocks read as native ssDNA, with inverted terminal repeats, fusions and methylation visible in single reads","id":"gap_viruses-0040"},{"a":2347,"y":2020,"au":"Radukic MT, Brandt D, Haak M, Müller KM, Kalinowski J","t":"Nanopore sequencing of native adeno-associated virus (AAV) single-stranded DNA using a transposase-based rapid protocol.","j":"NAR genomics and bioinformatics","vp":"2(4):lqaa074","doi":"10.1093/nargab/lqaa074","pmid":"33575623","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7671332/","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"Oxford Nanopore R9.4.1 nanopore array (MinION flow cells run on a GridION)","pk":"ont-flow-cell-pores","co":"rapid transposase-based library straight from single-stranded DNA with no second-strand synthesis (Rapid Barcoding Kit RBK-004 or RAD-004), R9.4.1 MinION flow cells on a GridION, basecalling with guppy 3.0.6 high-accuracy model dna_r9.4.1_450bps_hac; AAV libraries also helped by genome hybridization","sn":"reads reached full genome length; single reads covered genome-genome and genome-contaminant fusions, single-nucleotide variants across the transgene cassette and secondary packaging signals; methylation was read from the same signal","pu":"reading vector genomes end to end, including the GC-rich inverted terminal repeats, and spotting recombination, fusions, packaged contaminants and methylation","no":"The authors found that the MuA transposase has residual activity on single-stranded DNA, which they explain by its action on transient double-stranded hairpins. Read abundance compared against quantitative PCR pointed to future quantification of DNA impurities in vector stocks.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7671332/fullTextXML","an":"bacteriophage M13 single-stranded DNA genome (direct nanopore reads)","de":"M13 phage ssDNA used to show that the MuA transposase makes libraries from single-stranded DNA without second-strand synthesis","id":"gap_viruses-0041"},{"a":2348,"y":2020,"au":"Nouri R, Jiang Y, Lian XL, Guan W","t":"Sequence-Specific Recognition of HIV-1 DNA with Solid-State CRISPR-Cas12a-Assisted Nanopores (SCAN).","j":"ACS Sens","vp":"5(5):1273-1280","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.0c00497","pmid":"32370494","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"glass nanopore","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pu":"sequence-specific HIV-1 DNA detection","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A32370494+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"single-stranded circular DNA reporters (degraded by Cas12a trans-cleavage when HIV-1 DNA is present)","id":"ss_na-0185"},{"a":2349,"y":2020,"au":"Matsushita M, Shoji K, Takai N, Kawano R","t":"Biological Nanopore Probe: Probing of Viscous Solutions in a Confined Nanospace.","j":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry B","vp":"124:2410-2416","doi":"10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11096","pmid":"32031807","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"blocking current fluctuations report hpDNA motion; 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more stable and more frequent events than intermolecular G4","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35515777+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"intramolecular telomeric G-quadruplex","id":"ss_na-0188"},{"a":2352,"y":2020,"au":"Giamblanco N, Fichou Y, Janot JM, Balanzat E, Han S, Balme S","t":"Mechanisms of heparin-induced tau aggregation revealed by a single nanopore.","j":"ACS Sens","vp":"5:1158-1167","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.0c00193","pmid":"32216272","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"conical track-etched nanopore","pk":"track-etched-pore","pg":"conical","pu":"populations during tau aggregation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32216272%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"tau (wild type) monomers, oligomers and fibrils during heparin-induced aggregation","id":"ss_protein_small-0090"},{"a":2353,"y":2020,"au":"Giamblanco N, Fichou Y, Janot JM, Balanzat E, Han S, Balme S","t":"Mechanisms of heparin-induced tau aggregation revealed by a single nanopore.","j":"ACS Sens","vp":"5:1158-1167","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.0c00193","pmid":"32216272","pt":"journal","pc":2,"p":"conical track-etched nanopore","pk":"track-etched-pore","pg":"conical","pu":"populations during tau aggregation","no":"P301L promoted oligomer formation and fibril breakage.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32216272%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"tau P301L mutant aggregates","de":"disease-associated P301L mutation","id":"ss_protein_small-0091"},{"a":2354,"y":2020,"au":"Zernia S, Zernia S, van der Heide NJ, Galenkamp NS, Gouridis G, Maglia G","t":"Current Blockades of Proteins inside Nanopores for Real-Time Metabolome Analysis.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"14:2296-2307","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.9b09434","pmid":"32003969","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ClyA-AS type I","pk":"clya","pm":"S. typhi cytolysin A dodecamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"engineered ClyA oligomer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5; 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Nicotinamide, biotin and spermidine gave no resolved ligand states.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7045694/fullTextXML","an":"thiamine (via TbpA)","id":"bio_small-0362"},{"a":2355,"y":2024,"au":"Ouyang Y, Wang K, Jia W, Zhang P, Huang S","t":"Simultaneous Identification of Vitamins B1, B3, B5, and B6 by an Engineered Nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"24:11944-11953","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03329","pmid":"39269011","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"vitamin identification","no":"Seven B vitamins fully distinguished (accuracy 99.9%); cosmetics and food analyzed.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39269011+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"thiamine (vitamin B1)","id":"bio_small-0146"},{"a":2356,"y":2020,"au":"Guo B, Song P, Zhou K, Liu L, Wu HC","t":"Simultaneous Sensing of Multiple Cancer Biomarkers by a Single DNA Nanoprobe in a Nanopore.","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"92:9405-9411","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01909","pmid":"32539349","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","sn":"different current event patterns for VEGF, MMP-9 and their sequence of arrival; pH-dependent patterns","pu":"VEGF and MMP-9 detection with a triplex DNA nanoprobe","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/32539349","an":"triplex molecular beacon nanoprobe with VEGF aptamer loop and peptide-modified stem oligonucleotide","id":"bio_na_early-0428"},{"a":2357,"y":2020,"au":"Ouldali H, Sarthak K, Ensslen T, Piguet F, Manivet P, Pelta J, et al.","t":"Electrical recognition of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids using an aerolysin nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"38:176-181","doi":"10.1038/s41587-019-0345-2","pmid":"31844293","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"proaerolysin activated by trypsin, heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 20.0 C","v":"-50 mV (trans)","pu":"electrical recognition of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids","no":"Wild-type aerolysin identifies 13 of 20 amino acids; RR7 (= R8) recorded under Piguet 2018. Built-in single-molecule trap confines the carrier-bound amino acid.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=7008938","an":"TR7 (threonine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)","id":"bio_protein-0311"},{"a":2358,"y":2020,"au":"Ostermann M, Sauter A, Xue Y, Birkeland E, Schoelermann J, Holst B, et al.","t":"Label-free impedance flow cytometry for nanotoxicity screening","j":"Scientific reports","vp":"10:142","doi":"10.1038/s41598-019-56705-3","pmid":"31924828","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"label-free impedance flow cytometer","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pu":"viability (nanotoxicity screening) compared with trypan blue and flow cytometry","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31924828+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"U937 human lymphoma cells exposed to nanomaterials","id":"cells-0215"},{"a":2359,"y":2020,"au":"Ouldali H, Sarthak K, Ensslen T, Piguet F, Manivet P, Pelta J, et al.","t":"Electrical recognition of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids using an aerolysin nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"38:176-181","doi":"10.1038/s41587-019-0345-2","pmid":"31844293","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"proaerolysin activated by trypsin, heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 20.0 C","v":"-50 mV (trans)","pu":"electrical recognition of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids","no":"Wild-type aerolysin identifies 13 of 20 amino acids; RR7 (= R8) recorded under Piguet 2018. Built-in single-molecule trap confines the carrier-bound amino acid.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=7008938","an":"VR7 (valine linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)","id":"bio_protein-0314"},{"a":2360,"y":2020,"au":"Ouldali H, Sarthak K, Ensslen T, Piguet F, Manivet P, Pelta J, et al.","t":"Electrical recognition of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids using an aerolysin nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"38:176-181","doi":"10.1038/s41587-019-0345-2","pmid":"31844293","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"proaerolysin activated by trypsin, heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 20.0 C","v":"-50 mV (trans)","sn":"aromatic family (WR7, FR7, YR7) separated; WR7 has very low capture rate","pu":"electrical recognition of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids","no":"Wild-type aerolysin identifies 13 of 20 amino acids; RR7 (= R8) recorded under Piguet 2018. Built-in single-molecule trap confines the carrier-bound amino acid.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=7008938","an":"WR7 (tryptophan linked to arginine heptapeptide carrier)","id":"bio_protein-0312"},{"a":2361,"y":2020,"au":"Hu F, Angelov B, Li S, Li N, Lin X, Zou A","t":"Single-Molecule Study of Peptides with the Same Amino Acid Composition but Different Sequences by Using an Aerolysin Nanopore.","j":"Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology","vp":"21:2467-2473","doi":"10.1002/cbic.202000119","pmid":"32274877","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin","pk":"aerolysin","v":"+60 mV","b":"about 1.9% larger blockade current amplitude than Q3YEQ2","pu":"discrimination of peptides with the same composition but different sequence","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A32274877+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"YEQ2Q3","id":"bio_protein-0139"},{"a":2362,"y":2020,"au":"Ouldali H, Sarthak K, Ensslen T, Piguet F, Manivet P, Pelta J, et al.","t":"Electrical recognition of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids using an aerolysin nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"38:176-181","doi":"10.1038/s41587-019-0345-2","pmid":"31844293","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"proaerolysin activated by trypsin, heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 20.0 C","v":"-50 mV (trans)","sn":"aromatic family (WR7, FR7, YR7) separated; WR7 has very low capture rate","pu":"electrical recognition of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids","no":"Wild-type aerolysin identifies 13 of 20 amino acids; RR7 (= R8) recorded under Piguet 2018. 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patch removed with EDTA and urea; cryo-EM showed holes of about 9 and about 18 missing dimers; holes refilled with labeled dimers","id":"viruses-0031"},{"a":2417,"y":2021,"au":"Taniguchi M, Minami S, Ono C, Hamajima R, Morimura A, Hamaguchi S, et al.","t":"Combining machine learning and nanopore construction creates an artificial intelligence nanopore for coronavirus detection.","j":"Nature communications","vp":"12(1):3726","doi":"10.1038/s41467-021-24001-2","pmid":"34140500","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8211865/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore module, about 300 nm across in a 50 nm membrane (nanoSCOUTER)","pk":"chitoporin","pm":"50 nm thick SiN on a 5 x 5 x 0.5 mm silicon chip in a polymer module with Ag/AgCl electrodes","pd":"about 300 nm (diameter error +/- 10 nm, 90% yield)","pl":"50 nm (membrane)","fab":"semiconductor microfabrication on 12-inch wafers, then diced into chips","co":"15 ul specimen in the cis channel, buffer in the trans channel; saliva measured directly without RNA extraction","v":"-0.1 V (pulses) / +0.1 V (almost none)","er":"14.2 pulses/min for 100 pfu/ul HCoV-229E at -0.1 V; 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sonicated, filtered through 200 um sieves","id":"microbes-0231"},{"a":2463,"y":2021,"au":"Gregoriou Y, Gregoriou G, Yilmaz V, Kapnisis K, Prokopi M, Anayiotos A, et al.","t":"Resveratrol loaded polymeric micelles for theranostic targeting of breast cancer cells","j":"Nanotheranostics","vp":"5:113-124","doi":"10.7150/ntno.51955","pmid":"33391978","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"nanoparticle characterization","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A33391978+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"resveratrol-loaded polymeric micelles","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0180"},{"a":2464,"y":2021,"au":"Komarov SV, Yamamoto T, Arai H","t":"Incorporation of Powder Particles into an Impeller-Stirred Liquid Bath through Vortex Formation","j":"Materials (Basel)","vp":"14:2710","doi":"10.3390/ma14112710","pmid":"34063966","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"samples drawn from the stirred water bath diluted with water and counted to get the incorporation ratio","pu":"particle size and particle incorporation ratio into a stirred liquid","no":"PMMA and acrylic particles were also measured (PMMA is recorded elsewhere).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8196717/fullTextXML","an":"PTFE particles (hydrophobic test particles, wetting angle 157 degrees)","id":"gap_industry-0062"},{"a":2465,"y":2021,"au":"Jia W, Hu C, Wang Y, Gu Y, Qian G, Du X, et al.","t":"Programmable nano-reactors for stochastic sensing.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"12:5811","doi":"10.1038/s41467-021-26054-9","pmid":"34608151","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA (M2) with a docked streptavidin-tethered DNA reactor strand (PNRSS)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled octameric porin inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.0 (pH 8.0 for tris); mobile reactant in trans","v":"+160 mV","sn":"long-resident events with strong fluctuations","pu":"single-molecule chemistry (programmable nano-reactor)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8490433/fullTextXML","an":"remdesivir","id":"bio_small-0059"},{"a":2466,"y":2021,"au":"Jia W, Hu C, Wang Y, Gu Y, Qian G, Du X, et al.","t":"Programmable nano-reactors for stochastic sensing.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"12:5811","doi":"10.1038/s41467-021-26054-9","pmid":"34608151","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA (M2) with a docked streptavidin-tethered DNA reactor strand (PNRSS)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled octameric porin inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.0 (pH 8.0 for tris); mobile reactant in trans","v":"+160 mV","sn":"much shorter events with negligible fluctuations; distinguished from remdesivir","pu":"single-molecule chemistry (programmable nano-reactor)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8490433/fullTextXML","an":"remdesivir triphosphate (active metabolite)","id":"bio_small-0060"},{"a":2467,"y":2021,"au":"Lee DH, Oh S, Lim K, Lee B, Yi GS, Kim YR, et al.","t":"Tertiary RNA Folding-Targeted Drug Screening Strategy Using a Protein Nanopore.","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"93:2811-2819","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03941","pmid":"33475355","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"adenine riboswitch aptamer folding and ligand binding","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33475355","an":"adenine-sensing riboswitch aptamer domain (ARS)","id":"bio_na_early-0504"},{"a":2468,"y":2021,"au":"Sethi K, Dailey GP, Zahid OK, Taylor EW, Ruzicka JA, Hall AR","t":"Direct Detection of Conserved Viral Sequences and Other Nucleic Acid Motifs with Solid-State Nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"15(5):8474-8483","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.0c10887","pmid":"33914524","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"biotinylated probe-target duplex isolated by single-strand nuclease, then detected bound to monovalent streptavidin","pu":"detecting sequence motifs in genome-scale ssDNA and RNA","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8801185/","an":"conserved HIV-1 subtype B RNA sequence captured by a biotinylated DNA probe","id":"ss_na-0209"},{"a":2469,"y":2021,"au":"Wang Y, Guan X, Zhang S, Liu Y, Wang S, Fan P, et al.","t":"Structural-profiling of low molecular weight RNAs by nanopore trapping/translocation using Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"12:","doi":"10.1038/s41467-021-23764-y","pmid":"34099723","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (D90N/D91N/D93N/D118R/D134R/E139K)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2 MspA octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single MspA pore in planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 7.0 (cis) / 1 M CaCl2, 10 mM HEPES pH 7.0 (trans); 200 nM RNA cis","v":"+150 mV","sn":"events come from trapping in the vestibule; the blunt duplex does not translocate","pu":"structural profiling of small RNAs by trapping/translocation","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8185011/supplementaryFiles","an":"luciferase blunt siRNA (luciferase siRNA-a + -b)","id":"bio_na_modern-0423"},{"a":2470,"y":2021,"au":"Wang Y, Guan X, Zhang S, Liu Y, Wang S, Fan P, et al.","t":"Structural-profiling of low molecular weight RNAs by nanopore trapping/translocation using Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"12:","doi":"10.1038/s41467-021-23764-y","pmid":"34099723","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (D90N/D91N/D93N/D118R/D134R/E139K)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2 MspA octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single MspA pore in planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 7.0 (cis) / 1 M CaCl2, 10 mM HEPES pH 7.0 (trans); 200 nM RNA cis","v":"+150 mV","b":"%Ib 0.600 +/- 0.006","sn":"two-step blockade; dwell time of level 1 drops at +200 mV (translocation)","pu":"structural profiling of small RNAs by trapping/translocation","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8185011/supplementaryFiles","an":"siFoxA1 overhanged siRNA (siFoxA1-a + siFoxA1-b)","id":"bio_na_modern-0422"},{"a":2471,"y":2021,"au":"Begik O, Lucas MC, Pryszcz LP, Ramirez JM, Medina R, Milenkovic I, et al.","t":"Quantitative profiling of pseudouridylation dynamics in native RNAs with nanopore sequencing","j":"Nat Biotechnol","vp":"39:1278-1291","doi":"10.1038/s41587-021-00915-6","pmid":"33986546","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ONT direct RNA sequencing (flow cell version not stated in abstract)","sn":"Nm produces characteristic base-calling error signatures","pu":"nanopore sequencing","no":"2'-O-methylation detected in cellular RNA by direct nanopore sequencing","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:33986546&resultType=core&format=json","an":"RNA 2'-O-methylated nucleotides (Nm) in native yeast RNA","id":"bio_na_modern-0338"},{"a":2472,"y":2021,"au":"Begik O, Lucas MC, Pryszcz LP, Ramirez JM, Medina R, Milenkovic I, et al.","t":"Quantitative profiling of pseudouridylation dynamics in native RNAs with nanopore sequencing","j":"Nat Biotechnol","vp":"39:1278-1291","doi":"10.1038/s41587-021-00915-6","pmid":"33986546","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ONT direct RNA sequencing (flow cell version not stated in abstract)","sn":"pseudouridine and 2'-O-methylation give characteristic base-calling error signatures; per-site stoichiometry from current intensity and trace","pu":"nanopore sequencing","no":"includes a Pus4-dependent pseudouridine in yeast mitochondrial rRNA; heat-sensitive sites in snRNA, snoRNA, mRNA","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:33986546&resultType=core&format=json","an":"native yeast and human RNAs with pseudouridine and 2'-O-methylation (rRNA, mRNA, snRNA, snoRNA)","id":"bio_na_modern-0337"},{"a":2473,"y":2021,"au":"Wang Y, Guan X, Zhang S, Liu Y, Wang S, Fan P, et al.","t":"Structural-profiling of low molecular weight RNAs by nanopore trapping/translocation using Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"12:","doi":"10.1038/s41467-021-23764-y","pmid":"34099723","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2 (D90N/D91N/D93N/D118R/D134R/E139K)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2 MspA octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"single MspA pore in planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 7.0 (cis) / 1 M CaCl2, 10 mM HEPES pH 7.0 (trans); 200 nM RNA cis","v":"+150 mV","b":"%Ib 0.356 +/- 0.003 / 0.566 +/- 0.017 / 0.737 +/- 0.005 (types 1-3)","sn":"shallowest blockade of the RNAs tested","pu":"structural profiling of small RNAs by trapping/translocation","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8185011/supplementaryFiles","an":"E. coli 5S rRNA","id":"bio_na_modern-0425"},{"a":2474,"y":2021,"au":"Yokota K, Takeo A, Abe H, Kurokawa Y, Hashimoto M, Kajimoto K, et al.","t":"Application of Micropore Device for Accurate, Easy, and Rapid Discrimination of <i>Saccharomyces pastorianus</i> from <i>Dekkera</i> spp","j":"Biosensors","vp":"11:272","doi":"10.3390/bios11080272","pmid":"34436074","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"micropore device M-NK-1000-A106-001-Pm (Aipore)","pk":"chitoporin","pm":"50 nm thick membrane chip (Aipore); membrane material not stated in the text read","pd":"10 um","pl":"50 nm","co":"50 mM MES buffer, conductivity about 0.104 S/m; cells on cathode side","v":"0.1 V (baseline current about 100 nA)","b":"Ip 6.16 +/- 3.96 nA","dt":"1.31 +/- 0.89 ms","sn":"sampling 1 MHz; about 400 pulses in 6 min per sample; shoulder before or after the peak marks budding cells (confirmed by finite element simulation)","pu":"discrimination of brewing yeast from Dekkera contaminants and detection of budding","no":"Discriminated from Dekkera spp. with 96.3% recall.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8393547/fullTextXML","an":"Saccharomyces pastorianus","de":"W34/70","id":"microbes-0009"},{"a":2475,"y":2021,"au":"Taniguchi M, Minami S, Ono C, Hamajima R, Morimura A, Hamaguchi S, et al.","t":"Combining machine learning and nanopore construction creates an artificial intelligence nanopore for coronavirus detection.","j":"Nature communications","vp":"12(1):3726","doi":"10.1038/s41467-021-24001-2","pmid":"34140500","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8211865/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore module, about 300 nm across in a 50 nm membrane (nanoSCOUTER)","pk":"chitoporin","pm":"50 nm thick SiN on a 5 x 5 x 0.5 mm silicon chip in a polymer module with Ag/AgCl electrodes","pd":"about 300 nm (diameter error +/- 10 nm, 90% yield)","pl":"50 nm (membrane)","fab":"semiconductor microfabrication on 12-inch wafers, then diced into chips","co":"15 ul specimen in the cis channel, buffer in the trans channel; saliva measured directly without RNA extraction","v":"-0.1 V (pulses) / +0.1 V (almost none)","er":"14.2 pulses/min for 100 pfu/ul HCoV-229E at -0.1 V; one waveform in 15 min at +0.1 V","sn":"machine learning on peak current Ip and duration td; SARS-CoV-2 in saliva detected with 90% sensitivity and 96% specificity in 5 minutes","pu":"identification of coronavirus species and diagnosis from saliva","no":"Four coronaviruses of similar size were told apart. Later work with the same platform typed SARS-CoV-2 variants (Murakami et al. 2023 Lab Chip, doi 10.1039/d3lc00572k) and ran influenza and SARS-CoV-2 together (Akabane et al. 2026 Lab Chip, doi 10.1039/d6lc00155f).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8211865/fullTextXML","an":"SARS coronavirus","de":"cultured virus","id":"viruses-0047"},{"a":2476,"y":2021,"au":"Taniguchi M, Minami S, Ono C, Hamajima R, Morimura A, Hamaguchi S, et al.","t":"Combining machine learning and nanopore construction creates an artificial intelligence nanopore for coronavirus detection.","j":"Nature communications","vp":"12(1):3726","doi":"10.1038/s41467-021-24001-2","pmid":"34140500","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8211865/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore module, about 300 nm across in a 50 nm membrane (nanoSCOUTER)","pk":"chitoporin","pm":"50 nm thick SiN on a 5 x 5 x 0.5 mm silicon chip in a polymer module with Ag/AgCl electrodes","pd":"about 300 nm (diameter error +/- 10 nm, 90% yield)","pl":"50 nm (membrane)","fab":"semiconductor microfabrication on 12-inch wafers, then diced into chips","co":"15 ul specimen in the cis channel, buffer in the trans channel; saliva filtered and diluted in PBS, no RNA extraction","v":"+0.1 V and -0.1 V compared; for SARS-CoV-2 in saliva, +0.1 V gave about ten times more pulses","er":"14.2 pulses/min for 100 pfu/ul HCoV-229E at -0.1 V; one waveform in 15 min at +0.1 V","sn":"machine learning on peak current Ip and duration td; SARS-CoV-2 in saliva detected with 90% sensitivity and 96% specificity in 5 minutes","pu":"identification of coronavirus species and diagnosis from saliva","no":"Four coronaviruses of similar size were told apart. Later work with the same platform typed SARS-CoV-2 variants (Murakami et al. 2023 Lab Chip, doi 10.1039/d3lc00572k) and ran influenza and SARS-CoV-2 together (Akabane et al. 2026 Lab Chip, doi 10.1039/d6lc00155f).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8211865/fullTextXML","an":"SARS-CoV-2","de":"cultured virus and saliva specimens from patients","id":"viruses-0049"},{"a":2476,"y":2022,"au":"Varga Z, Madai M, Kemenesi G, Beke-Somfai T, Jakab F","t":"Single-particle detection of native SARS-CoV-2 virions by microfluidic resistive pulse sensing.","j":"Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces","vp":"218:112716","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112716","pmid":"35907357","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9306222/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"nCS1 microfluidic resistive pulse sensing cartridge TS-400 (Spectradyne)","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"single-use microfluidic cartridge","pd":"TS-400 cartridge, measurement range 65 to 400 nm","co":"concentrated cell-free supernatant from infected Vero E6 cells; 5 uL sample; 1 mg/ml BSA for the standard","sn":"nearly 30,000 single virions counted; log-normal size distribution; cartridge post-calibrated with 90 nm polystyrene beads (diameter factor 0.928, concentration factor 2.24)","pu":"size distribution of native virions by single-particle counting","no":"MRPS reads an excluded-volume diameter (envelope plus spikes), not the outer diameter, and the 85 nm result implies fewer than about 50 spike proteins per virion.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9306222/fullTextXML","an":"native SARS-CoV-2 virions (cell culture supernatant)","de":"native virions from infected Vero E6 cells, measured without labeling","id":"viruses-0082"},{"a":2476,"y":2023,"au":"Kitta K, Sakamoto M, Hayakawa K, Nukazuka A, Kano K, Yamamoto T","t":"Nanopore Impedance Spectroscopy Reveals Electrical Properties of Single Nanoparticles for Detecting and Identifying Pathogenic Viruses.","j":"ACS omega","vp":"8(16):14684-14693","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.3c00628","pmid":"37125101","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10134219/","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"conical tunable nanopore chip (NP100 and NP400, Izon Science) read with an AC lock-in amplifier","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pd":"NP100 and NP400 chips, stretched; particles from 200 nm to 1 um also measured","co":"assay medium after buffer exchange; measurements all on one pore at a fixed stretch","b":"simultaneous current magnitude (di) and phase change (dtheta) per particle, measured with a lock-in amplifier (MFIA, Zurich Instruments)","sn":"random-forest classification of five particle types reached F1 about 74% on magnitude alone, 77% on phase alone, and higher on both together; over 85% virus identification accuracy overall","pu":"telling same-size particles apart by their electrical properties (impedance and capacitance)","no":"First nanopore measurement to extract resistance and capacitance of single particles from simultaneous current magnitude and phase. Particle panel: T4 phage, influenza A, influenza B, SARS-CoV-2 and 100 nm polystyrene beads (CPC100).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10134219/fullTextXML","an":"SARS-CoV-2, heat-inactivated","de":"heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 (ATCC VR1986HK)","id":"viruses-0096"},{"a":2476,"y":2025,"au":"Nguyen KT, Rima XY, Nguyen LTH, Wang X, Kwak KJ, Yoon MJ, et al.","t":"Integrated Antigenic and Nucleic Acid Detection in Single Virions and Extracellular Vesicles with Viral Content.","j":"Advanced healthcare materials","vp":"14(3):e2400622","doi":"10.1002/adhm.202400622","pmid":"38820600","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11773111/","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"NP100 and NP300 tunable nanopore membranes on a qNano Gold (Izon Science)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pd":"NP100 (50 to 330 nm) and NP300 (150 to 900 nm)","co":"10 mbar applied pressure; calibrated with CPC100 and CPC200 polystyrene nanoparticles","pu":"size and concentration of virions and vesicle subpopulations from biofluids","no":"Saliva and nasopharyngeal swab samples were purified on size exclusion columns before TRPS; salivary particles from healthy donors gave size profiles like those of SARS-CoV-2 virions.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11773111/fullTextXML","an":"SARS-CoV-2 virions purified from saliva and nasopharyngeal swabs","de":"virions and virion-containing vesicle subpopulations from patient biofluids, purified by size exclusion chromatography","id":"viruses-0100"},{"a":2477,"y":2021,"au":"Shrestha SC, Ghebremeskel K, White K, Minelli C, Tewfik I, Thapa P, et al.","t":"Formulation and Characterization of Phytostanol Ester Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for the Management of Hypercholesterolemia: An ex vivo Study","j":"International journal of nanomedicine","vp":"16:1977-1992","doi":"10.2147/ijn.s276301","pmid":"33727810","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano NP200 nanopore (200-400 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Monophosphates recorded from the earlier Nat Nanotechnol 2022 paper.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A36475606+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"CTP","id":"bio_small-0169"},{"a":2575,"y":2022,"au":"Zhang S, Cao Z, Fan P, Wang Y, Jia W, Wang L, et al.","t":"A Nanopore-Based Saccharide Sensor.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"61:e202203769","doi":"10.1002/anie.202203769","pmid":"35718742","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"monosaccharide identification","no":"Nine monosaccharides identified with machine learning (accuracy 0.96); epimers distinguished.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35718742+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"D-fructose","id":"bio_small-0061"},{"a":2576,"y":2022,"au":"Zhang S, Cao Z, Fan P, Wang Y, Jia W, Wang L, et al.","t":"A Nanopore-Based Saccharide Sensor.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"61:e202203769","doi":"10.1002/anie.202203769","pmid":"35718742","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"monosaccharide identification","no":"Nine monosaccharides identified with machine learning (accuracy 0.96); epimers distinguished.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35718742+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"D-galactose","id":"bio_small-0062"},{"a":2576,"y":2024,"au":"Sun Y, Mi Z, Chen X, Li JJ, Lu J, Shan X, et al.","t":"Identification of nine mammal monosaccharides by solid-state nanopores.","j":"Sci Rep","vp":"14:32000","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-83690-z","pmid":"39738399","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11686368/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride locally thinned by laser-assisted electrochemical reaction","pd":"about 2.9 nm (effective)","pl":"about 5.6 nm (effective)","fab":"chemically tuned controlled dielectric breakdown in sodium hypochlorite:1 M KCl (2:9)","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-EDTA, pH 8.0; about 2-3 uM monosaccharide","v":"+200 mV","b":"mean blockage current 108.9 pA","sn":"1 MHz sampling, about 30 kHz digital filter; blockage roughly increases with molecular weight; machine learning F1 up to 1","pu":"monosaccharide identification toward glycan sequencing","no":"Authors state no prior solid-state nanopore identification of these nine monosaccharides.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11686368/fullTextXML","an":"D-galactose","id":"ss_protein_small-0209"},{"a":2577,"y":2022,"au":"Zhang S, Cao Z, Fan P, Wang Y, Jia W, Wang L, et al.","t":"A Nanopore-Based Saccharide Sensor.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"61:e202203769","doi":"10.1002/anie.202203769","pmid":"35718742","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"monosaccharide identification","no":"Nine monosaccharides identified with machine learning (accuracy 0.96); epimers distinguished.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35718742+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"D-mannose","id":"bio_small-0063"},{"a":2577,"y":2024,"au":"Sun Y, Mi Z, Chen X, Li JJ, Lu J, Shan X, et al.","t":"Identification of nine mammal monosaccharides by solid-state nanopores.","j":"Sci Rep","vp":"14:32000","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-83690-z","pmid":"39738399","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11686368/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride locally thinned by laser-assisted electrochemical reaction","pd":"about 2.9 nm (effective)","pl":"about 5.6 nm (effective)","fab":"chemically tuned controlled dielectric breakdown in sodium hypochlorite:1 M KCl (2:9)","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-EDTA, pH 8.0; about 2-3 uM monosaccharide","v":"+200 mV","b":"mean blockage current 88.4 pA","sn":"1 MHz sampling, about 30 kHz digital filter; blockage roughly increases with molecular weight; machine learning F1 up to 1","pu":"monosaccharide identification toward glycan sequencing","no":"Authors state no prior solid-state nanopore identification of these nine monosaccharides.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11686368/fullTextXML","an":"D-mannose","id":"ss_protein_small-0212"},{"a":2578,"y":2022,"au":"Zhang S, Cao Z, Fan P, Wang Y, Jia W, Wang L, et al.","t":"A Nanopore-Based Saccharide Sensor.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"61:e202203769","doi":"10.1002/anie.202203769","pmid":"35718742","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"monosaccharide identification","no":"Nine monosaccharides identified with machine learning (accuracy 0.96); epimers distinguished.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35718742+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"D-ribose","id":"bio_small-0066"},{"a":2579,"y":2022,"au":"Liu Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Wang L, Cao Z, Sun W, et al.","t":"Nanopore Identification of Alditol Epimers and Their Application in Rapid Analysis of Alditol-Containing Drinks and Healthcare Products.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"144:13717-13728","doi":"10.1021/jacs.2c04595","pmid":"35867993","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"alditol epimer identification","no":"Thirteen alditols fully distinguished (glycerol also tested); machine learning validation accuracy 99.9%; applied to zero-sugar drinks.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35867993+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"sorbitol (D-glucitol)","id":"bio_small-0076"},{"a":2580,"y":2022,"au":"Zhang S, Cao Z, Fan P, Wang Y, Jia W, Wang L, et al.","t":"A Nanopore-Based Saccharide Sensor.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"61:e202203769","doi":"10.1002/anie.202203769","pmid":"35718742","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"monosaccharide identification","no":"Nine monosaccharides identified with machine learning (accuracy 0.96); epimers distinguished.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35718742+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"D-xylose","id":"bio_small-0067"},{"a":2580,"y":2024,"au":"Sun Y, Mi Z, Chen X, Li JJ, Lu J, Shan X, et al.","t":"Identification of nine mammal monosaccharides by solid-state nanopores.","j":"Sci Rep","vp":"14:32000","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-83690-z","pmid":"39738399","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11686368/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride locally thinned by laser-assisted electrochemical reaction","pd":"about 2.9 nm (effective)","pl":"about 5.6 nm (effective)","fab":"chemically tuned controlled dielectric breakdown in sodium hypochlorite:1 M KCl (2:9)","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-EDTA, pH 8.0; about 2-3 uM monosaccharide","v":"+200 mV","b":"mean blockage current 82.3 pA (smallest)","sn":"1 MHz sampling, about 30 kHz digital filter; blockage roughly increases with molecular weight; machine learning F1 up to 1","pu":"monosaccharide identification toward glycan sequencing","no":"Authors state no prior solid-state nanopore identification of these nine monosaccharides.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11686368/fullTextXML","an":"D-xylose","id":"ss_protein_small-0214"},{"a":2581,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4AR5","id":"bio_protein-0409"},{"a":2582,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4CR5","id":"bio_protein-0410"},{"a":2583,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4DR5","id":"bio_protein-0411"},{"a":2584,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4ER5","id":"bio_protein-0412"},{"a":2585,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4FR5","id":"bio_protein-0413"},{"a":2586,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4GR5","id":"bio_protein-0414"},{"a":2587,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4HR5","id":"bio_protein-0415"},{"a":2588,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4IR5","id":"bio_protein-0416"},{"a":2589,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4KR5","id":"bio_protein-0417"},{"a":2590,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4LR5","id":"bio_protein-0418"},{"a":2591,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4MR5","id":"bio_protein-0419"},{"a":2592,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4NR5","id":"bio_protein-0420"},{"a":2593,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4PR5","id":"bio_protein-0421"},{"a":2594,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4QR5","id":"bio_protein-0422"},{"a":2595,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4RR5","id":"bio_protein-0423"},{"a":2596,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4SR5","id":"bio_protein-0424"},{"a":2597,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4TR5","id":"bio_protein-0425"},{"a":2598,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4VR5","id":"bio_protein-0426"},{"a":2599,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids recognized with the D4XR5 probe (D, M, E, R, L, W and Y, plus N and A by dwell time); G and F were added with the D6XR5 probe.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4WR5","id":"bio_protein-0427"},{"a":2600,"y":2022,"au":"Ge Y, Cui M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xi D","t":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe.","j":"Nanoscale advances","vp":"4:3883-3891","doi":"10.1039/d2na00190j","pmid":"36133334","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"3.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5; probe added trans","v":"+70 mV (trans)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic amino acids with bipolar (D4-X-R5) peptide probes","no":"Nine amino acids reliably recognized with D4XR5; two more with modified-charge probes (D6XR8, D8XR10, D6XR5 variants also used). Which nine is not stated in the text read.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9470019/fullTextXML","an":"bipolar peptide probe D4YR5","id":"bio_protein-0428"},{"a":2601,"y":2022,"au":"Wang Y, Zhang S, Jia W, Fan P, Wang L, Li X, et al.","t":"Identification of nucleoside monophosphates and their epigenetic modifications using an engineered nanopore.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"17:976-983","doi":"10.1038/s41565-022-01169-2","pmid":"35851382","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"nucleotide and RNA modification identification","no":"Monophosphates of canonical and modified nucleosides directly distinguished (accuracy 0.996); used on microRNA and tRNA digests.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35851382+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"dihydrouridine monophosphate","id":"bio_small-0167"},{"a":2602,"y":2022,"au":"Xing XL, Liao QB, Ahmed SA, Wang D, Ren S, Qin X, et al.","t":"Single Molecule DNA Analysis Based on Atomic-Controllable Nanopores in Covalent Organic Frameworks.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"22(3):1358-1365","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04633","pmid":"35080401","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"2D covalent organic framework nanosheet on a quartz nanopipette","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pd":"COF pores 1.1 nm or 1.3 nm; pipette orifice 20 +/- 5 nm","fab":"exfoliated COF nanosheets laid over a pulled quartz nanopipette","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35080401+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"DNA-80 (short DNA)","id":"ss_na-0207"},{"a":2603,"y":2022,"au":"Confederat S, Sandei I, Mohanan G, Walti C, Actis P","t":"Nanopore fingerprinting of supramolecular DNA nanostructures.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"121(24):4882-4891","doi":"10.1016/j.bpj.2022.08.020","pmid":"35986518","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"glass nanopipette with PEG-enriched electrolyte","pk":"glass-nanopipette","sn":"assembly yields quantified from event signatures","pu":"assembly yield and quality control of DNA origami","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9808562/","an":"higher-order multi-tile DNA origami assemblies","id":"ss_na-0221"},{"a":2604,"y":2022,"au":"Confederat S, Sandei I, Mohanan G, Walti C, Actis P","t":"Nanopore fingerprinting of supramolecular DNA nanostructures.","j":"Biophys J","vp":"121(24):4882-4891","doi":"10.1016/j.bpj.2022.08.020","pmid":"35986518","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"glass nanopipette with PEG-enriched electrolyte","pk":"glass-nanopipette","sn":"equivalent charge surplus used as a discriminant","pu":"assembly yield and quality control of DNA origami","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9808562/","an":"single DNA origami tile (monomer)","id":"ss_na-0220"},{"a":2605,"y":2022,"au":"Fu J, Wu L, Hu G, Li F, Ge Q, Lu Z, et al.","t":"Solid-state nanopore analysis on the conformation change of DNA polymerase I induced by a DNA substrate.","j":"Analyst","vp":"147:3087-3095","doi":"10.1039/d2an00567k","pmid":"35678750","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pu":"conformation of a polymerase with and without DNA","no":"KF-DNA complex is tighter and moves more slowly (complex not recorded here).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35678750%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Klenow fragment (KF) of DNA polymerase I","id":"ss_protein_small-0141"},{"a":2606,"y":2022,"au":"Wadley T, Moon SH, DeMott MS, Wanchai V, Huang E, Dedon PC, et al.","t":"Nanopore Sequencing for Detection and Characterization of Phosphorothioate Modifications in Native DNA Sequences","j":"Front Microbiol","vp":"13:","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2022.871937","pmid":"35531280","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"CsgG (ONT R9.4 FLO-MIN106, MinION Mk1B)","pk":"csgg","pm":"Oxford Nanopore flow cell: array of protein nanopores in synthetic membrane, motor protein controls strand speed","fab":"commercial ONT flow cell; library ligated to motor-protein adapter","co":"SQK-LSK109 with native barcoding","sn":"PT sites seen as ELIGOS error signatures; 1.8-fold more PT in dndB deletion, 25-fold fewer in dndC deletion","pu":"nanopore sequencing","no":"first nanopore-sequencing detection of phosphorothioate DNA modifications","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9069010/fullTextXML","an":"phosphorothioate (PT) backbone modifications in a synthetic-PT plasmid and Salmonella enterica genomes","id":"bio_na_modern-0346"},{"a":2607,"y":2022,"au":"Xing XL, Liao QB, Ahmed SA, Wang D, Ren S, Qin X, et al.","t":"Single Molecule DNA Analysis Based on Atomic-Controllable Nanopores in Covalent Organic Frameworks.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"22(3):1358-1365","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04633","pmid":"35080401","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"2D covalent organic framework nanosheet on a quartz nanopipette","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pd":"COF pores 1.1 nm or 1.3 nm; pipette orifice 20 +/- 5 nm","fab":"exfoliated COF nanosheets laid over a pulled quartz nanopipette","no":"First calf thymus DNA nanopore record in this slice.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35080401+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"calf thymus DNA (long)","id":"ss_na-0206"},{"a":2608,"y":2022,"au":"Rand A, Zimny P, Nagel R, Telang C, Mollison J, Bruns A, et al.","t":"Electronic Mapping of a Bacterial Genome with Dual Solid-State Nanopores and Active Single-Molecule Control.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"16(4):5258-5273","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.1c09575","pmid":"35302746","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"dual SiN nanopores with active control (DNA flossing)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"each molecule scanned many times by flossing between two pores; inter-tag resolution 150 bp engineered, 166 bp in native E. coli fragments","pu":"electronic genome mapping","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9048701/","an":"Escherichia coli genomic DNA fragments with physical tags installed at sequence motifs","id":"ss_na-0251"},{"a":2609,"y":2022,"au":"van Kooten XF, Rozevsky Y, Marom Y, Ben Sadeh E, Meller A","t":"Purely electrical SARS-CoV-2 sensing based on single-molecule counting.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"14(13):4977-4986","doi":"10.1039/d1nr07787b","pmid":"35258059","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"counted alongside the viral gene for a ratiometric index","pu":"ratiometric SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantification in nasal swabs","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8969453/","an":"dsDNA from reverse transcription of a human reference gene","id":"ss_na-0260"},{"a":2610,"y":2022,"au":"Vandenbogaert M, Kwasiborski A, Gonofio E, Descorps-Declere S, Selekon B, Nkili Meyong AA, et al.","t":"Nanopore sequencing of a monkeypox virus strain isolated from a pustular lesion in the Central African Republic","j":"Sci Rep","vp":"12:","doi":"10.1038/s41598-022-15073-1","pmid":"35750759","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"CsgG (ONT R9.4 flow cell FLO-MIN106, MinION Mk1B)","pk":"csgg","co":"Rapid Barcoding kit SQK-RBK004","sn":"assembly 6,322 bases longer than the Illumina sequence; errors mainly indels in homopolymers","pu":"outbreak genomics (mpox)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9232561/fullTextXML","an":"monkeypox virus DNA from a pustular lesion (Central African Republic)","id":"bio_na_modern-0324"},{"a":2611,"y":2022,"au":"van Kooten XF, Rozevsky Y, Marom Y, Ben Sadeh E, Meller A","t":"Purely electrical SARS-CoV-2 sensing based on single-molecule counting.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"14(13):4977-4986","doi":"10.1039/d1nr07787b","pmid":"35258059","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"identified by length from event characteristics and counted","pu":"ratiometric SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantification in nasal swabs","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8969453/","an":"dsDNA from reverse transcription of a SARS-CoV-2 target gene (all else enzymatically digested)","id":"ss_na-0259"},{"a":2612,"y":2022,"au":"Xia Z, Patchin M, McKay CP, Drndic M","t":"Deoxyribonucleic Acid Extraction from Mars Analog Soils and Their Characterization with Solid-State Nanopores.","j":"Astrobiology","vp":"22(8):992-1008","doi":"10.1089/ast.2021.0051","pmid":"35731031","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pu":"life-detection instrument development","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35731031+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"DNA extracted from Mars analog soils","id":"ss_na-0218"},{"a":2613,"y":2022,"au":"Liu Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Wang L, Cao Z, Sun W, et al.","t":"Nanopore Identification of Alditol Epimers and Their Application in Rapid Analysis of Alditol-Containing Drinks and Healthcare Products.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"144:13717-13728","doi":"10.1021/jacs.2c04595","pmid":"35867993","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"alditol epimer identification","no":"Thirteen alditols fully distinguished (glycerol also tested); machine learning validation accuracy 99.9%; applied to zero-sugar drinks.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35867993+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"erythritol","id":"bio_small-0070"},{"a":2614,"y":2022,"au":"Jia R, Rotenberg SA, Mirkin MV","t":"Electrochemical Resistive-Pulse Sensing of Extracellular Vesicles","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"94:12614-12620","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01216","pmid":"36083276","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"nanopipette for electrochemical resistive-pulse (ERP) sensing","pk":"glass-nanopipette","sn":"ERP combines resistive pulse with electrochemical detection of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species inside each vesicle","pu":"distinguishing cell lines by released EVs; monitoring a single cell under a drug","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A36083276+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"EVs released by single nontransformed and cancerous breast cells (lines not named in abstract)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0136"},{"a":2615,"y":2022,"au":"Tan XH, Gu SJ, Tian WJ, Song WP, Gu YY, Yuan YM, et al.","t":"Extracellular vesicles derived from human Sertoli cells: characterizations, proteomic analysis, and miRNA profiling","j":"Molecular biology reports","vp":"49:4673-4681","doi":"10.1007/s11033-022-07316-1","pmid":"35366759","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"size and concentration","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35366759+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"EVs from human Sertoli cells (HSerCs)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0119"},{"a":2616,"y":2022,"au":"Chaiyadet S, Sotillo J, Krueajampa W, Thongsen S, Smout M, Brindley PJ, et al.","t":"Silencing of Opisthorchis viverrini Tetraspanin Gene Expression Results in Reduced Secretion of Extracellular Vesicles","j":"Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology","vp":"12:827521","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2022.827521","pmid":"35223551","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore (Izon)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"EV secretion after tetraspanin silencing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8875506/fullTextXML","an":"EVs secreted by the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini (tetraspanin knockdown and control)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0242"},{"a":2617,"y":2022,"au":"Versloot RCA, Straathof SAP, Stouwie G, Tadema MJ, Maglia G","t":"β-Barrel Nanopores with an Acidic-Aromatic Sensing Region Identify Proteinogenic Peptides at Low pH.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"16:7258-7268","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.1c11455","pmid":"35302739","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin K238D/A260F and CytK S126F/K128D (acidic-aromatic sensing region)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"beta-barrel toxin pores in planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 50 mM citric acid, bis-tris propane, pH 3.0 or 3.8","v":"+150 mV (aerolysin)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic peptides at low pH","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9134492/fullTextXML","an":"lysozyme tryptic peptide Lys7 FESNFNTQATNR","id":"bio_protein-0253"},{"a":2618,"y":2022,"au":"Liu Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Wang L, Cao Z, Sun W, et al.","t":"Nanopore Identification of Alditol Epimers and Their Application in Rapid Analysis of Alditol-Containing Drinks and Healthcare Products.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"144:13717-13728","doi":"10.1021/jacs.2c04595","pmid":"35867993","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"alditol epimer identification","no":"Thirteen alditols fully distinguished (glycerol also tested); machine learning validation accuracy 99.9%; applied to zero-sugar drinks.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35867993+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"dulcitol (galactitol)","id":"bio_small-0078"},{"a":2619,"y":2022,"au":"Fan X, Batchelor-McAuley C, Yang M, Barton S, Rickaby REM, Bouman HA, et al.","t":"Quantifying the Extent of Calcification of a Coccolithophore Using a Coulter Counter","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"94:12664-12672","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01971","pmid":"36074349","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 4 orifice","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"70 um","co":"calcite-saturated electrolyte at pH 8 (NaCl, NaHCO3, CaCl2, TRIS); acid (10 mM HCl or 1 mM acetic acid) to dissolve the calcite shell","v":"800 uA aperture current","b":"pulse height proportional to volume; shell dissolution reduces the pulse","sn":"static assessment compares pulse sizes before and after acid; dynamic assessment tracks dissolution kinetics over tens to hundreds of seconds to give absolute calcite mass per cell; Coulter diameters ran 20 to 30% below optical diameters","pu":"absolute calcite content per cell of coccolithophores","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9494302/fullTextXML","an":"Gephyrocapsa oceanica RCC1314","de":"RCC1314","id":"microbes-0083"},{"a":2620,"y":2022,"au":"Soni N, Freundlich N, Ohayon S, Huttner D, Meller A","t":"Single-file translocation dynamics of SDS-denatured, whole proteins through sub-5 nm solid-state nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"16:11405-11414","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.2c05391","pmid":"35785960","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7613183/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"sub-5 nm SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"locally thinned silicon nitride","pd":"below 5 nm","fab":"dielectric breakdown or laser drilling in thinned SiNx regions","co":"0.4 M NaCl nanopore buffer with SDS (about 175-700 uM); proteins SDS-denatured","v":"300 mV typical","pu":"single-file translocation of whole unfolded proteins","no":"Six SDS-denatured proteins (14 to 130 kDa) analyzed: alpha-lactalbumin, carbonic anhydrase, ovalbumin, BSA, phosphorylase B, SARS-CoV-2 spike.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7613183/fullTextXML","an":"phosphorylase B (SDS-denatured)","id":"ss_protein_small-0144"},{"a":2621,"y":2022,"au":"Huang B, Miao L, Li J, Xie Z, Wang Y, Chai J, et al.","t":"Identification of plasmon-driven nanoparticle-coalescence-dominated growth of gold nanoplates through nanopore sensing","j":"Nature Communications","vp":"13:1402","doi":"10.1038/s41467-022-29123-9","pmid":"35301326","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"laser-pulled conical quartz nanopore","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pd":"about 120 nm (nanoplate tests)","fab":"laser-pulled quartz pipette","co":"KNO3 gradient 50 mM trans / 5 mM cis","v":"300 mV","dt":"Au nanosphere single-peak events mean 372.8 us, double-peak 646.1 us","er":"761 nanoplate events in one test","sn":"events classed as single, double, triple, multiple peaks (coalescence states); 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broad dynamic range","pu":"detection and quantification of a protein hub (WD40 repeat protein 5)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35190547+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"WD40 repeat protein 5 (WDR5)","id":"bio_protein-0378"},{"a":2645,"y":2022,"au":"Mayse LA, Imran A, Larimi MG, Cosgrove MS, Wolfe AJ, Movileanu L","t":"Disentangling the recognition complexity of a protein hub using a nanopore.","j":"Nature communications","vp":"13:978","doi":"10.1038/s41467-022-28465-8","pmid":"35190547","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"tFhuA equipped with the 14-residue MLL4 Win motif on a tether","sn":"used to confirm specificity of binding events","pu":"detection and quantification of a protein hub (WD40 repeat protein 5)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35190547+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"weakly binding WDR5 derivative","id":"bio_protein-0379"},{"a":2646,"y":2022,"au":"Liu Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Wang L, Cao Z, Sun W, et al.","t":"Nanopore Identification of Alditol Epimers and Their Application in Rapid Analysis of Alditol-Containing Drinks and Healthcare Products.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"144:13717-13728","doi":"10.1021/jacs.2c04595","pmid":"35867993","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"alditol epimer identification","no":"Thirteen alditols fully distinguished (glycerol also tested); 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used on microRNA and tRNA digests.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35851382+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"inosine monophosphate (IMP)","id":"bio_small-0165"},{"a":2649,"y":2022,"au":"Horiguchi Y, Naono N, Sakamoto O, Takeuchi H, Yamaoka S, Miyahara Y","t":"Methodology to Detect Biological Particles Using a Biosensing Surface Integrated in Resistive Pulse Sensing.","j":"ACS applied materials & interfaces","vp":"14(17):20168-20178","doi":"10.1021/acsami.1c25006","pmid":"35446533","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"pore membrane with a polydopamine base layer carrying immobilized 6'-sialyllactose","dt":"translocation time of the virions much longer when the virus-specific ligand was present on the pore surface","sn":"machine learning told apart translocation on different pore surfaces","pu":"biosensing surface built into a resistive-pulse pore","no":"The ligand traps the virions on the sensing surface. Full text not reachable through Europe PMC or the PMC open-data bucket.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35446533&resultType=core&format=json","an":"human influenza A virus (H1N1 subtype) at a sialyllactose-modified pore","de":"human influenza A H1N1 translocating pores coated with polydopamine and 6'-sialyllactose","id":"viruses-0091"},{"a":2650,"y":2022,"au":"Carvalho SB, Silva RJS, Sousa MFQ, Peixoto C, Roldão A, Carrondo MJT, et al.","t":"Bioanalytics for Influenza Virus-Like Particle Characterization and Process Monitoring.","j":"Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology","vp":"10:805176","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2022.805176","pmid":"35252128","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8894879/","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"NP200 tunable nanopore membrane (Izon Science), rated 80 to 500 nm","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pd":"NP200 (80 to 500 nm range)","co":"PBS; membrane stretch 45 mm, pressure 5 mbar; zeta potential measured with multi-point voltage and pressure settings","v":"0.20 V (sizing); 0.26 to 0.32 V (zeta potential)","er":"at least 500 events per measurement","pu":"size, concentration and surface charge of influenza VLPs during purification","no":"Monovalent and pentavalent influenza VLPs from groups A and B (H1 and H3 subtypes) made in insect cells with the baculovirus expression vector system. 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L, Cao Z, Sun W, et al.","t":"Nanopore Identification of Alditol Epimers and Their Application in Rapid Analysis of Alditol-Containing Drinks and Healthcare Products.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"144:13717-13728","doi":"10.1021/jacs.2c04595","pmid":"35867993","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"alditol epimer identification","no":"Enantiomer of D-sorbitol; single-molecule enantiomer discrimination.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35867993+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"gulitol (L-sorbitol)","id":"bio_small-0081"},{"a":2654,"y":2022,"au":"Zhang S, Cao Z, Fan P, Wang Y, Jia W, Wang L, et al.","t":"A Nanopore-Based Saccharide Sensor.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed 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10871.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9386262/fullTextXML","an":"Listeria monocytogenes CICC 21635","de":"CICC 21635, stationary phase in BHI, resuspended in 0.1x PBS","id":"microbes-0175"},{"a":2660,"y":2022,"au":"Liu Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Wang L, Cao Z, Sun W, et al.","t":"Nanopore Identification of Alditol Epimers and Their Application in Rapid Analysis of Alditol-Containing Drinks and Healthcare Products.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"144:13717-13728","doi":"10.1021/jacs.2c04595","pmid":"35867993","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"alditol epimer identification","no":"Thirteen alditols fully distinguished (glycerol also tested); machine learning validation accuracy 99.9%; applied to zero-sugar 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Lett","vp":"22(3):888-895","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02978","pmid":"35060726","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"ubH2A shifts the voltage turning point for nucleosome rupture higher (more stable)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35060726+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"mononucleosome containing ubiquitinated histone H2A (ubH2A)","id":"ss_na-0204"},{"a":2670,"y":2022,"au":"Hu R, Liu C, Lu W, Wei G, Yu D, Li W, et al.","t":"Probing the Effect of Ubiquitinated Histone on Mononucleosomes by Translocation Dynamics Study through Solid-State Nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"22(3):888-895","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02978","pmid":"35060726","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"compared with ubH2A and with cross-linked 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(OTA)","id":"bio_small-0410"},{"a":2671,"y":2023,"au":"Silva AARD, Silva Júnior JJD, Cavalcanti MIDS, Machado DC, Medeiros PL, Rodrigues CG","t":"Alphatoxin Nanopore Detection of Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin and Fumonisin in Aqueous Solution.","j":"Toxins (Basel)","vp":"15:183","doi":"10.3390/toxins15030183","pmid":"36977074","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5; toxins 3.5 to 10 uM","v":"40 mV","pu":"mycotoxin detection and discrimination","no":"Direct detection; an aptamer-based alpha-HL assay for OTA was reported in 2022 (Talanta 248:123619).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10058818/fullTextXML","an":"ochratoxin A (OTA)","id":"bio_small-0409"},{"a":2672,"y":2022,"au":"Wang X, Stevens KC, Ting JM, Marras AE, Rezvan G, Wei X, et al.","t":"Translocation Behaviors of Synthetic Polyelectrolytes through 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smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"synthetic polyelectrolytes as nanopore probes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35599744+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"PEO-b-PSS (poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(styrenesulfonate))","id":"bio_small-0433"},{"a":2673,"y":2022,"au":"Wang X, Stevens KC, Ting JM, Marras AE, Rezvan G, Wei X, et al.","t":"Translocation Behaviors of Synthetic Polyelectrolytes through Alpha-Hemolysin (α-HL) and Mycobacterium smegmatis Porin A (MspA) Nanopores.","j":"J Electrochem Soc","vp":"169:057510","doi":"10.1149/1945-7111/ac6c55","pmid":"35599744","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"synthetic polyelectrolytes as nanopore probes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35599744+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"PEO-b-PVBTMA (poly(ethylene 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interaction to reverse the binding of perfluorooctanoic acid to human serum albumin.","j":"Proteomics","vp":"22:e2100058","doi":"10.1002/pmic.202100058","pmid":"34648224","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"host-guest competition (PFOA with gamma-CD versus serum albumin)","no":"gamma-CD reverses PFOA binding to human serum albumin, followed by nanopore current recording.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A34648224+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)","id":"bio_small-0411"},{"a":2674,"y":2024,"au":"Wei X, Choudhary A, Wang LY, Yang L, Uline MJ, Tagliazucchi M, et al.","t":"Single-molecule profiling of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances by cyclodextrin mediated host-guest interactions within a biological nanopore.","j":"Sci Adv","vp":"10:eadp8134","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.adp8134","pmid":"39504365","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with gamma-CD or 2-hydroxypropyl-gamma-CD adapter","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","pd":"~1.4 nm (narrowest region)","fab":"self-assembled heptameric pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"3 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8; CD-PFAS complexes added cis","v":"+100 mV","sn":"two-level events: level 1 from the CD, level 2 from CD with bound PFAS","pu":"environmental contaminant profiling (PFAS)","no":"Homologs of the carboxylic and sulfonic acid PFAS families identified; drinking water detection 0.4 to 2 ppm (400 ppt with preconcentration).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11540018/fullTextXML","an":"perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)","id":"bio_small-0328"},{"a":2675,"y":2022,"au":"Barten R, Kleisman M, D'Ermo G, Nijveen H, Wijffels RH, Barbosa MJ","t":"Short-term physiologic response of the green microalga Picochlorum sp. (BPE23) to supra-optimal temperature","j":"Scientific reports","vp":"12:3290","doi":"10.1038/s41598-022-06954-6","pmid":"35228560","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Multisizer III aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"50 um","co":"two-step dilution, finally 100-fold in Coulter Isoton II","pu":"cell size and number at supra-optimal temperature","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8885816/fullTextXML","an":"Picochlorum sp. BPE23","de":"strain BPE23","id":"microbes-0146"},{"a":2676,"y":2022,"au":"Trentini M, Zanotti F, Tiengo E, Camponogara F, Degasperi M, Licastro D, et al.","t":"An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: Potential Role of miRNA 146 on Macrophages Treated with Exosomes Derived from Apples","j":"Biomedicines","vp":"10:415","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines10020415","pmid":"35203624","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano NP100 nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","co":"47 mm stretch; multi-pressure calibration with CPC100 beads","pu":"size and concentration","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8962404/fullTextXML","an":"apple-derived nanovesicles (ADNVs)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0217"},{"a":2677,"y":2022,"au":"Takakura H, Nakao T, Narita T, Horinaka M, Nakao-Ise Y, Yamamoto T, et al.","t":"Citrus limonL.-Derived Nanovesicles Show an Inhibitory Effect on Cell Growth in p53-Inactivated Colorectal Cancer Cells via the Macropinocytosis Pathway","j":"Biomedicines","vp":"10:1352","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines10061352","pmid":"35740377","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore (Izon)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","co":"samples diluted 50-fold in PBS","pu":"size and concentration","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9219868/fullTextXML","an":"Citrus limon L.-derived nanovesicles","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0218"},{"a":2678,"y":2022,"au":"Qiu D, Pei JV, Rosling JEO, Thathy V, Li D, Xue Y, et al.","t":"A G358S mutation in the Plasmodium falciparum Na<sup>+</sup> pump PfATP4 confers clinically-relevant resistance to cipargamin","j":"Nature communications","vp":"13:5746","doi":"10.1038/s41467-022-33403-9","pmid":"36180431","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 4 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"volume of saponin-isolated trophozoites (PfATP4 mutants)","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9525273/fullTextXML","an":"Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites (saponin-isolated)","de":"PfATP4 G358S and parental lines","id":"microbes-0192"},{"a":2678,"y":2025,"au":"Qiu D, England E, Lehane AM","t":"PfATP2 is a flippase on the Plasmodium falciparum surface that is important for growth and influences parasite sensitivity to antiplasmodial compounds","j":"PLoS pathogens","vp":"21:e1013645","doi":"10.1371/journal.ppat.1013645","pmid":"41144577","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 4 aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um","co":"pH 7.1 physiological saline at 37 C","sn":"mean cell volume of knockdown parasites fell to 79 +/- 6% of controls","pu":"volume distribution of saponin-isolated trophozoites","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12588512/fullTextXML","an":"Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites (saponin-isolated)","de":"PfATP2-HAreg 3D7-derived parasites, isolated from red cells with saponin","id":"microbes-0167"},{"a":2679,"y":2022,"au":"Vallejo-Marín M, Pereira Nunes CE, Russell AL","t":"Anther cones increase pollen release in buzz-pollinated Solanum flowers","j":"Evolution; international journal of organic evolution","vp":"76:931-945","doi":"10.1111/evo.14485","pmid":"35324004","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Multisizer 4e Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"number of pollen grains released after experimental buzzing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9313847/fullTextXML","an":"Solanum elaeagnifolium pollen","de":"buzz-pollinated flowers with loose anthers","id":"microbes-0219"},{"a":2680,"y":2022,"au":"Vallejo-Marín M, Pereira Nunes CE, Russell AL","t":"Anther cones increase pollen release in buzz-pollinated Solanum flowers","j":"Evolution; international journal of organic evolution","vp":"76:931-945","doi":"10.1111/evo.14485","pmid":"35324004","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Multisizer 4e Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"number of pollen grains released after experimental buzzing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9313847/fullTextXML","an":"Solanum sisymbriifolium pollen","de":"buzz-pollinated flowers with loose anthers, with and without experimentally joined anther cones","id":"microbes-0218"},{"a":2681,"y":2022,"au":"Aguilar-Benitez D, Casimiro-Soriguer I, Ferrandiz C, Torres AM","t":"Study and QTL mapping of reproductive and morphological traits implicated in the autofertility of faba bean","j":"BMC plant biology","vp":"22:175","doi":"10.1186/s12870-022-03499-8","pmid":"35387612","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer III aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"pollen size (equatorial width) and number per flower","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8985305/fullTextXML","an":"faba bean pollen (Vicia faba)","de":"sonicated pollen diluted in 50 mL Isoton II","id":"microbes-0228"},{"a":2682,"y":2022,"au":"Monclus L, McCann Smith E, Ciesielski TM, Wagner M, Jaspers VLB","t":"Microplastic Ingestion Induces Size-Specific Effects in Japanese Quail","j":"Environmental Science & Technology","vp":"56:15902-15911","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.2c03878","pmid":"36302260","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 4e aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size distribution of dosing material","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9671045/fullTextXML","an":"Small microplastics (<125 um) cryo-milled from a polyethylene bottle and two polypropylene buckets collected on the Norwegian coast","de":"polymer identity by confocal Raman; fed to Japanese quail","id":"earth_space_industry-0062"},{"a":2683,"y":2022,"au":"Marques C, Maurizi L, Borchard G, Jordan O","t":"Characterization Challenges of Self-Assembled Polymer-SPIONs Nanoparticles: Benefits of Orthogonal Methods","j":"International journal of molecular sciences","vp":"23:16124","doi":"10.3390/ijms232416124","pmid":"36555765","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","sn":"TRPS counted more particles than NTA","pu":"size, zeta potential, concentration","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A36555765+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"self-assembled polymer-SPION nanoparticles","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0183"},{"a":2684,"y":2022,"au":"Wang Y, Zhang S, Jia W, Fan P, Wang L, Li X, et al.","t":"Identification of nucleoside monophosphates and their epigenetic modifications using an engineered nanopore.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"17:976-983","doi":"10.1038/s41565-022-01169-2","pmid":"35851382","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"nucleotide and RNA modification identification","no":"Monophosphates of canonical and modified nucleosides directly distinguished (accuracy 0.996); used on microRNA and tRNA digests.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35851382+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"pseudouridine monophosphate","id":"bio_small-0166"},{"a":2685,"y":2022,"au":"Liu Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Wang L, Cao Z, Sun W, et al.","t":"Nanopore Identification of Alditol Epimers and Their Application in Rapid Analysis of Alditol-Containing Drinks and Healthcare Products.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"144:13717-13728","doi":"10.1021/jacs.2c04595","pmid":"35867993","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"alditol epimer identification","no":"Thirteen alditols fully distinguished (glycerol also tested); machine learning validation accuracy 99.9%; applied to zero-sugar drinks.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35867993+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"adonitol (ribitol)","id":"bio_small-0072"},{"a":2686,"y":2022,"au":"Khan AH, Shah SAA, Umar F, Noor U, Gul RM, Giasin K, et al.","t":"Investigating the Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Novel Ternary Reinforced AA7075 Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite","j":"Materials (Basel)","vp":"15:5303","doi":"10.3390/ma15155303","pmid":"35955236","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Multisizer 3 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"particle size of ball-milled reinforcements for an aluminium matrix composite","no":"Figure 4b of the paper shows the particle size analysis curve.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9369724/fullTextXML","an":"Rice husk ash (RHA) powder, ball milled","id":"gap_industry-0063"},{"a":2687,"y":2022,"au":"Chau C, Marcuccio F, Soulias D, Edwards MA, Tuplin A, Radford SE, et al.","t":"Probing RNA Conformations Using a Polymer-Electrolyte Solid-State Nanopore.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"16(12):20075-20085","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.2c08312","pmid":"36279181","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"polymer-electrolyte glass nanopipette (PEG with CsBr)","pk":"glass-nanopipette","co":"PEG-containing electrolyte with CsBr near physiological salt","sn":"different folding states give distinct event populations","pu":"probing RNA conformations at low salt","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9798860/","an":"chikungunya virus 1,987 nt RNA fragment (natively refolded and co-transcriptionally folded)","id":"ss_na-0222"},{"a":2688,"y":2022,"au":"Tripathi P, Chandler M, Maffeo CM, Fallahi A, Makhamreh A, Halman J, et al.","t":"Discrimination of RNA fiber structures using solid-state nanopores.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"14(18):6866-6875","doi":"10.1039/d1nr08002d","pmid":"35441627","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"blockade amplitude distributions nearly the same from 20 to 60 C, so kissing-loop junctions stay intact; fiber structures discriminated","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9520586/","an":"RNA fibers assembled through HIV-like kissing-loop interactions","id":"ss_na-0213"},{"a":2689,"y":2022,"au":"Boskovic F, Keyser UF","t":"Nanopore microscope identifies RNA isoforms with structural colours.","j":"Nat Chem","vp":"14(11):1258-1264","doi":"10.1038/s41557-022-01037-5","pmid":"36123450","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore","sn":"sequence of structural colours (DNA structures, protein labels, native RNA structure) read along each molecule","pu":"amplification-free isoform identification in a human transcriptome","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A36123450+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"RNA transcript isoforms refolded into RNA identifiers carrying structural colours (circular and linear isoforms)","id":"ss_na-0194"},{"a":2690,"y":2022,"au":"Nguyen TA, Heng JWJ, Kaewsapsak P, Kok EPL, Stanojevic D, Liu H, et al.","t":"Direct identification of A-to-I editing sites with nanopore native RNA sequencing","j":"Nat Methods","vp":"19:833-844","doi":"10.1038/s41592-022-01513-3","pmid":"35697834","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ONT direct RNA sequencing (flow cell version not stated in abstract)","sn":"CNN models distinguish inosine from adenosine and guanosine and estimate editing rate","pu":"nanopore sequencing","no":"direct inosine detection in native RNA","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35697834&resultType=core&format=json","an":"inosine (A-to-I edited sites) in human, mouse and Xenopus native transcriptomes","id":"bio_na_modern-0339"},{"a":2691,"y":2022,"au":"Soni N, Freundlich N, Ohayon S, Huttner D, Meller A","t":"Single-file translocation dynamics of SDS-denatured, whole proteins through sub-5 nm solid-state nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"16:11405-11414","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.2c05391","pmid":"35785960","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7613183/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"sub-5 nm SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"locally thinned silicon nitride","pd":"below 5 nm","fab":"dielectric breakdown or laser drilling in thinned SiNx regions","co":"0.4 M NaCl nanopore buffer with SDS (about 175-700 uM); proteins SDS-denatured","v":"300 mV typical","pu":"single-file translocation of whole unfolded proteins","no":"Six SDS-denatured proteins (14 to 130 kDa) analyzed: alpha-lactalbumin, carbonic anhydrase, ovalbumin, BSA, phosphorylase B, SARS-CoV-2 spike.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7613183/fullTextXML","an":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SDS-denatured)","id":"ss_protein_small-0145"},{"a":2692,"y":2022,"au":"Zhao Z, Vaidyanathan S, Bhanja P, Gamage S, Saha S, McKinney C, et al.","t":"In-plane Extended Nano-coulter Counter (XnCC) for the Label-free Electrical Detection of Biological Particles.","j":"Electroanalysis","vp":"34(12):1961-1975","doi":"10.1002/elan.202200091","pmid":"37539083","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10399599/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane extended nanopore Coulter counter (XnCC) with a single in-plane pore","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"cyclic olefin polymer (COP), thermally imprinted","fab":"photolithography for the microfluidic network and focused ion beam milling for the in-plane pore in silicon, UV resin stamps, then thermal imprinting into COP","pu":"label-free electrical counting of affinity-selected virions and vesicles","no":"First report of this in-plane plastic nano-Coulter counter applied to virions. The five-pore version (Vaidyanathan et al. 2023 Anal Chem 95:9892, doi 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00855) pushed the concentration limit of detection down to 5.5e3 particles/ml.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:37539083&resultType=core&format=json","an":"SARS-CoV-2 viral particles affinity-selected from saliva","de":"particles affinity-selected from saliva, then counted electrically on the single-pore XnCC chip","id":"viruses-0101"},{"a":2692,"y":2023,"au":"Vaidyanathan S, Wijerathne H, Gamage SST, Shiri F, Zhao Z, Choi J, et al.","t":"High Sensitivity Extended Nano-Coulter Counter for Detection of Viral Particles and Extracellular Vesicles.","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"95(26):9892-9900","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00855","pmid":"37336762","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11015478/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"extended nano-Coulter counter (XnCC): five in-plane pores in parallel, each 350 nm effective diameter","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"cyclic olefin polymer (COP), nanoinjection molded","pd":"350 nm effective diameter per pore (336 x 366 nm); five pores in parallel","pl":"100 nm (design length)","fab":"photolithography and focused ion beam milling of a silicon master, pattern transferred to COP by nanoinjection molding through a UV-curable resin","co":"1x PBS","v":"5 V (open-pore current about 150 nA for the five-pore device)","b":"estimated dI about 82.5 pA for a 150 nm particle (normalized dI/I about 0.55%)","er":"concentration limit of detection 5.5e3 particles/ml, a 1100-fold gain over a single in-plane pore","pu":"counting affinity-selected virions and extracellular vesicles from clinical samples","no":"SARS-CoV-2 particles were first affinity-selected from saliva on an aptamer-modified pillared microchip, then counted; positive and negative COVID-19 saliva samples were separated.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC11015478.1/PMC11015478.1.txt","an":"SARS-CoV-2 virions affinity-selected from saliva","de":"intact particles with an accessible spike receptor binding domain, captured with an aptamer and released before counting","id":"viruses-0085"},{"a":2693,"y":2022,"au":"Yilmaz IC, Ipekoglu EM, Bulbul A, Turay N, Yildirim M, Evcili I, et al.","t":"Development and preclinical evaluation of virus-like particle vaccine against COVID-19 infection.","j":"Allergy","vp":"77(1):258-270","doi":"10.1111/all.15091","pmid":"34519053","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8653174/","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"characterizing a four-protein SARS-CoV-2 VLP vaccine candidate","no":"VLPs made in transiently transfected HEK293 cells carrying all four SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins (S, E, M, N); sized by TRPS alongside AFM, SEM and TEM. Full text not reachable through Europe PMC or the PMC open-data bucket.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:34519053&resultType=core&format=json","an":"SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles (S, E, M and N proteins)","de":"vesicular VLPs from HEK293 cells expressing all four structural proteins","id":"viruses-0080"},{"a":2694,"y":2022,"au":"Sandmann M, Münzberg M, Bressel L, Reich O, Hass R","t":"Inline monitoring of high cell density cultivation of Scenedesmus rubescens in a mesh ultra-thin layer photobioreactor by photon density wave spectroscopy","j":"BMC research notes","vp":"15:54","doi":"10.1186/s13104-022-05943-2","pmid":"35168633","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"offline reference for cell size, cell concentration and total cellular volume in high-density 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order.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9596471/fullTextXML","an":"scrambled amyloid beta 42 (SAbeta1-42)","id":"ss_protein_small-0055"},{"a":2696,"y":2022,"au":"Ensslen T, Sarthak K, Aksimentiev A, Behrends JC","t":"Resolving Isomeric Posttranslational Modifications Using a Biological Nanopore as a Sensor of Molecular Shape.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"144:16060-16068","doi":"10.1021/jacs.2c06211","pmid":"36007197","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin","pk":"aerolysin","pu":"resolving isomeric PTMs by molecular shape","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A36007197+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"human histone H4-derived peptides of identical mass with acetyl-lysine at different positions","id":"bio_protein-0394"},{"a":2697,"y":2022,"au":"Ensslen T, Sarthak K, Aksimentiev A, Behrends JC","t":"Resolving Isomeric Posttranslational Modifications Using a Biological Nanopore as a Sensor of Molecular Shape.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"144:16060-16068","doi":"10.1021/jacs.2c06211","pmid":"36007197","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin","pk":"aerolysin","sn":"fully entrapped peptides sensed by shape; MD shows a highly nonuniform field along the pore","pu":"resolving isomeric PTMs by molecular shape","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A36007197+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"human histone H4-derived peptides of identical mass with methyl-lysine at different positions","id":"bio_protein-0395"},{"a":2698,"y":2022,"au":"Versloot RCA, Lucas FLR, Yakovlieva L, Tadema MJ, Zhang Y, Wood TM, et al.","t":"Quantification of Protein Glycosylation Using Nanopores.","j":"Nano letters","vp":"22:5357-5364","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01338","pmid":"35766994","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"FraC G13F (phenylalanine at 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Monophosphates recorded from the earlier Nat Nanotechnol 2022 paper.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A36475606+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"UTP","id":"bio_small-0171"},{"a":2735,"y":2022,"au":"Hu C, Jia W, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang P, Chen HY, et al.","t":"Single-Molecule Sensing of Acidic Catecholamine Metabolites Using a Programmable Nanopore.","j":"Chemistry","vp":"28:e202201033","doi":"10.1002/chem.202201033","pmid":"35593037","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction","pk":"mspa","pu":"metabolite discrimination","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35593037+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA)","id":"bio_small-0088"},{"a":2736,"y":2022,"au":"Versloot RCA, Straathof SAP, Stouwie G, Tadema MJ, Maglia G","t":"β-Barrel Nanopores with an Acidic-Aromatic Sensing Region Identify Proteinogenic Peptides at Low pH.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"16:7258-7268","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.1c11455","pmid":"35302739","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin K238D/A260F and CytK S126F/K128D (acidic-aromatic sensing region)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"beta-barrel toxin pores in planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 50 mM citric acid, bis-tris propane, pH 3.0 or 3.8","v":"+150 mV (aerolysin)","pu":"identification of proteinogenic peptides at low pH","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9134492/fullTextXML","an":"lysozyme tryptic peptide Lys4 WWCmNDGR (carbamidomethyl Cys)","id":"bio_protein-0254"},{"a":2737,"y":2022,"au":"Liu Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Wang L, Cao Z, Sun W, et al.","t":"Nanopore Identification of Alditol Epimers and Their Application in Rapid Analysis of Alditol-Containing Drinks and Healthcare Products.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"144:13717-13728","doi":"10.1021/jacs.2c04595","pmid":"35867993","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"alditol epimer identification","no":"Thirteen alditols fully distinguished (glycerol also tested); 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Low aggregate counts limited quantitation.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:37211315&resultType=core&format=json","an":"recombinant adeno-associated virus drug product: monomers and submicron aggregates","de":"submicron particulate impurities and aggregates in a recombinant AAV drug product","id":"viruses-0083"},{"a":2748,"y":2023,"au":"Du X, Zhang S, Wang L, Wang Y, Fan P, Jia W, et al.","t":"Single-Molecule Interconversion between Chiral Configurations of Boronate Esters Observed in a Nanoreactor.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"17:2881-2892","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.2c11286","pmid":"36655995","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"telegraphic switching on top of each event from interconversion between chiral configurations of the boronate ester","pu":"single-molecule chemistry (boronate ester chirality interconversion)","no":"Also tested with several halogenated catechols (not named in the abstract).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A36655995+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"adenosine","id":"bio_small-0154"},{"a":2749,"y":2023,"au":"Khatri S, Pandey P, Mejia G, Ghimire G, Leng F, He J","t":"Nanoconfinement and crowding enhanced single-molecule detection of small molecules with nanopipettes.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"145:28075-28084","doi":"10.1021/jacs.3c09311","pmid":"37996390","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11036617/","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"quartz nanopipette with hydrogel trans side","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"laser-pulled quartz theta pipette (one barrel carbon-filled)","pd":"5-15 times the molecule size","fab":"laser pulling (P-2000); 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cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth cultures diluted; plunger pump at -30 kPa","v":"5 mA excitation at 1 MHz between platinum electrodes","sn":"pulse amplitude in arbitrary units proportional to size; 8 s acquisitions; cell counts after 2 h antibiotic exposure give susceptibility; 1.6 um polystyrene beads as size reference","pu":"rapid phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing by counting growth","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10173340/fullTextXML","an":"Enterobacter cloacae","id":"microbes-0045"},{"a":2783,"y":2023,"au":"Li X, La Salvia S, Liang Y, Adamiak M, Kohlbrenner E, Jeong D, et al.","t":"Extracellular Vesicle-Encapsulated Adeno-Associated Viruses for Therapeutic Gene Delivery to the Heart.","j":"Circulation","vp":"148(5):405-425","doi":"10.1161/circulationaha.122.063759","pmid":"37409482","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12462899/","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable elastomeric nanopore on a qNano (TRPS)","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pm":"thermoplastic polyurethane membrane","pg":"conical pore in a stretchable membrane, size tuned by stretch","fab":"needle-punctured stretchable polyurethane membrane","pu":"total particle count and size of EV-AAV fractions from size-exclusion chromatography","no":"TRPS on a qNano gave total particle counts and a particle size of about 110 nm for the EV-AAV-rich fractions, which matched TEM; nano-flow cytometry counted tetraspanin-positive particles in the same fractions. Serotypes AAV6 and AAV9 were used for cardiac gene transfer, and EV-AAV9 evaded neutralizing antibodies.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC12462899.1/PMC12462899.1.txt","an":"extracellular vesicle-enveloped adeno-associated virus (EV-AAV, serotypes 6 and 9)","de":"AAV6 and AAV9 vectors released inside extracellular vesicles by producer cells, purified by differential centrifugation and size-exclusion chromatography","id":"gap_viruses-0008"},{"a":2783,"y":2023,"au":"Kwak G, Gololobova O, Sharma N, Caine C, Mazur M, Mulka K, et al.","t":"Extracellular vesicles enhance pulmonary transduction of stably associated adeno-associated virus following intratracheal administration.","j":"Journal of extracellular vesicles","vp":"12(6):e12324","doi":"10.1002/jev2.12324","pmid":"37272896","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10241173/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"microfluidic resistive pulse sensing cartridge C400 on an nCS1 nanoparticle analyzer","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pg":"in-plane constriction sized for 65 to 400 nm particles (C400 cartridge)","fab":"moulded microfluidic cartridge supplied with the instrument","co":"samples diluted 10 to 100 fold in PBS with 1 percent Tween 20","pu":"particle number and size distribution of AAV-loaded vesicle preparations","no":"The size shift between AAV-free EVs and EV-AAV6 matched the shift seen by dynamic light scattering.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10241173/fullTextXML","an":"extracellular vesicle-enveloped adeno-associated virus 6 (EV-AAV6)","de":"AAV6 vectors inside extracellular vesicles, compared with AAV6-free vesicles from the same producer cells","id":"gap_viruses-0009"},{"a":2784,"y":2023,"au":"Kim JS, Kwon SY, Lee JY, Kim SD, Kim DY, Kim H, et al.","t":"High-throughput multi-gate microfluidic resistive pulse sensing for biological nanoparticle detection","j":"Lab on a chip","vp":"23:1945-1953","doi":"10.1039/d2lc01064j","pmid":"36897079","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"multi-gate microfluidic resistive pulse sensor with reference gate","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","sn":"sheathless hydrodynamic focusing onto gates; 200 nm polystyrene also analysed","pu":"high-throughput detection","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A36897079+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"exosomes from MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0149"},{"a":2785,"y":2023,"au":"Young TW, Kappler MP, Hockaden NM, Carpenter RL, Jacobson SC","t":"Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles by Resistive-Pulse Sensing on In-Plane Multipore Nanofluidic Devices","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"95:16710-16716","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03546","pmid":"37916500","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane multipore nanofluidic device, three nanopores in series","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"D263 glass with bonded coverslip","pd":"200 nm wide x 200 nm deep","pl":"600 nm each","fab":"photolithography and wet etching of microchannels, focused ion beam milling of nanopores","co":"1x PBS, PEG-silane coated channels","v":"1.0 V","er":"1-10 per min without pressure (pressure applied)","sn":"pore-to-pore transit gives electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential","pu":"size and zeta potential","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10841850/","an":"EVs derived from MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer cells","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0143"},{"a":2786,"y":2023,"au":"Lv J, Wang XY, Chang S, Xi CY, Wu X, Chen BB, et al.","t":"Amperometric Identification of Single Exosomes and Their Dopamine Contents Secreted by Living Cells","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"95:11273-11279","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01253","pmid":"37478050","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"nanopipette with electrode for resistive pulse plus amperometry","pk":"glass-nanopipette","sn":"resistive pulse gives translocation; amperometric spike gives dopamine content per exosome; ML classifier above 99% accuracy across sources","pu":"single-exosome dopamine content","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37478050+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"dopamine-containing exosomes secreted by PC12 cells","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0140"},{"a":2787,"y":2023,"au":"Silva AARD, Silva Júnior JJD, Cavalcanti MIDS, Machado DC, Medeiros PL, Rodrigues CG","t":"Alphatoxin Nanopore Detection of Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin and Fumonisin in Aqueous Solution.","j":"Toxins (Basel)","vp":"15:183","doi":"10.3390/toxins15030183","pmid":"36977074","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5; toxins 3.5 to 10 uM","v":"40 mV","pu":"mycotoxin detection and discrimination","no":"Discrimination from residual current ratio and residence time; LODs 0.8 nM (AFB1), 0.45 nM (FB1), 1 nM (OTA) per the 2025 JACS Au review table.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10058818/fullTextXML","an":"fumonisin B1 (FB1)","id":"bio_small-0408"},{"a":2788,"y":2023,"au":"Wang K, Yang X, Zhang S, Zhang P, Huang S","t":"Nanopore Discrimination of Nucleotide Sugars.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"23:8620-8627","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02455","pmid":"37690030","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"nucleotide sugar discrimination","no":"Accuracy 99.4%; first single-molecule identification of nucleotide sugars per the authors.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37690030+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"guanosine diphosphate mannose (GDP-Man)","id":"bio_small-0093"},{"a":2789,"y":2023,"au":"Yu L, Kang X, Li F, Mehrafrooz B, Makhamreh A, Fallahi A, et al.","t":"Unidirectional single-file transport of full-length proteins through a nanopore.","j":"Nature biotechnology","vp":"41:1130-1139","doi":"10.1038/s41587-022-01598-3","pmid":"36624148","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (wild type)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in block copolymer membrane","pd":"about 1.4 nm (narrowest part)","fab":"heptamer inserted into GdmCl-compatible polymer membrane","co":"1 M KCl + 2.0 M GdmCl (denaturing); also 2.5 M KCl","v":"up to > 350 mV","pu":"enzyme-free unidirectional single-file transport of full-length proteins (electro-osmosis)","no":"Translocation time scales linearly with length; orientation and identity classified with > 90% accuracy.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=10329728","an":"green fluorescent protein with deca-aspartate tail (GFP-D10)","id":"bio_protein-0238"},{"a":2790,"y":2023,"au":"Wang F, Zhao C, Zhao P, Chen F, Qiao D, Feng J","t":"MoS2 nanopore identifies single amino acids with sub-1 Dalton resolution.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2895","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38627-x","pmid":"37210427","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10199900/","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"MoS2 nanopore","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer CVD MoS2 suspended over a 40-80 nm hole in a SiNx membrane","pd":"sub-nanometer to 1.6 nm (about 1.1 nm device 1; about 0.6 nm for isomer discrimination)","fab":"electrochemical etching (drilling) of MoS2 at 0.8-1 V","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.8; about 2 uM analyte","v":"+200 mV (-200 mV for Lys and Arg)","sn":"41 MoS2 devices; more than 70,000 events per device; sensing region no longer than one amino acid; classified with a neural network (SAAINet)","pu":"single amino acid identification for protein sequencing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10199900/fullTextXML","an":"glycine (G)","id":"ss_protein_small-0156"},{"a":2790,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li X, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Unambiguous discrimination of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their modifications by nanopore.","j":"Nat Methods","vp":"21:92-101","doi":"10.1038/s41592-023-02021-8","pmid":"37749214","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid identification (toward protein sequencing)","no":"All 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 4 modified amino acids fully discriminated (accuracy 98.6%). Leucine and isoleucine (isomers) resolved.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37749214+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"glycine","id":"bio_small-0105"},{"a":2791,"y":2023,"au":"Zhu R, Qin F, Zheng X, Fang S, Ding J, Wang D, et al.","t":"Single-molecule lipopolysaccharides identification and the interplay with biomolecules via nanopore readout.","j":"Biosens Bioelectron","vp":"240:115641","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2023.115641","pmid":"37657310","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore","pd":"4 nm","er":"detection limit 10 ng/mL","pu":"LPS identification, serotype discrimination, binding of polymyxin B and aptamer","no":"LPS identified in human serum and tap water; bacterial sources and serotypes not named in the abstract.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:37657310%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from distinct gram-negative bacteria and serotypes","id":"ss_protein_small-0191"},{"a":2792,"y":2023,"au":"Wang F, Zhao C, Zhao P, Chen F, Qiao D, Feng J","t":"MoS2 nanopore identifies single amino acids with sub-1 Dalton resolution.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2895","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38627-x","pmid":"37210427","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10199900/","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"MoS2 nanopore","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer CVD MoS2 suspended over a 40-80 nm hole in a SiNx membrane","pd":"sub-nanometer to 1.6 nm (about 1.1 nm device 1; 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Leucine and isoleucine (isomers) resolved.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37749214+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"L-alanine","id":"bio_small-0098"},{"a":2802,"y":2023,"au":"Wang F, Zhao C, Zhao P, Chen F, Qiao D, Feng J","t":"MoS2 nanopore identifies single amino acids with sub-1 Dalton resolution.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2895","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38627-x","pmid":"37210427","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10199900/","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"MoS2 nanopore","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer CVD MoS2 suspended over a 40-80 nm hole in a SiNx membrane","pd":"sub-nanometer to 1.6 nm (about 1.1 nm device 1; about 0.6 nm for isomer discrimination)","fab":"electrochemical etching (drilling) of MoS2 at 0.8-1 V","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.8; about 2 uM analyte","v":"+200 mV (-200 mV for Lys and Arg)","sn":"41 MoS2 devices; more than 70,000 events per device; sensing region no longer than one amino acid; classified with a neural network (SAAINet)","pu":"single amino acid identification for protein sequencing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10199900/fullTextXML","an":"arginine (R)","id":"ss_protein_small-0173"},{"a":2802,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li X, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Unambiguous discrimination of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their modifications by nanopore.","j":"Nat Methods","vp":"21:92-101","doi":"10.1038/s41592-023-02021-8","pmid":"37749214","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid identification (toward protein sequencing)","no":"All 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 4 modified amino acids fully discriminated (accuracy 98.6%). Leucine and isoleucine (isomers) resolved.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37749214+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"L-arginine","id":"bio_small-0099"},{"a":2803,"y":2023,"au":"Peng W, Yan S, Zhou K, Wu HC, Liu L, Zhao Y","t":"High-resolution discrimination of homologous and isomeric proteinogenic amino acids in nanopore sensors with ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2662","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38399-4","pmid":"37160961","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10169846/","pt":"journal","pc":9,"p":"ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) nanopore","pk":"carbon-nanotube-porin","pm":"SWCNT (5-10 nm long) inserted in a lipid bilayer","pd":"about 1.2 nm (1.1 to 1.5 nm)","pl":"about 5-10 nm","fab":"density gradient ultracentrifugation sorting of ultrashort SWCNTs, then insertion into lipid bilayers","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0","v":"80 mV (G = 0.83 nS)","sn":"100 kHz sampling, 5 kHz filter; ion mobility in SWCNT 3-5 times bulk","pu":"discrimination of homologous and isomeric amino acids","no":"Homologous pairs (Asp/Glu, Phe/Tyr) and isomers (Ile/Leu) were discriminated.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10169846/fullTextXML","an":"glutamic acid (Glu)","id":"ss_protein_small-0179"},{"a":2803,"y":2023,"au":"Wang F, Zhao C, Zhao P, Chen F, Qiao D, Feng J","t":"MoS2 nanopore identifies single amino acids with sub-1 Dalton resolution.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2895","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38627-x","pmid":"37210427","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10199900/","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"MoS2 nanopore","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer CVD MoS2 suspended over a 40-80 nm hole in a SiNx membrane","pd":"sub-nanometer to 1.6 nm (about 1.1 nm device 1; about 0.6 nm for isomer discrimination)","fab":"electrochemical etching (drilling) of MoS2 at 0.8-1 V","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.8; about 2 uM analyte","v":"+200 mV (-200 mV for Lys and Arg)","sn":"41 MoS2 devices; more than 70,000 events per device; sensing region no longer than one amino acid; classified with a neural network (SAAINet)","pu":"single amino acid identification for protein sequencing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10199900/fullTextXML","an":"glutamic acid (E)","id":"ss_protein_small-0171"},{"a":2803,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li X, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Unambiguous discrimination of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their modifications by nanopore.","j":"Nat Methods","vp":"21:92-101","doi":"10.1038/s41592-023-02021-8","pmid":"37749214","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid identification (toward protein sequencing)","no":"All 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 4 modified amino acids fully discriminated (accuracy 98.6%). 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Leucine and isoleucine (isomers) resolved.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37749214+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"L-histidine","id":"bio_small-0106"},{"a":2805,"y":2023,"au":"Peng W, Yan S, Zhou K, Wu HC, Liu L, Zhao Y","t":"High-resolution discrimination of homologous and isomeric proteinogenic amino acids in nanopore sensors with ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2662","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38399-4","pmid":"37160961","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10169846/","pt":"journal","pc":9,"p":"ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) nanopore","pk":"carbon-nanotube-porin","pm":"SWCNT (5-10 nm long) inserted in a lipid bilayer","pd":"about 1.2 nm (1.1 to 1.5 nm)","pl":"about 5-10 nm","fab":"density gradient ultracentrifugation sorting of ultrashort SWCNTs, then insertion into lipid bilayers","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0","v":"60 mV (G = 0.87 nS)","sn":"100 kHz sampling, 5 kHz filter; ion mobility in SWCNT 3-5 times bulk","pu":"discrimination of homologous and isomeric amino acids","no":"Homologous pairs (Asp/Glu, Phe/Tyr) and isomers (Ile/Leu) were discriminated.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10169846/fullTextXML","an":"isoleucine (Ile)","id":"ss_protein_small-0182"},{"a":2805,"y":2023,"au":"Wang F, Zhao C, Zhao P, Chen F, Qiao D, Feng J","t":"MoS2 nanopore identifies single amino acids with sub-1 Dalton resolution.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2895","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38627-x","pmid":"37210427","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10199900/","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"MoS2 nanopore","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer CVD MoS2 suspended over a 40-80 nm hole in a SiNx membrane","pd":"sub-nanometer to 1.6 nm (about 1.1 nm device 1; about 0.6 nm for isomer discrimination)","fab":"electrochemical etching (drilling) of MoS2 at 0.8-1 V","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.8; about 2 uM analyte","v":"+200 mV (-200 mV for Lys and Arg)","sn":"41 MoS2 devices; more than 70,000 events per device; sensing region no longer than one amino acid; classified with a neural network (SAAINet)","pu":"single amino acid identification for protein sequencing","no":"Isomers leucine and isoleucine gave distinguishable blockades in about 0.6 nm pores.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10199900/fullTextXML","an":"isoleucine (I)","id":"ss_protein_small-0160"},{"a":2805,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li X, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Unambiguous discrimination of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their modifications by nanopore.","j":"Nat Methods","vp":"21:92-101","doi":"10.1038/s41592-023-02021-8","pmid":"37749214","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid identification (toward protein sequencing)","no":"All 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 4 modified amino acids fully discriminated (accuracy 98.6%). Leucine and isoleucine (isomers) resolved.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37749214+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"L-isoleucine","id":"bio_small-0107"},{"a":2806,"y":2023,"au":"Wang F, Zhao C, Zhao P, Chen F, Qiao D, Feng J","t":"MoS2 nanopore identifies single amino acids with sub-1 Dalton resolution.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2895","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38627-x","pmid":"37210427","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10199900/","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"MoS2 nanopore","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer CVD MoS2 suspended over a 40-80 nm hole in a SiNx membrane","pd":"sub-nanometer to 1.6 nm (about 1.1 nm device 1; about 0.6 nm for isomer discrimination)","fab":"electrochemical etching (drilling) of MoS2 at 0.8-1 V","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.8; about 2 uM analyte","v":"+200 mV (-200 mV for Lys and Arg)","sn":"41 MoS2 devices; more than 70,000 events per device; sensing region no longer than one amino acid; classified with a neural network (SAAINet)","pu":"single amino acid identification for protein sequencing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10199900/fullTextXML","an":"lysine (K)","id":"ss_protein_small-0172"},{"a":2806,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li X, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Unambiguous discrimination of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their modifications by nanopore.","j":"Nat Methods","vp":"21:92-101","doi":"10.1038/s41592-023-02021-8","pmid":"37749214","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid identification (toward protein sequencing)","no":"All 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 4 modified amino acids fully discriminated (accuracy 98.6%). 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Leucine and isoleucine (isomers) resolved.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37749214+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"L-methionine","id":"bio_small-0110"},{"a":2808,"y":2023,"au":"Wang F, Zhao C, Zhao P, Chen F, Qiao D, Feng J","t":"MoS2 nanopore identifies single amino acids with sub-1 Dalton resolution.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2895","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38627-x","pmid":"37210427","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10199900/","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"MoS2 nanopore","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer CVD MoS2 suspended over a 40-80 nm hole in a SiNx membrane","pd":"sub-nanometer to 1.6 nm (about 1.1 nm device 1; about 0.6 nm for isomer discrimination)","fab":"electrochemical etching (drilling) of MoS2 at 0.8-1 V","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.8; about 2 uM analyte","v":"+200 mV (-200 mV for Lys and Arg)","sn":"41 MoS2 devices; more than 70,000 events per device; sensing region no longer than one amino acid; classified with a neural network (SAAINet)","pu":"single amino acid identification for protein sequencing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10199900/fullTextXML","an":"proline (P)","id":"ss_protein_small-0175"},{"a":2808,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li X, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Unambiguous discrimination of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their modifications by nanopore.","j":"Nat Methods","vp":"21:92-101","doi":"10.1038/s41592-023-02021-8","pmid":"37749214","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid identification (toward protein sequencing)","no":"All 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 4 modified amino acids fully discriminated (accuracy 98.6%). Leucine and isoleucine (isomers) resolved.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37749214+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"L-proline","id":"bio_small-0112"},{"a":2809,"y":2023,"au":"Wang F, Zhao C, Zhao P, Chen F, Qiao D, Feng J","t":"MoS2 nanopore identifies single amino acids with sub-1 Dalton resolution.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2895","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38627-x","pmid":"37210427","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10199900/","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"MoS2 nanopore","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer CVD MoS2 suspended over a 40-80 nm hole in a SiNx membrane","pd":"sub-nanometer to 1.6 nm (about 1.1 nm device 1; about 0.6 nm for isomer discrimination)","fab":"electrochemical etching (drilling) of MoS2 at 0.8-1 V","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.8; about 2 uM analyte","v":"+200 mV (-200 mV for Lys and Arg)","sn":"41 MoS2 devices; more than 70,000 events per device; sensing region no longer than one amino acid; classified with a neural network (SAAINet)","pu":"single amino acid identification for protein sequencing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10199900/fullTextXML","an":"serine (S)","id":"ss_protein_small-0165"},{"a":2809,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li X, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Unambiguous discrimination of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their modifications by nanopore.","j":"Nat Methods","vp":"21:92-101","doi":"10.1038/s41592-023-02021-8","pmid":"37749214","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid identification (toward protein sequencing)","no":"All 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 4 modified amino acids fully discriminated (accuracy 98.6%). Leucine and isoleucine (isomers) resolved.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37749214+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"L-serine","id":"bio_small-0113"},{"a":2810,"y":2023,"au":"Wang F, Zhao C, Zhao P, Chen F, Qiao D, Feng J","t":"MoS2 nanopore identifies single amino acids with sub-1 Dalton resolution.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2895","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38627-x","pmid":"37210427","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10199900/","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"MoS2 nanopore","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer CVD MoS2 suspended over a 40-80 nm hole in a SiNx membrane","pd":"sub-nanometer to 1.6 nm (about 1.1 nm device 1; about 0.6 nm for isomer discrimination)","fab":"electrochemical etching (drilling) of MoS2 at 0.8-1 V","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.8; about 2 uM analyte","v":"+200 mV (-200 mV for Lys and Arg)","sn":"41 MoS2 devices; more than 70,000 events per device; sensing region no longer than one amino acid; classified with a neural network (SAAINet)","pu":"single amino acid identification for protein sequencing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10199900/fullTextXML","an":"threonine (T)","id":"ss_protein_small-0166"},{"a":2810,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li X, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Unambiguous discrimination of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their modifications by nanopore.","j":"Nat Methods","vp":"21:92-101","doi":"10.1038/s41592-023-02021-8","pmid":"37749214","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid identification (toward protein sequencing)","no":"All 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 4 modified amino acids fully discriminated (accuracy 98.6%). Leucine and isoleucine (isomers) resolved.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37749214+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"L-threonine","id":"bio_small-0114"},{"a":2811,"y":2023,"au":"Wang F, Zhao C, Zhao P, Chen F, Qiao D, Feng J","t":"MoS2 nanopore identifies single amino acids with sub-1 Dalton resolution.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2895","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38627-x","pmid":"37210427","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10199900/","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"MoS2 nanopore","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer CVD MoS2 suspended over a 40-80 nm hole in a SiNx membrane","pd":"sub-nanometer to 1.6 nm (about 1.1 nm device 1; about 0.6 nm for isomer discrimination)","fab":"electrochemical etching (drilling) of MoS2 at 0.8-1 V","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.8; about 2 uM analyte","v":"+200 mV (-200 mV for Lys and Arg)","sn":"41 MoS2 devices; more than 70,000 events per device; sensing region no longer than one amino acid; classified with a neural network (SAAINet)","pu":"single amino acid identification for protein sequencing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10199900/fullTextXML","an":"valine (V)","id":"ss_protein_small-0158"},{"a":2811,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li X, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Unambiguous discrimination of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their modifications by nanopore.","j":"Nat Methods","vp":"21:92-101","doi":"10.1038/s41592-023-02021-8","pmid":"37749214","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid identification (toward protein sequencing)","no":"All 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 4 modified amino acids fully discriminated (accuracy 98.6%). 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the specific cage is not named in the abstract.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:37037423%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"metal-organic cage","id":"ss_protein_small-0294"},{"a":2815,"y":2023,"au":"Khatri S, Pandey P, Mejia G, Ghimire G, Leng F, He J","t":"Nanoconfinement and crowding enhanced single-molecule detection of small molecules with nanopipettes.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"145:28075-28084","doi":"10.1021/jacs.3c09311","pmid":"37996390","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11036617/","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"quartz nanopipette with hydrogel trans side","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"laser-pulled quartz theta pipette (one barrel carbon-filled)","pd":"5-15 times the molecule size","fab":"laser pulling (P-2000); hydrogel confinement at the trans side","co":"1x PBS; hydrogel soft confinement","v":"0 to -30 mV (also +10 mV)","er":"7 per s (0 mV) to 63 per s (-30 mV)","sn":"evenly spaced spike clusters at -10 and -20 mV","pu":"label-free detection of small biomolecules by nanoconfinement and self-crowding","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=11036617","an":"microperoxidase-11 (MP-11)","id":"ss_protein_small-0204"},{"a":2816,"y":2023,"au":"Yi Q, Cui J, Xiao M, Tang MZ, Zhang HC, Zhang G, et al.","t":"Rapid Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Using a Coulter Counter and Proliferation Rate Discrepancy","j":"ACS omega","vp":"8:16298-16305","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.3c00947","pmid":"37179622","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter built for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (CAST), jewel (gem) hole","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"50 um","co":"saline diluent; 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level A3 dwell 320 +/- 60 ms versus 0.69 ms for another level at +140 mV.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10656283/fullTextXML","an":"Trx-linker tetramer (55 kDa)","de":"E. coli thioredoxin units (C32S/C35S) joined by linkers (parent UniProt P0AA25)","id":"bio_protein-0241"},{"a":2872,"y":2023,"au":"Martin-Baniandres P, Lan WH, Board S, Romero-Ruiz M, Garcia-Manyes S, Qing Y, et al.","t":"Enzyme-less nanopore detection of post-translational modifications within long polypeptides.","j":"Nature nanotechnology","vp":"18:1335-1340","doi":"10.1038/s41565-023-01462-8","pmid":"37500774","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (NN-113R)7 charge-selective mutant","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"750 mM GdnHCl, 10 mM HEPES, 5 mM TCEP, pH 7.2, 24 C","v":"+140 mV (trans)","pu":"enzyme-less electro-osmotic capture, unfolding and translocation of long polypeptides; PTM location","no":"Each Trx unit gives a repeating three-level feature (A1-A3); level A3 dwell 320 +/- 60 ms versus 0.69 ms for another level at +140 mV.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10656283/fullTextXML","an":"Trx-linker nonamer S-glutathionylated at cysteine 16C","de":"E. coli thioredoxin units (C32S/C35S) joined by linkers (parent UniProt P0AA25)","id":"bio_protein-0246"},{"a":2873,"y":2023,"au":"Martin-Baniandres P, Lan WH, Board S, Romero-Ruiz M, Garcia-Manyes S, Qing Y, et al.","t":"Enzyme-less nanopore detection of post-translational modifications within long polypeptides.","j":"Nature nanotechnology","vp":"18:1335-1340","doi":"10.1038/s41565-023-01462-8","pmid":"37500774","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (NN-113R)7 charge-selective mutant","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"750 mM GdnHCl, 10 mM HEPES, 5 mM TCEP, pH 7.2, 24 C","v":"+140 mV (trans)","pu":"enzyme-less electro-osmotic capture, unfolding and translocation of long polypeptides; 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PTM location","no":"Each Trx unit gives a repeating three-level feature (A1-A3); level A3 dwell 320 +/- 60 ms versus 0.69 ms for another level at +140 mV.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10656283/fullTextXML","an":"Trx-linker nonamer glycosylated at cysteine 16C (16C-SLN)","de":"E. coli thioredoxin units (C32S/C35S) joined by linkers (parent UniProt P0AA25)","id":"bio_protein-0248"},{"a":2875,"y":2023,"au":"Martin-Baniandres P, Lan WH, Board S, Romero-Ruiz M, Garcia-Manyes S, Qing Y, et al.","t":"Enzyme-less nanopore detection of post-translational modifications within long polypeptides.","j":"Nature nanotechnology","vp":"18:1335-1340","doi":"10.1038/s41565-023-01462-8","pmid":"37500774","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (NN-113R)7 charge-selective mutant","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"750 mM GdnHCl, 10 mM HEPES, 5 mM TCEP, pH 7.2, 24 C","v":"+140 mV (trans)","sn":"26C-GSH and 26C-SLN at the same site discriminated","pu":"enzyme-less electro-osmotic capture, unfolding and translocation of long polypeptides; PTM location","no":"Each Trx unit gives a repeating three-level feature (A1-A3); level A3 dwell 320 +/- 60 ms versus 0.69 ms for another level at +140 mV.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10656283/fullTextXML","an":"Trx-linker nonamer glycosylated at cysteine 26C (26C-SLN)","de":"E. coli thioredoxin units (C32S/C35S) joined by linkers (parent UniProt P0AA25)","id":"bio_protein-0249"},{"a":2876,"y":2023,"au":"Martin-Baniandres P, Lan WH, Board S, Romero-Ruiz M, Garcia-Manyes S, Qing Y, et al.","t":"Enzyme-less nanopore detection of post-translational modifications within long polypeptides.","j":"Nature nanotechnology","vp":"18:1335-1340","doi":"10.1038/s41565-023-01462-8","pmid":"37500774","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (NN-113R)7 charge-selective mutant","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"750 mM GdnHCl, 10 mM HEPES, 5 mM TCEP, pH 7.2, 24 C","v":"+140 mV (trans)","pu":"enzyme-less electro-osmotic capture, unfolding and translocation of long polypeptides; PTM location","no":"Each Trx unit gives a repeating three-level feature (A1-A3); level A3 dwell 320 +/- 60 ms versus 0.69 ms for another level at +140 mV.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10656283/fullTextXML","an":"Trx-linker nonamer phosphorylated at serine 14S (linker)","de":"E. coli thioredoxin units (C32S/C35S) joined by linkers (parent UniProt P0AA25)","id":"bio_protein-0244"},{"a":2877,"y":2023,"au":"Martin-Baniandres P, Lan WH, Board S, Romero-Ruiz M, Garcia-Manyes S, Qing Y, et al.","t":"Enzyme-less nanopore detection of post-translational modifications within long polypeptides.","j":"Nature nanotechnology","vp":"18:1335-1340","doi":"10.1038/s41565-023-01462-8","pmid":"37500774","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (NN-113R)7 charge-selective mutant","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"750 mM GdnHCl, 10 mM HEPES, 5 mM TCEP, pH 7.2, 24 C","v":"+140 mV (trans)","pu":"enzyme-less electro-osmotic capture, unfolding and translocation of long polypeptides; PTM location","no":"Each Trx unit gives a repeating three-level feature (A1-A3); level A3 dwell 320 +/- 60 ms versus 0.69 ms for another level at +140 mV.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10656283/fullTextXML","an":"Trx-linker nonamer phosphorylated at serine 24S","de":"E. coli thioredoxin units (C32S/C35S) joined by linkers (parent UniProt P0AA25)","id":"bio_protein-0245"},{"a":2878,"y":2023,"au":"Peng W, Yan S, Zhou K, Wu HC, Liu L, Zhao Y","t":"High-resolution discrimination of homologous and isomeric proteinogenic amino acids in nanopore sensors with ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2662","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38399-4","pmid":"37160961","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10169846/","pt":"journal","pc":9,"p":"ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) nanopore","pk":"carbon-nanotube-porin","pm":"SWCNT (5-10 nm long) inserted in a lipid bilayer","pd":"about 1.2 nm (1.1 to 1.5 nm)","pl":"about 5-10 nm","fab":"density gradient ultracentrifugation sorting of ultrashort SWCNTs, then insertion into lipid bilayers","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0","v":"+80 mV","b":"compared with alpha-HL and MspA; SWCNT conductance change 0.385 nS","sn":"100 kHz sampling, 5 kHz filter; ion mobility in SWCNT 3-5 times bulk","pu":"discrimination of homologous and isomeric amino acids","no":"Higher capture rate in SWCNT than in alpha-HL or MspA.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10169846/fullTextXML","an":"dTTP","id":"ss_protein_small-0184"},{"a":2879,"y":2023,"au":"Wang F, Zhao C, Zhao P, Chen F, Qiao D, Feng J","t":"MoS2 nanopore identifies single amino acids with sub-1 Dalton resolution.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"14:2895","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38627-x","pmid":"37210427","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10199900/","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"MoS2 nanopore","pk":"mos2-nanopore","pm":"single-layer CVD MoS2 suspended over a 40-80 nm hole in a SiNx membrane","pd":"sub-nanometer to 1.6 nm (about 1.1 nm device 1; about 0.6 nm for isomer discrimination)","fab":"electrochemical etching (drilling) of MoS2 at 0.8-1 V","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.8; about 2 uM analyte","v":"+200 mV (-200 mV for Lys and Arg)","b":"0.127 +/- 0.021 nA","sn":"41 MoS2 devices; more than 70,000 events per device; sensing region no longer than one amino acid; classified with a neural network (SAAINet)","pu":"single amino acid identification for protein sequencing","no":"Same blockade as Gly and GG, showing a sensing region no longer than one amino acid.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10199900/fullTextXML","an":"Gly-Gly-Gly (GGG)","id":"ss_protein_small-0177"},{"a":2880,"y":2023,"au":"Forsman E, Heier LS, Teien HC, Lind OC, Hagelia P, Meland S","t":"Geochemical and morphological characterization of particles originating from tunnel construction","j":"Environmental Research","vp":"231:116250","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2023.116250","pmid":"37268214","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size characterization alongside ICP-MS, XRF, XRD, ESEM-EDX and dynamic image analysis","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37268214+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Rock particles from drilling and blasting during tunnel construction at five Norwegian sites, compared with naturally eroded river particles","id":"earth_space_industry-0036"},{"a":2881,"y":2023,"au":"Wang K, Yang X, Zhang S, Zhang P, Huang S","t":"Nanopore Discrimination of Nucleotide Sugars.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"23:8620-8627","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02455","pmid":"37690030","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"nucleotide sugar discrimination","no":"Accuracy 99.4%; first single-molecule identification of nucleotide sugars per the authors.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37690030+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-Glc)","id":"bio_small-0096"},{"a":2882,"y":2023,"au":"Wang K, Yang X, Zhang S, Zhang P, Huang S","t":"Nanopore Discrimination of Nucleotide Sugars.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"23:8620-8627","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02455","pmid":"37690030","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"nucleotide sugar discrimination","no":"Accuracy 99.4%; first single-molecule identification of nucleotide sugars per the authors.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37690030+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA)","id":"bio_small-0097"},{"a":2883,"y":2023,"au":"Wang K, Yang X, Zhang S, Zhang P, Huang S","t":"Nanopore Discrimination of Nucleotide Sugars.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"23:8620-8627","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02455","pmid":"37690030","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"nucleotide sugar discrimination","no":"Accuracy 99.4%; first single-molecule identification of nucleotide sugars per the authors.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37690030+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc)","id":"bio_small-0095"},{"a":2884,"y":2024,"au":"Fan P, Cao Z, Zhang S, Wang Y, Xiao Y, Jia W, et al.","t":"Nanopore analysis of cis-diols in fruits.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"15:1969","doi":"10.1038/s41467-024-46303-x","pmid":"38443434","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 100 mM MOPS, pH 7.0; analyte in both chambers","v":"+160 mV","sn":"1,2-diphenols, alditols and saccharides give negative-going events; alpha-hydroxy acids give positive-going events","pu":"cis-diol identification in fruit","no":"Ten model cis-diols (also D-sorbitol, xylitol, D-glucose, D-fructose); prune, grape, lemon and kiwifruit juices analyzed; accuracy 99.3%.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10915164/fullTextXML","an":"(2R,3S)-isocitric acid","id":"bio_small-0145"},{"a":2885,"y":2024,"au":"Cui R, Wang Z, Li L, Liu L, Li Z, Liu X, et al.","t":"Bionic nanopore recognition receptors for single-molecule enantioselectivity studies of chiral drugs.","j":"Anal Chim Acta","vp":"1318:342960","doi":"10.1016/j.aca.2024.342960","pmid":"39067929","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with sulfobutyl ether-beta-cyclodextrin receptor","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"enantiomer discrimination of a chiral drug","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39067929+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"(R)-duloxetine","id":"bio_small-0307"},{"a":2886,"y":2024,"au":"Cui R, Wang Z, Li L, Liu L, Li Z, Liu X, et al.","t":"Bionic nanopore recognition receptors for single-molecule enantioselectivity studies of chiral drugs.","j":"Anal Chim Acta","vp":"1318:342960","doi":"10.1016/j.aca.2024.342960","pmid":"39067929","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with sulfobutyl ether-beta-cyclodextrin receptor","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"enantiomer discrimination of a chiral drug","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39067929+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"(S)-duloxetine","id":"bio_small-0308"},{"a":2887,"y":2024,"au":"Wei X, Choudhary A, Wang LY, Yang L, Uline MJ, Tagliazucchi M, et al.","t":"Single-molecule profiling of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances by cyclodextrin mediated host-guest interactions within a biological nanopore.","j":"Sci Adv","vp":"10:eadp8134","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.adp8134","pmid":"39504365","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with gamma-CD or 2-hydroxypropyl-gamma-CD adapter","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptameric pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"3 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8; CD-PFAS complexes added cis","v":"+100 mV","sn":"two-level events: level 1 from the CD, level 2 from CD with bound PFAS","pu":"environmental contaminant profiling (PFAS)","no":"Used as adapter; gives the level 1 blockade.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11540018/fullTextXML","an":"2-hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin (HP-gamma-CD)","id":"bio_small-0334"},{"a":2888,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Yang X, Xiao Y, Cao Z, Zhang S, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Simultaneous Identification of Major Thyroid Hormones by a Nickel Immobilized Biological Nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"24:305-311","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04024","pmid":"38149630","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"hormone identification","no":"Five thyroid hormones identified simultaneously (accuracy 99.0%); applied in human serum. T4 versus T3 differ by one iodine atom; T3 and rT3 are positional isomers.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38149630+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine (rT3)","id":"bio_small-0128"},{"a":2888,"y":2026,"au":"Gao Y, Jiang J, Zhou X, Long YT, Li MY","t":"Hydrophobic Confinement Enables Direct Identification of Thyroid Hormones with Single-Atom Resolution.","j":"ACS Meas Sci Au","vp":"6:1858-1865","doi":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.6c00218","pmid":"42921094","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin A224Y/T274W mutant (hydrophobic sensing region)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 8.0","v":"+100 mV","pu":"hormone identification with single-iodine-atom resolution","no":"Wild-type aerolysin gave almost no resolvable blockades; Tyr224 and Trp274 create a hydrophobic confinement; dwell time 2.3-fold longer and event frequency 20.6-fold higher. Single iodine atom differences (T4, T3, T2) and the isobaric positional isomers T3 and rT3 resolved.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13693218/fullTextXML","an":"reverse triiodothyronine (rT3)","id":"bio_small-0320"},{"a":2889,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Yang X, Xiao Y, Cao Z, Zhang S, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Simultaneous Identification of Major Thyroid Hormones by a Nickel Immobilized Biological Nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"24:305-311","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04024","pmid":"38149630","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"hormone identification","no":"Five thyroid hormones identified simultaneously (accuracy 99.0%); applied in human serum. T4 versus T3 differ by one iodine atom; T3 and rT3 are positional isomers.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38149630+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3)","id":"bio_small-0127"},{"a":2889,"y":2026,"au":"Gao Y, Jiang J, Zhou X, Long YT, Li MY","t":"Hydrophobic Confinement Enables Direct Identification of Thyroid Hormones with Single-Atom Resolution.","j":"ACS Meas Sci Au","vp":"6:1858-1865","doi":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.6c00218","pmid":"42921094","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin A224Y/T274W mutant (hydrophobic sensing region)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 8.0","v":"+100 mV","pu":"hormone identification with single-iodine-atom resolution","no":"Wild-type aerolysin gave almost no resolvable blockades; Tyr224 and Trp274 create a hydrophobic confinement; dwell time 2.3-fold longer and event frequency 20.6-fold higher. Single iodine atom differences (T4, T3, T2) and the isobaric positional isomers T3 and rT3 resolved.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13693218/fullTextXML","an":"triiodothyronine (T3)","id":"bio_small-0319"},{"a":2890,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Yang X, Xiao Y, Cao Z, Zhang S, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Simultaneous Identification of Major Thyroid Hormones by a Nickel Immobilized Biological Nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"24:305-311","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04024","pmid":"38149630","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"hormone identification","no":"Five thyroid hormones identified simultaneously (accuracy 99.0%); applied in human serum. T4 versus T3 differ by one iodine atom; T3 and rT3 are positional isomers.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38149630+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,3'-T2)","id":"bio_small-0130"},{"a":2891,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Yang X, Xiao Y, Cao Z, Zhang S, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Simultaneous Identification of Major Thyroid Hormones by a Nickel Immobilized Biological Nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"24:305-311","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04024","pmid":"38149630","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"hormone identification","no":"Five thyroid hormones identified simultaneously (accuracy 99.0%); applied in human serum. T4 versus T3 differ by one iodine atom; T3 and rT3 are positional isomers.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38149630+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2)","id":"bio_small-0129"},{"a":2891,"y":2026,"au":"Gao Y, Jiang J, Zhou X, Long YT, Li MY","t":"Hydrophobic Confinement Enables Direct Identification of Thyroid Hormones with Single-Atom Resolution.","j":"ACS Meas Sci Au","vp":"6:1858-1865","doi":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.6c00218","pmid":"42921094","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin A224Y/T274W mutant (hydrophobic sensing region)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 8.0","v":"+100 mV","pu":"hormone identification with single-iodine-atom resolution","no":"Wild-type aerolysin gave almost no resolvable blockades; Tyr224 and Trp274 create a hydrophobic confinement; dwell time 2.3-fold longer and event frequency 20.6-fold higher. Single iodine atom differences (T4, T3, T2) and the isobaric positional isomers T3 and rT3 resolved.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13693218/fullTextXML","an":"3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2)","id":"bio_small-0321"},{"a":2892,"y":2024,"au":"Li X, Wang Y, Zhang S, Zhang P, Huang S","t":"Nanopore Identification of N-Acetylation by Hydroxylamine Deacetylation (NINAHD).","j":"ACS Sens","vp":"9:1359-1371","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.3c02350","pmid":"38449100","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"reporter molecule for N-acetylation","no":"Produced by hydroxylamine deacetylation of N-acetylated RNA, DNA, proteins and glycans; sensed as a reporter.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38449100+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"acetohydroxamic acid (AHA)","id":"bio_small-0227"},{"a":2893,"y":2024,"au":"Tsutsui M, Wada M, Arima A, Tsunekawa Y, Sasaki T, Sakamoto K, et al.","t":"Identifying Viral Vector Characteristics by Nanopore Sensing.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"18(24):15695-15704","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.4c01888","pmid":"38836590","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore","b":"ion blockage grew with packaged ssDNA length, up to about 3600 nm3 more excluded volume","sn":"vectors with longer DNA moved more slowly because of the extra electrophoretic force on the internal polynucleotide","pu":"non-destructive inspection of the genome inside AAV vectors","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:38836590&resultType=core&format=json","an":"adeno-associated virus vectors with genomes of different length","de":"empty, intermediate and full vectors screened by excluded volume and translocation speed","id":"viruses-0069"},{"a":2894,"y":2024,"au":"Lee MJ, Hwang YJ, Choi YB, Yoo YD","t":"Grazing impact of the calanoid copepods <i>Acartia</i> spp. on the toxic dinoflagellate <i>Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax</i> in the western coastal waters of Korea","j":"Frontiers in microbiology","vp":"15:1400343","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1400343","pmid":"38962130","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Multisizer II aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"prey concentration in copepod grazing experiments","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11219570/fullTextXML","an":"Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax","id":"microbes-0141"},{"a":2895,"y":2024,"au":"Cao C, Magalhães P, Krapp LF, Bada Juarez JF, Mayer SF, Rukes V, et al.","t":"Deep Learning-Assisted Single-Molecule Detection of Protein Post-translational Modifications with a Biological Nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"18:1504-1515","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.3c08623","pmid":"38112538","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 7.4 (also with 8.0 M urea)","v":"+100 mV","dt":"2.58 +/- 0.4 ms (8.6 +/- 0.24 ms in 8 M urea)","sn":"multi-level signal in 1 M KCl; single level in 8 M urea (open pore 25 pA vs 72 pA at +100 mV)","pu":"deep-learning detection of PTMs (phosphorylation, nitration, oxidation)","no":"Base sequence from UniProt P37840 residues 124-140 (fetched). Quantified at picomolar concentrations; C-terminal peptides from digested full-length alpha-synuclein detected.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10795472/fullTextXML","an":"alpha-syn124-140, unmodified","de":"human alpha-synuclein residues 124-140 (UniProt P37840)","id":"bio_protein-0317"},{"a":2896,"y":2024,"au":"Cao C, Magalhães P, Krapp LF, Bada Juarez JF, Mayer SF, Rukes V, et al.","t":"Deep Learning-Assisted Single-Molecule Detection of Protein Post-translational Modifications with a Biological Nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"18:1504-1515","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.3c08623","pmid":"38112538","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 7.4 (also with 8.0 M urea)","v":"+100 mV","b":"lower relative current than unmodified","dt":"4.51 +/- 0.5 ms","pu":"deep-learning detection of PTMs (phosphorylation, nitration, oxidation)","no":"Base sequence from UniProt P37840 residues 124-140 (fetched). Quantified at picomolar concentrations; C-terminal peptides from digested full-length alpha-synuclein detected.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10795472/fullTextXML","an":"alpha-syn124-140 nitro-Y125","de":"human alpha-synuclein residues 124-140 (UniProt P37840)","id":"bio_protein-0319"},{"a":2897,"y":2024,"au":"Cao C, Magalhães P, Krapp LF, Bada Juarez JF, Mayer SF, Rukes V, et al.","t":"Deep Learning-Assisted Single-Molecule Detection of Protein Post-translational Modifications with a Biological Nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"18:1504-1515","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.3c08623","pmid":"38112538","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 7.4 (also with 8.0 M urea)","v":"+100 mV","pu":"deep-learning detection of PTMs (phosphorylation, nitration, oxidation)","no":"Base sequence from UniProt P37840 residues 124-140 (fetched). Quantified at picomolar concentrations; C-terminal peptides from digested full-length alpha-synuclein detected.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10795472/fullTextXML","an":"alpha-syn124-140 nitro-Y125/Y133/Y136","de":"human alpha-synuclein residues 124-140 (UniProt P37840)","id":"bio_protein-0323"},{"a":2898,"y":2024,"au":"Cao C, Magalhães P, Krapp LF, Bada Juarez JF, Mayer SF, Rukes V, et al.","t":"Deep Learning-Assisted Single-Molecule Detection of Protein Post-translational Modifications with a Biological Nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"18:1504-1515","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.3c08623","pmid":"38112538","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 7.4 (also with 8.0 M urea)","v":"+100 mV","pu":"deep-learning detection of PTMs (phosphorylation, nitration, oxidation)","no":"Base sequence from UniProt P37840 residues 124-140 (fetched). Quantified at picomolar concentrations; C-terminal peptides from digested full-length alpha-synuclein detected.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10795472/fullTextXML","an":"alpha-syn124-140 nitro-Y125 phospho-S129","de":"human alpha-synuclein residues 124-140 (UniProt P37840)","id":"bio_protein-0324"},{"a":2899,"y":2024,"au":"Cao C, Magalhães P, Krapp LF, Bada Juarez JF, Mayer SF, Rukes V, et al.","t":"Deep Learning-Assisted Single-Molecule Detection of Protein Post-translational Modifications with a Biological Nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"18:1504-1515","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.3c08623","pmid":"38112538","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 7.4 (also with 8.0 M urea)","v":"+100 mV","pu":"deep-learning detection of PTMs (phosphorylation, nitration, oxidation)","no":"Base sequence from UniProt P37840 residues 124-140 (fetched). Quantified at picomolar concentrations; C-terminal peptides from digested full-length alpha-synuclein detected.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10795472/fullTextXML","an":"alpha-syn124-140 nitro-Y136","de":"human alpha-synuclein residues 124-140 (UniProt P37840)","id":"bio_protein-0321"},{"a":2900,"y":2024,"au":"Cao C, Magalhães P, Krapp LF, Bada Juarez JF, Mayer SF, Rukes V, et al.","t":"Deep Learning-Assisted Single-Molecule Detection of Protein Post-translational Modifications with a Biological Nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"18:1504-1515","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.3c08623","pmid":"38112538","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 7.4 (also with 8.0 M urea)","v":"+100 mV","pu":"deep-learning detection of PTMs (phosphorylation, nitration, oxidation)","no":"Base sequence from UniProt P37840 residues 124-140 (fetched). Quantified at picomolar concentrations; C-terminal peptides from digested full-length alpha-synuclein detected.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10795472/fullTextXML","an":"alpha-syn124-140 with oxidized Met127","de":"human alpha-synuclein residues 124-140 (UniProt P37840)","id":"bio_protein-0325"},{"a":2901,"y":2024,"au":"Cao C, Magalhães P, Krapp LF, Bada Juarez JF, Mayer SF, Rukes V, et al.","t":"Deep Learning-Assisted Single-Molecule Detection of Protein Post-translational Modifications with a Biological Nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"18:1504-1515","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.3c08623","pmid":"38112538","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 7.4 (also with 8.0 M urea)","v":"+100 mV","pu":"deep-learning detection of PTMs (phosphorylation, nitration, oxidation)","no":"Base sequence from UniProt P37840 residues 124-140 (fetched). Quantified at picomolar concentrations; C-terminal peptides from digested full-length alpha-synuclein detected.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10795472/fullTextXML","an":"alpha-syn124-140 phospho-S129","de":"human alpha-synuclein residues 124-140 (UniProt P37840)","id":"bio_protein-0320"},{"a":2902,"y":2024,"au":"Cao C, Magalhães P, Krapp LF, Bada Juarez JF, Mayer SF, Rukes V, et al.","t":"Deep Learning-Assisted Single-Molecule Detection of Protein Post-translational Modifications with a Biological Nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"18:1504-1515","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.3c08623","pmid":"38112538","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 7.4 (also with 8.0 M urea)","v":"+100 mV","b":"lower relative current than unmodified","dt":"0.55 +/- 0.08 ms","pu":"deep-learning detection of PTMs (phosphorylation, nitration, oxidation)","no":"Base sequence from UniProt P37840 residues 124-140 (fetched). Quantified at picomolar concentrations; C-terminal peptides from digested full-length alpha-synuclein detected.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10795472/fullTextXML","an":"alpha-syn124-140 phospho-Y125","de":"human alpha-synuclein residues 124-140 (UniProt P37840)","id":"bio_protein-0318"},{"a":2903,"y":2024,"au":"Cao C, Magalhães P, Krapp LF, Bada Juarez JF, Mayer SF, Rukes V, et al.","t":"Deep Learning-Assisted Single-Molecule Detection of Protein Post-translational Modifications with a Biological Nanopore.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"18:1504-1515","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.3c08623","pmid":"38112538","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 7.4 (also with 8.0 M urea)","v":"+100 mV","pu":"deep-learning detection of PTMs (phosphorylation, nitration, oxidation)","no":"Base sequence from UniProt P37840 residues 124-140 (fetched). Quantified at picomolar concentrations; C-terminal peptides from digested full-length alpha-synuclein detected.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10795472/fullTextXML","an":"alpha-syn124-140 phospho-Y125 phospho-S129","de":"human alpha-synuclein residues 124-140 (UniProt P37840)","id":"bio_protein-0322"},{"a":2904,"y":2024,"au":"Wei G, Hu R, Lu W, Wang Z, Zhao Q","t":"Bidirectional peptide translocation through ultrasmall solid-state nanopores.","j":"Langmuir","vp":"40:20831-20839","doi":"10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c03212","pmid":"39301609","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"ultrasmall solid-state nanopore","pd":"2-3 nm","pu":"peptide detection and fingerprinting","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39301609%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"angiopep-2","id":"ss_protein_small-0222"},{"a":2905,"y":2024,"au":"Ratinho L, Bacri L, Thiebot B, Cressiot B, Pelta J","t":"Identification and Detection of a Peptide Biomarker and Its Enantiomer by Nanopore.","j":"ACS central science","vp":"10:1167-1178","doi":"10.1021/acscentsci.4c00020","pmid":"38947203","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin","pk":"aerolysin","co":"native and reducing conditions","sn":"specific electrical signature by conformation; PCA and Monte Carlo assignment","pu":"identification of peptide enantiomers (L- and D-vasopressin)","no":"Core sequence checked against UniProt P01185 residues 20-28 (fetched); not quoted from the abstract.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38947203+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"L-arginine vasopressin (L-AVP)","id":"bio_protein-0280"},{"a":2905,"y":2026,"au":"Cai Y, Cressiot B, Winterhalter M, Balme S, Pelta J, Bacri L","t":"Scaling laws in confined media applied for biomarker detection.","j":"Nat 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concentration","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11007820/fullTextXML","an":"human milk EVs (HMEVs)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0150"},{"a":2944,"y":2024,"au":"Yung C, Zhang Y, Kuhn M, Armstrong RJ, Olyaei A, Aloia M, et al.","t":"Neonatal enteroids absorb extracellular vesicles from human milk-fed infant digestive fluid","j":"Journal of extracellular vesicles","vp":"13:e12422","doi":"10.1002/jev2.12422","pmid":"38602306","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"Spectradyne nCS1 PDMS cartridge C-400 (65-400 nm)","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"polydimethylsiloxane cartridge","co":"diluted 1:20 in 1% Tween-20 in PBS","pu":"size and concentration","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11007820/fullTextXML","an":"EVs from human milk-fed infant digestive fluid (digesta EVs, dEVs)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0151"},{"a":2945,"y":2024,"au":"Szebeni B, Veres-Székely A, Pap D, Bokrossy P, Varga Z, Gaál A, et al.","t":"Extracellular Vesicles of Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis Inhibit the TGF-β- and PDGF-B-Mediated Fibrotic Processes","j":"Cells","vp":"13:605","doi":"10.3390/cells13070605","pmid":"38607044","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"microfluidic resistive pulse sensing (MRPS) cartridge","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pu":"particle number and size","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11011990/fullTextXML","an":"EVs in peritoneal dialysis effluent of patients (PDE-EVs)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0244"},{"a":2946,"y":2024,"au":"Tessier S, Halgand B, Aubeux D, Véziers J, Galvani A, Jamoneau J, et al.","t":"Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Stem Cells from the Apical Papilla Modulate Macrophage Phenotypes and Inflammatory Interactions in Pulpal and Periodontal Tissues","j":"International journal of molecular sciences","vp":"26:297","doi":"10.3390/ijms26010297","pmid":"39796155","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"size and concentration","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39796155+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"small EVs from untreated and LPS-treated stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP-sEVs)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0121"},{"a":2947,"y":2024,"au":"Arora P, Zheng H, Munusamy S, Jahani R, Wang L, Guan X","t":"Probe-assisted detection of Fe&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; ions in a multi-functionalized nanopore.","j":"Biosens Bioelectron","vp":"251:116125","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2024.116125","pmid":"38359668","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"engineered alpha-hemolysin with two binding sites (multi-functionalized)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"iron ion detection via ligand probe","no":"Fe3+ detected from the drop in DTPMPA ligand events.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38359668+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Fe3+","id":"bio_small-0291"},{"a":2948,"y":2024,"au":"Thyashan N, Ghimire ML, Lee S, Kim MJ","t":"Exploring single-molecule interactions: heparin and FGF-1 proteins through solid-state nanopores.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"16:8352-8360","doi":"10.1039/d4nr00274a","pmid":"38563277","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"17 +/- 1 nm","fab":"controlled dielectric breakdown","sn":"second peak with higher blockade from heparin-binding domains interacting with pore walls","pu":"heparin and growth factor interaction","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:38563277%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1)","id":"ss_protein_small-0199"},{"a":2949,"y":2024,"au":"Liu W, Zheng F, Ma C, Xu W, Chen Y, Sha J","t":"Single-Digit Nanobubble Sensing via Nanopore Technology","j":"Analytical Chemistry","vp":"96:9544-9550","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01035","pmid":"38809167","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"nanopore sensor","sn":"nanobubble size and diffusion coefficient from events at several voltages; counterion variation modeled by FEM and MD","pu":"sizing, stability and surface charge of nanobubbles","no":"also suggests a way to suppress bulk nanobubbles that add current noise","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38809167+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"single-digit nanometer nanobubbles","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0057"},{"a":2949,"y":2024,"au":"Liu W, Zheng F, Ma C, Xu W, Chen Y, Sha J","t":"Single-Digit Nanobubble Sensing via Nanopore Technology","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"96:9544-9550","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01035","pmid":"38809167","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01035","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"nanopore","pu":"size, diffusion coefficient, stability and surface charge of single nanobubbles","no":"ion-stabilized model and DLVO used; suggests a way to cut bulk nanobubble generation and noise; pore material not given in the abstract","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38809167+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"single-digit nanometre nanobubbles","id":"reviews_exotic-0019"},{"a":2950,"y":2024,"au":"Confederat S, Lee S, Vang, Soulias D, Marcuccio F, Peace TI, et al.","t":"Next-Generation Nanopore Sensors Based on Conductive Pulse Sensing for Enhanced Detection of Nanoparticles","j":"Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)","vp":"20:e2305186","doi":"10.1002/smll.202305186","pmid":"37649152","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"glass nanopore (nanopipette), 60 nm","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"glass","pd":"60 nm (AuNP tests)","co":"polymer electrolyte: 50% w/v PEG in KCl outer bath; 10-50 mM KCl","sn":"conductive (current-enhancing) pulses in the polymer electrolyte allow low ionic strength and mixed sizes","pu":"characterizing branching at low ionic strength","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11475450/fullTextXML","an":"anisotropic gold nanostars with varying degrees of branching","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0199"},{"a":2951,"y":2024,"au":"Güell-Bujons Q, Zanoli M, Tuval I, Calbet A, Simó R","t":"Distinctive chemotactic responses of three marine herbivore protists to DMSP and related compounds","j":"The ISME journal","vp":"18:wrae130","doi":"10.1093/ismejo/wrae130","pmid":"38995932","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Multisizer 3 Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"grazer and prey cell concentration and volume in chemotaxis experiments","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11283757/fullTextXML","an":"Gyrodinium dominans ICM-ZOO-GD001","id":"microbes-0276"},{"a":2952,"y":2024,"au":"Jankelow A, Chen CL, Cowell TW, Espinosa de Los Monteros J, Bian Z, Kindratenko V, et al.","t":"Multiplexed electrical detection of whole viruses from plasma in a microfluidic platform.","j":"The Analyst","vp":"149(4):1190-1201","doi":"10.1039/d3an01510f","pmid":"38213181","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11646553/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"differential Coulter counting aperture between coplanar gold electrodes","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"PDMS channel bonded to microfabricated coplanar gold electrodes on glass","pg":"narrowed aperture in a 15 um tall PDMS flow channel, positioned between each set of three electrodes; a 55 um tall PDMS capture chamber sits upstream","fab":"SU8-25 photolithography for the 15 um flow channel and SU8-2050 for the 55 um capture chamber, PDMS casting, APTES/GPTMS bonding onto microfabricated gold electrodes","co":"plasma or buffer sample mixed with biotinylated detection antibody, then streptavidin-coated antibody-functionalized hydrogel beads; counting in PBS","sn":"each hydrogel bead gives an impedance pulse as it crosses the aperture; the two bead types (13.3 um and 14.8 um swollen diameter, different gel content) give distinct pulse amplitudes, so two viruses are read at once; virus concentration is reported as the drop in bead count between the electrode sets before and after the capture chamber","pu":"multiplexed point-of-care counting of whole virus particles captured from plasma","no":"The pulses come from the antibody-coated hydrogel beads, not from the virions: virus particles are immunocaptured in the chamber together with the beads, and the virus is quantified by differential bead counting. Clinically relevant limits were reached: above 2e3 IU/mL for hepatitis A virus and above 1e6 IU/mL for parvovirus B19 particles, both in plasma.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC11646553.1/PMC11646553.1.txt","an":"hepatitis A virus (whole virions, immunocaptured from plasma)","de":"whole HAV particles spiked into buffer and into human plasma, captured on antibody-coated hydrogel beads","id":"gap_viruses-0003"},{"a":2953,"y":2024,"au":"Wei X, Choudhary A, Wang LY, Yang L, Uline MJ, Tagliazucchi M, et al.","t":"Single-molecule profiling of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances by cyclodextrin mediated host-guest interactions within a biological nanopore.","j":"Sci Adv","vp":"10:eadp8134","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.adp8134","pmid":"39504365","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with gamma-CD or 2-hydroxypropyl-gamma-CD adapter","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled heptameric pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"3 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8; CD-PFAS complexes added cis","v":"+100 mV","sn":"two-level events: level 1 from the CD, level 2 from CD with bound PFAS","pu":"environmental contaminant profiling (PFAS)","no":"Homologs of the carboxylic and sulfonic acid PFAS families identified; drinking water detection 0.4 to 2 ppm (400 ppt with preconcentration).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11540018/fullTextXML","an":"GenX (HFPO-DA)","id":"bio_small-0333"},{"a":2954,"y":2024,"au":"Vikraman D, Majumdar BB, Sk S, Weichbrodt C, Fertig N, Winterhalter M, et al.","t":"Conformational flexibility driving charge-selective substrate translocation across a bacterial transporter.","j":"Chem Sci","vp":"15:9333-9344","doi":"10.1039/d4sc00345d","pmid":"38903220","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"CymA (Klebsiella oxytoca cyclodextrin channel)","pk":"cyma","pm":"K. oxytoca CymA monomer in planar lipid bilayer","pg":"monomeric 14-stranded beta-barrel, lumen partly occluded by mobile N-terminal segment","fab":"purified porin reconstituted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 8.0 (or 10 mM citrate pH 4.5); 10 uM blocker trans","v":"+25 to +100 mV","b":"well-defined blockages at positive voltages at pH 8.0; negligible at pH 4.5","dt":"0.6 +/- 0.07 ms at +25 mV, 0.35 +/- 0.04 ms at +75 mV (pH 8.0)","pu":"charge-selective cyclic sugar translocation","no":"Native and N-terminally truncated (deltaN15) CymA compared; pH switches the binding site.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11186346/fullTextXML","an":"hexakis(6-amino-6-deoxy)-alpha-cyclodextrin (am6alphaCD)","id":"bio_small-0263"},{"a":2955,"y":2024,"au":"Wei G, Hu R, Lu W, Wang Z, Zhao Q","t":"Bidirectional peptide translocation through ultrasmall solid-state nanopores.","j":"Langmuir","vp":"40:20831-20839","doi":"10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c03212","pmid":"39301609","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"ultrasmall solid-state nanopore","pd":"2-3 nm","pu":"peptide detection and fingerprinting","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39301609%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"histatin-5","id":"ss_protein_small-0221"},{"a":2956,"y":2024,"au":"Zhu S, Zhu Z, Ni C, Zhou Z, Chen Y, Tang D, et al.","t":"Liquid Biopsy Instrument for Ultra-Fast and Label-Free Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells","j":"Research (Washington, D.C.)","vp":"7:0431","doi":"10.34133/research.0431","pmid":"39050821","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"inertial microfluidics plus impedance cytometry (CytoExam)","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pu":"label-free CTC detection with deep learning, under 15 min","no":"The study used blood from 10 healthy donors and more than 50 patients.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39050821+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood of breast, colorectal and lung cancer patients","id":"cells-0141"},{"a":2957,"y":2024,"au":"Ryu M, Oh S, Jeong KB, Hwang S, Kim JS, Chung M, et al.","t":"Single-Molecule-Based, Label-Free Monitoring of Molecular Glue Efficacies for Promoting Protein-Protein Interactions Using YaxAB Nanopores.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"18:31451-31465","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.4c11436","pmid":"39482865","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"YaxAB nanopore","pk":"yaxab","pm":"YaxAB funnel-shaped pore in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"YaxA/YaxB oligomers inserted into planar bilayer","pu":"monitoring molecular-glue (rapamycin) induced protein-protein complexes","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11562796/fullTextXML","an":"FKBP12","id":"bio_protein-0228"},{"a":2958,"y":2024,"au":"Patterson A, Young K, Biever MP, Klein SM, Huang SY, DePhillips PA, et al.","t":"Heterogeneity of HPV16 virus-like particles indicates a complex assembly energy surface.","j":"Virology","vp":"600:110211","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2024.110211","pmid":"39276669","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11560593/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane nanofluidic device with three nanopores in series, PEG-silane coated","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"glass (FIB milled), bonded cover plate","pd":"90 nm wide x 90 nm deep","pl":"600 nm","pg":"three rectangular pores in series plus a five-pore nanofilter","fab":"focused ion beam milling of in-plane nanochannels and nanopores","co":"50 mM sodium citrate pH 6.8 with 1 M NaCl (or 50 mM sodium acetate pH 4)","v":"0.9 V","b":"particle volumes (dI relative to a T = 7 particle) from 0.25 to 1.25","pu":"size distributions of HPV16 L1 VLP assembly products over days","no":"HBV T = 3 and T = 4 capsids used as calibration standards.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC11560593.1/PMC11560593.1.txt","an":"HPV16 L1 virus-like particles (reassembled from L1 pentamers)","de":"L1 pentamers reassembled in vitro; heterogeneous closed particles","id":"viruses-0034"},{"a":2958,"y":2025,"au":"Klein SM, Patterson A, Young K, Biever MP, Miller LM, Zlotnick A, et al.","t":"Speed Matters: Directed Assembly of Icosahedral HPV Virus-Like Particles.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"147(28):24950-24957","doi":"10.1021/jacs.5c07472","pmid":"40591813","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12635859/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"in-plane nanofluidic device with three nanopores in series and a five-pore nanofilter","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"glass (FIB milled), bonded cover plate","pd":"90 nm wide x 95 nm deep","pl":"600 nm","pg":"three rectangular pores in series","fab":"focused ion beam milling of in-plane nanochannels and nanopores","co":"50 mM sodium citrate pH 6.7 with 0.7 M NaCl","v":"0.9 V","pu":"size distributions of VLPs from slow versus accelerated assembly","no":"Resistive-pulse sensing and charge detection mass spectrometry showed slow assembly stalls before T = 7, while accelerated assembly gives almost only the 72-pentamer T = 7 particle.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC12635859.1/PMC12635859.1.txt","an":"HPV16 L1 T = 7 virus-like particles (72 pentamers)","de":"pseudo-T = 7 icosahedron of 72 L1 pentamers made by accelerated assembly","id":"viruses-0035"},{"a":2959,"y":2024,"au":"Jankelow A, Chen CL, Cowell TW, Espinosa de Los Monteros J, Bian Z, Kindratenko V, et al.","t":"Multiplexed electrical detection of whole viruses from plasma in a microfluidic platform.","j":"The Analyst","vp":"149(4):1190-1201","doi":"10.1039/d3an01510f","pmid":"38213181","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11646553/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"differential Coulter counting aperture between coplanar gold electrodes","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"PDMS channel bonded to microfabricated coplanar gold electrodes on glass","pg":"narrowed aperture in a 15 um tall PDMS flow channel, positioned between each set of three electrodes; a 55 um tall PDMS capture chamber sits upstream","fab":"SU8-25 photolithography for the 15 um flow channel and SU8-2050 for the 55 um capture chamber, PDMS casting, APTES/GPTMS bonding onto microfabricated gold electrodes","co":"plasma or buffer sample mixed with biotinylated detection antibody, then streptavidin-coated antibody-functionalized hydrogel beads; counting in PBS","sn":"each hydrogel bead gives an impedance pulse as it crosses the aperture; the two bead types (13.3 um and 14.8 um swollen diameter, different gel content) give distinct pulse amplitudes, so two viruses are read at once; virus concentration is reported as the drop in bead count between the electrode sets before and after the capture chamber","pu":"multiplexed point-of-care counting of whole virus particles captured from plasma","no":"The pulses come from the antibody-coated hydrogel beads, not from the virions: virus particles are immunocaptured in the chamber together with the beads, and the virus is quantified by differential bead counting. Clinically relevant limits were reached: above 2e3 IU/mL for hepatitis A virus and above 1e6 IU/mL for parvovirus B19 particles, both in plasma.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC11646553.1/PMC11646553.1.txt","an":"human parvovirus B19 virus-like particles","de":"B19V VLPs spiked into buffer and into human plasma, captured on a second hydrogel bead type for simultaneous readout","id":"gap_viruses-0004"},{"a":2960,"y":2024,"au":"Wu Y, Yan H, Wang J, Na X, Wang X, Zheng J","t":"An Online Monitoring System for In Situ and Real-Time Analyzing of Inclusions within the Molten Metal","j":"Sensors","vp":"24:2767","doi":"10.3390/s24092767","pmid":"38732873","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"side pore (perforation) in an insulated sampling tube, electric sensing zone in liquid metal","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"constant current between electrodes inside and outside the tube; metal drawn in by negative pressure","b":"voltage pulse amplitude gives diameter via dR = 4 rho_e d^3 / (pi D^4); pulse width gives velocity; count gives number","pu":"online inclusion cleanliness monitoring","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11086099/fullTextXML","an":"Inclusions (zinc slag) in molten zinc during hot-dip galvanizing at 500 C, plus validation in liquid gallium (90 C) and aluminium melt (800 C)","id":"earth_space_industry-0107"},{"a":2961,"y":2024,"au":"Cevik S, Biswas SB, Ghosh A, Biswas-Fiss EE","t":"Virus-like particles as robust tools for functional assessment: Deciphering the pathogenicity of ABCA4 genetic variants of uncertain significance.","j":"The Journal of biological chemistry","vp":"300(10):107739","doi":"10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107739","pmid":"39222682","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11474199/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"microfluidic resistive pulse sensing cartridge C400 on an nCS1 nanoparticle analyzer (Spectradyne, hardware version 2)","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic cartridge with an integrated constriction","pg":"in-plane constriction sized for 65 to 400 nm particles (C400 cartridge)","fab":"moulded microfluidic cartridge supplied with the instrument","co":"purified VLPs diluted 1:1 in buffer B, measured in triplicate at 23 C","er":"particle concentration 5.66e10 per mL plus or minus 3.20e8 after qEV column purification","pu":"size distribution, homogeneity and concentration of a VLP preparation used as a membrane-protein vehicle","no":"The VLPs bud from High Five insect cells infected with a baculovirus (Bac-to-Bac) that coexpresses influenza virus matrix protein as the structural core and full-length human ABCA4 as the displayed membrane protein. Resistive-pulse sizing was used to show a single homogeneous particle population before the ABCA4 variants were assayed.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11474199/fullTextXML","an":"enveloped virus-like particles with an influenza matrix protein core displaying human ABCA4","de":"VLPs produced in High Five insect cells by a baculovirus expression vector system, carrying full-length wild-type or variant human ABCA4 in their membrane","id":"gap_viruses-0016"},{"a":2962,"y":2024,"au":"Zhang S, Cao Z, Fan P, Sun W, Xiao Y, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Discrimination of Disaccharide Isomers of Different Glycosidic Linkages Using a Modified MspA Nanopore.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"63:e202316766","doi":"10.1002/anie.202316766","pmid":"38116834","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"disaccharide isomer discrimination (glycosidic linkage)","no":"Sucrose, lactose and maltose clearly discriminated; all six isomeric alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructoses (differing only in glycosidic linkage) resolved, accuracy 0.99; isomaltulose detected in yogurt. The four linkage isomers other than sucrose and isomaltulose are not named in the abstract and are not recorded here.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38116834+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"isomaltulose (palatinose)","id":"bio_small-0125"},{"a":2963,"y":2024,"au":"Wang M, Zhang J, Chen X, Li Y, Huang X, Wang J, et al.","t":"Microfluidic impedance flow cytometer leveraging virtual constriction microchannel and its application in leukocyte differential","j":"Microsystems & nanoengineering","vp":"10:192","doi":"10.1038/s41378-024-00833-y","pmid":"39676083","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"virtual constriction microchannel impedance flow cytometer (conductive sample in insulating sheath crossflow)","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pu":"impedance pulses of leukemia lines and leukocyte differential","no":"The authors measured Jurkat and HL-60 cells in the same study.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39676083+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"K562 leukemia cells","id":"cells-0213"},{"a":2964,"y":2024,"au":"Güell-Bujons Q, Zanoli M, Tuval I, Calbet A, Simó R","t":"Distinctive chemotactic responses of three marine herbivore protists to DMSP and related compounds","j":"The ISME journal","vp":"18:wrae130","doi":"10.1093/ismejo/wrae130","pmid":"38995932","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Multisizer 3 Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"grazer and prey cell concentration and volume in chemotaxis experiments","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11283757/fullTextXML","an":"Karlodinium armiger ICM-ZOO-KA001","id":"microbes-0275"},{"a":2965,"y":2024,"au":"Yoshidome D, Hidaka M, Miyanaga T, Ito Y, Kosono S, Nishiyama M","t":"Glutamate production from aerial nitrogen using the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Klebsiella oxytoca","j":"Communications biology","vp":"7:443","doi":"10.1038/s42003-024-06147-z","pmid":"38605181","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Multisizer 3 Coulter counter aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"30 um","pu":"total cell number in nitrogen-fixing cultures","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11009414/fullTextXML","an":"Klebsiella oxytoca","id":"microbes-0247"},{"a":2966,"y":2024,"au":"Sun Y, Mi Z, Chen X, Li JJ, Lu J, Shan X, et al.","t":"Identification of nine mammal monosaccharides by solid-state nanopores.","j":"Sci Rep","vp":"14:32000","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-83690-z","pmid":"39738399","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11686368/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride locally thinned by laser-assisted electrochemical reaction","pd":"about 2.9 nm (effective)","pl":"about 5.6 nm (effective)","fab":"chemically tuned controlled dielectric breakdown in sodium hypochlorite:1 M KCl (2:9)","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-EDTA, pH 8.0; about 2-3 uM monosaccharide","v":"+200 mV","b":"mean blockage current 86.8 pA","sn":"1 MHz sampling, about 30 kHz digital filter; blockage roughly increases with molecular weight; machine learning F1 up to 1","pu":"monosaccharide identification toward glycan sequencing","no":"Authors state no prior solid-state nanopore identification of these nine monosaccharides.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11686368/fullTextXML","an":"L-fucose","id":"ss_protein_small-0211"},{"a":2967,"y":2024,"au":"Fan P, Cao Z, Zhang S, Wang Y, Xiao Y, Jia W, et al.","t":"Nanopore analysis of cis-diols in fruits.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"15:1969","doi":"10.1038/s41467-024-46303-x","pmid":"38443434","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 100 mM MOPS, pH 7.0; analyte in both chambers","v":"+160 mV","sn":"1,2-diphenols, alditols and saccharides give negative-going events; alpha-hydroxy acids give positive-going events","pu":"cis-diol identification in fruit","no":"Ten model cis-diols (also D-sorbitol, xylitol, D-glucose, D-fructose); prune, grape, lemon and kiwifruit juices analyzed; accuracy 99.3%.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10915164/fullTextXML","an":"L-malic acid","id":"bio_small-0141"},{"a":2968,"y":2024,"au":"Fan P, Cao Z, Zhang S, Wang Y, Xiao Y, Jia W, et al.","t":"Nanopore analysis of cis-diols in fruits.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"15:1969","doi":"10.1038/s41467-024-46303-x","pmid":"38443434","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 100 mM MOPS, pH 7.0; analyte in both chambers","v":"+160 mV","sn":"1,2-diphenols, alditols and saccharides give negative-going events; alpha-hydroxy acids give positive-going events","pu":"cis-diol identification in fruit","no":"Ten model cis-diols (also D-sorbitol, xylitol, D-glucose, D-fructose); prune, grape, lemon and kiwifruit juices analyzed; accuracy 99.3%.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10915164/fullTextXML","an":"L-tartaric acid","id":"bio_small-0143"},{"a":2969,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Yang X, Xiao Y, Cao Z, Zhang S, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Simultaneous Identification of Major Thyroid Hormones by a Nickel Immobilized Biological Nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"24:305-311","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04024","pmid":"38149630","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"hormone identification","no":"Five thyroid hormones identified simultaneously (accuracy 99.0%); applied in human serum. T4 versus T3 differ by one iodine atom; T3 and rT3 are positional isomers.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38149630+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"L-thyroxine (T4)","id":"bio_small-0126"},{"a":2969,"y":2026,"au":"Gao Y, Jiang J, Zhou X, Long YT, Li MY","t":"Hydrophobic Confinement Enables Direct Identification of Thyroid Hormones with Single-Atom Resolution.","j":"ACS Meas Sci Au","vp":"6:1858-1865","doi":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.6c00218","pmid":"42921094","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin A224Y/T274W mutant (hydrophobic sensing region)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"1.0 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 8.0","v":"+100 mV","pu":"hormone identification with single-iodine-atom resolution","no":"Wild-type aerolysin gave almost no resolvable blockades; Tyr224 and Trp274 create a hydrophobic confinement; dwell time 2.3-fold longer and event frequency 20.6-fold higher. Single iodine atom differences (T4, T3, T2) and the isobaric positional isomers T3 and rT3 resolved.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13693218/fullTextXML","an":"thyroxine (T4)","id":"bio_small-0318"},{"a":2970,"y":2024,"au":"Martins CT, Jacobus AP, Conceição R, Barbin DF, Bolini H, Gombert AK","t":"Simultaneous enumeration of yeast and bacterial cells in the context of industrial bioprocesses","j":"Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology","vp":"51:kuae029","doi":"10.1093/jimb/kuae029","pmid":"39251387","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"simultaneous enumeration of yeast and bacteria in mixtures (1:1 and 100:1)","no":"Coulter counts of the bacteria in the 1:1 mixture differed statistically from the other methods.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39251387+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Lactiplantibacillus plantarum","de":"mixed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae as in sugarcane biorefineries","id":"microbes-0043"},{"a":2971,"y":2024,"au":"Zhang S, Cao Z, Fan P, Sun W, Xiao Y, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Discrimination of Disaccharide Isomers of Different Glycosidic Linkages Using a Modified MspA Nanopore.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"63:e202316766","doi":"10.1002/anie.202316766","pmid":"38116834","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"disaccharide isomer discrimination (glycosidic linkage)","no":"Sucrose, lactose and maltose clearly discriminated; all six isomeric alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructoses (differing only in glycosidic linkage) resolved, accuracy 0.99; isomaltulose detected in yogurt. The four linkage isomers other than sucrose and isomaltulose are not named in the abstract and are not recorded here.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38116834+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"lactose","id":"bio_small-0123"},{"a":2972,"y":2024,"au":"Eisenhuth N, Rauh ET, Mitnacht M, Debus A, Schleicher U, Butter F, et al.","t":"The histone methyltransferase DOT1B is dispensable for stage differentiation and macrophage infection of &lt;i&gt;Leishmania mexicana&lt;/i&gt;","j":"Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology","vp":"14:1502339","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2024.1502339","pmid":"39902184","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Z2 particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell counts to keep log-phase growth","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11788152/fullTextXML","an":"Leishmania mexicana","de":"promastigotes, DOT1B mutants","id":"microbes-0160"},{"a":2973,"y":2024,"au":"Fan P, Zhang S, Wang Y, Li T, Zhang H, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Nanopore analysis of salvianolic acids in herbal medicines.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"15:1970","doi":"10.1038/s41467-024-45543-1","pmid":"38443335","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter (MspA-90PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 100 mM MOPS, pH 7.0; analyte in cis","v":"+100 mV","pu":"identification of herbal medicine components","no":"Eight salvianolic-acid-type compounds identified with machine learning (accuracy 99.0%); applied to Salvia miltiorrhiza, rosemary and Prunella vulgaris extracts.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10915175/fullTextXML","an":"lithospermic acid","id":"bio_small-0136"},{"a":2974,"y":2024,"au":"Milligan TG, Law BA, Zions V, Hill PS, Hua K, McKindsey CW, et al.","t":"Reconciling Coulter Counter and laser diffraction particle size analysis for aquaculture monitoring","j":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","vp":"196:672","doi":"10.1007/s10661-024-12786-w","pmid":"38940996","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Counter Multisizer (three apertures)","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"organics removed with 35% H2O2; inorganic residue suspended in particle-free 1% NaCl and disaggregated with a sapphire-tipped ultrasonic probe; diluted to keep coincidence below 5% (method of Milligan and Kranck 1991)","pu":"disaggregated inorganic grain size as an aquaculture impact indicator; comparison with Beckman Coulter LS 13 320 laser diffraction","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11213799/fullTextXML","an":"Disaggregated inorganic grain size (DIGS) of bottom sediment near open-cage salmon aquaculture sites, Atlantic Canada","id":"earth_space_industry-0031"},{"a":2975,"y":2024,"au":"Pryor EJ, Tangunan D, van der Lubbe HJL, Simon MH, Hall IR","t":"Recommended centrifuge method: Specific grain size separation in the <63 um fraction of marine sediments","j":"MethodsX","vp":"12:102718","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102718","pmid":"38660037","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Multisizer IV Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"validation of grain size separation; clays (<2 um) sized by laser instead because platy clays are hard to resolve on the Multisizer","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11041909/fullTextXML","an":"Lithogenic (decarbonated) silt fractions 2 to 10 um and 10 to 63 um separated by centrifuge from marine core MD20-3591 (36.73 S, 22.15 E, 2464 m, off South Africa)","id":"earth_space_industry-0033"},{"a":2976,"y":2024,"au":"Wharton JH, Renoult M, Gebbie G, Keigwin LD, Marchitto TM, Maslin MA, et al.","t":"Deeper and stronger North Atlantic Gyre during the Last Glacial Maximum","j":"Nature","vp":"632:95-100","doi":"10.1038/s41586-024-07655-y","pmid":"38987602","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 4 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"Enhanced Performance beaker and stirrer 30; 70,000 particles per aliquot (UCL)","pu":"glacial gyre circulation from bottom-current grain size","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11291279/fullTextXML","an":"Terrigenous sortable silt in western Atlantic boundary cores between 55 N and 5 S (Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene)","id":"earth_space_industry-0123"},{"a":2977,"y":2024,"au":"Sun Y, Mi Z, Chen X, Li JJ, Lu J, Shan X, et al.","t":"Identification of nine mammal monosaccharides by solid-state nanopores.","j":"Sci Rep","vp":"14:32000","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-83690-z","pmid":"39738399","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11686368/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride locally thinned by laser-assisted electrochemical reaction","pd":"about 2.9 nm (effective)","pl":"about 5.6 nm (effective)","fab":"chemically tuned controlled dielectric breakdown in sodium hypochlorite:1 M KCl (2:9)","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-EDTA, pH 8.0; about 2-3 uM monosaccharide","v":"+200 mV","b":"mean blockage current 127.6 pA","sn":"1 MHz sampling, about 30 kHz digital filter; blockage roughly increases with molecular weight; machine learning F1 up to 1","pu":"monosaccharide identification toward glycan sequencing","no":"Authors state no prior solid-state nanopore identification of these nine monosaccharides.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11686368/fullTextXML","an":"N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc)","id":"ss_protein_small-0210"},{"a":2978,"y":2024,"au":"Yin YD, Yang L, Song XT, Hu J, Chen FF, Xu M, et al.","t":"Determination of Acetylamantadine by γ-Cyclodextrin-Assisted α-HL Nanopore for Potential Cancer Prediagnosis.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"96:8325-8331","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04986","pmid":"38738931","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with gamma-cyclodextrin adapter","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"enzyme product detection (SSAT-1 activity)","no":"Amantadine gives no secondary signal with gamma-CD, so acetylamantadine is quantified in 50-fold excess amantadine.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38738931+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"acetylamantadine","id":"bio_small-0310"},{"a":2979,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li X, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Unambiguous discrimination of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their modifications by nanopore.","j":"Nat Methods","vp":"21:92-101","doi":"10.1038/s41592-023-02021-8","pmid":"37749214","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid identification (toward protein sequencing)","no":"All 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 4 modified amino acids fully discriminated (accuracy 98.6%). Leucine and isoleucine (isomers) resolved.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37749214+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"N4-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-asparagine (GlcNAc-N)","id":"bio_small-0120"},{"a":2980,"y":2024,"au":"Fan P, Cao Z, Zhang S, Wang Y, Xiao Y, Jia W, et al.","t":"Nanopore analysis of cis-diols in fruits.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"15:1969","doi":"10.1038/s41467-024-46303-x","pmid":"38443434","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 100 mM MOPS, pH 7.0; analyte in both chambers","v":"+160 mV","sn":"1,2-diphenols, alditols and saccharides give negative-going events; alpha-hydroxy acids give positive-going events","pu":"cis-diol identification in fruit","no":"Ten model cis-diols (also D-sorbitol, xylitol, D-glucose, D-fructose); prune, grape, lemon and kiwifruit juices analyzed; accuracy 99.3%.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10915164/fullTextXML","an":"neochlorogenic acid (3-CQA)","id":"bio_small-0140"},{"a":2981,"y":2024,"au":"Lu W, Zhao X, Li M, Li Y, Zhang C, Xiong Y, et al.","t":"Precise Structural Analysis of Neutral Glycans Using Aerolysin Mutant T240R Nanopore.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"18:12412-12426","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.4c01571","pmid":"38693619","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin T240R mutant","pk":"aerolysin","pu":"neutral glycan isomer analysis with an R-binaphthyl tag","no":"Six disaccharide isomers and tri- and tetrasaccharide linkage isomers identified; individual glycans not named in the abstract.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38693619+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"R-binaphthyl-tagged neutral di-, tri- and tetrasaccharides (six disaccharide isomers plus linkage isomers)","id":"bio_small-0449"},{"a":2982,"y":2024,"au":"Ouyang Y, Wang K, Jia W, Zhang P, Huang S","t":"Simultaneous Identification of Vitamins B1, B3, B5, and B6 by an Engineered Nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"24:11944-11953","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03329","pmid":"39269011","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"vitamin identification","no":"Seven B vitamins fully distinguished (accuracy 99.9%); cosmetics and food analyzed.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39269011+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"nicotinamide (vitamin B3)","id":"bio_small-0148"},{"a":2983,"y":2024,"au":"Ouyang Y, Wang K, Jia W, Zhang P, Huang S","t":"Simultaneous Identification of Vitamins B1, B3, B5, and B6 by an Engineered Nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"24:11944-11953","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03329","pmid":"39269011","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"vitamin identification","no":"Seven B vitamins fully distinguished (accuracy 99.9%); cosmetics and food analyzed.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39269011+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"nicotinic acid (vitamin B3)","id":"bio_small-0147"},{"a":2984,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li X, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Unambiguous discrimination of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their modifications by nanopore.","j":"Nat Methods","vp":"21:92-101","doi":"10.1038/s41592-023-02021-8","pmid":"37749214","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid identification (toward protein sequencing)","no":"All 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 4 modified amino acids fully discriminated (accuracy 98.6%). Leucine and isoleucine (isomers) resolved.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37749214+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"O-acetyl-threonine (Ac-T)","id":"bio_small-0119"},{"a":2985,"y":2024,"au":"Wang K, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li X, Wang Y, et al.","t":"Unambiguous discrimination of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their modifications by nanopore.","j":"Nat Methods","vp":"21:92-101","doi":"10.1038/s41592-023-02021-8","pmid":"37749214","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid identification (toward protein sequencing)","no":"All 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 4 modified amino acids fully discriminated (accuracy 98.6%). Leucine and isoleucine (isomers) resolved.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37749214+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"O-phosphoserine (P-S)","id":"bio_small-0121"},{"a":2986,"y":2024,"au":"Ahn G, Yoon HW, Choi JW, Shin WR, Min J, Kim YH, et al.","t":"Structural stability for surface display of antigen 43 and application to bacterial outer membrane vesicles production","j":"BMB reports","vp":"57:369-374","doi":"10.5483/bmbrep.2024-0056","pmid":"38919015","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano Gold","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"size and concentration","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11362141/fullTextXML","an":"engineered outer membrane vesicles displaying antigen 43 beta-domain variants (Escherichia coli)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0215"},{"a":2987,"y":2024,"au":"Ouyang Y, Wang K, Jia W, Zhang P, Huang S","t":"Simultaneous Identification of Vitamins B1, B3, B5, and B6 by an Engineered Nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"24:11944-11953","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03329","pmid":"39269011","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"vitamin identification","no":"Seven B vitamins fully distinguished (accuracy 99.9%); cosmetics and food analyzed.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39269011+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)","id":"bio_small-0149"},{"a":2988,"y":2024,"au":"Motone K, Kontogiorgos-Heintz D, Wee J, Kurihara K, Yang S, Roote G, et al.","t":"Multi-pass, single-molecule nanopore reading of long protein strands.","j":"Nature","vp":"633:662-669","doi":"10.1038/s41586-024-07935-7","pmid":"39261738","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"CsgG nanopore (Oxford Nanopore MinION flow cell) with ClpX unfoldase","pk":"ont-flow-cell-pores","pm":"E. coli CsgG-based commercial nanopore array in polymer membrane","fab":"commercial sensor array; ClpX ratchets proteins through CsgG","co":"cis: 200 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 10% glycerol, 25 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.6; protein 500 nM","sn":"phosphorylation mapped along the strand","pu":"multi-pass single-molecule reading of long protein strands","no":"ClpX translocates substrates in two-residue steps; 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applied to Salvia miltiorrhiza, rosemary and Prunella vulgaris extracts.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10915175/fullTextXML","an":"protocatechuic acid","id":"bio_small-0132"},{"a":3002,"y":2024,"au":"Ouyang Y, Wang K, Jia W, Zhang P, Huang S","t":"Simultaneous Identification of Vitamins B1, B3, B5, and B6 by an Engineered Nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"24:11944-11953","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03329","pmid":"39269011","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"vitamin identification","no":"Seven B vitamins fully distinguished (accuracy 99.9%); cosmetics and food analyzed.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39269011+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"pyridoxal (vitamin B6)","id":"bio_small-0151"},{"a":3003,"y":2024,"au":"Ouyang Y, Wang K, Jia W, Zhang P, Huang S","t":"Simultaneous Identification of Vitamins B1, B3, B5, and B6 by an Engineered Nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"24:11944-11953","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03329","pmid":"39269011","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"vitamin identification","no":"Seven B vitamins fully distinguished (accuracy 99.9%); cosmetics and food analyzed.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39269011+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"pyridoxamine (vitamin B6)","id":"bio_small-0152"},{"a":3004,"y":2024,"au":"Ouyang Y, Wang K, Jia W, Zhang P, Huang S","t":"Simultaneous Identification of Vitamins B1, B3, B5, and B6 by an Engineered Nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"24:11944-11953","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03329","pmid":"39269011","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"vitamin identification","no":"Seven B vitamins fully distinguished (accuracy 99.9%); cosmetics and food analyzed.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39269011+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"pyridoxine (vitamin B6)","id":"bio_small-0150"},{"a":3005,"y":2024,"au":"Platnich CM, Earle MK, Keyser UF","t":"Chemical Annealing Restructures RNA for Nanopore Detection.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"146(19):12919-12924","doi":"10.1021/jacs.4c03753","pmid":"38691627","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore (paper's term; 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(Nano-tRNAseq, 2023/2024) sequenced the yeast tRNA population earlier; m1A58 detection by nanopore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11514469/fullTextXML","an":"S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Ser(CGA)","de":"one of the 42 cytosolic isoacceptors sequenced from wild type and five modification-enzyme knockouts","id":"bio_na_modern-0413"},{"a":3050,"y":2024,"au":"Shaw EA, Thomas NK, Jones JD, Abu-Shumays RL, Vaaler AL, Akeson M, et al.","t":"Combining Nanopore direct RNA sequencing with genetics and mass spectrometry for analysis of T-loop base modifications across 42 yeast tRNA isoacceptors","j":"Nucleic Acids Res","vp":"52:12074-12092","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkae796","pmid":"39340295","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"CsgG (ONT MinION R9.4.1 flow cells, SQK-RNA002)","pk":"ont-flow-cell-pores","pm":"Oxford Nanopore flow cell","fab":"splint adapters ligated to tRNA, then ONT RNA adapter","sn":"T-loop modification status (m5U54, Psi55, m1A58) inferred from direct RNA signals and base-call errors, validated by mass spectrometry","pu":"T-loop modification analysis (m5U54, pseudouridine 55, m1A58)","no":"isoacceptor named in the text; Lucas et al. (Nano-tRNAseq, 2023/2024) sequenced the yeast tRNA population earlier; m1A58 detection by nanopore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11514469/fullTextXML","an":"S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Ser(UGA)","de":"one of the 42 cytosolic isoacceptors sequenced from wild type and five modification-enzyme knockouts","id":"bio_na_modern-0414"},{"a":3051,"y":2024,"au":"Shaw EA, Thomas NK, Jones JD, Abu-Shumays RL, Vaaler AL, Akeson M, et al.","t":"Combining Nanopore direct RNA sequencing with genetics and mass spectrometry for analysis of T-loop base modifications across 42 yeast tRNA isoacceptors","j":"Nucleic Acids Res","vp":"52:12074-12092","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkae796","pmid":"39340295","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"CsgG (ONT MinION R9.4.1 flow cells, SQK-RNA002)","pk":"ont-flow-cell-pores","pm":"Oxford Nanopore flow cell","fab":"splint adapters ligated to tRNA, then ONT RNA adapter","sn":"T-loop modification status (m5U54, Psi55, m1A58) inferred from direct RNA signals and base-call errors, validated by mass spectrometry","pu":"T-loop modification analysis (m5U54, pseudouridine 55, m1A58)","no":"isoacceptor named in the text; Lucas et al. (Nano-tRNAseq, 2023/2024) sequenced the yeast tRNA population earlier; m1A58 detection by nanopore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11514469/fullTextXML","an":"S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Thr(AGU)","de":"one of the 42 cytosolic isoacceptors sequenced from wild type and five modification-enzyme knockouts","id":"bio_na_modern-0415"},{"a":3052,"y":2024,"au":"Shaw EA, Thomas NK, Jones JD, Abu-Shumays RL, Vaaler AL, Akeson M, et al.","t":"Combining Nanopore direct RNA sequencing with genetics and mass spectrometry for analysis of T-loop base modifications across 42 yeast tRNA isoacceptors","j":"Nucleic Acids Res","vp":"52:12074-12092","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkae796","pmid":"39340295","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"CsgG (ONT MinION R9.4.1 flow cells, SQK-RNA002)","pk":"ont-flow-cell-pores","pm":"Oxford Nanopore flow cell","fab":"splint adapters ligated to tRNA, then ONT RNA adapter","sn":"T-loop modification status (m5U54, Psi55, m1A58) inferred from direct RNA signals and base-call errors, validated by mass spectrometry","pu":"T-loop modification analysis (m5U54, pseudouridine 55, m1A58)","no":"isoacceptor named in the text; Lucas et al. (Nano-tRNAseq, 2023/2024) sequenced the yeast tRNA population earlier; m1A58 detection by nanopore","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11514469/fullTextXML","an":"S. cerevisiae cytosolic tRNA-Thr(UGU)","de":"one of the 42 cytosolic isoacceptors sequenced from wild type and five modification-enzyme knockouts","id":"bio_na_modern-0417"},{"a":3053,"y":2024,"au":"Misra R, Fung G, Sharma S, Hu J, Kirkitadze M","t":"Assessment of Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (TRPS) Technology for Particle Size Distribution in Vaccine Formulations - A Comparative Study with Dynamic Light Scattering.","j":"Pharmaceutical research","vp":"41(5):1021-1029","doi":"10.1007/s11095-024-03698-y","pmid":"38649535","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable nanopore on an Exoid instrument","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","sn":"particle-by-particle sizing resolved large aggregates and polydisperse species that dynamic light scattering averaged out; the pore's limited size range kept it to the larger antigens","pu":"particle size distribution and aggregate resolution in vaccine formulations","no":"Three in-house vaccine formulations were compared against two dynamic light scattering instruments: a protein antigen, an outer membrane vesicle and viral particles. The abstract does not name the virus.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:38649535&resultType=core&format=json","an":"viral particles in an in-house vaccine formulation (virus not named in the abstract)","de":"one of three vaccine formulations assessed by TRPS for size distribution and aggregates","id":"viruses-0102"},{"a":3054,"y":2024,"au":"Zhang M, Tang C, Wang Z, Chen S, Zhang D, Li K, et al.","t":"Real-time detection of 20 amino acids and discrimination of pathologically relevant peptides with functionalized nanopore.","j":"Nature methods","vp":"21:609-618","doi":"10.1038/s41592-024-02208-7","pmid":"38443507","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"Cu(II)-functionalized MspA N91H","pk":"mspa","pm":"Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"MspA N91H in all eight subunits, Cu2+ added trans","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM MOPS, pH 7.5; peptides hydrolyzed by exopeptidases","v":"+50 mV","sn":"one-amino-acid difference from the normal antigen distinguished in the hydrolysate","pu":"peptide discrimination by real-time detection of released amino acids","no":"Free amino acids released by exopeptidases are what the pore detects; the peptides are inferred from the amino acid series.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11009107/fullTextXML","an":"melanoma neoantigen peptide VLLGVKLFGV","id":"bio_protein-0376"},{"a":3055,"y":2024,"au":"Zhang M, Tang C, Wang Z, Chen S, Zhang D, Li K, et al.","t":"Real-time detection of 20 amino acids and discrimination of pathologically relevant peptides with functionalized nanopore.","j":"Nature methods","vp":"21:609-618","doi":"10.1038/s41592-024-02208-7","pmid":"38443507","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"Cu(II)-functionalized MspA N91H","pk":"mspa","pm":"Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"MspA N91H in all eight subunits, Cu2+ added trans","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM MOPS, pH 7.5; peptides hydrolyzed by exopeptidases","v":"+50 mV","pu":"peptide discrimination by real-time detection of released amino acids","no":"Free amino acids released by exopeptidases are what the pore detects; the peptides are inferred from the amino acid series.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11009107/fullTextXML","an":"melanoma normal antigen peptide VLLGVKLSGV","id":"bio_protein-0375"},{"a":3056,"y":2025,"au":"McGivern LE, Lim ZH, Yuan Y, Bo Z, Wu G, Bayley H, et al.","t":"Targeted high-resolution sensing of volatile organic compounds by covalent nanopore detection","j":"Nature communications","vp":"16:9409","doi":"10.1038/s41467-025-64184-6","pmid":"41136404","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64184-6","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (AG)6(AG-T115C), AG = alphaHL-K8A-M113G-K131G-K147G; also G137C variants","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"heteroheptameric alpha-hemolysin in lipid bilayer","co":"2 M KCl, 200 mM PIPES, 20 uM EDTA, pH 6.8","v":"-50 mV (trans)","sn":"open pore -129 +/- 3 pA at -50 mV; each aldehyde gives two diastereomer adduct levels","pu":"targeted covalent detection of breath and urine volatile aldehydes","no":"butanal and 2-methylpropanal (chain isomers) were distinguished; alcohols detected after enzymatic oxidation to aldehydes","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12552616/fullTextXML","an":"2-methylpropanal (isobutyraldehyde)","de":"detected as reversible hemithioacetal adducts with a single engineered cysteine; diastereomers of each adduct resolved","id":"reviews_exotic-0075"},{"a":3057,"y":2025,"au":"Renkes S, Gray SJ, Kim M, Alexandrakis G","t":"Plasmonic Nanopore Sensing to Probe the DNA Loading Status of Adeno-Associated Viruses.","j":"Chemosensors (Basel, Switzerland)","vp":"13(12):418","doi":"10.3390/chemosensors13120418","pmid":"42077504","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13132496/","pt":"journal","pc":10,"p":"plasmonic double-nanohole nanopore with optical trapping (gold on a membrane)","pk":"hybrid-protein-in-solid-state","pm":"gold double-nanohole structure over a nanopore on a silicon wafer with thermal oxide","fab":"nanohole and nanopore milling (focused ion beam, user project at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences)","co":"300 mM KCl; samples diluted to 10 fM in a 50 uL PDMS flow cell","sn":"five data dimensions per event: trapping duration, transmission and reflectance optical steps, and electrical entry and exit spikes; Gaussian mixture clustering separated empty, partially loaded and fully loaded capsids","pu":"single-particle quality control of AAV9 by DNA load","no":"Validated against analytical ultracentrifugation. The follow-up paper (Renkes et al. 2026 Sensors 26:3693, doi 10.3390/s26123693) added a concentric Ag/AgCl ring electrode and AC pulse trains from 500 Hz to 100 kHz on the same AAV9 samples.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13132496/fullTextXML","an":"AAV9 capsids, partially DNA-loaded (AAVpartial)","de":"measured alongside AAVempty, AAVssDNA and AAVscDNA (4.7 kbp cargo); partial and empty fractions lower treatment efficacy","id":"viruses-0072"},{"a":3058,"y":2025,"au":"Tsutsui M, Tsunekawa Y, Wada M, Arima A, Onodera A, Nishina M, et al.","t":"Enhanced Discriminability of Viral Vectors in Viscous Nanopores.","j":"Small methods","vp":"9(7):e2401321","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202401321","pmid":"39743980","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12285624/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"70 nm SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"70 nm","co":"glycerol-phosphate buffered saline mixtures, viscosity 1.1 to 17 mPa s","v":"Vb = 0.3 V (positive; electroosmotic flow drives the vectors, cis to trans)","b":"peak current Ip against duration td; raising the viscosity widened the pulses and sharpened the Ip histograms","pu":"telling full, intermediate and empty AAV9 vectors apart by slowing translocation","no":"Recombinant AAV9 encapsulating 2599-base ssDNA (full), 1491-base ssDNA (intermediate), or no genome (empty). Discriminability rose from near zero in water to above 0.4 with glycerol on both sides.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12285624/fullTextXML","an":"recombinant AAV9 vector with a 1491-base ssDNA genome (replicative intermediate)","de":"replicative intermediate carrying an ssDNA fragment, compared with the 2599-base full vector and the empty capsid; diameters differ by about a nanometer","id":"viruses-0070"},{"a":3059,"y":2025,"au":"Tizabi D, Hill RT, Bachvaroff T","t":"Nanopore Sequencing of Amoebophrya Species Reveals Novel Collection of Bacteria Putatively Associated With Karlodinium veneficum","j":"Genome biology and evolution","vp":"17:evaf022","doi":"10.1093/gbe/evaf022","pmid":"39943733","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"distinguishing parasite dinospores from host cells by size","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11890096/fullTextXML","an":"Amoebophrya sp. dinospores (parasite of Karlodinium veneficum)","de":"dinospores from infected Karlodinium veneficum cultures","id":"microbes-0123"},{"a":3060,"y":2025,"au":"Chen W, Sasse C, Köhler AM, Wang D, Popova B, Strohdiek A, et al.","t":"Resolving the fungal velvet domain architecture by &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus nidulans&lt;/i&gt; VelB","j":"mBio","vp":"16:e0026125","doi":"10.1128/mbio.00261-25","pmid":"40162796","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Z2 particle counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"conidiospore counts","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12077163/fullTextXML","an":"Aspergillus nidulans conidiospores","id":"microbes-0169"},{"a":3061,"y":2025,"au":"Kameli N","t":"Vesicle-Mediated Transfer of CTX-M β-Lactamase Genes and Proteins Confers Ampicillin Resistance in <i>Escherichia coli</i>","j":"International journal of molecular sciences","vp":"26:10601","doi":"10.3390/ijms262110601","pmid":"41226639","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"size and concentration","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41226639+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"vesicles carrying CTX-M beta-lactamase genes and proteins from Escherichia coli","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0213"},{"a":3062,"y":2025,"au":"McGivern LE, Lim ZH, Yuan Y, Bo Z, Wu G, Bayley H, et al.","t":"Targeted high-resolution sensing of volatile organic compounds by covalent nanopore detection","j":"Nature communications","vp":"16:9409","doi":"10.1038/s41467-025-64184-6","pmid":"41136404","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64184-6","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (AG)6(AG-T115C), AG = alphaHL-K8A-M113G-K131G-K147G; also G137C variants","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"heteroheptameric alpha-hemolysin in lipid bilayer","co":"2 M KCl, 200 mM PIPES, 20 uM EDTA, pH 6.8","v":"-50 mV (trans)","sn":"open pore -129 +/- 3 pA at -50 mV; each aldehyde gives two diastereomer adduct levels","pu":"targeted covalent detection of breath and urine volatile aldehydes","no":"butanal and 2-methylpropanal (chain isomers) were distinguished; alcohols detected after enzymatic oxidation to aldehydes","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12552616/fullTextXML","an":"benzaldehyde","de":"detected as reversible hemithioacetal adducts with a single engineered cysteine; diastereomers of each adduct resolved","id":"reviews_exotic-0080"},{"a":3063,"y":2025,"au":"Chibuike M, Rathnayaka C, Shivanka S, Choi J, Verber M, Park S, et al.","t":"Millisecond label-free single peptide detection and identification using nanoscale electrochromatography and resistive pulse sensing.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"97:427-435","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.4c04542","pmid":"39713813","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12006914/","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"thermoplastic dual in-plane nanopore sensor with PMMA nanoelectrochromatography column","pm":"PMMA (O2 plasma activated)","pg":"two in-plane nanopores flanking a 5 um long, 50 x 50 nm column","fab":"thermoplastic nanofluidic fabrication (nanoimprint and thermal bonding)","co":"0.5x PBS with 0.5 M KCl; 1 to 100 nM peptide","sn":"paired resistive pulses give time of flight; ToF, dI/I0 and dwell time classified by machine learning with nearly 100% accuracy, under 10 ms per molecule","pu":"label-free single peptide identification for protein fingerprinting","no":"Model peptides listed in Table S1 (not read); names below are from the main text, which also mentions a peptide called C 3-33.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=12006914","an":"bradykinin","id":"ss_protein_small-0299"},{"a":3063,"y":2026,"au":"Cai Y, Liu Y, Khaled I, Cressiot B, Bacri L, Pelta J","t":"Direct identification and quantification of peptide biomarkers in 20% human serum using a solid-state nanopore platform and machine learning.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"148:48580-48590","doi":"10.1021/jacs.6c17884","pmid":"43013013","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"polymer-engineered solid-state nanopore","co":"buffer or 20% human serum with a semidilute polyethylene glycol network (osmotic driving force)","sn":"machine-learning digital serum cleaning extracts peptide-specific fingerprints","pu":"direct peptide biomarker identification in serum","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:43013013%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"bradykinin (BK)","id":"ss_protein_small-0256"},{"a":3064,"y":2025,"au":"McGivern LE, Lim ZH, Yuan Y, Bo Z, Wu G, Bayley H, et al.","t":"Targeted high-resolution sensing of volatile organic compounds by covalent nanopore detection","j":"Nature communications","vp":"16:9409","doi":"10.1038/s41467-025-64184-6","pmid":"41136404","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64184-6","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (AG)6(AG-T115C), AG = alphaHL-K8A-M113G-K131G-K147G; also G137C variants","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"heteroheptameric alpha-hemolysin in lipid bilayer","co":"2 M KCl, 200 mM PIPES, 20 uM EDTA, pH 6.8","v":"-50 mV (trans)","sn":"open pore -129 +/- 3 pA at -50 mV; each aldehyde gives two diastereomer adduct levels","pu":"targeted covalent detection of breath and urine volatile aldehydes","no":"butanal and 2-methylpropanal (chain isomers) were distinguished; alcohols detected after enzymatic oxidation to aldehydes","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12552616/fullTextXML","an":"butanal (butyraldehyde)","de":"detected as reversible hemithioacetal adducts with a single engineered cysteine; diastereomers of each adduct resolved","id":"reviews_exotic-0074"},{"a":3065,"y":2025,"au":"Ge Y, Si W, Hu T, Chen K","t":"High-sensitivity detection of C-peptide biomarker for diabetes by solid-state nanopore using machine learning identification.","j":"J Phys Chem Lett","vp":"16:6355-6363","doi":"10.1021/acs.jpclett.5c01281","pmid":"40518639","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore","fab":"focused ion beam milling","sn":"five features (amplitude, dwell, standard deviation, kurtosis, skewness) for machine learning","pu":"diabetes biomarker detection","no":"Distinguished from fetal bovine serum background.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40518639%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"C-peptide","id":"ss_protein_small-0233"},{"a":3066,"y":2025,"au":"Pang M, Gao Z, Huang L, Chan CM, Zhang X, Su R, et al.","t":"Adaptation of Marine Heterotrophic Protists to Long-Term Warming Selection","j":"Global change biology","vp":"31:e70280","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70280","pmid":"40452437","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 4e aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"equivalent spherical diameter (1000 cells per treatment) after long-term warming selection","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12127837/fullTextXML","an":"Cafeteria burkhardae","id":"microbes-0272"},{"a":3067,"y":2025,"au":"Sun W, Xiao Y, Wang K, Zhang S, Yao L, Li T, et al.","t":"Nanopore discrimination of rare earth elements.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"20:523-531","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-01864-w","pmid":"39930101","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a nitrilotriacetic acid ligand at the constriction plus secondary ligand ANTA (dual-ligand)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"REE(III) events contain characteristic three-level transitions; event features vary periodically across the series (lanthanide contraction seen at single-molecule level)","pu":"element discrimination (rare earth elements)","no":"All 16 naturally occurring REE(III) ions identified with machine learning (the abstract counts Sc, Y and the lanthanides; promethium is not naturally occurring); bastnaesite samples analyzed. Neighbouring lanthanides differ by one proton in the nucleus.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39930101+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Ce(III) (cerium)","id":"bio_small-0179"},{"a":3068,"y":2025,"au":"Nagpure P, Suresh S, Shet D, Soni GV","t":"Nanopore assay for fingerprinting DNA binding and quantifying real-time cleavage by catalytically active Cas9 enzyme.","j":"J Nanobiotechnology","vp":"23(1):728","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03837-6","pmid":"41272754","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore","pu":"fingerprinting binding and real-time cleavage","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41272754+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"catalytically active Cas9 bound to and cleaving target DNA","id":"ss_na-0246"},{"a":3069,"y":2025,"au":"Chau CCC, Weckman NE, Thomson EE, Actis P","t":"Solid-State Nanopore Real-Time Assay for 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Names follow from the abstract (glycine is achiral).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41117263+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"D-methionine","id":"bio_small-0203"},{"a":3097,"y":2025,"au":"Zhang H, Wang K, Zhou X, Wang Y, Zhang P, Li W, et al.","t":"Chiral Discrimination of all Proteinogenic Amino Acid Enantiomers by Nanopore Sensing.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"64:e202515531","doi":"10.1002/anie.202515531","pmid":"41117263","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid enantiomer discrimination","no":"All 19 D-amino acids corresponding to the chiral proteinogenic L-amino acids identified (accuracy 99.5%); all 39 enantiomers sensed together with 98.9% accuracy. Names follow from the abstract (glycine is achiral).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41117263+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"D-proline","id":"bio_small-0205"},{"a":3098,"y":2025,"au":"Zhang H, Wang K, Zhou X, Wang Y, Zhang P, Li W, et al.","t":"Chiral Discrimination of all Proteinogenic Amino Acid Enantiomers by Nanopore Sensing.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"64:e202515531","doi":"10.1002/anie.202515531","pmid":"41117263","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid enantiomer discrimination","no":"All 19 D-amino acids corresponding to the chiral proteinogenic L-amino acids identified (accuracy 99.5%); all 39 enantiomers sensed together with 98.9% accuracy. Names follow from the abstract (glycine is achiral).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41117263+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"D-serine","id":"bio_small-0206"},{"a":3099,"y":2025,"au":"Zhang H, Wang K, Zhou X, Wang Y, Zhang P, Li W, et al.","t":"Chiral Discrimination of all Proteinogenic Amino Acid Enantiomers by Nanopore Sensing.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"64:e202515531","doi":"10.1002/anie.202515531","pmid":"41117263","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid enantiomer discrimination","no":"All 19 D-amino acids corresponding to the chiral proteinogenic L-amino acids identified (accuracy 99.5%); all 39 enantiomers sensed together with 98.9% accuracy. Names follow from the abstract (glycine is achiral).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41117263+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"D-threonine","id":"bio_small-0207"},{"a":3100,"y":2025,"au":"Zhang H, Wang K, Zhou X, Wang Y, Zhang P, Li W, et al.","t":"Chiral Discrimination of all Proteinogenic Amino Acid Enantiomers by Nanopore Sensing.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"64:e202515531","doi":"10.1002/anie.202515531","pmid":"41117263","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid adapter at the constriction (MspA-NTA-Ni)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"amino acid enantiomer discrimination","no":"All 19 D-amino acids corresponding to the chiral proteinogenic L-amino acids identified (accuracy 99.5%); all 39 enantiomers sensed together with 98.9% accuracy. Names follow from the abstract (glycine is achiral).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41117263+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"D-valine","id":"bio_small-0210"},{"a":3101,"y":2025,"au":"Ren M, Qin F, Liu Y, Liu D, Lopes RP, Astruc D, et al.","t":"Single-molecule resolution of the conformation of polymers and dendrimers with solid-state nanopores.","j":"Talanta","vp":"286:127544","doi":"10.1016/j.talanta.2025.127544","pmid":"39805202","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore","co":"KCl electrolytes at several pH values (block copolymer best in 0.5 M KCl, pH 5)","sn":"longer residence and higher blockage than the smaller generation; highest blockage at pH 7.4","pu":"unimolecular conformation of synthetic polymers and dendrimers","no":"Two generations of neutral dendrimers translocated; the smaller one is not named in the abstract.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39805202%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"neutral TEG dendrimer TEG-81","id":"ss_protein_small-0219"},{"a":3102,"y":2025,"au":"Ren M, Qin F, Liu Y, Liu D, Lopes RP, Astruc D, et al.","t":"Single-molecule resolution of the conformation of polymers and dendrimers with solid-state nanopores","j":"Talanta","vp":"286:127544","doi":"10.1016/j.talanta.2025.127544","pmid":"39805202","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopores","pu":"conformation and transport","no":"dendrimer chemistry not named in the abstract","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39805202+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"dendrimers (with charged homopolymers PEI, PAA and a neutral block copolymer)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0196"},{"a":3103,"y":2025,"au":"Liu J, Xiong L, Hu Y, Wang Z, Dai J, Li T, et al.","t":"Probing Structural Variants of Irregular DNA G-Tracts (N ≤ 2) Using MspA Nanopores","j":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces","vp":"17:13415-13426","doi":"10.1021/acsami.4c19806","pmid":"39977584","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2-MspA in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"at least two event populations (types I and II) with different blockage fractions and dwell times; bilayered G2 blocks unwound by the field","pu":"unwinding of short-G-tract G-quadruplexes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39977584&resultType=core&format=json","an":"AS1411 G-rich aptamer (G2 tracts)","id":"bio_na_modern-0455"},{"a":3104,"y":2025,"au":"Liu J, Xiong L, Hu Y, Wang Z, Dai J, Li T, et al.","t":"Probing Structural Variants of Irregular DNA G-Tracts (N ≤ 2) Using MspA Nanopores","j":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces","vp":"17:13415-13426","doi":"10.1021/acsami.4c19806","pmid":"39977584","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2-MspA in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"at least two event populations (types I and II) with different blockage fractions and dwell times; bilayered G2 blocks unwound by the field","pu":"unwinding of short-G-tract G-quadruplexes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39977584&resultType=core&format=json","an":"AT11 G-rich aptamer (G2 tracts)","id":"bio_na_modern-0456"},{"a":3105,"y":2025,"au":"Liu J, Xiong L, Hu Y, Wang Z, Dai J, Li T, et al.","t":"Probing Structural Variants of Irregular DNA G-Tracts (N ≤ 2) Using MspA Nanopores","j":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces","vp":"17:13415-13426","doi":"10.1021/acsami.4c19806","pmid":"39977584","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA M2","pk":"mspa","pm":"M2-MspA in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"at least two event populations (types I and II) with different blockage fractions and dwell times; bilayered G2 blocks unwound by the field","pu":"unwinding of short-G-tract G-quadruplexes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39977584&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Z-G4 G-rich aptamer (G2 tracts)","id":"bio_na_modern-0457"},{"a":3106,"y":2025,"au":"Zhao L, Wang J, Wu LS, Zhao X","t":"Solid-State Nanopore Readout of Programmable DNA and Peptide Nanostructures for Scalable Digital Data Storage.","j":"Biosensors (Basel)","vp":"15(5):287","doi":"10.3390/bios15050287","pmid":"40422026","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pu":"digital data storage readout","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A40422026+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"programmable DNA nanostructures encoding data","id":"ss_na-0240"},{"a":3107,"y":2025,"au":"Takiguchi S, Takeuchi N, Suzuki H, Ohara M, Komiya K, Kawano R","t":"Nanopore-Based Single-Molecule Logic Unit (sMOLU).","j":"Small","vp":"21:e2501560","doi":"10.1002/smll.202501560","pmid":"40462731","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pu":"DNA AND gate with a three-way junction immobilized in the pore","no":"enzyme-specific cleavage and amplification in GUVs; fluorescence and electrophysiology confirm gate operation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40462731","an":"three-way DNA junction immobilized within the alpha-HL pore (AND gate)","id":"bio_na_early-0532"},{"a":3108,"y":2025,"au":"Wang L, He B, Wang Z, Kang L, Xue J, Yan S","t":"Accurate Mapping of 5-Glyceryl-methylcytosine Using Nanopore Sequencing","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"97:9992-9999","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.5c00845","pmid":"40314134","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"nanopore sequencing","sn":"5gmC lowers the ionic current while 5mC raises it; multiple 5gmC sites identified in various contexts","pu":"nanopore sequencing","no":"5gmC is a vitamin C-derived mark found in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40314134&resultType=core&format=json","an":"5-glyceryl-methylcytosine (5gmC) in model DNA strands","id":"bio_na_modern-0348"},{"a":3109,"y":2025,"au":"Pages-Gallego M, van Soest DMK, Besselink NJM, Straver R, Keijer JP, Vermeulen C, et al.","t":"Direct detection of 8-oxo-dG using nanopore sequencing","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"16:","doi":"10.1038/s41467-025-60391-3","pmid":"40473638","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"CsgG (ONT R9.4.1 MinION flow cells on GridION)","pk":"ont-flow-cell-pores","pm":"Oxford Nanopore flow cell: array of protein nanopores in synthetic membrane, motor protein controls strand speed","fab":"commercial ONT flow cell; library ligated to motor-protein adapter","co":"SQK-LSK109 ligation kit; 72 h runs","sn":"deep-learning model trained on context-variable synthetic oligos; 8-oxo-dG and 5mC called together on single molecules","pu":"nanopore sequencing","no":"first direct genome-wide 8-oxo-dG detection by nanopore sequencing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12141616/fullTextXML","an":"8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) in synthetic long DNA and in cells under oxidative stress","id":"bio_na_modern-0347"},{"a":3110,"y":2025,"au":"Joty K, Hong S, Ghimire ML, Kim S, Walker JN, Brodbelt JS, et al.","t":"Solid-State Nanopore Analysis of DNA-Templated Silver Nanoclusters: Voltage-Dependent Translocation and Electrolyte Stability","j":"ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces","vp":"17:39407-39419","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c02405","pmid":"40420685","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopores 2.6 to 5.6 nm","pd":"2.6, 3.1, 3.6, 4.8 and 5.6 nm","co":"1 M KNO3 or 1 M KCl with 10 mM Tris, pH 7.6-8.4","v":"200-400 mV","sn":"clusters stable in KNO3 (distinct signatures, near-pore clogging); dissociate in KCl (bare-DNA-like events)","pu":"stability and translocation of metallo-DNA","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A40420685+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"DNA-templated fluorescent silver nanoclusters (20 nt and 37 nt templates)","de":"DNA/AgNCs on 20- and 37-nucleotide strands","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0034"},{"a":3111,"y":2025,"au":"Joty K, Hong S, Ghimire ML, Kim S, Walker JN, Brodbelt JS, et al.","t":"Solid-State Nanopore Analysis of DNA-Templated Silver Nanoclusters: Voltage-Dependent Translocation and Electrolyte Stability","j":"ACS applied materials & interfaces","vp":"17:39407-39419","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c02405","pmid":"40420685","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c02405","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore (2.6-5.6 nm)","pd":"2.6, 3.1, 3.6, 4.8 and 5.6 nm","co":"1 M KNO3 or 1 M KCl with 10 mM Tris, pH 7.6-8.4","v":"200-400 mV","sn":"clusters stable in KNO3 with distinct signatures and near-clogging blockades; in KCl they dissociate and events look like bare DNA","pu":"stability and translocation of DNA/AgNCs","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A40420685+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"silver nanoclusters templated in a 20-nucleotide DNA strand","id":"reviews_exotic-0054"},{"a":3111,"y":2025,"au":"Joty K, Hong S, Ghimire ML, Kim S, Walker JN, Brodbelt JS, et al.","t":"Solid-State Nanopore Analysis of DNA-Templated Silver Nanoclusters: Voltage-Dependent Translocation and Electrolyte Stability.","j":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces","vp":"17(27):39407-39419","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c02405","pmid":"40420685","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"2.6, 3.1, 3.6, 4.8 and 5.6 nm","co":"1 M KNO3 or 1 M KCl with 10 mM Tris","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A40420685+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"fluorescent silver nanocluster templated in a 20-nucleotide DNA strand","id":"ss_na-0238"},{"a":3112,"y":2025,"au":"Joty K, Hong S, Ghimire ML, Kim S, Walker JN, Brodbelt JS, et al.","t":"Solid-State Nanopore Analysis of DNA-Templated Silver Nanoclusters: Voltage-Dependent Translocation and Electrolyte Stability","j":"ACS applied materials & interfaces","vp":"17:39407-39419","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c02405","pmid":"40420685","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c02405","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore (2.6-5.6 nm)","pd":"2.6-5.6 nm","co":"1 M KNO3 or 1 M KCl with 10 mM Tris","v":"200-400 mV","pu":"stability and translocation of DNA/AgNCs","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A40420685+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"silver nanoclusters templated in a 37-nucleotide DNA strand","id":"reviews_exotic-0055"},{"a":3112,"y":2025,"au":"Joty K, Hong S, Ghimire ML, Kim S, Walker JN, Brodbelt JS, et al.","t":"Solid-State Nanopore Analysis of DNA-Templated Silver Nanoclusters: Voltage-Dependent Translocation and Electrolyte Stability.","j":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces","vp":"17(27):39407-39419","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c02405","pmid":"40420685","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pd":"2.6, 3.1, 3.6, 4.8 and 5.6 nm","co":"1 M KNO3 or 1 M KCl with 10 mM Tris","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A40420685+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"fluorescent silver nanocluster templated in a 37-nucleotide DNA strand","id":"ss_na-0239"},{"a":3113,"y":2025,"au":"Truchon AR, Zinser ER, Wilhelm SW","t":"Epigenome analysis of an algae-infecting giant virus reveals a unique methylation motif catalogue.","j":"PloS one","vp":"20(12):e0330887","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0330887","pmid":"41385564","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12700378/","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"Oxford Nanopore R10.4.1 nanopore array (Flongle flow cells on a MinION Mk1B with a Flongle adapter)","pk":"ont-flow-cell-pores","co":"viral DNA from four replicates, V14 ligation sequencing kit SQK-LSK114 with the Flongle sequencing expansion; whole-genome-amplified DNA sequenced as an unmethylated control","sn":"POD5 raw signal basecalled for 5mC and 6mA with Bonito (dna_r10.4.1_e8.2_400bps_hac v5.0.0, minimum q-score 9) and checked with dorado v1.2","pu":"finding 5-methylcytosine and N6-methyladenine motifs across a giant virus genome from the raw current signal","no":"Aureococcus anophagefferens virus (AaV) is a giant virus of the brown-tide alga. The phi29-based whole-genome amplification control strips methylation, which let the authors separate real modified sites from basecalling artefacts.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12700378/fullTextXML","an":"Aureococcus anophagefferens virus (AaV) genomic DNA with 5mC and 6mA methylation","de":"DNA from a giant algal virus, read for methylation motifs alongside an unmethylated whole-genome-amplified control","id":"gap_viruses-0036"},{"a":3114,"y":2025,"au":"Tatsuke T","t":"Complete genome sequence of the &lt;i&gt;Bombyx mori&lt;/i&gt; nucleopolyhedrovirus strain P6E.","j":"Microbiology resource announcements","vp":"14(8):e0041325","doi":"10.1128/mra.00413-25","pmid":"40626836","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12352045/","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"Oxford Nanopore R9.4.1 nanopore array (Flongle flow cell, MinION Mk1B)","pk":"ont-flow-cell-pores","co":"500 ng of viral genomic DNA from budded virus, ligation sequencing kit SQK-LSK109, no shearing or size selection","pu":"complete genome sequence of an insect virus strain from long reads","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12352045/fullTextXML","an":"Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus genomic DNA (budded virus)","de":"genomic DNA extracted from budded virus particles of a Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus strain","id":"gap_viruses-0035"},{"a":3115,"y":2025,"au":"Khalid MAU, Ahamed MA, Politza AJ, Guan W","t":"Solid-State Nanopore Sizing for cfDNA Sample Quality Control in Point-of-Need Sequencing.","j":"ACS Sens","vp":"10(8):5674-5683","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c00803","pmid":"40569281","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore","pu":"size-based quality control before sequencing","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A40569281+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"cell-free DNA (cfDNA) samples","id":"ss_na-0241"},{"a":3116,"y":2025,"au":"Schmidtke DT, Hickey AS, Wirbel J, Lin JD, Liachko I, Sherlock G, et al.","t":"The prototypic crAssphage is a linear phage-plasmid.","j":"Cell host & microbe","vp":"33(8):1347-1362.e5","doi":"10.1016/j.chom.2025.07.004","pmid":"40730160","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12358190/","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"Oxford Nanopore nanopore array (publicly available sequencing of crAssphage-positive stool)","fab":"protein nanopore array in a synthetic membrane on an Oxford Nanopore flow cell (pore protein not named in the paper)","co":"long reads from 25 stool samples with more than 20-fold coverage of Carjivirus communis, mapped across the phage genome","sn":"about three-fold higher coverage over a 2 kb region matched the Hi-C signal for a duplication; structural variants called with Sniffles, and the few breakpoints had only two supporting reads, which the authors attribute to chimeric reads rather than integration","pu":"measuring coverage across the phage genome, resolving a duplication and looking for integration breakpoints","no":"The nanopore reads analysed here come from published datasets rather than from runs the authors performed, and Hi-C sequencing was their own main method. The paper shows the prototypic crAssphage (Carjivirus communis) behaves as a linear phage-plasmid.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC12358190.1/PMC12358190.1.txt","an":"crAssphage (Carjivirus communis) genome in human stool, read by nanopore sequencing","de":"genome of the prototypic crAssphage from stool metagenomes, with coverage and structural variants measured from long reads","id":"gap_viruses-0038"},{"a":3117,"y":2025,"au":"Pal S, Huttner D, Verma NC, Nemirovsky T, Ziv O, Sher N, et al.","t":"Amplification-Free Quantification of Endogenous Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Using Solid-State Nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"19(11):11390-11402","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c00732","pmid":"40082088","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"native mtDNA events have structurally distinctive features; machine learning separates mtDNA from fragmented genomic DNA","pu":"amplification-free mtDNA copy number","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11948453/","an":"native (unamplified) human mitochondrial DNA from a cancer cell line and blood cells","id":"ss_na-0250"},{"a":3118,"y":2025,"au":"Botka T, Smetanová S, Vinco A, Kučerová E, Rovňáková K, Siváková A, et al.","t":"Virion content unpacked by long-read sequencing: stress-induced changes in transmitted staphylococcal mobilome due to phage-satellite interactions.","j":"Nucleic acids research","vp":"53(20):gkaf1165","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkaf1165","pmid":"41206046","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12597102/","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"Oxford Nanopore R10.4.1 nanopore array (FLO-FLG114 Flongle flow cell, MinION)","pk":"ont-flow-cell-pores","fab":"protein nanopore array in a synthetic membrane on an Oxford Nanopore flow cell (pore protein not named in the paper)","co":"DNA extracted from purified phage particles, ligation sequencing kit SQK-LSK114, run on FLO-FLG114 R10.4.1 flow cells","pu":"reading what each phage particle population actually carries, so that transduced bacterial DNA and mobile islands can be told from the phage genome","no":"Long reads from DNA inside phage particles showed stress-induced changes in the staphylococcal mobilome: phage genomes, phage-inducible chromosomal islands and flanking host DNA packaged by headful lateral transduction. Strains included Staphylococcus epidermidis lysogens with prophage 48 and E72m5 and S. aureus phage 812h1.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12597102/fullTextXML","an":"DNA packaged inside staphylococcal phage virions (phage 48, phage E72m5 and phage 812h1 particles)","de":"DNA from purified phage particles of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, carrying phage genomes together with phage-inducible chromosomal islands and adjacent host DNA","id":"gap_viruses-0032"},{"a":3119,"y":2025,"au":"Tsutsui M, Hsu WL, Yokota K, Komoto Y, Daiguji H, Kawai T","t":"On-Site Unzipping of Single-Molecule DNA in a Spot-Heated Nanopore.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"19(31):28900-28912","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c09740","pmid":"40730355","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore with a lithographed Pt nanocoil heater","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"capture and translocation shaped by thermophoresis and viscous drag in the heated pore","pu":"on-site denaturation before readout","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A40730355+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"pBR322 plasmid DNA unzipped by local heating above 423 K","id":"ss_na-0252"},{"a":3120,"y":2025,"au":"Li Y, Xie W, Fang S, Tian R, Yin Y, Weng T, et al.","t":"Conformation-Dependent Dynamics of Polymer Capture and Translocation through Solid-State Nanopores.","j":"Small","vp":"21(34):e2501362","doi":"10.1002/smll.202501362","pmid":"40589375","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore (several sizes)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A40589375+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"linearized pBR322 plasmid DNA","id":"ss_na-0255"},{"a":3121,"y":2025,"au":"Li Y, Xie W, Fang S, Tian R, Yin Y, Weng T, et al.","t":"Conformation-Dependent Dynamics of Polymer Capture and Translocation through Solid-State Nanopores.","j":"Small","vp":"21(34):e2501362","doi":"10.1002/smll.202501362","pmid":"40589375","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore (several sizes)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"nonlinear blockade-voltage relationship; supercoiled fraction affects capture","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A40589375+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"supercoiled pBR322 plasmid DNA","id":"ss_na-0254"},{"a":3122,"y":2025,"au":"Sun W, Xiao Y, Wang K, Zhang S, Yao L, Li T, et al.","t":"Nanopore discrimination of rare earth elements.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"20:523-531","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-01864-w","pmid":"39930101","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a nitrilotriacetic acid ligand at the constriction plus secondary ligand ANTA (dual-ligand)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"REE(III) events contain characteristic three-level transitions; event features vary periodically across the series (lanthanide contraction seen at single-molecule level)","pu":"element discrimination (rare earth elements)","no":"All 16 naturally occurring REE(III) ions identified with machine learning (the abstract counts Sc, Y and the lanthanides; promethium is not naturally occurring); bastnaesite samples analyzed. Neighbouring lanthanides differ by one proton in the nucleus.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39930101+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Dy(III) (dysprosium)","id":"bio_small-0186"},{"a":3123,"y":2025,"au":"Iesu L, Sai M, Torbeev V, Kieffer B, Pelta J, Cressiot B","t":"Single-molecule nanopore sensing of proline &lt;i&gt;cis&lt;/i&gt;/&lt;i&gt;trans&lt;/i&gt; amide isomers.","j":"Chemical science","vp":"16:9730-9738","doi":"10.1039/d5sc01156f","pmid":"40321189","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"4 M KCl, 25 mM Tris pH 7.5; peptide 10 uM (4 M CsCl and other salts tested)","v":"+100 mV","sn":"trans amide isomer favoured","pu":"sensing proline cis/trans amide isomer populations","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12045290/fullTextXML","an":"LFP19 with (4R)-fluoroproline at position 3","de":"19-residue proline-rich fragment of human dynamin 2 (LFP19), Pro3 substituted","id":"bio_protein-0327"},{"a":3124,"y":2025,"au":"Iesu L, Sai M, Torbeev V, Kieffer B, Pelta J, Cressiot B","t":"Single-molecule nanopore sensing of proline &lt;i&gt;cis&lt;/i&gt;/&lt;i&gt;trans&lt;/i&gt; amide isomers.","j":"Chemical science","vp":"16:9730-9738","doi":"10.1039/d5sc01156f","pmid":"40321189","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"4 M KCl, 25 mM Tris pH 7.5; peptide 10 uM (4 M CsCl and other salts tested)","v":"+100 mV","sn":"cis amide isomer population up to 43% higher","pu":"sensing proline cis/trans amide isomer populations","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12045290/fullTextXML","an":"LFP19 with (4S)-fluoroproline at position 3","de":"19-residue proline-rich fragment of human dynamin 2 (LFP19), Pro3 substituted","id":"bio_protein-0328"},{"a":3125,"y":2025,"au":"Iesu L, Sai M, Torbeev V, Kieffer B, Pelta J, Cressiot B","t":"Single-molecule nanopore sensing of proline &lt;i&gt;cis&lt;/i&gt;/&lt;i&gt;trans&lt;/i&gt; amide isomers.","j":"Chemical science","vp":"16:9730-9738","doi":"10.1039/d5sc01156f","pmid":"40321189","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","co":"4 M KCl, 25 mM Tris pH 7.5; peptide 10 uM (4 M CsCl and other salts tested)","v":"+100 mV","sn":"three event populations attributed to conformers","pu":"sensing proline cis/trans amide isomer populations","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12045290/fullTextXML","an":"LFP19 dynamin 2 fragment with natural Pro3","de":"19-residue proline-rich fragment of human dynamin 2 (LFP19), Pro3 substituted","id":"bio_protein-0326"},{"a":3126,"y":2025,"au":"Sun W, Xiao Y, Wang K, Zhang S, Yao L, Li T, et al.","t":"Nanopore discrimination of rare earth elements.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"20:523-531","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-01864-w","pmid":"39930101","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a nitrilotriacetic acid ligand at the constriction plus secondary ligand ANTA (dual-ligand)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"REE(III) events contain characteristic three-level transitions; event features vary periodically across the series (lanthanide contraction seen at single-molecule level)","pu":"element discrimination (rare earth elements)","no":"All 16 naturally occurring REE(III) ions identified with machine learning (the abstract counts Sc, Y and the lanthanides; promethium is not naturally occurring); bastnaesite samples analyzed. Neighbouring lanthanides differ by one proton in the nucleus.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39930101+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Er(III) (erbium)","id":"bio_small-0188"},{"a":3127,"y":2025,"au":"McGivern LE, Lim ZH, Yuan Y, Bo Z, Wu G, Bayley H, et al.","t":"Targeted high-resolution sensing of volatile organic compounds by covalent nanopore detection","j":"Nature communications","vp":"16:9409","doi":"10.1038/s41467-025-64184-6","pmid":"41136404","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64184-6","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (AG)6(AG-T115C), AG = alphaHL-K8A-M113G-K131G-K147G; also G137C variants","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"heteroheptameric alpha-hemolysin in lipid bilayer","co":"2 M KCl, 200 mM PIPES, 20 uM EDTA, pH 6.8","v":"-50 mV (trans)","sn":"open pore -129 +/- 3 pA at -50 mV; each aldehyde gives two diastereomer adduct levels","pu":"targeted covalent detection of 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(lanthanide contraction seen at single-molecule level)","pu":"element discrimination (rare earth elements)","no":"All 16 naturally occurring rare-earth ions (REE(III)) identified with machine learning; bastnaesite samples analyzed.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39930101+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Eu(III) (europium)","id":"bio_small-0183"},{"a":3129,"y":2025,"au":"Dobrzycka-Krahel A, Steć A, Czyrski GS, Heinz A, Dziomba S","t":"Characterization of Small Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from <i>Aurelia aurita</i>","j":"Biology","vp":"14:922","doi":"10.3390/biology14080922","pmid":"40906117","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"size and concentration","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A40906117+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"small EVs isolated from the 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Neighbouring lanthanides differ by one proton in the nucleus.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39930101+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Gd(III) (gadolinium)","id":"bio_small-0184"},{"a":3136,"y":2025,"au":"Wang J, Li M, Zhang C, Zhao X, Xiong Y, Cao Y, et al.","t":"Identification of Isomerically Diverse Ginsenosides Using Engineered Aerolysin Nanopore via Non-Translocation Blockade Sensing.","j":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","vp":"64:e202506741","doi":"10.1002/anie.202506741","pmid":"40456701","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin S278K mutant","pk":"aerolysin","sn":"molecules trapped in the K278-R220 region; residence time up to 43-fold longer","pu":"isomer-resolved identification of glycoconjugate natural products (non-translocation blockade sensing)","no":"Individual ginsenosides are not named in the abstract; recorded as a class.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A40456701+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"ginsenosides (30 compounds differing in glycosyl composition, isomerism, modification and aglycone)","id":"bio_small-0447"},{"a":3137,"y":2025,"au":"McGivern LE, Lim ZH, Yuan Y, Bo Z, Wu G, Bayley H, et al.","t":"Targeted high-resolution sensing of volatile organic compounds by covalent nanopore detection","j":"Nature communications","vp":"16:9409","doi":"10.1038/s41467-025-64184-6","pmid":"41136404","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64184-6","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (AG)6(AG-T115C), AG = alphaHL-K8A-M113G-K131G-K147G; also G137C variants","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"heteroheptameric alpha-hemolysin in lipid bilayer","co":"2 M KCl, 200 mM PIPES, 20 uM EDTA, pH 6.8","v":"-50 mV (trans)","sn":"open pore -129 +/- 3 pA at -50 mV; each aldehyde gives two diastereomer adduct levels","pu":"targeted covalent detection of breath and urine volatile aldehydes","no":"butanal and 2-methylpropanal (chain isomers) were distinguished; alcohols detected after enzymatic oxidation to aldehydes","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12552616/fullTextXML","an":"heptanal","de":"detected as reversible hemithioacetal adducts with a single engineered cysteine; diastereomers of each adduct resolved","id":"reviews_exotic-0078"},{"a":3138,"y":2025,"au":"Hashida N, Takei H, Taniguchi M, Naono N, Soma T, Oie Y, et al.","t":"Rapid diagnosis of ocular viral infections via single-virus detection using solid-state nanopore: A diagnostic evaluation study.","j":"PNAS nexus","vp":"4(6):pgaf161","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf161","pmid":"40496189","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12150286/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore, 300 nm across in a 40 nm membrane (AI nanopore module)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"SiN membrane","pd":"300 nm","pl":"40 nm","v":"-0.1 V","sn":"pulse height in nA and width in us; machine learning F-measure 0.836 for CMV versus HSV-1, 0.697 for HSV-1 versus VZV, 0.775 across four viruses","pu":"rapid identification of ocular viral infections from cultured virus and patient samples","no":"Herpesviruses are spherical particles of 100 to 200 nm. Clinical ocular samples were measured without pretreatment.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12150286/fullTextXML","an":"herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)","de":"cultured virus","id":"viruses-0050"},{"a":3139,"y":2025,"au":"McGivern LE, Lim ZH, Yuan Y, Bo Z, Wu G, Bayley H, et al.","t":"Targeted high-resolution sensing of volatile organic compounds by covalent nanopore detection","j":"Nature communications","vp":"16:9409","doi":"10.1038/s41467-025-64184-6","pmid":"41136404","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64184-6","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin (AG)6(AG-T115C), AG = alphaHL-K8A-M113G-K131G-K147G; also G137C variants","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"heteroheptameric alpha-hemolysin in lipid bilayer","co":"2 M KCl, 200 mM PIPES, 20 uM EDTA, pH 6.8","v":"-50 mV (trans)","sn":"open pore -129 +/- 3 pA at -50 mV; each aldehyde gives two diastereomer adduct levels","pu":"targeted covalent detection of breath and urine volatile aldehydes","no":"butanal and 2-methylpropanal (chain isomers) were distinguished; alcohols detected after enzymatic oxidation to aldehydes","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12552616/fullTextXML","an":"hexanal","de":"detected as reversible hemithioacetal adducts with a single engineered cysteine; diastereomers of each adduct resolved","id":"reviews_exotic-0077"},{"a":3140,"y":2025,"au":"Chang JW, Gao Y, Zou AH, Li MY, Long YT, Jiang J","t":"Precise Identification of Native Peptides with Posttranslational Proline Hydroxylation by Nanopore.","j":"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)","vp":"64:e202422692","doi":"10.1002/anie.202422692","pmid":"39865464","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin A224Y/T274W","pk":"aerolysin","pu":"identification of proline hydroxylation on native peptides","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39865464+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"native HIF-1alpha fragment peptide (unmodified proline)","id":"bio_protein-0121"},{"a":3141,"y":2025,"au":"Chang JW, Gao Y, Zou AH, Li MY, Long YT, Jiang J","t":"Precise Identification of Native Peptides with Posttranslational Proline Hydroxylation by Nanopore.","j":"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)","vp":"64:e202422692","doi":"10.1002/anie.202422692","pmid":"39865464","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin A224Y/T274W","pk":"aerolysin","sn":"single hydroxyl group on proline discriminated even with neighbouring oxidation; hydroxylation relaxes peptide structure (voltage dependence)","pu":"identification of proline hydroxylation on native peptides","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39865464+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"native HIF-1alpha fragment peptide with hydroxyproline","id":"bio_protein-0122"},{"a":3142,"y":2025,"au":"Sun W, Xiao Y, Wang K, Zhang S, Yao L, Li T, et al.","t":"Nanopore discrimination of rare earth elements.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"20:523-531","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-01864-w","pmid":"39930101","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a nitrilotriacetic acid ligand at the constriction plus secondary ligand ANTA (dual-ligand)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"REE(III) events contain characteristic three-level transitions; event features vary periodically across the series (lanthanide contraction seen at single-molecule level)","pu":"element discrimination (rare earth elements)","no":"All 16 naturally occurring REE(III) ions identified with machine learning (the abstract counts Sc, Y and the lanthanides; promethium is not naturally occurring); bastnaesite samples analyzed. Neighbouring lanthanides differ by one proton in the nucleus.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39930101+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Ho(III) (holmium)","id":"bio_small-0187"},{"a":3143,"y":2025,"au":"Hashida N, Takei H, Taniguchi M, Naono N, Soma T, Oie Y, et al.","t":"Rapid diagnosis of ocular viral infections via single-virus detection using solid-state nanopore: A diagnostic evaluation study.","j":"PNAS nexus","vp":"4(6):pgaf161","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf161","pmid":"40496189","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12150286/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore, 300 nm across in a 40 nm membrane (AI nanopore module)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"SiN membrane","pd":"300 nm","pl":"40 nm","v":"-0.1 V","sn":"pulse height in nA and width in us; machine learning F-measure 0.836 for CMV versus HSV-1, 0.697 for HSV-1 versus VZV, 0.775 across four viruses","pu":"rapid identification of ocular viral infections from cultured virus and patient samples","no":"Herpesviruses are spherical particles of 100 to 200 nm. Clinical ocular samples were measured without pretreatment.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12150286/fullTextXML","an":"human herpesvirus 6A","de":"cultured virus","id":"viruses-0053"},{"a":3144,"y":2025,"au":"Hashida N, Takei H, Taniguchi M, Naono N, Soma T, Oie Y, et al.","t":"Rapid diagnosis of ocular viral infections via single-virus detection using solid-state nanopore: A diagnostic evaluation study.","j":"PNAS nexus","vp":"4(6):pgaf161","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf161","pmid":"40496189","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12150286/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore, 300 nm across in a 40 nm membrane (AI nanopore module)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"SiN membrane","pd":"300 nm","pl":"40 nm","v":"-0.1 V","sn":"pulse height in nA and width in us; machine learning F-measure 0.836 for CMV versus HSV-1, 0.697 for HSV-1 versus VZV, 0.775 across four viruses","pu":"rapid identification of ocular viral infections from cultured virus and patient samples","no":"Herpesviruses are spherical particles of 100 to 200 nm. Clinical ocular samples were measured without pretreatment.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12150286/fullTextXML","an":"human herpesvirus 6B","de":"cultured virus","id":"viruses-0054"},{"a":3145,"y":2025,"au":"Hashida N, Takei H, Taniguchi M, Naono N, Soma T, Oie Y, et al.","t":"Rapid diagnosis of ocular viral infections via single-virus detection using solid-state nanopore: A diagnostic evaluation study.","j":"PNAS nexus","vp":"4(6):pgaf161","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf161","pmid":"40496189","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12150286/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore, 300 nm across in a 40 nm membrane (AI nanopore module)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"SiN membrane","pd":"300 nm","pl":"40 nm","v":"-0.1 V","sn":"pulse height in nA and width in us; machine learning F-measure 0.836 for CMV versus HSV-1, 0.697 for HSV-1 versus VZV, 0.775 across four viruses","pu":"rapid identification of ocular viral infections from cultured virus and patient samples","no":"Herpesviruses are spherical particles of 100 to 200 nm. Clinical ocular samples were measured without pretreatment.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12150286/fullTextXML","an":"human herpesvirus 7","de":"cultured virus","id":"viruses-0055"},{"a":3146,"y":2025,"au":"Yoshidome D, Kuze K, Ichiyanagi A, Yoshida A, Kosono S, Nishiyama M","t":"Increased ʟ-glutamate production from gaseous nitrogen using Klebsiella pasteurii NG13 with modified citrate synthase","j":"Applied microbiology and biotechnology","vp":"109:275","doi":"10.1007/s00253-025-13646-4","pmid":"41419653","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Multisizer 3 Coulter counter aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"30 um","pu":"total cell number in nitrogen-fixing cultures","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12718243/fullTextXML","an":"Klebsiella pasteurii NG13","de":"NG13 with modified citrate synthase","id":"microbes-0246"},{"a":3147,"y":2025,"au":"Gu C, Joty K, O'Donohue M, Thyashan N, Hu L, Kim MJ, et al.","t":"Detection of ultra-short KYCDE peptides using SixNy nanopores.","j":"Electrophoresis","vp":"46:1022-1031","doi":"10.1002/elps.8122","pmid":"40105214","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SixNy nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pu":"detection of ultra-short peptides","no":"Optimal concentration and voltage conditions for detection reported.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40105214%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"KYCDE pentapeptide","id":"ss_protein_small-0225"},{"a":3148,"y":2025,"au":"Sun W, Xiao Y, Wang K, Zhang S, Yao L, Li T, et al.","t":"Nanopore discrimination of rare earth elements.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"20:523-531","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-01864-w","pmid":"39930101","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a nitrilotriacetic acid ligand at the constriction plus secondary ligand ANTA (dual-ligand)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"REE(III) events contain characteristic three-level transitions; event features vary periodically across the series (lanthanide contraction seen at single-molecule level)","pu":"element discrimination (rare earth elements)","no":"All 16 naturally occurring REE(III) ions identified with machine learning (the abstract counts Sc, Y and the lanthanides; promethium is not naturally occurring); bastnaesite samples analyzed. Neighbouring lanthanides differ by one proton in the nucleus.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39930101+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"La(III) (lanthanum)","id":"bio_small-0178"},{"a":3149,"y":2025,"au":"Taki H, Mine K, Miyamoto M, Kim J, Seto J, Takaku H, et al.","t":"Effects of inorganic nitrogen addition to okara-utilized medium on the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi and assessment of metabolism involved in increased oil production","j":"Biotechnology for biofuels and bioproducts","vp":"18:100","doi":"10.1186/s13068-025-02701-x","pmid":"41013627","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Sysmex CDA-1000 electronic particle counter aperture","pk":"hematology-analyzer-aperture","pu":"cell concentration after sonication dispersal","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12465190/fullTextXML","an":"Lipomyces starkeyi","id":"microbes-0173"},{"a":3150,"y":2025,"au":"Zhou ZQ, Liu SC, Wang J, Chen KL, Xie BK, Ying YL, et al.","t":"Exploring a solid-state nanopore approach for single-molecule protein detection from single cells.","j":"Chem Sci","vp":"16:8501-8508","doi":"10.1039/d5sc01764e","pmid":"40236591","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11996040/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"12 +/- 2 nm silicon nitride membrane","pd":"about 4.39 nm (9.34 nm for light study)","pl":"12 nm","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0","v":"+100 to +300 mV","b":"dI 0.58 nA","dt":"0.42 ms mean","sn":"100 kHz sampling, 10 kHz filter; single-cell contents extracted with a glass nanopipette","pu":"protein detection and conformational change from single-cell extracts","no":"Light-induced conformational change detected; identified in single-cell extracts.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11996040/fullTextXML","an":"NEPD-LOV2 fusion protein (dark and 450 nm blue light)","id":"ss_protein_small-0227"},{"a":3151,"y":2025,"au":"Sun W, Xiao Y, Wang K, Zhang S, Yao L, Li T, et al.","t":"Nanopore discrimination of rare earth elements.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"20:523-531","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-01864-w","pmid":"39930101","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a nitrilotriacetic acid ligand at the constriction plus secondary ligand ANTA (dual-ligand)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"REE(III) events contain characteristic three-level transitions; event features vary periodically across the series (lanthanide contraction seen at single-molecule level)","pu":"element discrimination (rare earth elements)","no":"All 16 naturally occurring REE(III) ions identified with machine learning (the abstract counts Sc, Y and the lanthanides; promethium is not naturally occurring); bastnaesite samples analyzed. Neighbouring lanthanides differ by one proton in the nucleus.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39930101+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Lu(III) (lutetium)","id":"bio_small-0191"},{"a":3152,"y":2025,"au":"Balogun Y, Yang R, Wang G","t":"Resistive Pulse Sensing of Pre-Nucleation Activities during Single-Entity Lysozyme Crystallization on Single Nanopipettes","j":"Sensors and actuators reports","vp":"9:100281","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100281","pmid":"40831533","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snr.2025.100281","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"single glass nanopipette","pk":"glass-nanopipette","co":"heavy water (D2O)","v":"potential waveform used to control local supersaturation at the pore","pu":"translocation and transformation of protein aggregates before irreversible nucleation; growing one crystal at the pore","no":"aimed at neutron crystallography crystals","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A40831533+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core","an":"lysozyme pre-nucleation aggregates and single crystals in D2O","id":"reviews_exotic-0037"},{"a":3153,"y":2025,"au":"Balogun Y, Yang R, Wang G","t":"Resistive pulse sensing of pre-nucleation activities during single-entity lysozyme crystallization on single nanopipettes.","j":"Sens Actuators Rep","vp":"9:100281","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100281","pmid":"40831533","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12360409/","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"single nanopipette","pk":"glass-nanopipette","co":"lysozyme in heavy water (D2O), (super)saturated","pu":"pre-nucleation clusters during protein crystallization","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40831533%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"lysozyme pre-nucleation clusters in D2O","id":"ss_protein_small-0234"},{"a":3154,"y":2025,"au":"Karas C, Nurnberg D, Lambert F, Shaffer G, Lamy F","t":"Enhanced deglacial carbon transport by Pacific southern-sourced intermediate and mode water","j":"Nature Communications","vp":"16:5245","doi":"10.1038/s41467-025-60551-5","pmid":"40473656","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Counter Multisizer 4e, 100 um aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"100 um","co":"carbonate and biogenic material removed; 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Sha R, Canary JW, Sinitskii A","t":"Synthesis of Nanographene-DNA Conjugates and Their Profiling with MoS2 Nanopores.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"25(15):6101-6108","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c06641","pmid":"40134234","pt":"journal","pc":5,"p":"MoS2 nanopore","pk":"mos2-nanopore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A40134234+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"33-mer oligonucleotide T13-U(PAH)-T19 with a bispyrenyl benzene nanographene on one uridine","id":"ss_na-0237"},{"a":3233,"y":2025,"au":"McNelly R, Briffa A, Yiasoumi G, Uauy C, Matsushima R, Seung D","t":"A Curve Fitting Method for Analyzing Starch Granule Size Distributions in Cereals","j":"Cereal Chemistry","vp":"102:438-450","doi":"10.1002/cche.10888","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND609100120","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"volumetric granule size distributions fitted with mixed (log-normal + normal) or single normal curves","no":"Earlier title not read in full: Morrison WR, Scott DC 1986 'Measurement of the dimensions of wheat starch granule populations using a Coulter Counter with 100-channel analyzer', J Cereal Sci 4:13-21, doi 10.1016/S0733-5210(86)80003-0.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3AIND609100120&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Starch granules from bread wheat cultivars and mutants","id":"earth_space_industry-0069"},{"a":3234,"y":2025,"au":"Fahy B, Chen J, Seung D","t":"Tuning starch granule size distributions in durum wheat using genetic variation at a single locus","j":"Theoretical and Applied Genetics","vp":"138:227","doi":"10.1007/s00122-025-05013-8","pmid":"40853389","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 4e, 70 um aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"70 um","co":"purified granules in Isoton II, 100 mL beaker; at least 50,000 particles per run","pu":"granule size distributions and B-type granule content by curve fitting","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12379660/fullTextXML","an":"Starch granules from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) TILLING mutants in TtMRC-A1 and wild type","id":"earth_space_industry-0072"},{"a":3235,"y":2025,"au":"Hochmuth A, Carswell M, Rowland A, Scarbrough D, Esch L, Kamble NU, et al.","t":"Distinct effects of PTST2b and MRC on starch granule morphogenesis in potato tubers","j":"Plant Biotechnology Journal","vp":"23:412-429","doi":"10.1111/pbi.14505","pmid":"39659019","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"granule size distribution by volume, less sensitive to shape than flow cytometry","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11772324/fullTextXML","an":"Starch granules from potato tubers (control and PTST2b or MRC silenced lines)","id":"earth_space_industry-0074"},{"a":3236,"y":2025,"au":"McNelly R, Briffa A, Yiasoumi G, Uauy C, Matsushima R, Seung D","t":"A Curve Fitting Method for Analyzing Starch Granule Size Distributions in Cereals","j":"Cereal Chemistry","vp":"102:438-450","doi":"10.1002/cche.10888","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND609100120","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"volumetric granule size distributions fitted with mixed (log-normal + normal) or single normal curves","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3AIND609100120&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Starch granules from rice","id":"earth_space_industry-0070"},{"a":3237,"y":2025,"au":"Brauneck G, Heykena MS, Schütterle DM, Mann M, Schlembach I, Rosenbaum MA, et al.","t":"Fluorescence-Based Online Monitoring Enables Differentiation in Co-Cultures of Untagged Streptomyces Species and Trichoderma reesei","j":"Applied biochemistry and biotechnology","vp":"197:7276-7295","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05378-y","pmid":"40924372","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Multisizer 4e particle sizer (Beckman Coulter) aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"spore concentration of inocula for co-cultures","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12634738/fullTextXML","an":"Streptomyces coeruleorubidus spores","de":"DSMZ 40145","id":"microbes-0172"},{"a":3238,"y":2025,"au":"Rodrigues T, Lardon R, Šimášková M, Van Houtte H, Thammannagowda S, Schade G, et al.","t":"Impedance flow cytometry for rapid quality assessment of protoplast cultures","j":"Plant methods","vp":"21:157","doi":"10.1186/s13007-025-01474-6","pmid":"41366420","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"Ampha Z40 impedance flow cytometer chip","pk":"chitoporin","pd":"120 um x 120 um sensing channel","v":"0.49 MHz and 11 MHz","b":"impedance amplitude and phase angle","pu":"protoplast viability","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12699896/fullTextXML","an":"Beta vulgaris guard cell protoplasts (two genotypes)","de":"Beta vulgaris GENOT1 and GENOT2","id":"cells-0268"},{"a":3239,"y":2025,"au":"Samson RY, Takemata N, Bell SD","t":"Coordination of chromosome segregation and cell division in the archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius","j":"Nature communications","vp":"17:1170","doi":"10.1038/s41467-025-67934-8","pmid":"41423473","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 4e aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"20 um","co":"20 uL culture in 20 mL Isoton II, 100 uL analytical volume","sn":"mutant cultures tended to clog the 20 um aperture","pu":"cell volume distributions and cell concentration of wild type and segAB deletion cultures","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12858884/fullTextXML","an":"Sulfolobus acidocaldarius","de":"wild type and delta-segAB mutant","id":"microbes-0243"},{"a":3240,"y":2025,"au":"Sun W, Xiao Y, Wang K, Zhang S, Yao L, Li T, et al.","t":"Nanopore discrimination of rare earth elements.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"20:523-531","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-01864-w","pmid":"39930101","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a nitrilotriacetic acid ligand at the constriction plus secondary ligand ANTA (dual-ligand)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"REE(III) events contain characteristic three-level transitions; event features vary periodically across the series (lanthanide contraction seen at single-molecule level)","pu":"element discrimination (rare earth elements)","no":"All 16 naturally occurring REE(III) ions identified with machine learning (the abstract counts Sc, Y and the lanthanides; promethium is not naturally occurring); bastnaesite samples analyzed. Neighbouring lanthanides differ by one proton in the nucleus.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39930101+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Tb(III) (terbium)","id":"bio_small-0185"},{"a":3241,"y":2025,"au":"Sun W, Xiao Y, Wang K, Zhang S, Yao L, Li T, et al.","t":"Nanopore discrimination of rare earth elements.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"20:523-531","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-01864-w","pmid":"39930101","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a nitrilotriacetic acid ligand at the constriction plus secondary ligand ANTA (dual-ligand)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"REE(III) events contain characteristic three-level transitions; event features vary periodically across the series (lanthanide contraction seen at single-molecule level)","pu":"element discrimination (rare earth elements)","no":"All 16 naturally occurring REE(III) ions identified with machine learning (the abstract counts Sc, Y and the lanthanides; promethium is not naturally occurring); bastnaesite samples analyzed. Neighbouring lanthanides differ by one proton in the nucleus.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39930101+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Tm(III) (thulium)","id":"bio_small-0189"},{"a":3242,"y":2025,"au":"Brauneck G, Heykena MS, Schütterle DM, Mann M, Schlembach I, Rosenbaum MA, et al.","t":"Fluorescence-Based Online Monitoring Enables Differentiation in Co-Cultures of Untagged Streptomyces Species and Trichoderma reesei","j":"Applied biochemistry and biotechnology","vp":"197:7276-7295","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05378-y","pmid":"40924372","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Multisizer 4e particle sizer (Beckman Coulter) aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"spore concentration of inocula for co-cultures","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12634738/fullTextXML","an":"Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 spores","de":"RUT-C30 mCherry","id":"microbes-0171"},{"a":3243,"y":2025,"au":"Kochavi A, Velds A, Suzuki M, Akichika S, Suzuki T, Beijersbergen RL, Agami R","t":"Exploiting nanopore sequencing advances for tRNA sequencing of human cancer models","j":"NAR Cancer","vp":"7:","doi":"10.1093/narcan/zcaf044","pmid":"41190243","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"ONT RNA004 chemistry (updated RNA pore; also RNA002)","sn":"RNA004 tRNA-seq quantifies isoacceptors reproducibly; base-call error rates flag known modifications such as tRNA-Phe wybutosine","pu":"human tRNA quantification and modification calling","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12582020/fullTextXML","an":"human tRNA populations from cancer cell lines (incl. tRNA-Phe with wybutosine)","id":"bio_na_modern-0487"},{"a":3244,"y":2025,"au":"Pang M, Gao Z, Huang L, Chan CM, Zhang X, Su R, et al.","t":"Adaptation of Marine Heterotrophic Protists to Long-Term Warming Selection","j":"Global change biology","vp":"31:e70280","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70280","pmid":"40452437","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 4e aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"equivalent spherical diameter (1000 cells per treatment) after long-term warming selection","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12127837/fullTextXML","an":"Uronema marinum","id":"microbes-0271"},{"a":3245,"y":2025,"au":"Hashida N, Takei H, Taniguchi M, Naono N, Soma T, Oie Y, et al.","t":"Rapid diagnosis of ocular viral infections via single-virus detection using solid-state nanopore: A diagnostic evaluation study.","j":"PNAS nexus","vp":"4(6):pgaf161","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf161","pmid":"40496189","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12150286/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore, 300 nm across in a 40 nm membrane (AI nanopore module)","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"SiN membrane","pd":"300 nm","pl":"40 nm","v":"-0.1 V","sn":"pulse height in nA and width in us; machine learning F-measure 0.836 for CMV versus HSV-1, 0.697 for HSV-1 versus VZV, 0.775 across four viruses","pu":"rapid identification of ocular viral infections from cultured virus and patient samples","no":"Herpesviruses are spherical particles of 100 to 200 nm. Clinical ocular samples were measured without pretreatment.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12150286/fullTextXML","an":"varicella zoster virus (VZV)","de":"cultured virus","id":"viruses-0051"},{"a":3246,"y":2025,"au":"Soni N, Rosenstock Z, Verma NC, Siddharth K, Talor N, Liu J, et al.","t":"Full-length protein classification via cysteine fingerprinting in solid-state nanopores.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"20:1482-1490","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02016-w","pmid":"40993352","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore","sn":"oligo tags raise capture rate 10x and slow passage more than 20-fold via stick-slip motion; protein-specific pulse patterns classified by machine learning","pu":"full-length protein classification","no":"Distinguished from VEGF-165 in a mixed sample.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40993352%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"VEGF-A isoform VEGF-121 (cysteine-tagged, denatured)","id":"ss_protein_small-0235"},{"a":3247,"y":2025,"au":"Bretz NM, Lark C, Perkel S, Jackson R, Driskell JD, Mobley JA, et al.","t":"Venom vesicles from the parasitoid Ganaspis hookeri facilitate venom protein entry into host immune cells","j":"bioRxiv","doi":"10.1101/2025.05.08.652939","pt":"preprint","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","sn":"several vesicle types distinguished by size, zeta potential and density","pu":"size and zeta potential","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3APPR1020369+AND+SRC%3APPR&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"venom vesicles of the parasitoid wasp Ganaspis hookeri","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0127"},{"a":3248,"y":2025,"au":"Shorkey SA, Zhang Y, Sharp J, Clingman S, Nguyen L, Chen J, et al.","t":"Tracking flaviviral protease conformational dynamics by tuning single-molecule nanopore tweezers.","j":"Biophysical journal","vp":"124:145-157","doi":"10.1016/j.bpj.2024.11.017","pmid":"39578408","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"engineered S. typhi ClyA tweezer with enhanced protease interaction","pk":"clya","sn":"protease captured mid-lumen; open and closed states resolved at single-molecule level for the first time","pu":"open/closed conformational dynamics of a viral protease","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39578408+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"West Nile virus NS2B/NS3 protease (several constructs)","id":"bio_protein-0384"},{"a":3249,"y":2025,"au":"Sun W, Xiao Y, Wang K, Zhang S, Yao L, Li T, et al.","t":"Nanopore discrimination of rare earth elements.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"20:523-531","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-01864-w","pmid":"39930101","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a nitrilotriacetic acid ligand at the constriction plus secondary ligand ANTA (dual-ligand)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"REE(III) events contain characteristic three-level transitions; event features vary periodically across the series (lanthanide contraction seen at single-molecule level)","pu":"element discrimination (rare earth elements)","no":"All 16 naturally occurring REE(III) ions identified with machine learning (the abstract counts Sc, Y and the lanthanides; promethium is not naturally occurring); bastnaesite samples analyzed. Neighbouring lanthanides differ by one proton in the nucleus.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39930101+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Y(III) (yttrium)","id":"bio_small-0177"},{"a":3250,"y":2025,"au":"Sun W, Xiao Y, Wang K, Zhang S, Yao L, Li T, et al.","t":"Nanopore discrimination of rare earth elements.","j":"Nat Nanotechnol","vp":"20:523-531","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-01864-w","pmid":"39930101","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a nitrilotriacetic acid ligand at the constriction plus secondary ligand ANTA (dual-ligand)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"REE(III) events contain characteristic three-level transitions; event features vary periodically across the series (lanthanide contraction seen at single-molecule level)","pu":"element discrimination (rare earth elements)","no":"All 16 naturally occurring REE(III) ions identified with machine learning (the abstract counts Sc, Y and the lanthanides; promethium is not naturally occurring); bastnaesite samples analyzed. Neighbouring lanthanides differ by one proton in the nucleus.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39930101+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Yb(III) (ytterbium)","id":"bio_small-0190"},{"a":3251,"y":2026,"au":"Xiao Y, Zhang S, Gao X, Li T, Zhang H, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Nanopore profiling and structure determination of oligosaccharides by fragmentation.","j":"Sci Adv","vp":"12:eaea8462","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aea8462","pmid":"41477834","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter (MspA-90PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled octameric porin inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 100 mM MOPS, pH 7.0; saccharide cis (5 to 20 mM)","v":"+160 mV","pu":"oligosaccharide profiling and structure determination by fragmentation","no":"Ten oligosaccharides plus nine monosaccharides form the reference pool; raffinose, stachyose and verbascose structures determined from nanopore readout of their hydrolysis fragments.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12757064/fullTextXML","an":"2'-fucosyllactose (2F-L)","id":"bio_small-0392"},{"a":3252,"y":2026,"au":"Xiao Y, Du X, Zhao L, Dai X, Qian L, Zhang S, et al.","t":"Nanopore Identification of Biogenic Amines and Its Applications in Food Freshness Evaluation.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:2740-2751","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c16056","pmid":"41533887","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a single nickel ion modification (Ni-modified MspA)","pk":"mspa","pu":"biogenic amine identification (food freshness)","no":"Six biogenic amines identified (accuracy 99.0%); five found in shrimp.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41533887+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"beta-phenylethylamine","id":"bio_small-0223"},{"a":3253,"y":2026,"au":"Cai Y, Cressiot B, Winterhalter M, Balme S, Pelta J, Bacri L","t":"Scaling laws in confined media applied for biomarker detection.","j":"Nat Commun","vp":"17:3322","doi":"10.1038/s41467-026-68912-4","pmid":"41764168","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13066624/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"12 nm SiNx membrane (Norcada)","pd":"3 nm","pl":"12 nm","fab":"automated controlled dielectric breakdown after piranha cleaning","co":"100 mM LiCl or KCl, 5 mM HEPES pH 7.5; semi-dilute PEG as crowder","v":"-700 mV","er":"0.5 +/- 0.2 Hz in dilute regime, higher with semi-dilute PEG","pu":"osmotic (semi-dilute polymer) control of entry into nanopores","no":"Discriminated from L-AVP at different stoichiometric ratios.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13066624/fullTextXML","an":"D-Arg8 vasopressin (D-AVP)","id":"ss_protein_small-0306"},{"a":3254,"y":2026,"au":"Vracar A, Salyahetdinova V, Balog S, Ianiro A, Mukhopadhyay A, Mayer M","t":"Characterization of Single Ribosomes and Virus Particles with Large-Diameter Perfringolysin O Nanopores","doi":"10.64898/2026.09.16.752082","pt":"preprint","pc":7,"p":"Perfringolysin O (PFO) transmembrane pore, 46 +/- 9 monomers","pm":"cholesterol-dependent cytolysin PFO self-assembled in a lipid membrane","pd":"inner diameter 28.5 +/- 5.6 nm","pl":"9.8 nm","fab":"self-assembly of the cytolysin into a transmembrane pore","sn":"stable open-pore current with high signal-to-noise; volume, shape and diameter read for whole capsids and capsid fragments; mass range 50 kDa to 3.4 MDa","pu":"calibration-free, label-free sizing of large complexes and intact virions with a biological pore","no":"First resistive-pulse characterization of intact virus particles with a biological (protein) nanopore. Preprint, bioRxiv, September 2026.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:PPR1322727&resultType=core&format=json","an":"recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (rAAV2) capsids","de":"complete capsids and capsid fragments sized in the same recording","id":"viruses-0074"},{"a":3255,"y":2026,"au":"Vracar A, Salyahetdinova V, Balog S, Ianiro A, Mukhopadhyay A, Mayer M","t":"Characterization of Single Ribosomes and Virus Particles with Large-Diameter Perfringolysin O Nanopores","doi":"10.64898/2026.09.16.752082","pt":"preprint","pc":7,"p":"perfringolysin O (PFO) transmembrane pore, 46 plus or minus 9 monomers","pd":"28.5 plus or minus 5.6 nm (inner diameter)","pl":"9.8 nm","pg":"large barrel formed by about 46 PFO monomers, inner diameter about 28.5 nm, length 9.8 nm","fab":"self-assembly of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin perfringolysin O into a transmembrane pore","sn":"stable open-pore current with high signal to noise; volume, shape and diameter extracted per particle","pu":"calibration-free, label-free sizing of single proteins, multiprotein complexes and intact virus particles from 50 kDa to 3.4 MDa","no":"First resistive-pulse characterization of intact virus particles with a biological nanopore. The same measurements resolved 70S ribosomes from 30S and 50S subunits. The intact rAAV2 capsid from this preprint is already in the database; this record covers the capsid fragments measured alongside it.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3APPR1322727&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 capsid fragments","de":"broken pieces of rAAV2 capsids, sized next to complete capsids in the same recording","id":"gap_viruses-0017"},{"a":3256,"y":2026,"au":"Khatri S, Thyashan N, Manawasinghe J, Emecen Sanli M, J Gray S, Kim MJ","t":"Salt-Mediated Electro-Deformation of AAV Capsids Revealed by Nanopipette-Based Single-Particle Analysis.","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"98(31):23050-23061","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.6c02685","pmid":"42438379","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13470983/","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"long-tapered single-barrel quartz nanopipette, about 60 nm pore","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"quartz capillary (QF100-50-7.5, outer 1.0 mm, inner 0.5 mm)","pd":"about 60 nm (from ionic conductance and SEM)","pg":"long conical taper","fab":"laser puller (Sutter P-2000), two-step pull; piranha-cleaned capillaries","co":"high ionic strength LiCl or KCl","b":"dI/I0 much lower in LiCl, which points to greater capsid deformation by the chaotropic Li+ ion","dt":"about 3-fold longer in LiCl than in KCl","sn":"self-supervised machine learning on the electromechanical fingerprints separated full from defective capsids","pu":"electrolyte control of capsid deformability; sorting full from defective capsids","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13470983/fullTextXML","an":"AAV9 capsids in LiCl versus KCl (empty, ssDNA and scDNA loaded)","de":"AAVempty, AAVssDNA and AAVscDNA in two monovalent electrolytes","id":"viruses-0073"},{"a":3257,"y":2026,"au":"Renkes S, Gray SJ, Kim MJ, Alexandrakis G","t":"Ring-Electrode AC Plasmonic Nanopore Sensing for DNA Load Characterization of Single Adeno-Associated Viruses.","j":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","vp":"26(12):3693","doi":"10.3390/s26123693","pmid":"42356665","pt":"journal","pc":10,"p":"plasmonic double-nanohole nanopore with a concentric nanofabricated Ag/AgCl ring electrode","pk":"hybrid-protein-in-solid-state","pm":"metal double-nanohole plasmonic aperture in a membrane, with an integrated Ag/AgCl ring electrode","pg":"double-nanohole aperture that optically traps one capsid, with the ring electrode placed concentrically around the pore","fab":"nanofabricated plasmonic double-nanohole aperture and concentric Ag/AgCl ring electrode","v":"multi-frequency AC pulse trains from 500 Hz to 100 kHz","sn":"frequency-dependent AC features from a trapped capsid; the ring electrode gave broader and more robust analyte-dependent differences than a conventional wire electrode, and the features stayed about the same across the concentration range tested","pu":"telling empty capsids from capsids carrying self-complementary or single-stranded DNA, even though their genome mass is nearly identical","no":"Same analytes as the 2025 plasmonic nanopore study of AAV9 DNA loading, measured here with an added ring electrode and AC interrogation rather than a wire electrode.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42356665&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"adeno-associated virus 9 capsids, empty and loaded with self-complementary or single-stranded DNA","de":"AAV9 preparations of empty capsids, capsids with self-complementary DNA and capsids with single-stranded DNA, trapped one at a time and separated by their AC response","id":"gap_viruses-0042"},{"a":3258,"y":2026,"au":"Thyashan N, Manawasinghe J, Gu C, Khatri S, Nelson C, Sanli ME, et al.","t":"Mechanisms of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 9 Vector Characterization and Quality Control through Solid-State Nanopores.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"20(2):2148-2163","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c16533","pmid":"41379612","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13156842/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopores in SixNy membranes, about 40 and about 55 nm diameter, some chemically functionalized","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"SixNy membrane","pd":"about 40 nm and about 55 nm","fab":"TEM milling; some pores chemically treated with sodium hypochlorite (CT-TEM); controlled dielectric breakdown also discussed","co":"2 M LiCl pH 7.6, or 2 M KCl pH 7.6 with hypochlorite-treated pores; strong alkali denatured capsids","b":"dI/I0 much smaller in about 55 nm pores than in about 40 nm pores, where empty vectors rebounded often","sn":"unsupervised clustering separated capsids with truncated genomes from full ones; in 2 M LiCl only empty capsids passed, which suggests an in situ filtration route","pu":"quality control of AAV9 vectors: empty versus full, truncated versus full genomes","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC13156842.1/PMC13156842.1.txt","an":"AAV9 vectors with truncated versus full genomes","de":"emptyAAV9, ssAAV9 and scAAV9 samples validated by analytical ultracentrifugation; partially packaged capsids resolved by clustering","id":"viruses-0071"},{"a":3259,"y":2026,"au":"Li W, Xiao Y, Gao X, Zhang P, Huang S, Wang K","t":"Nanopore Signatures of High-Molecular-Weight Polysaccharides with Recurring Structural Motifs.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:28879-28889","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c07846","pmid":"42975259","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"engineered biological nanopore (type not stated in the abstract; this group's saccharide-fragment work uses MspA with a phenylboronic acid adapter)","pk":"mspa","pm":"protein nanopore in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"protein pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","sn":"polysaccharides are hydrolyzed; the distribution of fragment events forms a signature profile","pu":"polysaccharide identification from hydrolysis fragment profiles","no":"Seven polysaccharides identified and discriminated (100% validation accuracy); mixture composition quantified by fully constrained least squares.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42975259+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"agarose","id":"bio_small-0442"},{"a":3260,"y":2026,"au":"Zheng F, Wang Z, Bai A, Hu R, Sun X, Sha J, et al.","t":"Comparative benchmarking of glass and silicon nitride nanopores for single-molecule detection.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:14256-14267","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c03089","pmid":"42084561","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13192321/","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"quartz glass nanopore","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pm":"quartz capillary (OD 0.5 mm, ID 0.2 mm), laser pulled","pd":"10 nm","sn":"1 MHz sampling, 50 kHz filter; open-pore RMS noise 5.8 pA (glass) versus 29.7 pA (SiNx) at 0 mV","pu":"benchmarking glass versus SiNx nanopores","no":"Streptavidin, BSA and IgG were also measured in both pore types.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13192321/fullTextXML","an":"alpha-fetoprotein dimer (AFP-hFc fusion)","id":"ss_protein_small-0253"},{"a":3260,"y":2026,"au":"Zheng F, Wang Z, Bai A, Hu R, Sun X, Sha J, et al.","t":"Comparative benchmarking of glass and silicon nitride nanopores for single-molecule detection.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:14256-14267","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c03089","pmid":"42084561","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13192321/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride","pd":"10 nm","sn":"1 MHz sampling, 50 kHz filter; open-pore RMS noise 5.8 pA (glass) versus 29.7 pA (SiNx) at 0 mV","pu":"benchmarking glass versus SiNx nanopores","no":"Streptavidin, BSA and IgG were also measured in both pore types.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13192321/fullTextXML","an":"alpha-fetoprotein dimer (AFP-hFc fusion)","id":"ss_protein_small-0254"},{"a":3261,"y":2026,"au":"Afshar Bakshloo M, Bechtella L, Tao J, Asandei A, Dejoux C, Pastoriza-Gallego M, et al.","t":"Zero-Dalton Resolution in Nanopore Peptide Recognition.","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"98:9993-10003","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.5c08253","pmid":"41877310","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","sn":"LiCl and CaCl2 promote compact conformations and near-perfect (up to 100%) isomer separation","pu":"zero-dalton (isomer) discrimination","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41877310+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"13-residue alpha-synuclein peptide isomer 1","id":"bio_protein-0127"},{"a":3262,"y":2026,"au":"Afshar Bakshloo M, Bechtella L, Tao J, Asandei A, Dejoux C, Pastoriza-Gallego M, et al.","t":"Zero-Dalton Resolution in Nanopore Peptide Recognition.","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"98:9993-10003","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.5c08253","pmid":"41877310","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","sn":"LiCl and CaCl2 promote compact conformations and near-perfect (up to 100%) isomer separation","pu":"zero-dalton (isomer) discrimination","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41877310+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"13-residue alpha-synuclein peptide isomer 2 (same mass, different sequence order)","id":"bio_protein-0128"},{"a":3263,"y":2026,"au":"Li J, Zhao X, Li M, Yu W, Li Y, Zhang C, et al.","t":"Single-Feature Identification of α2-8 Linked Sialoglycans Using Engineered Aerolysin Nanopores: A Paradigm for Glycan Linkage Analysis.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"148:10649-10662","doi":"10.1021/jacs.5c19634","pmid":"41779426","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin K238Q and K238N mutants","pk":"aerolysin","pu":"glycan linkage analysis (alpha2-8 sialic acid linkage)","no":"K238Q selectively slows alpha2-8 sialoglycans; K238N responds to longer or branched sialoglycans; serum sialoglycans quantified.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41779426+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"alpha2-8 linked sialoglycans","id":"bio_small-0448"},{"a":3264,"y":2026,"au":"Wang Y, Kang X","t":"Guanidine hydrochloride-induced transport mode transition of β-cyclodextrin-amantadine inclusion complexes revealed by a single α-hemolysin nanopore.","j":"Analyst","vp":"151:6191-6201","doi":"10.1039/d6an00752j","pmid":"42808890","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with beta-cyclodextrin","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","co":"KCl or guanidine hydrochloride electrolyte","pu":"host-guest complex transport","no":"In KCl the betaCD-amantadine complex dissociates before transport; in GdnHCl it enters the pore intact. Amantadine (1-adamantanamine) is a positional isomer of 2-adamantanamine (Gu et al. 1999).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42808890+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"amantadine hydrochloride","id":"bio_small-0311"},{"a":3265,"y":2026,"au":"Shivanka S, Cabrera RFE, Chibuike M, Vithanage P, Chandrasoma IA, Premarathne P, et al.","t":"Peptide fingerprinting of single protein molecules using in-plane nanopore sensors integrated to an extended immobilized nanoscale enzymatic reactor (eINER).","j":"Small Methods","vp":"10:e71044","doi":"10.1002/smtd.71044","pmid":"42746785","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13706642/","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"thermoplastic dual in-plane nanopore time-of-flight reader (DNP-ToF) with trypsin reactor","pm":"thermoplastic (nanoinjection molded)","pd":"10 nm apparent (hemispherical)","pl":"10 nm","fab":"nanoinjection molding; trypsin immobilized by EDC/NHS in a 250 x 250 nm reactor channel","co":"1x PBS with 1 M KCl, pH 7.4","v":"1 V","sn":">95% of dual-pore event pairs matched; features dI1/I0, dI2/I0, tD1, tD2 and time of flight; random forest 99.6% cross-validated accuracy; all species migrated with electroosmotic flow","pu":"on-chip digestion and peptide fingerprinting of single proteins","no":"Sequence as given in the paper (position 7 written as E).","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13706642/fullTextXML","an":"amyloid-beta 1-40 (Abeta1-40)","id":"ss_protein_small-0261"},{"a":3266,"y":2026,"au":"Wang Y, Dai X, Zhao L, Qian L, Zhang P, Huang S, et al.","t":"Nanopore Identification of Nicotine in Cigarette Tobacco and Its Smoke.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"98:30775-30785","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.6c04163","pmid":"43010470","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a nickel-functionalized adapter (Ni-modified MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"nicotine and analogue identification","no":"Five analytes classified (cross-validation accuracy 90.85%); nicotine measured in tobacco and smoke. Nicotinic acid also detected (recorded from the 2024 vitamin paper).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A43010470+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"anatabine","id":"bio_small-0213"},{"a":3267,"y":2026,"au":"Kang L, Wang L, Fan X, Xu L, Yang H, Wu C, et al.","t":"Discriminating single-amino acid differences and post-translational modifications in negatively charged peptides with α-hemolysin nanopores.","j":"Journal of nanobiotechnology","vp":"24:957","doi":"10.1186/s12951-026-04818-z","pmid":"42482013","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with engineered arginine residues plus am8gammaCD adaptor","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","fab":"engineered heptamer with noncovalent amino-cyclodextrin adaptor","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, pH 7.5","v":"+60 mV","pu":"discrimination of negatively charged peptides, single-residue differences and PTMs","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13670695/fullTextXML","an":"bivalirudin-type peptide FPRPGGGGNGDFEEIPEEYL","id":"bio_protein-0429"},{"a":3268,"y":2026,"au":"Choi A, Carter AJ, Marks-Peterson J, Shackleton S, Higgins JA, Brook EJ, et al.","t":"Dust Record from Allan Hills Blue Ice: Towards Extending the Archive to 4000 ka","j":"EGUsphere (preprint)","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2026-2434","pt":"preprint","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Multisizer 4e Coulter Counter, 50 um aperture tube","pk":"coulter-aperture","pd":"50 um","co":"10 mL melt in accuvette rinsed with Isoton II; 0.5 mL of 20% NaCl (0.02 um filtered) added to reach about 1% NaCl; each sample run at least 5 times with 0.5 mL analytical volume; Scripps Institution of Oceanography","b":"voltage pulse height proportional to particle volume; runs with aperture blockage discarded","pu":"dust mass concentration and grain size of very old blue ice","ev":"full_text","src":"https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2434/egusphere-2026-2434.pdf","an":"Insoluble dust in Allan Hills blue ice, Antarctica (old ice towards 4000 ka)","id":"earth_space_industry-0021"},{"a":3269,"y":2026,"au":"Xiao Y, Du X, Zhao L, Dai X, Qian L, Zhang S, et al.","t":"Nanopore Identification of Biogenic Amines and Its Applications in Food Freshness Evaluation.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:2740-2751","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c16056","pmid":"41533887","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a single nickel ion modification (Ni-modified MspA)","pk":"mspa","pu":"biogenic amine identification (food freshness)","no":"Six biogenic amines identified (accuracy 99.0%); five found in shrimp.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41533887+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"cadaverine","id":"bio_small-0222"},{"a":3270,"y":2026,"au":"Phan-Canh T, Coman C, Lackner M, Troppmair N, Müller C, Cerbu D, et al.","t":"Candida auris skin tropism and antifungal resistance are mediated by carbonic anhydrase Nce103","j":"Nature microbiology","vp":"11:461-475","doi":"10.1038/s41564-025-02189-z","pmid":"41436656","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"CASY cell counter capillary (Coulter-principle pulse area analysis)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"adjusting infection doses and cell numbers","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12872442/fullTextXML","an":"Candida auris","de":"exponential-phase cells after sonication","id":"microbes-0164"},{"a":3271,"y":2026,"au":"Iesu L, Bacri L, Pelta J, Cressiot B","t":"Identification and Discrimination of Sulfated and Unsulfated Gut-Hormone Biomarkers in Human Serum by Nanopore.","j":"Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)","vp":"22:e74968","doi":"10.1002/smll.74968","pmid":"42544777","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"aerolysin in hybrid lipid/block-copolymer membrane","co":"saline and 20% (v/v) human serum","pu":"discrimination of sulfated and unsulfated CCK-8 in serum","no":"Sequence checked against UniProt P06307 residues 96-103 (fetched); C-terminal amide per standard CCK-8 nomenclature not confirmed in the abstract.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42544777+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"cholecystokinin-8, unsulfated (CCK-8)","id":"bio_protein-0129"},{"a":3272,"y":2026,"au":"Iesu L, Bacri L, Pelta J, Cressiot B","t":"Identification and Discrimination of Sulfated and Unsulfated Gut-Hormone Biomarkers in Human Serum by Nanopore.","j":"Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)","vp":"22:e74968","doi":"10.1002/smll.74968","pmid":"42544777","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"aerolysin in hybrid lipid/block-copolymer membrane","co":"saline and 20% (v/v) human serum","sn":"discriminated from CCK-8 on three independent parameters at low nanomolar concentrations","pu":"discrimination of sulfated and unsulfated CCK-8 in serum","no":"Sequence checked against UniProt P06307 residues 96-103 (fetched); C-terminal amide per standard CCK-8 nomenclature not confirmed in the abstract.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42544777+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"cholecystokinin-8 with sulfated tyrosine (SO3-CCK-8)","id":"bio_protein-0130"},{"a":3273,"y":2026,"au":"Li W, Xiao Y, Gao X, Zhang P, Huang S, Wang K","t":"Nanopore Signatures of High-Molecular-Weight Polysaccharides with Recurring Structural Motifs.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:28879-28889","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c07846","pmid":"42975259","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"engineered biological nanopore (type not stated in the abstract; this group's saccharide-fragment work uses MspA with a phenylboronic acid adapter)","pk":"mspa","pm":"protein nanopore in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"protein pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","sn":"polysaccharides are hydrolyzed; the distribution of fragment events forms a signature profile","pu":"polysaccharide identification from hydrolysis fragment profiles","no":"Seven polysaccharides identified and discriminated (100% validation accuracy); mixture composition quantified by fully constrained least squares.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42975259+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"chondroitin sulfate A","id":"bio_small-0446"},{"a":3274,"y":2026,"au":"Liu J, Chen X, Wu H, Xiao Z, Hu Y, Wang G, et al.","t":"The Translocation of Circular DNA with Variable Single/Double Strand Ratios through Solid-State Nanopores: Transition from Entropic Barriers to Crowding-Dominated Kinetics.","j":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces","vp":"18(36):48799-48812","doi":"10.1021/acsami.6c11554","pmid":"42693077","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"voltage-dependent translocation changes from entropic-barrier to crowding-dominated kinetics as the ss fraction changes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42693077+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"circular DNA, 0% single-stranded (fully duplex circle)","id":"ss_na-0271"},{"a":3275,"y":2026,"au":"Liu J, Chen X, Wu H, Xiao Z, Hu Y, Wang G, et al.","t":"The Translocation of Circular DNA with Variable Single/Double Strand Ratios through Solid-State Nanopores: Transition from Entropic Barriers to Crowding-Dominated Kinetics.","j":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces","vp":"18(36):48799-48812","doi":"10.1021/acsami.6c11554","pmid":"42693077","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"voltage-dependent translocation changes from entropic-barrier to crowding-dominated kinetics as the ss fraction changes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42693077+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"circular DNA, 100% single-stranded","id":"ss_na-0274"},{"a":3276,"y":2026,"au":"Liu J, Chen X, Wu H, Xiao Z, Hu Y, Wang G, et al.","t":"The Translocation of Circular DNA with Variable Single/Double Strand Ratios through Solid-State Nanopores: Transition from Entropic Barriers to Crowding-Dominated Kinetics.","j":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces","vp":"18(36):48799-48812","doi":"10.1021/acsami.6c11554","pmid":"42693077","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"voltage-dependent translocation changes from entropic-barrier to crowding-dominated kinetics as the ss fraction changes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42693077+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"circular DNA, 33% single-stranded","id":"ss_na-0272"},{"a":3277,"y":2026,"au":"Liu J, Chen X, Wu H, Xiao Z, Hu Y, Wang G, et al.","t":"The Translocation of Circular DNA with Variable Single/Double Strand Ratios through Solid-State Nanopores: Transition from Entropic Barriers to Crowding-Dominated Kinetics.","j":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces","vp":"18(36):48799-48812","doi":"10.1021/acsami.6c11554","pmid":"42693077","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","sn":"voltage-dependent translocation changes from entropic-barrier to crowding-dominated kinetics as the ss fraction changes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42693077+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"circular DNA, 66% single-stranded","id":"ss_na-0273"},{"a":3278,"y":2026,"au":"Jo J, Kim JS, Hwang S, Jeong KB, Chi SW","t":"Nanopore Discrimination of Protein-Small-Molecule Drug Complexes at Near-Atomic Resolution.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"20:13624-13635","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c22458","pmid":"42046448","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"YaxAB nanopore with LiCl-modulated electrostatic potential","pk":"yaxab","pu":"discrimination of protein-small-molecule drug complexes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42046448+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"BRD4 bound to histone peptides","id":"bio_protein-0235"},{"a":3279,"y":2026,"au":"Jo J, Kim JS, Hwang S, Jeong KB, Chi SW","t":"Nanopore Discrimination of Protein-Small-Molecule Drug Complexes at Near-Atomic Resolution.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"20:13624-13635","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c22458","pmid":"42046448","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"YaxAB nanopore with LiCl-modulated electrostatic potential","pk":"yaxab","pm":"YaxAB funnel-shaped pore in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"complexes differing by as little as 2.5 Da discriminated","pu":"discrimination of protein-small-molecule drug complexes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42046448+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"BRD4 bound to small-molecule drugs","id":"bio_protein-0236"},{"a":3280,"y":2026,"au":"Khatri S, He J","t":"Probing streptavidin-biotin interaction and complex structure at the single-molecule level using a self-crowded nanopipette.","j":"Small","vp":"22:e08579","doi":"10.1002/smll.202508579","pmid":"41474016","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"self-crowded nanopipette","pk":"glass-nanopipette","sn":"streptavidin-biotin complexes give multipeak spikes (one large and up to four small peaks) reporting stoichiometry and surface contour","pu":"small-molecule binding stoichiometry and complex structure","no":"Small-peak height grew with larger biotin conjugates; peak number rose with crowding and biotin:streptavidin ratio.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:41474016%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"streptavidin-biotin (and biotin conjugate) complexes","id":"ss_protein_small-0247"},{"a":3281,"y":2026,"au":"Wang Y, Dai X, Zhao L, Qian L, Zhang P, Huang S, et al.","t":"Nanopore Identification of Nicotine in Cigarette Tobacco and Its Smoke.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"98:30775-30785","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.6c04163","pmid":"43010470","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a nickel-functionalized adapter (Ni-modified MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"nicotine and analogue identification","no":"Five analytes classified (cross-validation accuracy 90.85%); nicotine measured in tobacco and smoke. Nicotinic acid also detected (recorded from the 2024 vitamin paper).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A43010470+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"cotinine","id":"bio_small-0212"},{"a":3282,"y":2026,"au":"Deculty C, Flamant P, Moyrand F, Commere P-H, Novault S, Gil M, et al.","t":"The cell wall integrity pathway kinase Mpk1 regulates extracellular vesicle production and apoptotic-like vesicle release in &lt;i&gt;Cryptococcus neoformans&lt;/i&gt;","j":"mBio","vp":"17:e0230226","doi":"10.1128/mbio.02302-26","pmid":"42925063","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter Z1 particle counter (Beckman Coulter) aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"cell counts before plating in stress time courses","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13753817/fullTextXML","an":"Cryptococcus neoformans","de":"wild type and Mpk1 mutants","id":"microbes-0166"},{"a":3283,"y":2026,"au":"Shivanka S, Cabrera RFE, Chibuike M, Vithanage P, Chandrasoma IA, Premarathne P, et al.","t":"Peptide fingerprinting of single protein molecules using in-plane nanopore sensors integrated to an extended immobilized nanoscale enzymatic reactor (eINER).","j":"Small Methods","vp":"10:e71044","doi":"10.1002/smtd.71044","pmid":"42746785","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13706642/","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"thermoplastic dual in-plane nanopore time-of-flight reader (DNP-ToF) with trypsin reactor","pm":"thermoplastic (nanoinjection molded)","pd":"10 nm apparent (hemispherical)","pl":"10 nm","fab":"nanoinjection molding; trypsin immobilized by EDC/NHS in a 250 x 250 nm reactor channel","co":"1x PBS with 1 M KCl, pH 7.4","v":"1 V","sn":">95% of dual-pore event pairs matched; features dI1/I0, dI2/I0, tD1, tD2 and time of flight; random forest 99.6% cross-validated accuracy; all species migrated with electroosmotic flow","pu":"on-chip digestion and peptide fingerprinting of single proteins","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13706642/fullTextXML","an":"Abeta tryptic fragment N5","id":"ss_protein_small-0262"},{"a":3284,"y":2026,"au":"Cai Y, Liu Y, Khaled I, Cressiot B, Bacri L, Pelta J","t":"Direct identification and quantification of peptide biomarkers in 20% human serum using a solid-state nanopore platform and machine learning.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"148:48580-48590","doi":"10.1021/jacs.6c17884","pmid":"43013013","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"polymer-engineered solid-state nanopore","co":"buffer or 20% human serum with a semidilute polyethylene glycol network (osmotic driving force)","sn":"machine-learning digital serum cleaning extracts peptide-specific fingerprints","pu":"direct peptide biomarker identification in serum","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:43013013%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"des-Arg9-bradykinin (DABK)","id":"ss_protein_small-0257"},{"a":3285,"y":2026,"au":"Xia P, Satyabola D, Bamrah NK, Rahman Laskar MA, Mamun AA, Zhou X, et al.","t":"DNA Helix Bundle-Encoded Multi-Bit Information Readout by Sapphire-Supported Nanopores.","j":"Adv Funct Mater","vp":"36(24):e23998","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202523998","pmid":"42016472","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"sapphire-supported low-noise SiN nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pu":"multi-bit data readout","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42016472+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"DNA helix bundle nanostructures encoding multi-bit information","id":"ss_na-0249"},{"a":3286,"y":2026,"au":"Xia Y, Cai L, Ding B, Su B, Zhang R","t":"Megamimivirus double-stranded DNA linear genomes flanked by highly diverse terminal inverted repeats.","j":"Journal of virology","vp":"100(10):e0082526","doi":"10.1128/jvi.00825-26","pmid":"42714165","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13712841/","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"Oxford Nanopore nanopore array (MinION), used together with PacBio and Illumina reads","co":"viral DNA sequenced on MinION and PacBio platforms alongside Illumina NovaSeq PE150 short reads, then assembled as a hybrid","pu":"resolving the terminal inverted repeats at the ends of giant linear virus genomes, which short reads alone leave fragmented or misassembled","no":"Four megamimivirus isolates, including Megavirus honghaiwanense and Megavirus guangtanense. Long reads were needed because most published megamimivirus assemblies capture only one copy of the terminal repeat. The assembly is hybrid, so these reads are one of three platforms used.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13712841/fullTextXML","an":"megamimivirus genomic DNA (Megavirus isolates, long reads over the terminal inverted repeats)","de":"linear double-stranded DNA genomes of four Megamimivirinae isolates from hot subsurface environments","id":"gap_viruses-0037"},{"a":3287,"y":2026,"au":"Carr PG, Iszatt JJ, Hedges MG, Mantjani L, Vaitekenas A, Stick SM, et al.","t":"Long read and short read whole genome sequencing are equivalent for genomic characterisation of bacteriophage: considerations for high throughput analysis","doi":"10.64898/2026.07.08.737226","pt":"preprint","pc":7,"p":"Oxford Nanopore nanopore array (several library kits and basecalling models compared)","co":"phage DNA from column-based and precipitation-based extractions, several library preparation kits, long-read runs compared against Illumina short reads with hybrid assemblies as reference","pu":"deciding how to characterize therapeutic phage genomes reliably before clinical use","no":"A diverse set of Pseudomonas phages from the PhageWA biobank, the kind of collection used to build therapeutic phage cocktails. Long-read and short-read assemblies agreed, so either platform can characterize phage genomes. The abstract does not give the flow cell chemistry, so pore fields are left empty.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3APPR1277358&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"therapeutic Pseudomonas phage genomes (PhageWA biobank collection)","de":"a diverse collection of Pseudomonas phages held for phage therapy, sequenced by nanopore long reads and by Illumina for comparison","id":"gap_viruses-0039"},{"a":3288,"y":2026,"au":"Langley J, Baudrier L, Curry J, Narta K, Todesco HM, Potts K, et al.","t":"Compound delivery of eVLPs enhances prime editing for targeted genome engineering and high-throughput screening.","j":"Cell genomics","vp":"6(8):101302","doi":"10.1016/j.xgen.2026.101302","pmid":"42447864","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13477025/","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"tunable elastomeric nanopore NP100 (50 to 330 nm range) on an Izon qNano TRPS Particle Analyzer","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pd":"NP100, working range 50 to 330 nm","co":"samples diluted 1:50 in PBS, then 1:10 to 1:1,000 in PBS with 0.1 percent Tween 20; CPC100 calibration beads","er":"recorded until 1,000 events per sample","pu":"particle concentration and size distribution of an editing-vector preparation","no":"eVLP preparations were concentrated from Lenti-X 293T producer cell supernatant and counted on the qNano, with a Corning VideoDrop interferometric counter run alongside.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13477025/fullTextXML","an":"engineered virus-like particles (eVLPs) carrying prime editor ribonucleoprotein","de":"eVLPs produced by plasmid transfection of HEK293T cells, packaging prime editor protein and pegRNA for transgene-free genome editing","id":"gap_viruses-0007"},{"a":3289,"y":2026,"au":"Li R, Wang Z, Chen J, Li T, Wang Y, Wang K, et al.","t":"β-Cyclodextrin-Functionalized Mycobacterium smegmatis Porin A for Steroid Discrimination and Gut Metabolite Monitoring.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"26:10297-10306","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.6c02204","pmid":"42584251","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with covalently attached beta-cyclodextrin near the constriction (MspA-betaCD)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"steroid metabolite discrimination","no":"Eleven structurally similar steroid metabolites (estradiol and bile acids) discriminated (99.7% accuracy); bile acid kinetics depend on 7-OH chirality, 12-OH and side-chain conjugation. Only estradiol is named in the abstract.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42584251+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"estradiol (E2)","id":"bio_small-0230"},{"a":3290,"y":2026,"au":"Liz-Basteiro S, Sagastuy M, Perez JE, Ansart N, Guigner JM, Ménager C, et al.","t":"Merging Biological and Synthetic Nanoplatforms: Magnetic Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles via Liposome Fusion","j":"Nano letters","vp":"26:6190-6200","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.6c01310","pmid":"42053349","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"resistive pulse sensing instrument","pu":"following EV-liposome association","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42053349+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"magnetic EV-liposome hybrid vesicles (100-200 nm Janus-like)","de":"fusogenic liposomes preloaded with magnetic nanoparticles fused with EVs","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0205"},{"a":3291,"y":2026,"au":"Cimi ME, Ribeiro DG, Nascimento YO, Dos Reis MCG, Da Silva Ribeiro BB, De Freitas EL, et al.","t":"Bacterial extracellular vesicles from Chromobacterium subtsugae and Bacillus thuringiensis as cell-free bioinsecticidal nanocarriers against the soybean pest Euschistus heros","j":"Microbiological research","vp":"314:128742","doi":"10.1016/j.micres.2026.128742","pmid":"42832925","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"size and concentration","no":"journal issue year 2027, online 2026","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42832925+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"EVs from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0134"},{"a":3292,"y":2026,"au":"Jamioł M, Galli J, Kowalewski MP, Wawrzykowski J, Kankofer M","t":"Effect of Oxidative Stress on Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Caruncular Epithelial Cells Isolated from Bovine Placenta During Pregnancy-Preliminary Results","j":"Animals : an open access journal from MDPI","vp":"16:1717","doi":"10.3390/ani16111717","pmid":"42278159","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","sn":"oxidative stress increased EV concentration","pu":"size and concentration","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42278159+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"EVs secreted by bovine caruncular epithelial cells under oxidative stress","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0131"},{"a":3293,"y":2026,"au":"Cimi ME, Ribeiro DG, Nascimento YO, Dos Reis MCG, Da Silva Ribeiro BB, De Freitas EL, et al.","t":"Bacterial extracellular vesicles from Chromobacterium subtsugae and Bacillus thuringiensis as cell-free bioinsecticidal nanocarriers against the soybean pest Euschistus heros","j":"Microbiological research","vp":"314:128742","doi":"10.1016/j.micres.2026.128742","pmid":"42832925","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"size and concentration","no":"journal issue year 2027, online 2026; also bioRxiv 2026","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42832925+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"EVs from Chromobacterium subtsugae","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0133"},{"a":3294,"y":2026,"au":"Maltoni F, Wang S, Steketee MFB, Gómez-Martín CA, Drees EEE, Morelli F, et al.","t":"Small and Large Extracellular Vesicles in Circulation of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Patients Originate From Different Cell Types of the Tumor Microenvironment","j":"Journal of extracellular vesicles","vp":"15:e70259","doi":"10.1002/jev2.70259","pmid":"41885389","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","sn":"cells released 100-1000x more small EVs (50-200 nm) than large EVs (200-1000 nm)","pu":"size and concentration","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41885389+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"small, large and very large EVs from cultured diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0207"},{"a":3295,"y":2026,"au":"Fatehi Hassanabad A, Meechem MB, Chen YL, Zarzycki AN, Hassanabad MF, Buzatto AZ, et al.","t":"Pericardial Fluid-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles from Patients with Coronary Disease Alter the Lipidome of Human Coronary Artery Endothelium","j":"CJC open","vp":"8:481-492","doi":"10.1016/j.cjco.2025.12.010","pmid":"42007195","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"microfluidic resistive pulse sensing cartridge","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pu":"size and concentration","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42007195+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"small EVs from human pericardial fluid (coronary artery disease and controls)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0129"},{"a":3296,"y":2026,"au":"Compañ A, Carrabs V, Ferrándiz ML, Silvestre A, Muñoz I, Carceller MC, et al.","t":"Synovial fluid-derived extracellular vesicles modulate joint cell function in osteoarthritis","j":"Frontiers in aging","vp":"7:1894052","doi":"10.3389/fragi.2026.1894052","pmid":"42876626","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"size and concentration","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42876626+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"EVs from synovial fluid of knee osteoarthritis patients (SF-EVs)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0206"},{"a":3297,"y":2026,"au":"Yilmaz IC, Tokmak I, Yildirim M, Yildirim TC, Ozkoc ES, Evcili I, et al.","t":"Leishmania Extracellular Vesicles as a Preventive Vaccine Platform Against Leishmaniasis","j":"Journal of extracellular vesicles","vp":"15:e70252","doi":"10.1002/jev2.70252","pmid":"41885414","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"Exoid (Izon) tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","co":"EVs diluted in DPBS; polystyrene calibration","pu":"quality control of concentration and size","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13140408/fullTextXML","an":"Leishmania EVs (vaccine lots)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0157"},{"a":3298,"y":2026,"au":"Demirhan HK, Asicioglu M, Kahraman T, Kiran F","t":"Immunostimulatory potential of extracellular vesicles from Limosilactobacillus reuteri EIR/Spx-2, a strain from the gut microbiota of a naturally cancer-resistant host","j":"Scientific reports","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-54436-w","pmid":"42230870","pt":"journal","pc":6,"p":"qNano tunable nanopore","pk":"tunable-elastomeric-pore","pu":"size and concentration","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42230870+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"EVs from Limosilactobacillus reuteri EIR/Spx-2 (LrEVs)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0132"},{"a":3299,"y":2026,"au":"Li Y, Awasthi S, Liu P, Protopopova AD, Mayer M","t":"Selective and controllable trapping of single proteins in nanopores using reversible covalent bonds.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:879-891","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c16000","pmid":"41422547","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12810480/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"phenylboronic acid (PBA)-functionalized polymer-coated SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride with PAcrAm-g-PEG polymer coating bearing PBA groups","pd":"11 to 20 nm","sn":"trapped glycated proteins give long events (>0.4 ms) from reversible boronate esters; 500 kHz sampling, 50 kHz filter; streptavidin used to calibrate pore length","pu":"selective trapping for accurate size and shape of glycated proteins","no":"Nonglycated ferritin gave 99% short pulses (<0.4 ms); glycation made trapping possible.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12810480/fullTextXML","an":"chemically glycated ferritin","id":"ss_protein_small-0245"},{"a":3300,"y":2026,"au":"Assadipapari M, Soleimanian A, Adam M, Li J, Yousefi A, Zargarbashi S, et al.","t":"Tracking single-molecule ferritin reassembly and disassembly using polymer-coated nanopores.","j":"Nanoscale","vp":"18:1045-1054","doi":"10.1039/d5nr02885j","pmid":"41399872","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12706752/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"polymer-coated solid-state nanopore","sn":"coating allowed up to 1 h of continuous recording of fragment translocations without clogging","pu":"real-time disassembly and reassembly of a protein cage","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:41399872%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"ferritin fragments and intermediates during disassembly and reassembly","id":"ss_protein_small-0240"},{"a":3301,"y":2026,"au":"Gu C, Zhu X, Khatri S, Thyashan N, Joty K, Kim MJ","t":"Geometric confinement in solid-state nanopores enables single-molecule discrimination of ferritin subunits and translocation bias.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"26:4881-4888","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.6c00914","pmid":"41928563","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore","pd":"about 20 nm (weak confinement) and about 10 nm (strong confinement)","sn":"volumetric scaling of blockade and free-energy penalty on capture of intact ferritin; subunit-specific transport in 10 nm pores; semisupervised learning on mixtures","pu":"discriminating ferritin assembly states","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:41928563%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"ferritin heavy chain subunit","id":"ss_protein_small-0250"},{"a":3302,"y":2026,"au":"Gu C, Zhu X, Khatri S, Thyashan N, Joty K, Kim MJ","t":"Geometric confinement in solid-state nanopores enables single-molecule discrimination of ferritin subunits and translocation bias.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"26:4881-4888","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.6c00914","pmid":"41928563","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore","pd":"about 20 nm (weak confinement) and about 10 nm (strong confinement)","sn":"volumetric scaling of blockade and free-energy penalty on capture of intact ferritin; subunit-specific transport in 10 nm pores; semisupervised learning on mixtures","pu":"discriminating ferritin assembly states","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:41928563%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"ferritin light chain subunit","id":"ss_protein_small-0251"},{"a":3303,"y":2026,"au":"Du X, Cao Q, Fan N, Wang Y","t":"Single-Molecule Monitoring of Formaldehyde-Lysine Residue Chemistry using an Engineered MspA Nanopore.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"26:11748-11757","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.6c02512","pmid":"42715067","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a single lysine at the constriction","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"distinct blockade states with reversible transitions consistent with monoadduct, bisadduct and Schiff base","pu":"single-molecule reaction monitoring (formaldehyde-lysine chemistry)","no":"Airborne HCHO trapped in water and HCHO in food matrices identified.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42715067+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"formaldehyde (HCHO)","id":"bio_small-0422"},{"a":3304,"y":2026,"au":"Shivanka S, Cabrera RFE, Chibuike M, Vithanage P, Chandrasoma IA, Premarathne P, et al.","t":"Peptide fingerprinting of single protein molecules using in-plane nanopore sensors integrated to an extended immobilized nanoscale enzymatic reactor (eINER).","j":"Small Methods","vp":"10:e71044","doi":"10.1002/smtd.71044","pmid":"42746785","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13706642/","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"thermoplastic dual in-plane nanopore time-of-flight reader (DNP-ToF) with trypsin reactor","pm":"thermoplastic (nanoinjection molded)","pd":"10 nm apparent (hemispherical)","pl":"10 nm","fab":"nanoinjection molding; trypsin immobilized by EDC/NHS in a 250 x 250 nm reactor channel","co":"1x PBS with 1 M KCl, pH 7.4","v":"1 V","sn":">95% of dual-pore event pairs matched; features dI1/I0, dI2/I0, tD1, tD2 and time of flight; random forest 99.6% cross-validated accuracy; all species migrated with electroosmotic flow","pu":"on-chip digestion and peptide fingerprinting of single proteins","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13706642/fullTextXML","an":"Abeta tryptic fragment HydroTail","id":"ss_protein_small-0265"},{"a":3305,"y":2026,"au":"Xiao Y, Zhang S, Gao X, Li T, Zhang H, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Nanopore profiling and structure determination of oligosaccharides by fragmentation.","j":"Sci Adv","vp":"12:eaea8462","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aea8462","pmid":"41477834","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter (MspA-90PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled octameric porin inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 100 mM MOPS, pH 7.0; saccharide cis (5 to 20 mM)","v":"+160 mV","pu":"oligosaccharide profiling and structure determination by fragmentation","no":"Ten oligosaccharides plus nine monosaccharides form the reference pool; raffinose, stachyose and verbascose structures determined from nanopore readout of their hydrolysis fragments.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12757064/fullTextXML","an":"galactose alpha1-6 galactose (G-G)","id":"bio_small-0389"},{"a":3306,"y":2026,"au":"Yao G, Ren B, Zhu D, Tan J, Hou J, Ma Y, et al.","t":"Single-Molecule Discrimination of Multisialylated Ganglioside Oligosaccharides Using an Engineered Nanopore.","j":"Research (Wash D C)","vp":"9:1286","doi":"10.34133/research.1286","pmid":"42164755","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin M113R (and cationic/aromatic double mutants)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"3 M KCl, 10 mM citric acid, pH 5.0; 10 uM glycan","v":"+100 mV (trans positive)","pu":"discrimination of multisialylated ganglioside oligosaccharides","no":"Intra-event fluctuation features (time and spectral domain) used beyond amplitude and dwell time.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13184820/fullTextXML","an":"GP1c ganglioside oligosaccharide","id":"bio_small-0421"},{"a":3307,"y":2026,"au":"Yao G, Ren B, Zhu D, Tan J, Hou J, Ma Y, et al.","t":"Single-Molecule Discrimination of Multisialylated Ganglioside Oligosaccharides Using an Engineered Nanopore.","j":"Research (Wash D C)","vp":"9:1286","doi":"10.34133/research.1286","pmid":"42164755","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin M113R (and cationic/aromatic double mutants)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"3 M KCl, 10 mM citric acid, pH 5.0; 10 uM glycan","v":"+100 mV (trans positive)","pu":"discrimination of multisialylated ganglioside oligosaccharides","no":"Intra-event fluctuation features (time and spectral domain) used beyond amplitude and dwell time.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13184820/fullTextXML","an":"GQ1c ganglioside oligosaccharide","id":"bio_small-0420"},{"a":3308,"y":2026,"au":"Yao G, Ren B, Zhu D, Tan J, Hou J, Ma Y, et al.","t":"Single-Molecule Discrimination of Multisialylated Ganglioside Oligosaccharides Using an Engineered Nanopore.","j":"Research (Wash D C)","vp":"9:1286","doi":"10.34133/research.1286","pmid":"42164755","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin M113R (and cationic/aromatic double mutants)","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","pm":"S. aureus alpha-hemolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","co":"3 M KCl, 10 mM citric acid, pH 5.0; 10 uM glycan","v":"+100 mV (trans positive)","er":"45.04 /s at 10 uM in M113R (6.86 /s in wild type)","pu":"discrimination of multisialylated ganglioside oligosaccharides","no":"Intra-event fluctuation features (time and spectral domain) used beyond amplitude and dwell time.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13184820/fullTextXML","an":"GT1c ganglioside oligosaccharide","id":"bio_small-0419"},{"a":3309,"y":2026,"au":"Li W, Xiao Y, Gao X, Zhang P, Huang S, Wang K","t":"Nanopore Signatures of High-Molecular-Weight Polysaccharides with Recurring Structural Motifs.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:28879-28889","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c07846","pmid":"42975259","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"engineered biological nanopore (type not stated in the abstract; 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mixture composition quantified by fully constrained least squares.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42975259+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"gum arabic","id":"bio_small-0441"},{"a":3312,"y":2026,"au":"Ma H, Li YX, Xu Z, Ma W, Xia B, Gao Z, et al.","t":"Single-monosaccharide resolution glycan profiling enabled by the nanopipette.","j":"Chem Sci","vp":"17:20903-20910","doi":"10.1039/d6sc02337a","pmid":"42775189","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13595367/","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"rectification-guided nanopipette","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pd":"tip 12.3 +/- 0.3 nm","co":"0.2 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4; 500 pM oligosaccharide (detection from 1 pM)","v":"+700 mV","b":"dI/I0 = 0.022 +/- 0.001","sn":"rectification ratio tuned to balance electroosmosis and electrophoresis; detection success above 80%; random forest >98% accuracy; 37 nanopipettes","pu":"glycan profiling at single-monosaccharide resolution","no":"GlcNAc and GlcA units with a p-nitrophenyl tag.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13595367/fullTextXML","an":"heparosan disaccharide (Di, pNP-tagged)","id":"ss_protein_small-0266"},{"a":3313,"y":2026,"au":"Ma H, Li YX, Xu Z, Ma W, Xia B, Gao Z, et al.","t":"Single-monosaccharide resolution glycan profiling enabled by the nanopipette.","j":"Chem Sci","vp":"17:20903-20910","doi":"10.1039/d6sc02337a","pmid":"42775189","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13595367/","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"rectification-guided nanopipette","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pd":"tip 12.3 +/- 0.3 nm","co":"0.2 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4; 500 pM oligosaccharide (detection from 1 pM)","v":"+700 mV","sn":"rectification ratio tuned to balance electroosmosis and electrophoresis; detection success above 80%; random forest >98% accuracy; 37 nanopipettes","pu":"glycan profiling at single-monosaccharide resolution","no":"Di, Tri and Tetra identified in mixtures with >98% accuracy; branched (ganglioside) oligosaccharides also detected.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13595367/fullTextXML","an":"heparosan tetrasaccharide (Tetra, pNP-tagged)","id":"ss_protein_small-0268"},{"a":3314,"y":2026,"au":"Ma H, Li YX, Xu Z, Ma W, Xia B, Gao Z, et al.","t":"Single-monosaccharide resolution glycan profiling enabled by the nanopipette.","j":"Chem Sci","vp":"17:20903-20910","doi":"10.1039/d6sc02337a","pmid":"42775189","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13595367/","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"rectification-guided nanopipette","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pd":"tip 12.3 +/- 0.3 nm","co":"0.2 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4; 500 pM oligosaccharide (detection from 1 pM)","v":"+700 mV","sn":"rectification ratio tuned to balance electroosmosis and electrophoresis; detection success above 80%; random forest >98% accuracy; 37 nanopipettes","pu":"glycan profiling at single-monosaccharide resolution","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13595367/fullTextXML","an":"heparosan trisaccharide (Tri, pNP-tagged)","id":"ss_protein_small-0267"},{"a":3315,"y":2026,"au":"Shivanka S, Cabrera RFE, Chibuike M, Vithanage P, Chandrasoma IA, Premarathne P, et al.","t":"Peptide fingerprinting of single protein molecules using in-plane nanopore sensors integrated to an extended immobilized nanoscale enzymatic reactor (eINER).","j":"Small Methods","vp":"10:e71044","doi":"10.1002/smtd.71044","pmid":"42746785","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13706642/","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"thermoplastic dual in-plane nanopore time-of-flight reader (DNP-ToF) with trypsin reactor","pm":"thermoplastic (nanoinjection molded)","pd":"10 nm apparent (hemispherical)","pl":"10 nm","fab":"nanoinjection molding; trypsin immobilized by EDC/NHS in a 250 x 250 nm reactor channel","co":"1x PBS with 1 M KCl, pH 7.4","v":"1 V","sn":">95% of dual-pore event pairs matched; features dI1/I0, dI2/I0, tD1, tD2 and time of flight; random forest 99.6% cross-validated accuracy; all species migrated with electroosmotic flow","pu":"on-chip digestion and peptide fingerprinting of single proteins","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13706642/fullTextXML","an":"Abeta tryptic fragment HisRich","id":"ss_protein_small-0263"},{"a":3316,"y":2026,"au":"Xiao Y, Du X, Zhao L, Dai X, Qian L, Zhang S, et al.","t":"Nanopore Identification of Biogenic Amines and Its Applications in Food Freshness Evaluation.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:2740-2751","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c16056","pmid":"41533887","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a single nickel ion modification (Ni-modified MspA)","pk":"mspa","pu":"biogenic amine identification (food freshness)","no":"Six biogenic amines identified (accuracy 99.0%); five found in shrimp.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41533887+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"histamine","id":"bio_small-0226"},{"a":3317,"y":2026,"au":"She HQ, Hu ZL, Xin KL, Gao F, Yang C, Ying YL, et al.","t":"Machine Learning-Assisted Discrimination of Isobaric Histone Acetylations by Nanopore.","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"98:29021-29029","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.6c03935","pmid":"42915699","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin R220Q","pk":"aerolysin","sn":"identification accuracies 99.4% (monoacetylated pair) and 98.8% (diacetylated pair) in mixtures","pu":"discrimination of isobaric histone acetylations (machine learning)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42915699+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"histone H3 peptide acetylated at K14 (H3K14ac)","id":"bio_protein-0124"},{"a":3318,"y":2026,"au":"She HQ, Hu ZL, Xin KL, Gao F, Yang C, Ying YL, et al.","t":"Machine Learning-Assisted Discrimination of Isobaric Histone Acetylations by Nanopore.","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"98:29021-29029","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.6c03935","pmid":"42915699","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin R220Q","pk":"aerolysin","sn":"identification accuracies 99.4% (monoacetylated pair) and 98.8% (diacetylated pair) in mixtures","pu":"discrimination of isobaric histone acetylations (machine learning)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42915699+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"histone H3 peptide acetylated at K4 and K14 (H3K4acK14ac)","id":"bio_protein-0126"},{"a":3319,"y":2026,"au":"She HQ, Hu ZL, Xin KL, Gao F, Yang C, Ying YL, et al.","t":"Machine Learning-Assisted Discrimination of Isobaric Histone Acetylations by Nanopore.","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"98:29021-29029","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.6c03935","pmid":"42915699","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin R220Q","pk":"aerolysin","sn":"identification accuracies 99.4% (monoacetylated pair) and 98.8% (diacetylated pair) in mixtures","pu":"discrimination of isobaric histone acetylations (machine learning)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42915699+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"histone H3 peptide acetylated at K4 and K9 (H3K4acK9ac)","id":"bio_protein-0125"},{"a":3320,"y":2026,"au":"She HQ, Hu ZL, Xin KL, Gao F, Yang C, Ying YL, et al.","t":"Machine Learning-Assisted Discrimination of Isobaric Histone Acetylations by Nanopore.","j":"Analytical chemistry","vp":"98:29021-29029","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.6c03935","pmid":"42915699","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin R220Q","pk":"aerolysin","sn":"identification accuracies 99.4% (monoacetylated pair) and 98.8% (diacetylated pair) in mixtures","pu":"discrimination of isobaric histone acetylations (machine learning)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42915699+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"histone H3 peptide acetylated at K9 (H3K9ac)","id":"bio_protein-0123"},{"a":3321,"y":2026,"au":"Fayad-Martinez C, Gidley M, Roca MA, Nitta R, Pourmand A, Sharifi A, et al.","t":"Mass and particle size distribution of household dust on children's hands","j":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","vp":"36:41-51","doi":"10.1038/s41370-025-00749-3","pmid":"39930017","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"hands rinsed 20 s in 150 mL isotone (9 g NaCl per L Milli-Q water, 0.2 um filtered)","pu":"dust loading on hands from Coulter particle volume times dust density","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12795756/fullTextXML","an":"Household dust rinsed from the hands of 101 children (6 months to 6 years) in North Carolina, Florida and Arizona","id":"earth_space_industry-0041"},{"a":3322,"y":2026,"au":"Chung M, Oh S, Kim JS, Hwang S, Jeong KB, Chi SW","t":"Label-Free YaxAB Nanopore Fingerprinting of Cancer-Associated Single-Residue Bcl-xL Variants.","j":"Small methods","vp":"10:e71126","doi":"10.1002/smtd.71126","pmid":"42870730","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"YaxAB nanopore","pk":"yaxab","pm":"YaxAB funnel-shaped pore in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"distinct from wild type despite 14 Da mass difference; sub-nanomolar to low-nanomolar detection","pu":"fingerprinting cancer-associated single-residue protein variants","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42870730+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Bcl-xL N136K","id":"bio_protein-0232"},{"a":3323,"y":2026,"au":"Chung M, Oh S, Kim JS, Hwang S, Jeong KB, Chi SW","t":"Label-Free YaxAB Nanopore Fingerprinting of Cancer-Associated Single-Residue Bcl-xL Variants.","j":"Small methods","vp":"10:e71126","doi":"10.1002/smtd.71126","pmid":"42870730","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"YaxAB nanopore","pk":"yaxab","pm":"YaxAB funnel-shaped pore in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"distinct fingerprint in normalized blockade versus noise space","pu":"fingerprinting cancer-associated single-residue protein variants","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42870730+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"Bcl-xL R165W","id":"bio_protein-0233"},{"a":3324,"y":2026,"au":"Jo J, Kim JS, Hwang S, Jeong KB, Chi SW","t":"Nanopore Discrimination of Protein-Small-Molecule Drug Complexes at Near-Atomic Resolution.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"20:13624-13635","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c22458","pmid":"42046448","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"YaxAB nanopore with LiCl-modulated electrostatic potential","pk":"yaxab","pm":"YaxAB funnel-shaped pore in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"oscillation between narrow- and wide-pore regions gives two-level current transitions","pu":"discrimination of protein-small-molecule drug complexes","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42046448+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"BRD4 bromodomain protein","id":"bio_protein-0234"},{"a":3325,"y":2026,"au":"Li Y, Awasthi S, Liu P, Protopopova AD, Mayer M","t":"Selective and controllable trapping of single proteins in nanopores using reversible covalent bonds.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:879-891","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c16000","pmid":"41422547","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12810480/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"phenylboronic acid (PBA)-functionalized polymer-coated SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride with PAcrAm-g-PEG polymer coating bearing PBA groups","pd":"11 to 20 nm","sn":"trapped glycated proteins give long events (>0.4 ms) from reversible boronate esters; 500 kHz sampling, 50 kHz filter; streptavidin used to calibrate pore length","pu":"selective trapping for accurate size and shape of glycated proteins","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12810480/fullTextXML","an":"human hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)","id":"ss_protein_small-0242"},{"a":3326,"y":2026,"au":"Straathof S, Tadema M, Zhan L, Maglia G","t":"Engineered MspA Nanopores for Real-Time Detection of Insulin, Its Pharmaceutical Analogues, and Degradation Products.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"20:27841-27854","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c10533","pmid":"42899774","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with targeted mutations near the constriction","pk":"mspa","fab":"engineered MspA inserted into planar bilayer","sn":"per-pore limit of detection 16 nM in 25% v/v blood","pu":"detection of insulin, pharmaceutical analogues and degradation products (machine learning, blood background)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42899774+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"human insulin","id":"bio_protein-0268"},{"a":3327,"y":2026,"au":"Lybrook P, Chen H, Barna E, Brown J, Wong A, Ketchum J, et al.","t":"In situ detection of dead cells from live cells via a DC plus low frequency AC resistive pulse sensor","j":"Biomedical microdevices","vp":"28:11","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00797-y","pmid":"41686337","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"two successive microfluidic resistive pulse sensing channels","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","v":"DC bias plus 75 kHz AC","b":"DC pulse magnitude gives size; 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electron microscopy showed large irregular patches of pentamer instead of shells","id":"gap_viruses-0012"},{"a":3329,"y":2026,"au":"Patterson A, Young K, Biever MP, Klein SM, Jacobson SC, Jarrold MF, et al.","t":"Polyanionic Sugars Drastically Affect Assembly of Human Papilloma Virus Virus-Like Particles.","j":"ACS infectious diseases","vp":"12(1):401-409","doi":"10.1021/acsinfecdis.5c00896","pmid":"41414696","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13108601/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"three in-plane nanopores in series in a glass nanofluidic device, with a five-pore parallel nanofilter upstream","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"glass substrate with a bonded glass cover plate, channels and pores coated with poly(ethylene glycol)-silane","pd":"100 nm wide, 100 nm deep","pl":"600 nm","pg":"three pores in series, each 100 nm by 100 nm by 600 nm, so every particle gives a three-pulse sequence; a nanofilter of five parallel pores keeps aggregates out of the sensing pores","fab":"photolithography and etching of two microchannels in glass, then focused ion beam milling (Auriga 60) of the nanochannels, the sensing pores and the filter, cover plate bonded, surfaces coated with short-chain PEG-silane to suppress electroosmotic flow and adsorption","co":"50 mM sodium citrate pH 6.8 with 1 M NaCl","b":"pulse amplitude proportional to particle volume, reported as the amplitude normalized to that of the T=7 VLP (dIpart/dI(T=7))","er":"50 VLPs per minute for the control and 49 per minute with heparin on day 1, much lower with kappa-carrageenan","sn":"amplitude from the three pores averaged per particle; current amplified with an Axopatch 200B, 10 kHz low-pass filter, 100 kHz sampling, events extracted with a modified OpenNanopore 1.4","pu":"following how added polysaccharides change the size distribution and the amount of assembled VLPs","no":"Charge detection mass spectrometry, light scattering and TEM ran alongside the resistive-pulse measurements.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC13108601.1/PMC13108601.1.txt","an":"HPV16 L1 virus-like particles assembled in the presence of heparin","de":"L1 pentamers incubated 10 min with heparin, a highly sulfated flexible polysaccharide, before assembly was started; heparin raised the initial assembly rate and stabilized the VLPs","id":"gap_viruses-0011"},{"a":3330,"y":2026,"au":"Patterson A, Young K, Biever MP, Klein SM, Jacobson SC, Jarrold MF, et al.","t":"Polyanionic Sugars Drastically Affect Assembly of Human Papilloma Virus Virus-Like Particles.","j":"ACS infectious diseases","vp":"12(1):401-409","doi":"10.1021/acsinfecdis.5c00896","pmid":"41414696","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13108601/","pt":"journal","pc":1,"p":"three in-plane nanopores in series in a glass nanofluidic device, with a five-pore parallel nanofilter upstream","pk":"microfluidic-coulter-channel","pm":"glass substrate with a bonded glass cover plate, channels and pores coated with poly(ethylene glycol)-silane","pd":"100 nm wide, 100 nm deep","pl":"600 nm","pg":"three pores in series, each 100 nm by 100 nm by 600 nm, so every particle gives a three-pulse sequence; a nanofilter of five parallel pores keeps aggregates out of the sensing pores","fab":"photolithography and etching of two microchannels in glass, then focused ion beam milling (Auriga 60) of the nanochannels, the sensing pores and the filter, cover plate bonded, surfaces coated with short-chain PEG-silane to suppress electroosmotic flow and adsorption","co":"50 mM sodium citrate pH 6.8 with 1 M NaCl","b":"pulse amplitude proportional to particle volume, reported as the amplitude normalized to that of the T=7 VLP (dIpart/dI(T=7))","er":"50 VLPs per minute for the control and 49 per minute with heparin on day 1, much lower with kappa-carrageenan","sn":"amplitude from the three pores averaged per particle; current amplified with an Axopatch 200B, 10 kHz low-pass filter, 100 kHz sampling, events extracted with a modified OpenNanopore 1.4","pu":"following how added polysaccharides change the size distribution and the amount of assembled VLPs","no":"Charge detection mass spectrometry, light scattering and TEM ran alongside the resistive-pulse measurements.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc-oa-opendata.s3.amazonaws.com/PMC13108601.1/PMC13108601.1.txt","an":"HPV16 L1 closed nonicosahedral assembly intermediates (20 to 72 pentamers)","de":"closed particles smaller than the T=7 shell, seen as normalized pulse volumes between 0.25 and 0.8 of the T=7 amplitude and confirmed by light scattering, TEM and charge detection mass spectrometry","id":"gap_viruses-0013"},{"a":3331,"y":2026,"au":"Pitakjakpipop H, Alam I, Treerattrakoon K, Thongkham W, Loha K, Saeyang T, et al.","t":"Machine learning-enhanced solid-state nanopore analysis for single-molecule discrimination of albumin and aptamer-bound glycated albumin complexes.","j":"ACS Omega","vp":"11:69077-69086","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.6c09079","pmid":"43022998","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride","pd":"14 nm","pu":"albumin glycation state discrimination","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:43022998%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"glycated human serum albumin (GHSA)","id":"ss_protein_small-0260"},{"a":3331,"y":2026,"au":"Li Y, Awasthi S, Liu P, Protopopova AD, Mayer M","t":"Selective and controllable trapping of single proteins in nanopores using reversible covalent bonds.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:879-891","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c16000","pmid":"41422547","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12810480/","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"phenylboronic acid (PBA)-functionalized polymer-coated SiNx nanopore","pk":"sinx-nanopore","pm":"silicon nitride with PAcrAm-g-PEG polymer coating bearing PBA groups","pd":"11 to 20 nm","sn":"trapped glycated proteins give long events (>0.4 ms) from reversible boronate esters; 500 kHz sampling, 50 kHz filter; streptavidin used to calibrate pore length","pu":"selective trapping for accurate size and shape of glycated proteins","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12810480/fullTextXML","an":"glycated human serum albumin (gHSA)","id":"ss_protein_small-0241"},{"a":3332,"y":2026,"au":"Xin KL, Zhang LL, Li MY, Liu SC, She HQ, Ying YL, et al.","t":"Nanopore Fingerprinting of Neurodegenerative Proteins and Phosphoproteins within a Minute.","j":"JACS Au","vp":"6:2516-2522","doi":"10.1021/jacsau.6c00115","pmid":"42063816","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"protein nanopore with asymmetric electrolyte (droplet nanopore platform)","fab":"droplet nanopore platform","co":"asymmetric electrolyte of different salts","pu":"fingerprinting tau and phospho-tau from peptide fragments within a minute (> 1800 events per min)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42063816+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"tau protein (fragment fingerprint)","id":"bio_protein-0448"},{"a":3333,"y":2026,"au":"Xin KL, Zhang LL, Li MY, Liu SC, She HQ, Ying YL, et al.","t":"Nanopore Fingerprinting of Neurodegenerative Proteins and Phosphoproteins within a Minute.","j":"JACS Au","vp":"6:2516-2522","doi":"10.1021/jacsau.6c00115","pmid":"42063816","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"protein nanopore with asymmetric electrolyte (droplet nanopore platform)","fab":"droplet nanopore platform","co":"asymmetric electrolyte of different salts","pu":"fingerprinting tau and phospho-tau from peptide fragments within a minute (> 1800 events per min)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42063816+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"phosphorylated tau variants","id":"bio_protein-0449"},{"a":3334,"y":2026,"au":"Straathof S, Tadema M, Zhan L, Maglia G","t":"Engineered MspA Nanopores for Real-Time Detection of Insulin, Its Pharmaceutical Analogues, and Degradation Products.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"20:27841-27854","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c10533","pmid":"42899774","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with targeted mutations near the constriction","pk":"mspa","fab":"engineered MspA inserted into planar bilayer","pu":"detection of insulin, pharmaceutical analogues and degradation products (machine learning, blood background)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42899774+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"insulin aspart (one amino acid different)","id":"bio_protein-0269"},{"a":3335,"y":2026,"au":"Straathof S, Tadema M, Zhan L, Maglia G","t":"Engineered MspA Nanopores for Real-Time Detection of Insulin, Its Pharmaceutical Analogues, and Degradation Products.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"20:27841-27854","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c10533","pmid":"42899774","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with targeted mutations near the constriction","pk":"mspa","fab":"engineered MspA inserted into planar bilayer","pu":"detection of insulin, pharmaceutical analogues and degradation products (machine learning, blood background)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42899774+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"insulin degradation products (interchain disulfide reduction, deamidation)","id":"bio_protein-0271"},{"a":3336,"y":2026,"au":"Straathof S, Tadema M, Zhan L, Maglia G","t":"Engineered MspA Nanopores for Real-Time Detection of Insulin, Its Pharmaceutical Analogues, and Degradation Products.","j":"ACS nano","vp":"20:27841-27854","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c10533","pmid":"42899774","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with targeted mutations near the constriction","pk":"mspa","fab":"engineered MspA inserted into planar bilayer","pu":"detection of insulin, pharmaceutical analogues and degradation products (machine learning, blood background)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42899774+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"insulin glargine","id":"bio_protein-0270"},{"a":3337,"y":2026,"au":"Xiao Y, Zhang S, Gao X, Li T, Zhang H, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Nanopore profiling and structure determination of oligosaccharides by fragmentation.","j":"Sci Adv","vp":"12:eaea8462","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aea8462","pmid":"41477834","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter (MspA-90PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled octameric porin inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 100 mM MOPS, pH 7.0; saccharide cis (5 to 20 mM)","v":"+160 mV","pu":"oligosaccharide profiling and structure determination by fragmentation","no":"Ten oligosaccharides plus nine monosaccharides form the reference pool; raffinose, stachyose and verbascose structures determined from nanopore readout of their hydrolysis fragments.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12757064/fullTextXML","an":"kestose (Kes)","id":"bio_small-0390"},{"a":3338,"y":2026,"au":"Vazhenkova EE, Shumov ID, Zhdanov DD, Shumyantseva VV, Ziborov VS, Ableev AN, et al.","t":"Single-Molecule Study of L-Asparaginase Thermal Denaturation","j":"Preprints.org","doi":"10.20944/preprints202601.0032.v1","pt":"preprint","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore-based electrical detector (SSNPED)","co":"25 to 60 C","pu":"thermal denaturation of an enzyme","no":"Globule conformation changed with temperature (nanopore); AFM showed aggregation changes.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:PPR1139325%20AND%20SRC:PPR&resultType=core&format=json","an":"L-asparaginase (L-Aspase)","id":"ss_protein_small-0270"},{"a":3339,"y":2026,"au":"Xiao Y, Zhang S, Gao X, Li T, Zhang H, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Nanopore profiling and structure determination of oligosaccharides by fragmentation.","j":"Sci Adv","vp":"12:eaea8462","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aea8462","pmid":"41477834","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter (MspA-90PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled octameric porin inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 100 mM MOPS, pH 7.0; saccharide cis (5 to 20 mM)","v":"+160 mV","pu":"oligosaccharide profiling and structure determination by fragmentation","no":"Ten oligosaccharides plus nine monosaccharides form the reference pool; raffinose, stachyose and verbascose structures determined from nanopore readout of their hydrolysis fragments.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12757064/fullTextXML","an":"lactosyl fructoside (L-F)","id":"bio_small-0391"},{"a":3340,"y":2026,"au":"Xiao Y, Zhang S, Gao X, Li T, Zhang H, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Nanopore profiling and structure determination of oligosaccharides by fragmentation.","j":"Sci Adv","vp":"12:eaea8462","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aea8462","pmid":"41477834","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter (MspA-90PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled octameric porin inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 100 mM MOPS, pH 7.0; saccharide cis (5 to 20 mM)","v":"+160 mV","pu":"oligosaccharide profiling and structure determination by fragmentation","no":"Ten oligosaccharides plus nine monosaccharides form the reference pool; raffinose, stachyose and verbascose structures determined from nanopore readout of their hydrolysis fragments.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12757064/fullTextXML","an":"lactulose","id":"bio_small-0387"},{"a":3341,"y":2026,"au":"Manawasinghe J, Khatri S, Thyashan N, Wu T, Alameh MG, Kim MJ","t":"Single-Particle Analysis of Cargo-Dependent Deformation in Lipid Nanoparticles Using Resistive Pulse Sensing: Implications for Formulation Optimization and Quality Control of mRNA Nanomedicine","j":"ACS Applied Nano Materials","doi":"10.1021/acsanm.6c00530","pmid":"42136959","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"nanopipette, 250 nm and 350 nm pores","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pd":"250 nm and 350 nm","sn":"pronounced drop in relative blockade dI/I0 in the 250 nm pipette, read as deformation","pu":"deformation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42136959+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"empty lipid nanoparticles (eLNP, no mRNA)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0047"},{"a":3342,"y":2026,"au":"Manawasinghe J, Khatri S, Thyashan N, Wu T, Alameh MG, Kim MJ","t":"Single-Particle Analysis of Cargo-Dependent Deformation in Lipid Nanoparticles Using Resistive Pulse Sensing: Implications for Formulation Optimization and Quality Control of mRNA Nanomedicine","j":"ACS Applied Nano Materials","doi":"10.1021/acsanm.6c00530","pmid":"42136959","pt":"journal","pc":3,"p":"nanopipette, 250 nm and 350 nm pores","pk":"glass-nanopipette","pd":"250 nm and 350 nm","sn":"loaded LNPs deform less than empty ones (smaller drop in dI/I0 with field); neural network on 25 event features classifies cargo state with about 81% balanced accuracy","pu":"cargo-dependent deformation, formulation quality control","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42136959+AND+SRC%3AMED&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=3","an":"mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles (about 7 and about 32 mRNA copies per particle)","de":"LNP1 about 7 mRNA copies, LNP2 about 32 copies","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0046"},{"a":3343,"y":2026,"au":"Shivanka S, Cabrera RFE, Chibuike M, Vithanage P, Chandrasoma IA, Premarathne P, et al.","t":"Peptide fingerprinting of single protein molecules using in-plane nanopore sensors integrated to an extended immobilized nanoscale enzymatic reactor (eINER).","j":"Small Methods","vp":"10:e71044","doi":"10.1002/smtd.71044","pmid":"42746785","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13706642/","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"thermoplastic dual in-plane nanopore time-of-flight reader (DNP-ToF) with trypsin reactor","pm":"thermoplastic (nanoinjection molded)","pd":"10 nm apparent (hemispherical)","pl":"10 nm","fab":"nanoinjection molding; trypsin immobilized by EDC/NHS in a 250 x 250 nm reactor channel","co":"1x PBS with 1 M KCl, pH 7.4","v":"1 V","sn":">95% of dual-pore event pairs matched; features dI1/I0, dI2/I0, tD1, tD2 and time of flight; random forest 99.6% cross-validated accuracy; all species migrated with electroosmotic flow","pu":"on-chip digestion and peptide fingerprinting of single proteins","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13706642/fullTextXML","an":"Abeta tryptic fragment HydroCore","id":"ss_protein_small-0264"},{"a":3344,"y":2026,"au":"Cai Y, Liu Y, Khaled I, Cressiot B, Bacri L, Pelta J","t":"Direct identification and quantification of peptide biomarkers in 20% human serum using a solid-state nanopore platform and machine learning.","j":"J Am Chem Soc","vp":"148:48580-48590","doi":"10.1021/jacs.6c17884","pmid":"43013013","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"polymer-engineered solid-state nanopore","co":"buffer or 20% human serum with a semidilute polyethylene glycol network (osmotic driving force)","sn":"machine-learning digital serum cleaning extracts peptide-specific fingerprints","pu":"direct peptide biomarker identification in serum","no":"The three kinins differ by one or two terminal amino acids and were discriminated singly and in mixtures.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:43013013%20AND%20SRC:MED&resultType=core&format=json","an":"Lys-bradykinin (LBK, kallidin)","id":"ss_protein_small-0258"},{"a":3345,"y":2026,"au":"Gao X, Xiao Y, Li W, Qian L, Wang K, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Nanopore Analysis of Malto-oligosaccharides from Amylose, Amylopectin, and Cyclodextrin Hydrolysates.","j":"Nano Lett","vp":"26:74-82","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.5c04591","pmid":"41475898","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter (MspA-90PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"malto-oligosaccharide chain-length identification","no":"Glucose to maltooctaose identified (validation accuracy >98%); used on gamma-cyclodextrin acidolysis products, amylose versus amylopectin and crop starch.","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41475898+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"maltooctaose","id":"bio_small-0220"},{"a":3346,"y":2026,"au":"Xiao Y, Zhang S, Gao X, Li T, Zhang H, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Nanopore profiling and structure determination of oligosaccharides by fragmentation.","j":"Sci Adv","vp":"12:eaea8462","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aea8462","pmid":"41477834","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter (MspA-90PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled octameric porin inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 100 mM MOPS, pH 7.0; saccharide cis (5 to 20 mM)","v":"+160 mV","pu":"oligosaccharide profiling and structure determination by fragmentation","no":"Ten oligosaccharides plus nine monosaccharides form the reference pool; raffinose, stachyose and verbascose structures determined from nanopore readout of their hydrolysis fragments.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12757064/fullTextXML","an":"manninotriose","id":"bio_small-0393"},{"a":3347,"y":2026,"au":"Zhu F, Carter-Champion A, Wharton JH, Bracamontes-Ramirez J, Burke A, de Menocal PB, et al.","t":"Co-ordinated shifts in deep-water formation and Gulf Stream migration during abrupt climate changes","j":"Nature Communications","vp":"17:4966","doi":"10.1038/s41467-026-73832-4","pmid":"42277038","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Beckman Coulter Multisizer 4 aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","co":"Enhanced Performance Multisizer 4 beaker and stirrer setting 30; 2 to 3 aliquots, 70,000 particles each (UCL)","pu":"sortable silt as a bottom current speed proxy","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13260390/fullTextXML","an":"Terrigenous sortable silt (10 to 63 um) in NW Atlantic slope cores 44GGC (966 m) and 09GGC (1854 m), Laurentian Slope region","id":"earth_space_industry-0120"},{"a":3348,"y":2026,"au":"Xiao Y, Zhang S, Gao X, Li T, Zhang H, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Nanopore profiling and structure determination of oligosaccharides by fragmentation.","j":"Sci Adv","vp":"12:eaea8462","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aea8462","pmid":"41477834","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter (MspA-90PBA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"self-assembled octameric porin inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"1.5 M KCl, 100 mM MOPS, pH 7.0; saccharide cis (5 to 20 mM)","v":"+160 mV","pu":"oligosaccharide profiling and structure determination by fragmentation","no":"Ten oligosaccharides plus nine monosaccharides form the reference pool; raffinose, stachyose and verbascose structures determined from nanopore readout of their hydrolysis fragments.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12757064/fullTextXML","an":"melibiose","id":"bio_small-0388"},{"a":3349,"y":2026,"au":"Agerova A, Bada Juarez JF, Perrin LW, Abriata LA, Marcaida MJ, Carratalà A, et al.","t":"Sub-Nanomolar Detection and Discrimination of Microcystin Congeners Using Aerolysin Nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:21857-21871","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c05413","pmid":"42579436","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"proaerolysin activated by trypsin, self-assembled heptameric pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 7.5 (salt gradient used for pM detection)","v":"+100 mV (60 to 200 mV scanned)","pu":"cyanotoxin congener discrimination in water","no":"Seven microcystin congeners discriminated individually and in mixtures; MC-LR detected at picomolar level in lake water. Blockage governed by K238, dwell time by the R220 constriction. MC-LF, -LY and -LW gave very long dwell times at 100 mV.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13472326/fullTextXML","an":"microcystin MC-LA","id":"bio_small-0400"},{"a":3350,"y":2026,"au":"Agerova A, Bada Juarez JF, Perrin LW, Abriata LA, Marcaida MJ, Carratalà A, et al.","t":"Sub-Nanomolar Detection and Discrimination of Microcystin Congeners Using Aerolysin Nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:21857-21871","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c05413","pmid":"42579436","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"proaerolysin activated by trypsin, self-assembled heptameric pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 7.5 (salt gradient used for pM detection)","v":"+100 mV (60 to 200 mV scanned)","pu":"cyanotoxin congener discrimination in water","no":"Seven microcystin congeners discriminated individually and in mixtures; MC-LR detected at picomolar level in lake water. Blockage governed by K238, dwell time by the R220 constriction. MC-LF, -LY and -LW gave very long dwell times at 100 mV.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13472326/fullTextXML","an":"microcystin MC-LF","id":"bio_small-0401"},{"a":3351,"y":2026,"au":"Agerova A, Bada Juarez JF, Perrin LW, Abriata LA, Marcaida MJ, Carratalà A, et al.","t":"Sub-Nanomolar Detection and Discrimination of Microcystin Congeners Using Aerolysin Nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:21857-21871","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c05413","pmid":"42579436","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"proaerolysin activated by trypsin, self-assembled heptameric pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 7.5 (salt gradient used for pM detection)","v":"+100 mV (60 to 200 mV scanned)","pu":"cyanotoxin congener discrimination in water","no":"Seven microcystin congeners discriminated individually and in mixtures; MC-LR detected at picomolar level in lake water. Blockage governed by K238, dwell time by the R220 constriction. MC-LF, -LY and -LW gave very long dwell times at 100 mV.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13472326/fullTextXML","an":"microcystin MC-LW","id":"bio_small-0403"},{"a":3352,"y":2026,"au":"Agerova A, Bada Juarez JF, Perrin LW, Abriata LA, Marcaida MJ, Carratalà A, et al.","t":"Sub-Nanomolar Detection and Discrimination of Microcystin Congeners Using Aerolysin Nanopores.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20:21857-21871","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c05413","pmid":"42579436","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin (wild type)","pk":"aerolysin","pm":"Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin heptamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"proaerolysin activated by trypsin, self-assembled heptameric pore inserted into planar lipid bilayer","co":"4 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 7.5 (salt gradient used for pM detection)","v":"+100 mV (60 to 200 mV scanned)","pu":"cyanotoxin congener discrimination in water","no":"Seven microcystin congeners discriminated individually and in mixtures; MC-LR detected at picomolar level in lake water. Blockage governed by K238, dwell time by the R220 constriction. MC-LF, -LY and -LW gave very long dwell times at 100 mV.","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13472326/fullTextXML","an":"microcystin MC-LY","id":"bio_small-0402"},{"a":3353,"y":2026,"au":"Hensel C, Kleber C, Suppanz I, Akbari A, Gutsch S, Hutzenlaub T, et al.","t":"Sample preparation for direct nanopore based protein identification via tryptic peptide recognition","j":"bioRxiv","doi":"10.64898/2026.10.21.760613","pt":"preprint","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin R220S (AeL-R220S)","pk":"aerolysin","sn":"reproducible five-peak peptide fingerprint, cross-validated with a synthetic peptide library and LC-MS/MS","pu":"protein identification via tryptic peptide recognition (SP3 sample preparation)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3APPR1349286+AND+SRC%3APPR&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"tryptic digest of myelin basic protein","id":"bio_protein-0454"},{"a":3354,"y":2026,"au":"Zhang Z, Yang X, Sun Y, Hao Y, Li Y, Wang Y, et al.","t":"PALM-Scan enables single-molecule site-specific detection of protein S-palmitoylation with a nanopore.","j":"Molecular cell","vp":"86:3344-3357.e5","doi":"10.1016/j.molcel.2026.07.019","pmid":"42551438","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"M2-MspA (engineered MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"engineered MspA inserted into planar bilayer","pu":"site-specific detection of protein S-palmitoylation (PALM-Scan); distinguishes S-nitrosylation and S-glutathionylation","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42551438+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"S-palmitoylated mouse beclin-1 (BECN1)-derived peptide","id":"bio_protein-0273"},{"a":3355,"y":2026,"au":"Wang Y, Dai X, Zhao L, Qian L, Zhang P, Huang S, et al.","t":"Nanopore Identification of Nicotine in Cigarette Tobacco and Its Smoke.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"98:30775-30785","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.6c04163","pmid":"43010470","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a nickel-functionalized adapter (Ni-modified MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"nicotine and analogue identification","no":"Five analytes classified (cross-validation accuracy 90.85%); nicotine measured in tobacco and smoke. Nicotinic acid also detected (recorded from the 2024 vitamin paper).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A43010470+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"nicotine","id":"bio_small-0211"},{"a":3356,"y":2026,"au":"Wang Y, Dai X, Zhao L, Qian L, Zhang P, Huang S, et al.","t":"Nanopore Identification of Nicotine in Cigarette Tobacco and Its Smoke.","j":"Anal Chem","vp":"98:30775-30785","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.6c04163","pmid":"43010470","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA with a nickel-functionalized adapter (Ni-modified MspA)","pk":"mspa","pm":"M. smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","pu":"nicotine and analogue identification","no":"Five analytes classified (cross-validation accuracy 90.85%); nicotine measured in tobacco and smoke. Nicotinic acid also detected (recorded from the 2024 vitamin paper).","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A43010470+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"nornicotine","id":"bio_small-0214"},{"a":3357,"y":2026,"au":"DeCoeur D, Schultz S, Chen J, Chen M","t":"Single-Molecule Nanopore Profiling of p53-TAD’s Conformational Dynamics, Interactions, and Inhibition","j":"bioRxiv","doi":"10.64898/2026.08.28.747917","pt":"preprint","pc":7,"p":"MspA nanopore","pk":"mspa","pu":"conformational dynamics of an intrinsically disordered domain and its inhibition","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3APPR1308215+AND+SRC%3APPR&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"p53-TAD N29K/N30D (cancer-associated double mutant)","id":"bio_protein-0278"},{"a":3358,"y":2026,"au":"Ritmejeris J, Chen X, Albada B, Dekker C","t":"Terminal Conjugation Enables Nanopore Sequencing of 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nanomedicine","vp":"21:605192","doi":"10.2147/ijn.s605192","pmid":"42544276","pt":"journal","pc":11,"p":"NanoCoulter counter (Resun Technology), resistive pulse sensing","pu":"size distribution, concentration and zeta potential","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13429129/fullTextXML","an":"Magnolia biondii-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (MFELNs)","id":"nanoparticles_vesicles-0164"},{"a":3360,"y":2026,"au":"Kidd J, Hatinoglu D, Mensah K, Ochoa L, Nguyen K, Yan B, et al.","t":"Differential morphological and physicochemical responses of polyvinyl chloride and Polyamide-12 micro- and nanoplastics to Fenton oxidation","j":"Science of the Total Environment","vp":"1012:181214","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181214","pmid":"41422700","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Coulter counter aperture (manufacturer characterization, method ATO 40-41-0)","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"size distribution of a test micro/nanoplastic powder","no":"The Coulter 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treatments","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13424667/fullTextXML","an":"Prochlorococcus","de":"Prochlorococcus cultures; strain not identified in the passages read","id":"microbes-0118"},{"a":3362,"y":2026,"au":"Prasad S","t":"Probing Voltage Dependence Interaction of Cationic Peptides with Bacterial Porins at A Single-Molecule Level.","j":"Cell biochemistry and biophysics","vp":"84:4583-4597","doi":"10.1007/s12013-026-02148-3","pmid":"42599655","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"OmpF (E. coli)","pk":"ompf","pm":"E. coli OmpF trimeric porin in planar lipid bilayer","sn":"voltage- and concentration-dependent blockages; stronger at high potentials","pu":"cationic peptide-porin interaction","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42599655+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"protamine","id":"bio_protein-0287"},{"a":3363,"y":2026,"au":"Patron L, Petrilli F, Bout A, Gaudin M, Gouhier L, Hubert C, et al.","t":"Multi-omics uncovers nutrient stress-driven interactions in a synthetic &lt;i&gt;Prymnesium parvum&lt;/i&gt; holobiont, with vitamin B&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;-limitation revealing mutualism","j":"ISME communications","vp":"6:ycag142","doi":"10.1093/ismeco/ycag142","pmid":"42549325","pt":"journal","pc":0,"p":"Multisizer 4 Coulter Counter aperture","pk":"coulter-aperture","pu":"daily algal abundance in a synthetic holobiont","ev":"full_text","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13431280/fullTextXML","an":"Prymnesium parvum","de":"with a synthetic bacterial community","id":"microbes-0121"},{"a":3364,"y":2026,"au":"Xiao Y, Zhang S, Gao X, Li T, Zhang H, Zhang P, et al.","t":"Nanopore profiling and structure determination of oligosaccharides by fragmentation.","j":"Sci Adv","vp":"12:eaea8462","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aea8462","pmid":"41477834","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA hetero-octamer with a single phenylboronic acid adapter 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Nano","vp":"20(20):14634-14644","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c01132","pmid":"42127214","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore (paper's term; material not stated in abstract)","sn":"native rRNAs converted to RNA:DNA identifiers with coding motifs","pu":"profiling rRNA processing","ev":"full_text","src":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13218044/","an":"Salmonella enterica 23S rRNA processing intermediates (intervening-sequence excision)","id":"ss_na-0263"},{"a":3368,"y":2026,"au":"Boskovic F, Sandler SE, Brauburger S, Shui Y, Kumar B, Dias JP, et al.","t":"Modular RNA:DNA Nanostructures Enable Nanopore Profiling of rRNA Processing and rRNA Variants.","j":"ACS Nano","vp":"20(20):14634-14644","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c01132","pmid":"42127214","pt":"journal","pc":4,"p":"solid-state nanopore (paper's term; material not stated in abstract)","sn":"native rRNAs converted to RNA:DNA identifiers with coding motifs","pu":"serotyping from rRNA 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97.4%)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42298104+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"6 modified peptides","id":"bio_protein-0441"},{"a":3373,"y":2026,"au":"Kang L, Wang L, Fan X, Xu L, Yang H, Wu C, et al.","t":"Discriminating single-amino acid differences and post-translational modifications in negatively charged peptides with α-hemolysin nanopores.","j":"Journal of nanobiotechnology","vp":"24:957","doi":"10.1186/s12951-026-04818-z","pmid":"42482013","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"alpha-hemolysin with engineered arginine residues plus am8gammaCD adaptor","pk":"alpha-hemolysin","fab":"engineered heptamer with noncovalent amino-cyclodextrin adaptor","co":"1 M KCl, 10 mM Tris, pH 7.5","v":"+60 mV","pu":"discrimination of negatively charged peptides, single-residue differences and PTMs","no":"Lactylation detection by nanopore reported 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nanopore","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42665653+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"alpha-synuclein variants including a Parkinson disease C-terminal deletion mutant","id":"bio_protein-0446"},{"a":3375,"y":2026,"au":"Rukes V, Norkute E, Barnikol G, Duan J, Gao J, Cao C","t":"Single-Molecule Fingerprinting of Unlabeled Full-Length Proteins Using an Aerolysin Nanopore.","j":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","vp":"148:28179-28189","doi":"10.1021/jacs.6c01018","pmid":"42366868","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"aerolysin K238A","pk":"aerolysin","fab":"engineered heptamer inserted into planar bilayer","co":"3 M GdmCl, pH 4.0 (strong electro-osmotic flow)","v":"170 mV","sn":"machine learning distinguished the seven related proteins with 80% accuracy from directional fingerprints","pu":"fingerprinting unlabeled full-length proteins by free 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stepwise by exopeptidase (library of shortened and mutated peptides)","id":"bio_protein-0445"},{"a":3377,"y":2026,"au":"Yao L, Wang Z, Chen J, Sun W, Wang K, Xiao Y, et al.","t":"An engineered nanopore identifies saccharides, amino acids, peptides and ribonucleotides.","j":"Nature biotechnology","doi":"10.1038/s41587-026-03308-9","pmid":"42736414","pt":"journal","pc":7,"p":"MspA-FPBA (maleimido-C2-formylphenylboronic acid adaptor at the constriction)","pk":"mspa","pm":"Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A octamer in planar lipid bilayer","fab":"engineered MspA inserted into planar bilayer","pu":"simultaneous identification of amino acids, peptides, nucleotides and sugars (ML accuracy 98.7%)","ev":"abstract","src":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42736414+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=5","an":"five peptides identified with MspA-FPBA","id":"bio_protein-0439"},{"a":3378,"y":2026,"au":"Lin S, Yi Y, Liu Y, Li M, Xia F, Wu HC, et 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